Questions of Honoar: Canadian Government Policy Towards Titular Honours fkom Macdondd to Bennett

by

Christopher Pad McCreery

A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in conformity with

requirements for the degree of Master of Arts

Queen's University

Kingston, Ontario, Caaada

September, 1999

Q Christopher Paul McCreery National birary Biblioth&quenationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliagraphiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON KIAON4 OIEawaON K1AON4 Canada Cariada

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This thesis examines the Canadian government's policy towards British tituiar honours and their bestowal upon residents of Canada, c. 1867-1935. In the following thesis, I will employ primary documents to undertake an original study of the early development of government policy towards titular honours. The evolution and development of the Canadian government's policy will be examined in the context of increasing Canadian autonomy within the British

Empire/Commonwealth- The incidents that prompted the development of a Canadian made formal policy will also be discussed. Finally, I will examine the national origin, religious, provincial, political and occupation characteristics ofthe 20 1 residents of Canada who were awarded knighthoods for services rendered to Canada. iii

Acknowledgments

This thesis is dedicated to Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Frederick Banting: one heIped to shape a nation, the other shaped the lives of countless millions who he saved They are the two greatest knights this country has known, Much thanks is owed to my family for their perseverance and support throughout this entire project. The patience, understanding and guidance of my advisor, Ian McKay, has been of the utmost importance. To him I offer my most sincere thanks and admiration: without his assistance this thesis would have not been possible.

Thanks is owed to the Queen's University Archives, and in particular George Henderson, who provided me with a seemingly endless supply of help. I might also add Ross Cameron, who slaved to put away the 541 Prime Ministerial microfilm reels that 1examined. I would also like to express appreciation to my fellow graduate students, especially those select few who attended the now infamous "R.B. Bennett Midnight Memorial Picnic."

My findings that the 'Wickle Resolution" is inaptly named and does not necessarily preclude Canadians fiom becoming peers of knights doubtless has W.F. Nickle spinning in his grave. To add insult to injury, this thesis was largely written in Nickle's backyard -- for Watson

Hall at Queen's is located just behind the spacious "Grey House" Nickle once called home. In apologizing to Nickle's spirit, I might also add my expression of respect for his life and work - which, whatever else one might, say, brought questions of honour to the front of centre of

Canadian public We.

AUSPICIUM MELONORIS EVI Table of Contents .- Abstract 11 - - - Acknowledgments u1

Table of Contents iv

List of Charts vi

List of Figures vii

Prologue: W.F. Nickle and the "Philosophy of Titles" 1

Chapter One: British and Canadian Honours: A General Overview 19

Chapter Two: Canadian Honours: A Statistical Overview 41

Chapter Three: Honours and Patronage in the Age of Macdonald and Laurier 61

Chapter Four: Border and the Crisis of War 83

Chapter Five: The Nickle Resolution in Parliament and the Report of the Specid Committee on Honours and Titles

Chapter Six: Mer the Nickle Resolution: Honours Under Mieghen, King and Bennett

Chapter Seven: Canadian Honours After Bennett

Bibliography

Appendices

Appendix 1 Table of Precedence for British Orders, Decorations and Medals, c. 1935

Appendix 2 Post-Confederation Canadian Knighthoods: Number of Awards

Appendix 3 Number of Awards per Annum

Appendix 4 Number of Awards per Term in Office compared to Time in Office Appendix 5 Awards/Occupational Comparison

Appendix 6 Census Data

Appendix 7 Vital Statistics of Canadian Knights

Appendix 8 Awards made during the Macdonald Administration

Appendix 9 Awards made during the Mackende Administration

Appendix 10 Awards made during the Abbott Administration

Appendix 11 Awards made during the Thompson Administration

Appendix 12 Awards made during the Bowell Administration

Appendix 13 Awards made during the Tupper Administration

Appendix 14 Awards made during the Laurier Administration

Appendix 15 Awards made during the Borden Administration (Conservative)

Appendix 16 Awards made during the Borden Administration (Unionist)

Appendix 17 Awards made during the Bennett Administration

Appendix 18 Wormation about Post-Confederation Canadian Knighthoods and Peerages

Appendix 19 Post-Confederation Canadian Knighthoods

Appendix 20 Total Canadian Peerages: Statistical Analysis

Appendix 2 1 Peerages awarded to Canadians

Appendix 22 Report of the Special Committee on Honours and Titles, I4 May 19 19

Appendix 23 Honours and Awards to Residents of Newfoundland

Vita List of Charts

[Charts Between Pages 44 and 451

Chart 1: Occupation at Time of Award

Chart 2: National Origin

Chart 3: Religion: Total Population and Knights

Chart 4: Religion: Elite and Knights

Chart 5: Area of Origin

Chart 6: Place of Birth

Chart 7: Award by Province of Affiliation

Chart 8: Politicd Affiliation List of Figures

Figure 1: Evolution of Canadian Honours Policy petween Pages 25 and 261

Figure 2: Laurier at the Jubilee petween Pages 71 and 721 Prologue: W.F. Nickle and the Vhilosophy of Title

"You call them toys; know that by these toys people are led."'

Ottawa, 8 April 1918. The political atmosphere was charged with the Great War and its unprecedented demands on Canadian society. Conscription, war profiteering, the proposed income tax, and the enforcement of labour discipline were the leading questions of the day. There was a sense of urgency in the air, and the Union Government - itseIfa noveI bipartisan indication of the political revolution effected by the war conditions - had a f5.d.l and pressing agenda.

Into this situation walked 48-year-old William Folger Nickle, KC., a relatively obscure

Conservative-Unionist federal M.P. from Kingston.' He did not cut an imposing figure; one historian describes him as "a small spare man, with an abrupt and caustic manner and domineering disposition.'" After a career in municipal and provincial politics, Nickle had arrived at the House of Commons as a result of the 19 1 1 Dominion election, part of a general wave of

Conservatives replacing Liberals in Ontario. He was a dficult, unpredictable and irascible man.

He could not be counted on to follow the party line. In 1914, Nickle opposed legislation that would have continued to guarantee the bonds of the Canadian Northern Railway and thereby save it fiom bankruptcy. Years afterwards, the bitterness of his attack on his own government's

' Napoleon on the awarding of prizes and honours, as cited by Ernest Lapoihe in the NickIe Debate: House of Commons, Debar., 8 April 19 18, p.505.

He was born on 3 1 December 1869 to middle-class Scottish Presbyterian parents, and graduated hmKingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute; hesubsequentiy attended Queen's UniversityandOsgoode Hall, He was called to the bar in 1895, and became zt Queen's Counciior in 1898, He served as a Kingston alderman hm1905 to 1909 and as Mayor in 1909, and sat in the Ontario Legislature fiom 1908 to 191 I,

Gibson. Queen 's University, Volume I1 (KingsZon: McGill-Queen's University Press, I983), p.46. proposal would be remembered, not fondly, by fellow Conservatives? In later years, he figwd as a resolute foe of the Ontario Conservative government on the question of the enforcement of the

Ontario Temperance Act; Nickle was the son of a distiller, but, perhaps because of his own family's difliculties with alcoholism, a firm advocate of prohibition? He was "not a good Tory," it wodd be later said?

On the question of honours and titles, Nickle had passionate convictions. Jumping the gun on his own leader Sir Roberr Borden, who had hoped to deal with the issue circumspectly without a public parliamentary debate, Nickle, perhaps motivated by the difficulties of his ulma rnater in securing titled men to serve on its governing bodies and in its adminishation, stood as a private member to introduce a resolution fiom the House of Commons to Hik Majesty on the question of hereditary titles.

That, in the opinion of this House, an Address should be presented to His Most Excellent Majesty the King in the following words: -- To the King's Most Excellent Majesty, Most Gracious Sovereign, -- We, Your Majesty's most duWand loyal subjects, the House of Commons of Canada in Parliament assembled, humbly approach Your Majesty praying that your Majesty hereafter may be graciously pleased to refiain fkom conferring any hereditary titles upon Your subjects domiciled or living in Canada, or any title or honour that will be held or can be used by, or which will confer any title or honour upon any person other than the person in recognition of whose services the honour or title has been conferred- All of which we humbly pray You.Majesty to take into Your favorable and

"SeeNationat ArchivesofCmada mNACJ,MG 26 I, Meighen Papers, p.6?269, RH, Smith to Arthur Meipjm, 6November lE6-

See Peter Oliver, Howard Fergrrson- Ontario Tory Voronto: University ofloronto Press, 1977)- p. 146, Touted by some as a possible successor to Ferguson as leader of the Conservatives, Nickle resigned over this issue-

By Ontario's Premier Howard Faguson in the context of his diff?cultieswith Nickle on the provincial levet See Oliver, G. Hmard Ferguson, p. 146- 3

gracious consideration?

Nickle began his speech by noting that one colleague, John Burnham of Peterborough, who had earlier introduced the subject to the Howin 1914, did not now feel it was the time to do so, given the emergency conditions of war. Nickle disagreed. Wartime was precisely the time to do so. After the war, it was LikeIy that 'you are Likely to have the greatest crop, if1 may use that term, of decorations and recognitions that are fiom time to time seen-" Moreover, it was a time of an experimental Union Government, "a Government that is supposed to have within its ranks representatives of the two great political parties in Canada, as well as representatives of Labour-"

Hereditary titles should not exist in Canada; and women "should not bask ... in the reflected glory of their husband's distin~tion."~Warming to his subject, Nickle proclaimed:

... my resolution would strike at the very root of the iniquity, because I have no sympathy at a11 with titular distinctions given to men in civil life. I am quite prepared to admit the correctness of men in military life being given rank and distinction, because if the system is to prevail there must be distinctions by which those of higher rank have recognition and priority over those of lower rank; but when it comes to granting distinctions to men in civil life for the se~cesthey have rendered their state, for great munificence, or for outstanding ability in their profession or business, it is a procedure with which I have no sympathy...

What was iniquitous about ranks and distinctions in civil Life? In the first place, they were outdated legacies from England, an attempt to apply measures designed for an official aristocracy that was "a very essential part of Government" to an independent Dominion of a completely different complexion.

Titles today in England are really only the picturesque effect of the days of feudalism. They are distinctions without the responsibilities of service. In the old

' House of Commons, Debates, 8 April 1918 (W.F. NickIe), p.469. !bid feudal days in England and on the continent the grantingof a title was a recognition, but it carried a duty. It was the giving of a privilege, but it carried an obligation, and, as a rule, titles were granted in respect of territorial possession ...Many ofthe members of this House have, like myself. been in England. I do not know whether I am a deeper dyed democrat than they are, but there was one thing that always grated upon me, and that was when a man rose to address an assemblage of Englishmen, an assemblage of Britishers, he began his address by, 'My lords and gentlemen...' My lords and gentlemen may be all right for England, or Britain, but fiom my point of view it is not all right for Canada Britain has an aristocracy which is deeply rooted in her collstitutioa, but no man can have talked with the common people in England, no man can have considered the conditions of the common people there without standing aghast and being shocked at the class, almost the caste, distinctions that there prevail .... Not two years ago 1drove one evening in a motor car in Scotland and talked to as bright a young man as one would want to hear, and he told me that he regretted that he had stayed in the Old Country because the class and caste distinction was so great that he occupied exactly the same position in society to-day that his forefathers had occupied in earlier days, and that there was no opportunity of bettering or improving his condition.... As I said, Sir, in the early days, titles indicated service, but they are now Largely meaningless.... 9

The system of honours perpetuated an unjust sense of caste and exclusion, and it flattered functionless flunkies with a sense of their own caste distinction. Nickle was drawn to Oliver

Goldsmith's 'The Deserted Villageyyfor words that condemned the results of this class privilege:

Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates, and men decay: Princes and lords may flourish, or may fade: A breath can make them, as a breath has made: But a bold peasantry, their country's pride, When once destroyed can never be supplied. A time there was, ere England's griefs began, Where every rood of ground maintained its man; For him Light labour spread her wholesome store, Just gave what life required, but gave no more; His best companions innocence and health, And his best riches ignorance of weal&'*

Ibid., pp.469-470.

'O Ibid., p.470. If these words rang true in Britain, mi-ght they not also some day apply to Canada, if class

privilege and inequality were allowed to entrench themselves? Yet why follow this path in a land

of immigrants, a Iand made by those who had realized, like Nickle's own father, "that the OId

Country did not offer. .. the opportunity... to advance." 'Wow, Sir," Nicide intoned, "as I said at

the beginning, I am a democrat." And to these words Sir Wmd~auder, the Liberal leader and

former Prime Minister, added his own: "Hear, hear.""

Pioneers - these were the true "makers of Canada? But what -- asked Niclde - of their

legacy in 19 I8? It was imperiled by the emergence of a very different society.

No man who has Lived in this country within the last ten years can think of Canada's development prior to the war without being shocked by redking how far we were getting away f?om the simplicity of our ancestors, We have had in Canada tremendous national and industrial expansion. People grew rich; ifa man wanted to make money it was almost impossible for him not to grow rich, if he made money his ideal. A new standard was developing prior to 19 14 in the matter of how a man was to be measured. We were bepinning to value a man by what he was worth - the size of his house, the number of his motor-cars, and the elegance of their equipment, and the extent of his wife's dinner parties, and the number of gowns she had was beginning to determine what a man's family station was."

It was the war that had made Canadians take a second Iook at this emergent socia1 stratification.

With all the sufferings that the war had brought Canadians, it had also brought them one great

blessing: it had persuaded them to value their fellow Canadians not by what they possessed but

by their characters. It was, in a sense, a socialist message, and Nickle did not flinch fkom the term:

I' Ibid., p.472.

Ibid. Some people call me a Socialist I should like to define my Socialism. Socialism is a very general term; you may regard it as synonymous with anarchy, or you may define it as the recognition of the right that every man is entitled to a fair chance. I am a Socialist, if by that term you mean that there should be a reasonable equality of opportunity; if you lay down as a fundamental p~ciplethat every man should get a due amount of this world's goods for the senices that he renders; that no group, no class, no individual should be crippled just because of lack of money to get a fair start in Life. I have run, not one, but five or six elections, parliamentary and municipal, in the city from which I come, and ifthere is one thing that has wrung my heart it has been to find, among the households of people whom I call my constituents, especially bright boys or girls who were obliged to leave school because the factory age had come and the fdycouid not afford to keep the child at school because of the necessity of their earning to assist the other members of the family. I am a Socialist, to the extent of my belief that the child is entitled to a chance. It has been strongly borne in upon me that 'slow rises worth by poverty oppressed.' My views are to this extent socialistic: that unbearable burdens of this kind should be lifted fiom the masses of the people.'3

Yet now Nickle discerned a great avalanche of titles in the o&g - the new Order of the British

Empire, which would allow minimal scope for the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister as to who would obtain these new "hereditary titles." (At this point, Sir Robert Borden twice interrupted him to tell him that his impression on this score was erroneous, both with respect to the provision for the Prime Minister's advice and also with respect to the nature of the awards. which were non-hereditary). I4

After descending briefly into the minutiae of a recent conference of the premiers of the overseas Dominions, which had dealt with this issue, Nickle then returned to the "philosophy of titles" - the underlying motivations behind those who vied for them. Why did people want titles at all? "As far as I can find out, and as far as I can think it out, I suppose we must admit that there is vanity in most people. Human beings desire recognition, and the people at large are pleased

Ibid.

'' Ibid., p-473, when such recognition is justly given. Besides, there is in the world a certain class of people who will do more ifthey are going to get something for it; in other words, ifyou recognize them.

They like it to be known by the world in general and by people with whom they mix that other people recognize their abilities, and that they have a handle to their name as evidence of their virtue and their character-"

But the problem, Nickle added, was that any such recognition was prone to caprice, and tended to escape any rationally defensible process. The outcome was a system which encouraged jealousy and division: "...instead of stimulating a nation to united effort as the result of recognition of only those who are outstanding, the majority of the people are indifferent, and there is a tendency to think that nothing need be done because nothing will be heard of what has been done."" The position of women was especially contradictory. They tended to see themselves reflected in the titles attained by their husbands.

A cynic in this country once said that a man measured his worth by his intellectual capacity and the money he could make, and a woman by her social status, and I have been shocked at the social superiority that some women attempted to assume, simply because their husbands had been singularly successfd in making money, and had shown great tact in the method they had adopted in giving donations to certain objects. I think a woman's status entitles her to recognition as of her own right, and I believe ifthere were no reflective titles, you would have less seeking after them, and you would have greater equality in society, and for these reasons, briefly put, I think there should be no such thing as a woman being given the title of a 'lady,' by virtue of the fact that her husband is called 'Sir.''6

Nickle's position was not overtly anti-feminist; he believed, so he said, that women's equality with men was inevitable and desirable. But it wouId not be Mered if, instead of treating

IS Ibid, p.475.

l6 Ibid* women as independent entities, and recognizing each individual woman by virtue of her accomplishments, the system perpetuated the sense that women could bask in the honour and glory of their titled husbands. No less dated was the assumption that the award of honours should follow the rule of primogeniture, which likewise ran roughshod over the fundamental principle of honouring in a man only that which God, and not the accident of birth, had bestowed upon him.'?

The enunciation of this curiously left-wing Unionist ''philosophy of titles'' was followed by a detailed exploration of their history, which drew on such sourws as the recent biography of

Lord Sydenham by Adam Shortt of Nickle's own Queen's University, Bryce's American

Commonwealth, not to mention recent press critiques of hereditary tides, from the Ottawa

Journal-Press, the Hamilton Herald, the Edmonton Journal, and even from the Westminster

Gazette of England. This last-named publication had argued that "'Honours do create and intensify class divisions, they encourage snobbism, and stamp inequality, but we cannot do without them because without these things you could not finance political parties nor could you reward political services." Nickle saw in this quotation evidence that the British system of honours fed the worst kind of "flunkeyism."" For Nickle the risks of the present moment were great: paraphrasing Asquith, he concluded:

... we are establishing a class in this country who are sincere "in the tranquil consciousness of effortless superiority." 1do not want that class in this comtry... it is pregnant with possibilities of irretrievable injury to this country, and will militate against the establishment of a wholesome democracy for which we crave

I' NickIe presented, in his own words. an aphorism that he miutedto Lloyd George: "I could nevw see... how we get to the position that all the qua1ity is in the o1dest pup in the litter-" Ibfd- and pray."

It was a strong speech, whose rhetoric and images forcemy summoned up the image of a democracy at war for ideals - ideals which the titles conferred by the Crown upon Canadians would irretrievably damage. Other members responded warmly to ~ickle'swords. For AX.

McMaster, Liberal M.P. fiom Brome, Nickle had spoken to a motion he himself had meant to place upon the order paper, declaring hereditary tides undesirable for Canadians upon Canadian soil. "I do not believe," he added, "that, if you questioned a hundred men, you would find one that was in favour of that principle. If you went to the metropolis of Canada, the city of Montreal, and placed yourself on St. James street, unless by chance you found some fmancial magnate who had already received a hereditary title, I feel satisfied the result would be the same, In Toronto I am inclined to believe that not two people out of a hundred would be in favour of hereditary titles. As you went westward, 1believe it would be well for you to be accompanied by the

Sergeant-at-Arms and the Mace, because, if you asked that question of the stalwart democrats of the West, I am afhid you might be in danger of personal violence; they would not tolerate being even asked such a Snobbishness was the inevitable consequence of a honours- perpetuated caste system, and it was a formidable evil: "Snobbishness is not one of the lesser evils; it is one of the greater evils... Snobbishness often means extravagance. Snobbishness means contempt for and disrespect of parents. It means very often delay in marriage until the young folks can start when the old folks left off,and delay in marriage produces ali sorts of social evils."2' One could thus find a causal connection between the imperid honours system and the problem of prostitution in Canada

The three francophone voices in the debate were those of WWdLaurier, Ernest

Lapointe and Rudolphe Lernieux. Laurier pronounced himself in agreement with =every syllable" that Nickle had uttered He allied himself especially with the democratic sentiments in the speech and drew a contrast between the principles of democracy and those of autocracy.

Democracy and aristocracy are not compatible institutions, and as democracy advances aristocracy must recede... I am a Liberal of the old school of England. I would have been a Whig if I had been in England I wish, for my part, that the British aristocracy had continued to do as they did in the past. But they do not understand the times in which we live. Whether the British aristocracy Like it or not, or whether men generally like it or not, at the present time England is on the eve of a revolution... The days of are over; a new force is now entering into the Government of Great Britain, that is to say, the great masses of the nation. Whether it be for woe or for weal the future will show-"

Laurier sensed unanimity in the House against the very idea of creating peers in Canada; he also broached the possibility of going further, and abolishing the bestowal of titles of any kind.

"Everybody will, 1 believe, agree that in Canada badges, titles, honours and trappings will never take root. We are a democratic country; we have been made so by circumstances." Possibly sensing that he might be held to be in a state ofself-contradiction, having accepted a title himself,

Laurier conceded the point, but went flamboyantly on: "1 see here a Little class of titled people, knights commanders of this order or that order. Ifthey will make a bargain with me, I am quite prepared, if we can do it without any disrespect to the Crown of England, to bring our titles to the

" Ibid.

Ibid., (Laurier), p.499. marketplace and make a boafire of

Ernest Lapointe, the Liberal M.P. fiom Kamowaska (and evenhlally to become

Mackenzie King's French-Canadian lieutenant) was also inclined to prohibit those titles which were not hereditary. The Government itself had brought honours into disrepute, and had unwittingly democratized Canadian public life-

We must be grateful to the Government, or whoever are responsible for the condition of things which exists today, because by distributing titles by the bushel in this country they have aroused a public opinion and have created a feeling of resentment which will cause the disappearance of a threatening evil for Canada. We have been assured that the Crown was giving those titles of its own grace; but everybody realizes in this country that the appointments are ordinarily made on the recommendations of the Government,,,, We have come to the point where citizens in every quarter of Canada are enquiring why certain gentlemen have had titles conferred upon them, and where, on the other hand, many titled citizens prefer that the people should not enquire why they have received their titles....in this country [*i comparison with the United States or France] we have titles of all kinds, flavours and descriptions. I say that this is a condition of things which must be done away with, and that blue plague of aristocracy, or muck [mock?] aristocracy, must be driven from our shores.... There is no place in the public life of this country for hereditary leaders or rulers. Brains, honesty and work should be the only qualifications for leadership in a democratic country like ours. This contagious disease, this thirst for titles, is not new. It has been so for centuries. It is a remnant of the Middle Ages, and in these modem days the people are getting sick of it ....The institution itself is vicious and productive of evil.''

Rodolphe Lemieux, the Liberal M.P. for Maisoneuve, agreed that the resolution might be broadened to include abolition of the entire institution of honours. He responded to Oliver

Goldsmith's "Deserted Village" by citing the words of a French-Canadian poet:

Sur cette terre sauvage Oh les titres sont incornus, La noblesse est dans le courage

Ibid. (Laurier), p.500.

'''Ibid., (Lapointe), p.505, Daas Les talents, dans Les verm~?

Unlike most speakers in the debate, Lemieux took aim at a recent notorious case: the awarding of a title to Sir Max Aitken, "aCanadian far more famous for his cement merger than for his accomplishments on behalfof the Empire. I am sorry the name of Canada is to-day being branded in England on account of the bestowal of titles on such an individual. Sir, I cannot forget that during many months before the Iast eIection that individual libeled and slandered the province to which I belong, the faith which I profess, and the race 6rom which I come."'6

Interrupted repeatedly by Sir Sam Hughes, who Leapt to the defence of the new Lord

Beaverbrook, Lemieux underlined the anti-French Canadian sentiments he had found in Aitken's

Epitome of the Wm and in his writings the Daily Express. Lemieux also reinterpreted the history of Quebec, which, he argued, had once been characterized by a nobility, but which never had a feudal system. He then returned to more recent controversies. The recent honouring of journalists had "poisoned" the wells of public opinion, and there was still an acute danger that a revival of "blatant jingoism, acute Imperialism and haughty militarism, the curse of every Lane' could mean the revival of titles to Canada He then surreptitiously returned to the subject of Lord

Beaverbrook:

...when a journalist has acquired a large fortune in this Canadian commonwealth, if he tastes the wine of imperialism and of jingoism, if perchance he goes across and meets Lords abd dukes, he suddenly asks himself: "Why should I not get a title?' That is the psychological moment when he forgets his Canadian citizenship and adopts flunkeyism. He then is ready to sacrifice the independence of his paper, to sell his pen and that of his editors in order to parade as Sir So-and-so, or

25 [bid., (Lernieuu). p.508.

*' [bid 13

Lord So-and-S~,'~

Thiswas too much for the irascible and ultra-imperialist Sam Hughes, who would brook no criticism of Lord Beaverbrook, "agentleman ofwhom every honest Canadian may be proud."

He sought to turn the tables on the Unionist movers of the resolution and on its Liberal supporters. The "inflation of honours'' had become epidemic under Laurier himself, Hughes pointed out, and Lemieux's animus against the system could be traced to his own unusual failure to "get a knighthood when nearly every Liberal in the Cabinet of the Right Hon. gentleman who sits at his left (Sir WiEd Laurier) was plastered with titles, hereditary and others, obtained fiom the British Government....Why did not the leader of the Opposition recommend for a knighthood the Hon. member from Maisonneuve? Nearly every man in his Cabinet got one. Canada was dosed with them as never before, and ifthere is a revulsion of feeling against titles coming fiom

Great Britain now it is partly due to the fact that the leader of the Opposition accepted a title himself after declaring on every pladorm that he was a democrat to the hilt, and then labeling his own followers for sixteen years until titles got to be common.'72s As for his accusations against

Beaverbrook, Lemieux's own record was known across the country; the "dirtiest transaction in which Lord Beaverbrook was ever concerned was dean in comparison with the best I have heard of yo^...."'^ As for Sir Wilfiid Laurier,

...the spirit shown by the right hon. leader of the Opposition in his little braggadocio was amusing to me. Imagine for an instant, if you can, the right hon.

" Ibid

"Ibid, (Hughes), p.5 10, As RC, Brown and Ramsay Cook point out, Sam Hughes was greatly concerned to "stern the @itantanan tide." Canada 1896-1921: A Narion Transformed (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974), p.273-

Lg /bid., (Hughes), pp.5 10-5 1 I. Sir Wilfidd Laurier sliding over to the market square to deposit his insignia of office in a pile, Why, wild horses wodd not drag him there. Talk about autocracy and democracy, there is not a democratic act 1have known of that the right hon. the leader of the Opposition has ever practiced. In the past he has taken the most autocratic position, and as a member of the old Liberd party he always did that. He ruled his following then and desthem now more firmly than the Kaiser ever ruled ~ermany?'

Hughes, who thought himself the far firmer democrat than Laurier, nonetheless took time to

praise the British aristocracy, a "race of men who have so solidly stood for the cause of

democracy and have again and again intervened between the tyranny of the Crown on the one

hand and the tyranny of the mob on the other." In fact, the aristocracy had always been on the

side of hue democracy, to a greater extent than even the Sovereign himself. The exception

which proved the rule - and here Hughes was surely engaged in a piece of Catholic-baiting -

was William, Prince of Orange, Hughes then took aim at the other perceived enemy of honours and titles, the trade unions, whose "%utocracy"posed the greatest threat to the country- The example of "Bolshevikism" was that of an attempt "to raise a nation from labour unions," an experiment undertaken by those who, unlike Hughes, merely "pose as democrats." "Until these

labour unions are put in their place, until the country sees that these organizations have no right to limit the production of commodities in our factories, until labour unions abrogate the right to hold themselves as a separate and distinct body in the nation - a nationyithin a nation, - we will never have democratic government, we will have government by the most irresponsible and autocratic eiement in any land."3' A debate that had inspired one member to discuss prostitution

30 Ibid.. (Hughes), p.5 1 1.

31 [bid.. (Hughes), 512. thus led Hughes another to an analysis ofthe labour movement and its Bolsheviks.

The emotive energy Hughes provided the House was missing in Prime Minister Sir

Robert Borden's ultimately decisive contriiution, which, because it reflected his own detailed preparation of an Order in COU~C~that had been "scooped" by Nickel, was by far the most detailed and pragmatic contribution to the debate. He began by extending his congratulations to the mover and seconder of the resolution for their eIoquence, even $(as he implied) much of this eloquence had been beside the point Whatever the merits of the case for egalitarianism, the mere abolition of hereditary titles, or even all titles, would not do away with plutocracy- True, there were class distinctions in Britain and an order of precedence at social and other functions; but evaluations of a man's worth there did not in fact generally proceed on the basis of whether or not he held a seat in the House of Lords. He also disputed Nickle's contention that there had been

"a very great grasping for titular distinctions in the country," queried his preoccupation with women basking in the titles of their husbands, questioned the likelihood of the principle of primogeniture ever being re-established in Canada, and wondered ifNickle9sarguments did not lead to the reductio ad absurdum of a refkal of all titles, no matter how harmless (for example, the title "Honourable," claimed by cabinet ministers and Premiers in provincial legislatures)- On the question of the relative authority of the Canadian and imperial governments with respect to the granting of titles and honours, Borden drew on the recent scholarship of Arthur Berridale

Keith, Responsible Government in the Dominions (19 12) and Imperial Unity and the Dominions

(19I6), which sustained the conclusion that '?he Governor has a delegation of so much of the royal prerogative as is required for the conduct of the executive government of the Dominion or

State of which he is Governor, and time and good sense have united to make it clear that this necessary delegation includes practically all the prerogatives of the Crown in the United

~ingdom."" With respect to the bestowal of honours, the practice in the United Kingdom was that the prerogative of the Crown was almost invariably exercised upon the advice of some

minister.)) Borden concluded from this tb~given Canada's emergent status as a self-governing

Dominion, there was "no reason why the Government of this country, represented by its Prime

Mister fiom time to time, should not have the same right and the same responsibility in respect of the bestowal of honours upon persons domiciled in Canada as that which is employed by the

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in respect of the bestowal of honours upon persons domiciled in the British ~slaods."~~This conformed to Borden's reading of a Canadian Order in

Council of 19 February 1902, which argued that honours should conform to the rule of responsible government, and to a Report of the Committee of the Privy Council of 25 March

19 18, which held that "no honour or titular distinction shall hereafter be conferred upon any subject of His Majesty ordinarily resident in Canada except upon the direct advice and responsibility of His Majesty's Canadian ~ovemment.~'~~Borden pointed out that, in a sense, his

Order in Council went further than Nickle's resolution, because it would prohibit persons holding hereditary honours, who came to reside in Canada, fiom perpetuating their titles: in Borden's view, no title of honour held by any person resident in Canada should continue 90have the

" Ibid., (Borden), p.492.

Borden noted the e~ceptionalcircumstance ofa person who had rendered a personal service to the Crown, either in aftendance at the court or in attendance upon some tour made by a member of the Royal Family. [bid,, (Borden), p.493. 17 heritable quality.'"

This was a landmark debate, The NickIe Resolution is still cited to this day, misleadingly, as a blanket prohibition against Canadians accepting imperid honours? The debate itself is a rich and telling document, because it suggests, contrary to much conventional wisdom, that the question of honours was not, and is not, a minor issue in Canadian history- In the very depths of a war crisis, with a massive strike movement threatening war productioo, with serious

FrenchEnglish disturbances brewing on the question of conscription, and with a novel Ucoalition government" of Liberals and Conservatives struggling for survival and compelled to undertake far-reaching experiments in public borrowing and state planning, the question of honours occupied the attention of the House of Commons for about six hours of intensive, acrimonious debate. ff everyone in the Debate was a self-professed "democrat", there were wide divergences of perspective, from French Canadians resenting slights to their national honour and attacking the honours bestowed on the perceived enemies of their "race." to Imperialists resenting attacks on their imperial identity and defending the honours bestowed on the stalwarts of the war effort.

There were at least two sub-groups among the defenders of honours: the dyed-in-the-wool imperialists, headed by Hughes, and the more moderate imperialists, including Borden and

W-S-Fielding,who wanted to reform the system by removing hereditary titles and placing control over recommendations for awards in the hands ofCanadian authorities, most specifically the

Prime Minister. And there were at least two sub-groups on the other side as well. The

That it is subject to an alternative interpretationshal1 bc the burden ofChapter5, where Iwilt show that what is remembered as the "Nlckle Rrsolutio~"is more closety ~latedto the contemporaneousOrder in Council 668 and to the report of the Sped Committee on Honours and Titles. "abolitioni~ts,'~like Nickle, wanted an end not ody to hereditary, but also (it would later emerge)

to all honours and titles; they included Ernest Lapointe an4 as ualikely as Hughes rightly made it

appear, Sir Wilfrid Laurier himsell; who spoke to a widespread sense of public revulsion against

these distinctions. To the abolition of honours and titles was attached the notion that the Great

War in Europe was leading Canada into an "age of democracy," a meritomtic epoch in which

brains, honesty and work would be a Leader's primary qualifications. Knighthoods and titles,

often acquired by disreputable means, were feudal holdovers- The "extreme abolitionists"

supported the abolition of all hereditary titles, knighthoods, titles (such -acLHonourable" and

"Right Honourable") held by members of the Privy Council and Imperial Privy Council, and even, on occasion, military ranks. As Levi Thomson, the spokesman for this tiny group, explained, "titles of any kind are absolutely useless.'"'

It must be said that there was much emotion, but apart from Borden's lawyer-like presentation, less subtlety and detail in this debate: again and again, one encounters a "tbin edge of the wedge" approach, whereby (for example) a critique of Canadians developing their own made-in-Canada system of hereditary honours (defended by no one, and a political liability everywhere) was, by inference, broadened into a critique of Canadians being allowed to accept non-hereditary honours in the United Kingdom (a much more complicated issue). The Nickle

Resolution, which survives to this day as a matter of public debate, revealed but did not itself resolve the complexities of honours in the Canadian polity; and it is to the exploration of these complexities that this thesis is devoted,

'* [bid., (Thomson), p.507, Chapter One: British and Canadian Honours: A General Overview

1, Historiographical Context

Historians of Canadian politics have condemned the topic of honours to virtual oblivion,

treating it parenthetically in the context of individual biographies, occasionally in the context of

constitutional evolution, but never as an important topic in its own right. There is a major

treatment of the subject in Canadian historical Literature: that written by Dale Miquelon in New

France I7OI-I7M.- 'A Supplement to Europe. ' Miquelon argues that New France, a society of

an "ancien regime" type, was defined by linkages, which he goes on to describe as:

the connections of persons to persons that incarnate and perpetuate notions of dignity and social worth and of the proper channels for the exercise of authority, that dispose society's members in relation to a system of production, and that by the place assigned to a body of clerics, links this temporal construct to the spiritual. Fundamental to this whole design was the inequality of condition in a hierarchical society of ranks or orders. In principle, each order found its place in a vertical chain on the basis, not of its wealth or its role in the productive system, but of the perceived dignity and worth of its social functions. Priests were at the top of the social pyramid, followed by a noble order of military origin, by the jurists and administrators of the state, and by merchants, the last group to be described as 'honourable menf or 'decent persons.-. .r39

He vividly describes a society in which, however individualistic, troublesome or unpredictable a

person might be, he or she would still know, when it came time to Line up for a religious

procession or to present oneself at a state function, the appropriate station to assume. And this station was defined by a precise definition of rank. Orders and families, relationships guided by custom and seigniorial tradition, authority and obedience: all of these defined New France as a society of the ancien regime?more a c'supplement" to Europe than anything approximating a

'' Dale Miquelon, New France I7OI-I7Ik 'A Supplement to Europe' (Toronto: McCIelland and Stewart, 1987) p- 228. 20

'%ontier democracy." In such a society, Miquelon argues, "wealth accrued to dignity rather than dignity to wealth; rank came first. In cases in which wealth in fact had come first, it had to be

'deodorized' by a couple of generations of noble Living and royal se~ce."~'Miquelon's classic account of New France establishes important themes for any consideration of honour in Canadian history; his sensitive treatment of the need to euphemize the material realities of power in symbols which both concealed and reified them is one that Canadian historians working on other periods would do well to emulate. The pursuit of honours occurs in this world; it is patterned according to class, gender, ethnic and other hierarchies; it is, Pierre Bourdieu argues, part of a much larger socio-cultural "game" in which agents pursue strategies to increase their store of

"symbolic capital," but must never be seen as being driven to do so. To pursue honour is to pursue that to which one is entitled, according to "a disposition inculcated in the earliest years of life and constantly reinforced by calls to order fiom the group, that is to say, from the aggregate of individuals endowed with the same disposition, to whom each is linked by his dispositions and interests?'

These references, one to a historian of New France and the other to a French anthropologist whose work is focused on Algeria, suggest that scholars have found the questions of honour to be of profound analytical importance. The vigor of the debates over honours in

Canada in the period 19 17-1 9 19 suggests that there is immense scope for extensive work on this topic by students of modem Canadian history. Traditional political historiography in Canada, for

'O Miqudon, A'ew France p. 230.

'' Pierre Bourdieu, Outhe ofa Theory of Practice,. R Nice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 14- 'The hction ofsymbolic capital is to help economic power byenabling it to present itself as something economically neutraf." Derek Robbins, The Work of Pierre Bourdieu (Boulder and San Francisco: Westview Press, 199 1 ), p- 1 16. 21

all its strengths, has left us with a curious and even incongruous sense of the history of honours

and titles in Canada The history of Canada's policy on this question was conventionally seen as

the story of a new Dominion casting away honours in favour of a more open, "liberal" society;4z

but in a sense this oversimplifies the texture of a more complicated pasin which the Dominion

was engaged in wresting control over the distribution ofhonours £tom the Colonial Office, while

attempting to extinguish any notion of hereditary right Thus the evolution of Caaadian honours

policy could be quite straightforwardly integrated into the traditional narrative focused on the

Dominion's acquisition of autonomy within the Empire. h a sense, the Nickle Resolution was

the first major test of Resolution M of the Imperial War Conference of 19 17, a miniature

"Statute of Westminster" in the field of honour^^^

In recent years the study of patronage in Canada has undergone a marked shift from

muck-raking accounts of cccorruption"to nuanced and sophisticated analyses of patron-client

networks and patronage's important role in forming and integrating a p&-~anadianpolitical

ruling class." Some of the most provocative revisions of constitutional history have suggested that seemingly minor (or "honorific") posts, such as that of the Lieutenant-Governor, were in fact

'' A. R-M-Lower, Canadians in the Making (Toronto: Longmans, 1958) p349.

" See Harold Wilson, The imperial Policy of Sir Robert Borden (Gainesville: University of Florida Press- 1966), p.37,

See J.B. Brebnzr, "Patronageand Parliamentary Government," Canadian Historical Association, AndRepwt (1938), pp2.2-3 I; Albert Breton,*'Patronageand Cormption in Hierarchies,"Javnal of Ca.Srudks- 22,2 (Summer 1987), pp, 19-33: SJ-R Noel, Patronr. CIiem. Brokers: Onlario Sociefy and Polinna. 179I-i896 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990); Peter Oliver, Public and Privare Persons: The Ontario Political Culture. 19 14-19% (T'oronto: Clarke, iwin, 1975); kfEey Simpson, Spoik of Paver: 77ze Politii of Patromge (Toronto: Collins, 1988): and GordonT, Stmaiq Tfie of C.Polinin~:rl Compamtnw ilpproacIz(Vancouver: Univasity omritishColumbiaRess, 1986). AlanGordonTs"Patrons,BmkesandCommmity Inwon- The Patronage Pncticcs of Edmund Bristol, [91 1-1921," MAThesis, Quem7s University, 1993 is especially provocative. Rich as this Iiterature is, there is asilence within it on the question of titular honours - a silence which seems all the more curious for the abundance of material on this question, and the role of titular honours as highly-coveted prizes within the pmn-client relationships binding potitical Canadians together- the foci of hotlydebated "questions ofhonour" pitting the provincialists against the federal government." Canadian cultural historians, building on Carl Berger's pathbreaking analysis of imperialist thought* and theme of the "invention of tradition" pioneered by E-J-Hobsbawmand

Terence Ranger:' have Linked fascination with the antique forms and traditions of Britain, especially anything to do with the monarchy and aristocracy, with a pervasive sensibility of "anti- modernism,'' defined by T-Jackson Lears as a "the recoil fkom an 'overcivilized' modem existence to more intense forms of physical or spiritual experien~e.'"~

The itinerary of a 11I exploration for the phenomenon of honours in Canadian society, extending from the precision of in New France to the Prime Minister's designation of the most recent Governor General, could thus be a rich and fascinating one. In contrast to Marxist and Liberal accounts which emphasize revolutionary breaks, such a study could well fmd surprising continuities? it could illuminate the extent to which Canada

* Robert C. Vipond, Liberty and Cornmmdy: Canadian Feaknliim andthe Failwe ofthe Const&tion (Albany State University of New York Press 199 1). ch.3. In Maalonald's original conception, the Lieutenant-Governorwas to serve asa powerlid representative of the federal government.

* Cad Ekrger- TheSnse ofPower: Sides in the I&m of Canadit Inrperialkm 1867-1913 (Toronto: University oflbmnto Press 1970). It should be noted that the imperialists were, in Berger's account, not ofone mind with respect to modernity As he notes: ''The imperialists, ... were assured that Canadian history exhibited an extraordinarily rapid material growth and the slow and gradual acquisition by coionials of the political rights of Brirish subjects- They were anxious to secure the substance of these rights, to secure for Canadiansthe same voice upon imperiat matters that citizensoFGreat Britain already possessed, This, they were axtain. could be accomplished only within some form of imperial association,and, equally, it could only come when Canadians were not only rwdy to assume responsibilities but also when their material developmentenabled them to do so- This drive toward full national rights was taken by imperialists to mean the culmination, not the subversion, ofthe principle ofresponsible government' (127)- At the same time, Andrew MacPhail and Steven Leacock both extolled the simplicity and virtue of life before electricity and industrialization,

." E.J.Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention ofTradition- (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).

ST.Jackson Lears No PI- of Grace: ,ifnrimdmkm andthe Ti~rmcdlonofAmen'c~ Cufnm?. 1880- 1920 (Nav York Pantfieon Books. 198t ), p- xv,

'Themost example ofcontinuity between the-ancien mPoMavFrance and the-old regimen ofpost-ConquestBritish North America in the area of lank and distinction is perhaps that of the Barony de Longueil created by Louis XIV on 26 January, 1700. The first Baron de Longeuil, Chartes Le McyeLongeuil, had adistinguished career as aFrench colonial administrator, serving as French delegate to the Indians, Governorofliois-Rivi~resand later MontnM, and as Acting AdrninishtorofNew Fmce. He was elected to the barony in recognition of his services in negotiating the Franco-Iroquois peace of 1694. This is 23

remained, decades after the Conquest,50at the time of onf federation,^' and perhaps even well

into the twentieth century," influenced by "ancien r&imeY'attitudes, fortified by an enduringly

popular monarchy and an often passionate attachment to the British Empire - the world

institution which supplied the ultimate "master narrsltive7' within which the titles made sense.

Honours were of great importance to Victorian Canadians. Prior to Confederation, Viscount

Monck proposed the establishment of "The Order of StLawrence," to be similar in style and

function to India's "Order of the Star of India"" The order might well have consisted of the standard three levels: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Eminent Order of St. Lawrence (GCSL),

Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of St. Lawrence (KCSL), and Companion of the

Most Eminent Order of St. Lawrence (CSL)." The Colonial Office condemned the idea as 300

Canada's first title, and isstill with issue- It wasacknowledged in the Treaty of Paris of 1763; and pursuant to that treaty Queen Victoria acknowledged and guaranteed the title, although it does not affiord the holder the right to aseat in the House of Lords. The Barony of Longeuil is the last legitimate French titte that exists with the consent ofthesuccessor to a RoyaI French coIoniaI government, Interestingly. when no male heir is available, the title passes to the eldest daughter- See David Hayne and An& Van% in the Dictionaryof Canadrizn Biography, 11, I70 1-1 740 (Toronto: University offoronto Press, 1%9), p-40 1- Rodolphe Lernieux. M.P., was therefore in error when in the Debate on the NickIe Resolution he argued that "It is a matter of history that as soon as our ancestors were defeated on the Plains ofAbraham, the whole of the nobiIity retwned to France, and the peasantry, the habitant of French Canah, with his cuds, remained in the colony, and made it what it has become since," House ofCommons Debates. 8 April I9 18 (Lemieux), pp.508-509.

The concept ofa titled class persisted after the coilapse ofthe French @me. Akr the fall oiNew France -it was contemplated by the framers of the Quebec A&- that there should be estabIished a hereditary upper house in Canadan Ser=ArehurB-Keith, The CYar Governmentsofthe Britkh Dominiom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1921), p280- UpperCanadian society, with its established church and "fmily compact" bore some marks of an ancien regime society.

~ohnA Mrtcdondd wasa keen ~~pporteroFhavingCrrnadiansappointedt~the Houseofirds so that the Parliament at Westminster could act more effectivelyas an Imperial body with representatives from throughout the Empire, See Sir Joseph Pope, ed, The Correspondence ofSirJohn MacdonaId (Ottawa, t921), p305, Lord Dunraven to Sir John A MacdonaId, 1 December 1883.

""Social structures, types and attitudes are coins that do not readily melt Once they are formed they persist, possibly for centuries, and since different structures and types dispIay different de-gees of this ability to survive, we almost always find that actual group and national behaviour more or less departs hmthe dominant forms ofthe productive process. Though tfiis applies quite generally, it is most clearly seen when a highly durable structure transfers itself bodily from one country to another-n JA- Schumpeter, as cited in Miquelon, New France, p- 228,

53 C.P.Stacey. 'The Knighting of Sir Francis Clincks: Comments," Canadian Historical Revimv, 3 1 (1951). p301.

" While the order is only mentioned as the "Order of StLawrence,* it would certainty have been given a glowing adjectival designation - illustrious, Honourable, Distinguished, or Eminent I have added the prefix to these names to suggest what the official name of the award might have become, 24

unconventional" a step, and so Canada was deprived of its own imperial order? Allowing

Canada to have a local honours system "would have been almost tantamount to an admission that

Confederation had raised Canada's status in the eyes of the Imperial a~thorities."~~Had such a

system separate fiom other Imperial honours been conceded Canadians might well have been

more favourably disposed in the early twentieth century towards the recognition of their fellow citizens with titular honours, since those opposed to honours in general would have been deprived of their "Canada-First" arguments."

Many Canadians would have identified resistance to such honours as resistance to

Britain, and hence a form of disloyaity. Many would also have sharply disagreed, because, as the debates of 19 17-1919 so vividly illustrate, honours were in the early twentieth century increasingly not part of a unanimous consensus in Canada The opinion that Canada should be rid of honours was not new- Prominent Liberals, such as George Brown and Alexander

Mackenzie, both refhed imighthoods; and so, rather surprisingly, did a number of

conservative^.^^ (The clarity of partisan lines in 191% 1919 -- with the Liberals advocating the removal of all honours and titles, and the Conservatives proposing to modify the system to suit

Canadian needs - is somewhat misleading, because during Laurier's time in ofice knighthoods

55 David Farr, The Colonial Ofice and Canada. 1867-1887 (Toronto: University of Toronto fress, 1959, p.53.

56 C.P. Stacey, -Lord Monck and the Canadian Nation," Dalhousie Rzviav, 14 ( 1939, p- i 86-

When first established, the Order ofthe Star of India was regarded asjunior to theorder ofthe Bath and Order of St. Michael and St. George, but it grew to becornethe most sought-after honour in British India, being considered far more substantial than the frequently awarded Order of St Michael and StGeorge-

%Chiefamongthese was J. Ross Robertson, who eected both aknighhood and asenate seat on the same day in late December 1916. See Titles in Canada in 1917. p-1. were awarded in record numbers, while Arthur Meighen, surprisingly, made no recommendations at all). The belief that hereditary titles were unsuitable for Canada was widespread, and many treated them with suspicion. They stood condemned as legacies of coIogiaI inferiority, anti- democratic elitism, and a hereditary principle seen as being antithetical to "Canadian democracy." Opinion in favour of abolishing knighthoods was less certain; in some respects they were seen as being the same as hereditary titles, but many took a softer position towards them. A fill analysis would have to explore the world of those who were caught in the middle of this debate, most particularly the "men of state" - simultaneously sworn to uphold a imperial system of honour which, not incidentally, also provided them with powerfid rewards to bestow upon their supporters and to vie for themselves; but equally concerned that the "inflation of honours," by creating too direct a connection between business and title, could expose a vulnerable government to ridicule and radicalize those excluded fkom all honours altogether. (They would also be concerned that the British not interfere in Canadian affairs, and that their own use of a system of honours for political advantage not be compromised). It would explore the collective sensibility of those Canadians who were honoured - those who spent a lifetime struggling to attain this recognition - as well as those who refbsed the honour thrust upon them. The examination of the patrooagelhonour nexus itself could sustain several substantial studies. A Ml cultural history would develop the insight that antimodernism in Canada, insofsr as it was a powerrl force in the early twentieth century, took the characteristic form of an exaltation of

British tradition, a celebration of the feats of British arms across the globe, reverence for the

British monarchy, and a drive to replicate British architecture, exemplified most dramatically at

Mackenzie King's Kingsmere, and more discretely at scores of university campuses. Irrevocably Figure 1 Evolution of Canadian Honours Policy 1867-1935 Arrows indicate direction of recommendationfor bestowal of a knighthood

Pre-Con&derution (civilian award to people living in British Colonial possessions, except India) Governor-General++=+ Colonial Oflice+:+=> Sovereign or Governors

Post-Confideration to 1902 (civilian award to residents of Canada) Governor-General++ Colonial Oflice+=+* Sovereign 19 114 Colonial Ofice can make awards without consulting the informal & not required Canadian Prime Minister, Canadian Prime Minister

Pre-Nickle Resolution 1902-1918 (civilian man&to residents of Canada) Governor-General,*= Colonial Oflice:*++ Sovereign ru bu Colonial Office still had power to make unilateral formal recommendations but the Prime Minister of Canada Canadian Prime Minister had to be consulted and could Submit "comments" about impending awards directly to the Colonial Ofice. The Prime Minister could only bypass the Govemor- General when making recommendations of a political or administrative nature, Nickle Resolution, 1918 Governor-General *** Sovereign Colonial Office 111 Colonial Office decides the number of awards available /a No more hereditary awards. formal British Government agree not to make Canadian Prime Minister any unilateral recommendations to the King. Canadian Prime Minister makes recommendations for all awards except those to members of the Canadian military.

Recommendations of the Report of the Speful Committee on Honours and Titles, 1919 Governor-General xxx Sovereign Colonial Office x No hereditary awards, no titular honours, X only valor and long service decorations for the Canadian Prime Minister Canadian military. (Never hlly implemented) No recommendations submitted,

Bennett Post Statute of Westminster (civilian and military honours to residents of Canada) Governor-General =++* Sovereign Sovereign 1)ominions Office bl tl (1 TI 1u tu ford process Efective result of the NicWe Resolution Canadian Prime Minister Canadian Prime Minister

British Government only able to set the number of awards. No hereditary awards. Canadian Prime Minister makes recommendations for all titular awards, civilian and military. knighthoods have always been associated with the likes of King Arthur and the Knights of the

Round Table. Once we attend to the centrality of honour and of honours in Canadian political life, and cease to regard this as a marginal issue of trifling importance, the opportunities for a much richer "cultural history of Canadian politics" emerge clearly.

This thesis does not undertake to examine the many dimensions of the honours system as it evolved in Canada: to do so would be well beyond its possible scope. Rather than a comprehensive analysis, it seeks to accomplish the more limited objective of outlining certain basic facts about the system of honour. For the purposes of this thesis, a "title" will be defined as a peerage or baronetcy; "honours" or ccknighthoods"will be defined as memberships in one of the titular levels of the British Orders of Knighthood or a Knight Bachelorship (both to be discussed more precisely later in this chapter). The definition of ''Canadian" in this thesis poses more difficulties, in that Canadian citizenship did not exist prior to 1949. (Canadians were simply

British subjects ordinarily resident in Canada). Canadian peers and knights are defined as those persons living in Canada at the time of the award, who were being recognized for services rendered to Canada or to Canada and the Empire, and who were honoured after consultation with the Canadian g~vernment?~This is the first study of its kind in Canada, on a topic which has been quite radically m*sunderstoodin present-day debates. Where it is possible and appropriate to do so, the thesis will seek to link up to the general questions that could be raised in a much larger study, but it must be frankly pointed out that there is not an extensive twentieth-century

Canadian historiography within which this study can locate itself. Similarly, this thesis adopts a

Y, In cases applying to persons who by common consent are amsidered "Canadian," anexception has been required For example, Sir Charfes Tupper was created a Baronet ofthe United Kingdom while living in Britain, yet his award is considered to be a Canadian knighthood because he was being recognized for his work as Canadian High Commissioner- 27

modest periodization, beginning in 1867, the year in which a Canadian Prime Minister was first

directly involved in influencing the British award of honours and titles and ending in 1935, the

last year in which a Canadian Prime Minister recommended a canad& for a knighthood. There

is obviously much that could be said on either side of this periodization, and some comments are offered here on the subsequent legacy of the "question of honours," but an in-depth examination of a much Longer period would lie beyond the scope of this thesis. This thesis instead undertakes a general reconnaissance of the subject, with this chapter observing trends which pertain throughout the period and the structure of the imperial honours system, chapter two exploring the general statistical patterns and noting the awards made during each prime minister's administration, chapter three delving into the relationship between honours and patronage in the age of Macdonald and Laurier, chapter four examining the question under Borden and the origins of the 19 17- 19 19 debate, and chapter five discussing the specific role of Nickle and the report of the Special Committee on Honours and Titles. In chapter six the subsequent history of honours under Meighen, Mackenzie King and Bennett is described and chapter seven will look at the post- 1935 legacy of the great debate over honours. Full appendices are provided after the main text to allow those who would explore the Ml extent of this fascinating topic to build on the empirical work embodied in this thesis.

2. The General Pattern

The most essential distinction to grasp in any discussion of the honours system, and one which was systematically muddied in the debate of 19 17- 1 9 19, is that between knighthoods and peerages. A knighthood is non-hereditary, and does not entitle its holder to sit in the House of 28

Lords. A peerage and baronetcy, on the other hand, are hereditary (at Least in the period covered by this the~is),~a characteristic conditioned by the rule of primogeniture? Such peerages often entitle holders to sit in the House of Lords, baronetcies do not entitle the holder a seat in the

House of Lords. In contemporary Canadian usage, being elevated to the peerage is like being appointed to the Senate (and although a Senate seat is not hereditary, it does come with a property qwdification and entitle its holder to put 'Honourable7 in fkont of his or her name),

Being awarded a knighthood, on the other hand, is more like being awarded the Order of Canada

Many Canadians opposed on the grounds of Liberalism to hereditary titles were not as hostile to the awarding of honours. The evolution of the system governing honours and titles in Canada from 1867 to 1935 can be described in terms of four basic periods: L867-l902,l902-l9l8, 19 18-

19 19, and 19 19-1935. These periods may be swiftly and economically distilled by means of the following flow charts- [See Figure 11

These demonstrate the manner in which recommendations were submitted and approved- In the pre-Confederation period, colonial politicians were essentially uninvolved in the matter of honours and titles; consultation and recommendations fiom colonial politicians were not given much credence. In the 1867-1902 period, the Canadian Prime Minister was informally consulted about most appointments; however, the Colonial Office or the Governor General could unilaterally make recommendations without the knowledge of the Canadian Prime Minister. In the period 1902-19 18, consultation with the Canadian Prime Minister became formalized,

The situation changed with the passage of the Life Peerages Act, 1958 (UK),

6' An exception was made for Sir Donald Smith, Lord Strathwna: in the writ appointing him to the peerage there was aspecial note indicating that the title could pass fiom his eldest daughter to her first-born son, 29 although he possessed only veto power over administrative and political appointments. In 1918, the Nickle Resolution required that the Canadian Prime Minister make the recommendation for all Canadian civil awards (military awards remained under the control of the British government). In 1919, according to the recommendations of the Report of the Special Committee on Honours and Titles, no awards save military vdour and long-service decorations were to be bestowed. Finally, under Bennett, 1932-1935, the Canadian Prime Minister was given control over aU honours recommendations and effectively had a direct link to the Sovereign when making them, although the Dominions Office controlled the number of honours available

3. Intricacies

The foregoing distillation of the system captures its gist, but misses that myriad of complexities, nuances, degrees and distinctions intrinsic to a illy-developed system of rank By the time of the

Nickle Resolution of 1918, the British honours system had "acquired a Byzantine complexity, with literally dozens of different kinds of honours, decorations and titles.'" Each of these awards had a specific place within the Table of precedence? They could only be awarded in a certain order, and the decorations and symbols associated with them could only be worn in accordance with strict regulations. One is tempted to assume that the sheer complexity of the system would have been more than enough to confuse even the most senior civil servant, let alone the average member of the public. In general, they did: as the Duke of Devonshire, then Governor General,

'' C. Cross, The Fall of the Brifiih Empire (London: Paladin Press- 1968), p.153.

See Appendix One. 30

remarked in 1918, 'They [i-e.,honours] are not understood here [Canada] -'*He noted that

Canadims seemed to be under the erroneous impression that, because peerages were awarded so

sparingly to Canadians, they must be a senior type of kni-ghthood, when in fact they performed a quite different fimction and were integrally related to the work of the British Parliament?

Canadians persistently combined titles, peerages, knighthoods and honours all together, and seemed unaware that those awarded knighthoods and those elevated to the peerage were of different species aItogetherP6 If they were unaware of this basic distinction, Canadians might well have failed to appreciate the finer difference between a person awarded a Knight Grand

Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St, George and one awarded a Knight Bachelorship - both of whom, after all, were entitled to add "Sir" to their names, That the first honour generally went to Governors General and senior colonial politicians, and the second to provincial judges and politically connected businessmen would have escaped most Canadians. Co&ion about honours, and most particularly the confusion about the distinction between those wbich were simply "honours" and those which implied hereditary hctions in the British Parliament, played a signififant role in rousing support for those intent on abolishing honours altogether.

A map of this complex system must first begin with the "Peerage of the United

Kingdom," comprised of various levels of nobility: Dukes, Marquesses, Earls, Viscounts and

National Archives ofCanada [hereafterNAQ MG 26 tt, Borden Papers, p. l7SB, Emactofa letter hrnthe Governor General OF Canada to the War Ofice, 18 May 19 18,

allis is noted in the"ReporroftheCommitteeof~eHmourablePrivyCouncl~"19 February 1903,as found i.NACBorden Papers, MG 26 H, p.50235. 3 1

Barons. Over this span of Canadian history:' nine peerages and one title have been bestowed upon Canadians? Among these, five are considered to be Canadian peerages - i-e., awarded after consultation with the Canadian govemment69Five peerages have been conferred since

Confederation by the British government upon persons born in Canada, but for services not rendered in or to Canada. In the 1867-1935 period, the first appointment of a Canadian to the peerage with the knowledge of a Canadian Prime Minister was Sir George Stephen, who became

Baron on 26 June 1891. Stephen, Like two other Canadian peers, was President of the Canadian

Pacific Railway (CPR);it is not unlikely that he owed his appointment to "help" given the ruling

Conservatives in the 1891 campaigdOThis connection between the CPR and the awarding of titles confirmed a hostility to hereditary honours among some in the Libera1 Party, who connected the procedure to the operations of patronage and party fmancing in the Canadian political system. The second Canadian (and sole Canadian woman) appointed to the peerage,

Lady Susan Macdonald, who became Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe on 14 August 1891, was not entitled to sit in the House of Lords and, albeit in the absence of extensive documentation, it seems safe to conclude that she was being honoured in memory of her late husband. The next appointment to the peerage resumed the theme of the CPR: Sir Donald Smith, the line's former president, who was appointed in his capacity as Canadian High Commissioner

67 The history of Newfoundland a separate Dominion until 1949, is summarized in Appendix 23.

See Appendix Five.

1 have included Sir Hugh Graham, Lord Atholstan, in this list because, technically, the Canadian prime minister and govemor- general were consulted, Their advice was not followed-

mN~tethe suggestion to this effect in David Cruiseand Alison GdEths, Lor& oftk Lim (Markham: Penguin, 1988), px~.citing a letter from Lord Shaughnessy, 8 May 1920- 32 to London. He became First Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal on 26 June 1900, and continued as Canadian High Cornmi-ssioner until his death in 1914:' Sir Thomas Shaughnessy, the principal catalyst for the 1902 Prby Council Report on honours and titles, and like Strathcona and Stephen also a President of the CPR, was elevated to the peerage on 19 February 1916."

The last Canadian to be etevated to the peerage after consultation with the Canadian government was Sir Hugh Graham, president of the Montreal Star, whose name figured so prominently in the

19 17- 19 1 9 debate on honoursn This appointment was by far the most controversial of the Lot, for Graham was remembered vividly for his somewhat questionable hd-raising activities on behalf of the Conservatives, and his violently pro-Imperial editorials in the Star at the time of the Boer War." The appointment, made over Prime Minister Borden's objections and politically ill-timed," may well have been the turning point in making the prospect of Canadian peers a politically unpalatable one.

Passing now to those who were awarded hereditary knighthoods, we find the Baronets.

These were founded in England by James I in 161 1 and extended to Ireland in 1619; Scotland had its own Baronets, founded in 1625 as part of W2!ia Alexander's scheme for settling Nova

This title still has issue.

He became the First Baron Shaughnessy of the City of Montreal in the Dominion ofCanada and Ashford in the County of Limerick

* He became the first Baron Athoistan oWuntington in the Province ofQuebec in the Dominion ofCanadaand the City of Edinburgh on 8 June 1917.

75 NOless a fipthan Joseph Chamberlain would hail Graham br conducting acampaign on behalfofCanadian involvement in the Boer War "that for vigourand e~~venesshas seldom been supased in the history ofjournalism" See John Saywell and Paul Stevens eds, LordMWo S Canadian Pqmrs, VoLn (Toronto: Champlain Society, l983), p, 193, citing Joseph Chamberlain to Lord Minto, 3 October 1903.

75 John English, The Decline of Politics (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 19% j, p. 136- Scotia and preventing it from falling into French hands?6 Baronetcies were subsequently amalgamated under the title of c'baronets of the United Kingdom." In order of precedence for the

United Kingdom, Baronets rank just below Barons and one level above Knights of the Order of

Garter? In total seven Baronetcies were awarded upon the recommendation of the Canadian government: three were awarded to politicians, three to businessmen. It is suggestive that, less than five days into the fust session of the first Parliament of Canada., the question of honours was the subject of a stormy debate, on the vexed question of Sir John A. Macdonald's having bettered

Cartier on the field of honours. (Macdonald received a Knight Commandership of the Order of the Bath (KCB), while Cartier was only made a Companion of the Order, an "insult to himself and the nation he represents")." On 23 March 1868 a motion was introduced championing

Cartier's ctairns to a KCB; less than a month later, Macdonald announced to a cheering House that Cartier had been made a Baronet -- and hence awarded an honour even more substantial than that given Macdonald himseLf?

Passing over British Orders of Knighthood with marginal Canadian significance," we

76 For this history, see especidly John ReidJcadia. Maine, and New 5kotiand- ,2fwgiitaI Colonies in tire Seventeenth Century (Toronto: University offoronto Press, 198 1)- It was interesting invoked in NicUe's speech introducing his famous resolution: House of Commons. Debates. 8 April 19 18, p.477,

Thcir high status is visuaI1y indicated by agold and enamel badge worn fiorn around their neck suspended fiom a riband.

'' House of Commons, Debates, 6 November 1867, p.83.

[bid. 21 April 1868, p.524.

"These include the Most Noble Order ofthe Garter(KG), founded in 1348 andone ofthe oldest order ofchivalry in Europe, ~Vtrose ranks arc (with a few exceptions)&cted to the Sovereign, the Prince ofWales and 25 Knights;fie Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the ThistIe (KT), founded in 1687, essentially ScotIand's version ofthe Order of the Garter; and finally the Most Illustrious Order of St, Patrick, KP, founded in I783 and initially consisting of the Sovereign and fifteen knights, enlarged to 22 in 1833. which founderedwith thepaccitioningof Ireland in 1922and bemnecompletely obsolete in 1974with the death ofthe last holder. AJso noteworthy was the Most Exalted Orderof ?heStar of India(GCSI, KCSI, CS9, reserved tbr m*cesrendered to British -on on the hdian subcontinentwhich becameobsolete with India's independence in lW8, and the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE, KClE, CE), seated in 1877 to mark the assumption of the title of Empress of India by Queen Victoria, the *junior level of the Star of India and likewise obsolete in 1948- 34

arrive at the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (various designated, according to rank, GCB,

KCB, and CB), thought to have been established in 1 128, and probably one of the oldest orders

of knighthood in the world?' This order initially had one class, Knight of the Bath, and consisted

of the Sovereign, a Prince of Royal Blood, a Great Master and 35 Knights; it was subsequently

reorganized into two divisions, civil and military, in order to provide awards to officers who

served in the Napoleonic Wars? One of the first awards made after the' 1815 reorganization was

that of a KCB conferred upon Lieutenant-General Gordon Drummond of the British Army, born

in Quebec City- A total of eleven awards of the Knight Grand Cross and Knight Commander of

the Order of the Bath were bestowed on Canadians fiom 1867 to 1935. Sir John A. Macdonald

became the first in 1867 when he was made a KCB, civil division; he was later elevated to a

GCB in 1884, the first colonial politician to receive the highest leveL8' The redoubtable Sam

Hughes, Minister of MiIitia and Defence, acquired the other Canadian civil KCB in 19 15; his award would not have made the distinction shimmer more brightly in the eyes of opponents of conscription and the Conservative government Six KCBs went to military men; one honoured a member of the RCMP." Proceeding down to the most junior grade of the Order of the Bath, to

" See Ivan De La Bere, The Queen S Order of Chivafry (London: William Kimbec 1961), p.99,

=The Civil division continued to consist ofa single class (Knight ofthe Bath), while the military division was divided into three classes(Knight Grand Ctoss, GCB), h*&t Cornnmnd (KCB), and Cornpan-on (CB). lt was not until 1847 that the Civil Division was organized into three classes like its military counterpart

* BecaLlSe the Garter, Thistle and Order of St Mckwere not usually bestowd to commonas, the Knight Grand Cross ofthe Order of the Bath was the highest award availabie to the non-titled classes.

KI GadWiiliam D, Oaer was awarded aKCB in 19 13; and MajorGnerai Henry Bumscall, GeneraI Arthur Curnume,Major-General FrederickLoomis, Major~Arch~'baIdMacdoneU,Mijot-Genaal RidurdTumerandMajor~ David Watson wmerecogniaed for their service in the Great War- The Iast award ofthe Knight Commanderofthe Bath was made in 1935 to Major-Gend James MacBnen, Chief Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. For firther details, see Appendix Three, 35 that of Companion, we find 166 Canadians have attained this distinction since onf federation.^

From Confederation until the Nickle Resolution of 1918, it could be said that the Order of

St. Michael and StGeorge served as the "Order of Canada7' for the period, the premier award available to Canadian politicians, judges, and civil servants. This was partly because of a change in the rules in 1868," which tipped the scales away fiom the Order of the Bath and towards this order, instituted in 18 18, initially to recognize services in Malta and the Ionian ~slands? The order initially consisted of the Sovereign, Grand Master, seven Knights Grand Cross, twelve

Knight Commanders and twenty-four Knight Companions. In 1832, the lowest class became non- tituIar and was renamed Companion of the Order of St- Michael and St. George- The order was enlarged in 1868,1877 and 1902 to allow for a maximum of 110 Knight Grand Crosses of the

Order of St. Michael and St. George (GCMG), and 1,775 Commanders of the Order of St.

Michael and St. George (CMG). For Canadians, the Order was intended to honour "high political or official services as distinct fiom judicial, literary, scientific or artistic erninen~e-''~~

In this period, fourteen GCMGs - the award was reserved for Governors General, Prime

Ministers and Chief Justices -- were awarded Canadians, the majority of them politicians, inchding three Canadian Prime Ministers, Tupper, Laurier and Borden. Many other Canadians

On the occasion ofConfederation John k Macdonaid was made a KCB, white the othersenior Fathers -Cartier.. Gal4 Howland, McDougall, Tilley and Tupper- were made Companionsoftheorder ofthe Bath, civiI division, A11 except McDougall went on to attain one or more knighthoods

a UCn 1868, the Statutes ofthe Order oFSt lvZichael and St George were altered to make it the principd order of all British overseas possessions-See C.P. Stacey, 'The KnightingoPSu Francis Hincks: C~rnrnents,~CanodianHktoricalRew-ew, XZ(l9S I ), p.301.

'' Norman Gooding, The Medals Year Book 1993 (London: Token Press, 1992), 4.

" NAC, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p.3427- "The Grant of Honours in Canad&" undated memorandum- 36

keenly sought to become a Knight Commander of the Order of St~icdael and StGeorge, pdy

because it was the most accessible honour, witbin the reach of eminent senior civil servants,

senators, cabinet ministers, provincial premiers or even plain party supporters, and perhaps also

because of the splendid regalia involved." Seventy-four of them were successful, 48% of them

active politicians, and 21% serving or retired Lieutenant-Governors (who were, in general,

graduates of the party system). The remainder went to people in a variety of occupations, ranging

fiom university administrators to engineers? One rung below the KCMG was the Companion of

the Order of St. Michael and St. George, which was awarded to 382 Canadians?' Even

Mackenzie King, who we shall discover was no great admirer of the British honours system, was awarded this distinction - although it is telling that he never wore the +ignia of the order." Of a somewhat different nature was the Royal Victorian Order, founded by Queen Victoria in 1896 with an unlimited number of awards, but which by tradition awarded with the sovereign's greatest degree of care and discretion. Four Canadians have been awarded the top two titular levels of the award -- Knight Grand Cross (GCVO) and Knight Commander (KCVO); the other levels continue to be awarded to Canadians for services to the Crown in Canada, and the order

n9 A KCMG was accompanied by an attractive neck badge and breast star made of silver gilt and enamels.

" See Appendix Six for a more detailed breakdown.

" The last award was made in 1946-

AS Deputy Minister of Labour M*-e King was mde acompanicm of the Order of SL Michaei apd St Geotge in 1906, which was only one level below a knighthood During his entire careeras Prime Minster whkone can find photographs of him wearing the offcia1court dress unifonn he never worse his CMG. kgthe 1939 Royal Vit he can be found wearing his I935 King George V Silver Jubilee and King GeorgeVICornnation Medals, but nevertheCMG, Pahaps hewas concerned that people would assume that it was a knighthood that he did not use Miden& King was mxk an Otlicerofthe Order ofMait in 1947. which he never \vote in public. Oddly enough Mdmzie King only had a phobiaof&itish awards Ovathe course ofhis career he was mi& a Graxxi Cross ofFmTs Order ofthe L&on O~HOC~OUT,Grand CrossoftheCro~nof~ofLuKanborng ~Crossof~ordero~ld hmBelgiumand Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands's Lion fiom the Netherlands. 37 remains an integral part of the Canadian honours system to this day. As was the case with other awards, it was firmly associated in the eariy twentieth century with railway executives- King

Edward W, known to be somewhat prone to bestow knighthoods upon unsuspecting friends and visitors,P3was also clearly impressed by the claims ofrailwaymen: Lord Mount Stephen was made a GCVO in 1905, Lord Strathcona in 1908, and Lord Shaughnessy won the only Canadian

KCVO in 1907. Edward W was also responsible for the creation, in 1902, of the Royal

Victorian Chain, which afforded the recipient no titular distinction and was not an order of knighthood, but which was nonetheless considered the most exclusive award available from the

Crown and a special mark ofthe Sovereign's esteem and affection?' In this period, the award was given to three Governors General of Canada: Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught in 1906,

Lord Lansdowne in 1906, and Lord Athlone in 1935.9' A more common award was that of the

Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, consisting of five classes and with a military and civil division. (The highest level is the Knight/l)ame Grand Cross (GBE), and the second class was the Knight/Dame Commander (KBE/DBE), with Lower levels of Commander (CBE), Officer

(OBE), Member (MBE) and the British Empire Medal (BEM)). Because the order was founded in 19 17, and the Nickle Resolution came into effect in 19 18, the titular levels were available to

Canadians for only the periods between 1917-19 19 and 1933- 1935. Canadians received two

GBEs and eight KBEs; of these two were awarded to businessmen, three to civil servants, hvo

93 See Peter Galloway, David Stanely and Stanley Martin, RoyalServke, Vol. 1 (London: Stephen Austin and Sons, 1996). p.20,

YS It would subsequently be awarded to Vincent Massey on 22 July t960 upon his retirement as Governor General and in similar circumstances to Roland Micheneron 3 August 1973. 38 for services in medicine and science - here we find Sir Frederick Banting, co-discover of insulin

- and one for philanthropic deeds. The lower levels of the order were to come into prominence after the period of this study in a flood of recognition for Canadians during and immediately following the Second World war?

Unlike those who received Orders of Knighthood, a Knight of the United Kiugdom (dso known as a Knight Bachelor because of the title's non-hereditary character) is not presented with any insignia of office but merely allowed to prefix his name with the title "Sir." A Knighthood is a title conferred by the Sovereign and bights Bachelor are not connected with any Order. They are members of '?he ancient concept of knighthood and chivalry," and become such when the

Sovereign lays the blade of his or her sword upon the right and then the'left shoulder of a kneeling subject. All persons who are made a Knight of the Order of the Garter, Knight of the

Order of the Thistle, Knight of the Order of St Patrick, or Knight Grand Cross/Comma.deror

Knight Commander of the Order of the Bat, Order of St. Michael and St. George, Order of the

Star of India, Order of the Indian Empire, Royal Victorian Order and the Order of the British

Empire are first dubbed as Knight Bachelors and then presented with the insignia of the Order in which they have been induced. Most Canadians who were knighted became Knights Bachelor;

"Afotalof481 CB& 1671 OBEs,2726MBEsand 1368 BEMsweemzrdedto~SeeB~vidsM~Lkc&artr and MekIs, p. 143. One should also note the hersignificance of both the Order of Meri&established in 1902, and the Order of the Companions of Honour, established 1917- The tirst is a non-tituiar order with only one class, consistingofthe Sovereign and a maximum of 24 members at any giventime, and devoted to rrxognizing those who have made exceptional contributionstowards a literatureor science, ThreeCanadians have received this award, including Mackem-e King in 1947 in recognition ofhis tenure as the longest-serving PrimeMinister in the British Commonwealth, ~iIderPenfield theneuro-eon, and Lester Pearson in 1972 This award remains open to Canadians. The second was intended as ajunior version of the Order of Merif confers no titles, is limited to the Sovereign and 65 members at anyone time, and is intended to recognize those who have rendered -exceptionalIy conspicuous service of national importancewin the fields of arts, literature, science, politics, industry and religion (see Goodine, The Mearals Year Boor4 p, 10). Like the WwofM* it has beem used in Canadaas a means of rewarding those who, save the retuctance to re-institute knighthoods, might have been knighted Eight Canadians have been so honoured: General AG-L. McNaughton, General Henry Crerar, Viicent Masse, John mefenbaker, Dr. Charies Be* Arnold Smith, Pierre Tmdeau, and General John DeChastelain, And like the Order of Merit, it is still open to Canadians- 39

107 received the honour for services rendered in and to Canada. The award was limited but not always confined to "'theBench and men of Literary or scientific note?' Pressure to award it to the politically connected came fiom Canada Provincial, Puisne and Chief Justices were most frequently given the honour (39%), with politicians receiving 17% and businessmen 14%:~One should finally mention the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, traceable to the crusading knights of the Middle Ages, and incorporated by Royal Charter in

1888, which continues to be part of the Canadian honours system. It is awarded to people who

"have performed or are prepared to perform good service for the Many Canadians have been appointed to the order, and continue to be, notwithstanding the Nickle Resolution and the

Report of the Special Committee on Honours and Titles.

Such was the complex world of honours in Canada from 1867 to 1935 -- a veritable forest of orders, titles, rules, qualifications, signs, favours, traditions, some of them stretching back to the most distant years far before Confederation, long before the European settlement of North

America. Honour was not only bestowed; once attained, it could be plainly seen, and in ways which precisely differentiated its Depending on one's perspective, the amazing

'" NAC, MG 26 H, Robert Borden Papers, -The Grant of Civil Honours in Canada," p.3428-

" See Appendix Four.

U3 NAC, MG 26 H, Robert Borden Papers, TheGrant of Civil Honours in Canada,- p3428.

'"'AIItheodersoCknighthoodare accompanied with an insigniato denote the classand order to which the holder belongs Holders of the Knight of the Order of the Garter, Knight of the Order of the Thistle, Knight of the Order of St Patrick Knight Grand Crosses ofthe Ordm ofrhe Bath, Order of StMichael and StGeorge+ Royal Victorian Order, Order ofthe British Empire, Knight Gmd Companions ofrhe Order ofthe Starofidiaand Order ofthe hdhEmpire; Bailiffor Dame Grand Cross ofthe OrderoFSt John - all these are entitled to receive a sash, breast star, collar chain and the robes of their order. Knights Commanders of all the British orders and the Knight or Dame ofJm*ceorGrace of the Wer of StJohn receive a neck badge and breastsfar. Those who are&C~iorsor~~ftheB~~onalordasandtheOrdaofStIohn~eaneck~Themorejunior levels. such as Officer, Lieutenant and Member, receive a badge that is worn on the left breast fiom a short nid.[n 1926, King George V granted knights bachelor permission to purchase and wear an oval badge to denote their knighthood, 40 complexity of the system, with its bewildering titles and intricate rules of hierarchy, was either a humbling and inspiring embodiment of the ancient and noble Empire, or a blatant example of medieval hocus-pocus placed at the service of modem snobbery, class distinction, and partisan p~litics.'~'This thick forest of symbols might suggest how tightly Canadians were bonded to the

Empire, or it might tell them that, as colonials and incipient democrats, they could never feel at home within it. It might be seen as a system which awarded human excellence and the best virtues; or it might be seen as a hrther award for the masters of patronage and railway speculation. There was no unanimity on the question of how to structure a Canadian system of honours, and, as we shall now see as we turn to the system's evolution fiom I867 to 1935, this debate, far tiom being simply c'honorific," was in fact dose to the heart of Canadian polidcs.

''I It \vas oftenjested that the post-nominal sty1eoftheOrderofSt Michael and St George ~vasarranged on purpose to symbolize the God-like authority of the Colonial Ofice: CMG Call MeGod KCMG Kindly Call Me God GCMG God Cdls Me God. Cross The Fati of the Brifikh Empire, p.134, Chapter Two: Canadian Honours: A Statistical Overview

Lf one chord resounded in the 19 18 Nickk Debate, it was that there was something dangerously elitist about awards and titIes. Speaker after speaker drew a sharp contrast between the pioneer egalitarianism that once lay at the heart of Canadian values, and the degenerate and parasitical growth of a British-style caste system, with its exclusiveness and prejudice- Canada should be, and at its best still was, a land of equal opportunity, where individuals of ambition could achieve social standing; awards and titles came fkom a land ofclass privilege and discrimination, where one's place was dictated by one's ancestry. Moreover, in the exuberant codision of this debate, in which knighthoods and peerages, awards and titles, titular and non- titular honours were mixed up, the impression emerged clearly of a sy~emall parts of which served to uphold a social elite, defined by religious, cultural, linguistic, class and other criteria

Explicitly or implicitly, speakers suggested that knighthoods, like peerages, were generally acquired via unscrupulous means, by men who were already rich and powefi. And many

Liberal speakers conversely constructed a "group portrait" of the men of high principle, such as

Alexander Mackenzie and Edward Blake in Canada or William Gladstone in England, who had rejected the tawdry title for a cleaner, more honourable political life- Attached to these references to the paragons of Canadian liberalism was the natural question of why such men of such principle would have rejected a knighthood; and the answer was that such a man "'would sooner go down fighting for what he thought to be right than what he thought to be wrong." That an occasional Conservative could be found among these Liberal men of principle simply added to the

102 See, for example, House of Commons, Debates, 8 April t 9 18 (Richardson), p. 507- opprobrium which attached to the many otkConservatives who had not stood by such high principles,

This chapter, drawing heavily upon the appendices at the end of this thesis - especially

Appendix 19, which summarizes for the fkt time the social, cultural, educational, linguistic, religious and provincial backgrounds of the 201 residents of Catlitcia who were awarded knighthoods - seeks to test the accuracy of this impression, and to provide a more nuanced and discriminating view of the problem. It concludes that it is important to make a basic distinction between peerages and knighthoods; but, more fundamentally, it suggests that it is crucial to pay attention to the specific period in which an honour was awarded. Some of the "populist critique" so powerfidly expressed by Nickle and others in 19 18 would seem to be sustained by some of the evidence. For example, it was quite true that those who were elevated to the peerage, with the exception of Baroness Macdonald, were wealthy, Tory, and male- All five Canadian residents elevated to the peerage were wealthy It is also true that Nickle had accurately (if at times offensively) underlined the gendered division that ruled in this symbolic world: apart from Baroness Macdonald, women, over halfthe population, were excluded at the outset.'w So, evidently, were other significant actors in Canadian life, the members of aboriginal communities.

No amount of zealous revisionism can make this world of honour an egalitarian one. At the same time, it would be ecplly erroneous to miss the fact that, in part because of such moments as the

Io3Lord Athoistan, Baroness Macdonald, Lord Mount Stephen, Lord Shaughnessy, and Lord Stratficona See Appendi~ 21, The case ofSir Hugh Graham, Lord Athoistan, who acquired his knighthood and peerage through business and political connections, distilled in the eyes of the system's critics the entire "problem with titlesn

"Sir Robert Borden entertained the idw of recommending three Canadian women to receive the Dame Commandership of the Order of the British Empire for their services during the First World War, but this list was never submitted because ofthe ensuing debate about honours and titles. 43

Nickle Debate, the world of honours in the 1930s was not the same as that of the 1890s: there

was an increasing drive to include among the honoured distinguished middle-class Canadians

whose services to the co~zullunitywere not associated with business.

Reflections on Methodology

An important decision conf?onting an analyst of a social phenomenon like honours is that of deciding which analytical heworkis likely to prove most suggestive. Marxist approaches to social analysis emphasize the emergence of classes on the basis of ownership (or non-ownership) of the means of production, distribution and exchange: those who own the means by which a society's material needs are met employ those whose labour generates surplus value. The generation of surplus value, principally by the application of labour to natural resources, leads to the growing division between the classes, of which two are of greatest importance: the working class, which sells its labour-power, and the capitalist class, which buys this commodity in a free labour-market. It is highly germane, fiom this perspective, that 43% of those awarded knighthoods in this period were owners of means of production or executives involved in a bank or corporation.lo5And yet, of course, it is also interesting that the remaining 57% of those awarded knighthoods did not emerge £?om the classic "capitalist class" of the Marxist sociological imagination.

At the same time, these data can also be meaningfully interrogated using the different conceptual lenses of stratification theory, most notably associated with the work of Max Weber,

lo' See Appendix twenty-one, and most interestingly captured in the Canadian context in the recent work of Douglas

Campbell.'06As Campbell notes,

Depending on ow's source, Max Weber's construction of social class is either very similar to or merent fiom Karl Marx's. Whereas Marx used the sphere of economic production as the generator of social classes, Weber used the market- For Weber, it was what one brought to and exchanged in the market that determined one's We chances and therefore one's social class- As a result, Weber claimed that class was unlikely to be the basis for collective action- The status group in Weber's scheme, however, had greater potential for cofIective identity and collective action..,. '07

The concept of status groups might, at least in certain instances, provide insights that are not as clearly distinguishable by a Marxist approach. The most celebrated Canadian text which used this neo-Weberian approach to social division in Canadian society was undoubtedly John Porter's

1965 classic The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada .'08 This study issued a decisive challenge to one of the most "persistent imagesy'Canadians held of their society, namely that it had no classes, that Canadians were all "relatively equal in their possessions, in the amount of money they earn, and in the opportunities which they and their children have to get on in the world. An important element in this image of ~Iasslessnessis that, with the absence of formal aristocracy and aristocratic institutions, Canada is a society in which equalitarian values have asserted themselves over authoritarian value^^^^'" Porter directly challenged these assumptions by focusing on the ethnic, religious and political dimensions of

'" ~ougIasCampbell, TI- Status andCrisis: Upper-ClassProtestants and the Founding ofthe United Chmh ofCanadanJawnal of Canadian Studies, Fall I994 (Vol29, No-3), pp. 63-83-

'07 Ibid.,p.65.

'08 Toronto: University ofToronto Press, 1965.

'09 Ibid.,p. 4.

Religion: Total Population and Knights Chart 3

LEGEND: Angl; Anglican Meth: Methodist Msc Prot: Protestants and members Bap: Baptist Presb: Presbyterian of the United Church Luth: Lutheran Other: Includes all religions not listed here Rclr'gioa: Elite md Knights Chart 4

Ama of Origin Chart5 mcc of Birth Chart6

Award by Province of mhtion Chart 7

ion

45 social differentiation in Canada

Although a fidl exploration of the literature on social stratification lies beyond the scope of this thesis, its key methodological assumption is that social status, as indicated by designation in such biographical books of notable Canadians such as The Canadian Men and Women of the

Time, A Cyclopedia of Canadian Biography and Who 's Who and ?Wzy - the "social registers" of their day - is a usefid guide to the achievement of honours. For the purposes of this thesis the upper echelon of Canadian society will be considered to be those contained within such biographical registers, Within these sources all except one of the residents of Canada who were knighted can be found. "O These registers regularly listed place of birth, religious affiliation, occupation and offices held, national origin, education and address. When this informattion was unavailable the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, the British Dictionmy of Norional Biography and the Canadian Encyclopedia have been consulted. Biographies and obituaries have also been indispensable sources. The date, type of award and citation have been taken from the London

Gazette or Canada Gazette, as all awards were listed in either of these official government publications. This study is limited by the accuracy of the information provided by biographical registers, cross-checked against other sources wherever possible.

It is important first to explain each of the categories and the definitions of national origin, religion, political and provincial &liation at play in this thesis. Natiodal origin is the most diffrcuIt category to define. Not all entries in the Canadian biographical registers contain mention of the knight's national or ethnic origins. In the case of those born overseas, national

[I0 The one person who was not listed in eitha Who S Who and Why or any other directory consulted was Sir Arthur Ambrose Harries awarded a KE3E in 1918- origin may often be surmi*sed, although one cannot jump to the conclusion that a Scottish

national identity attaches to any person in c cot land'^' There is the additional complication of

mixed ancestry."' The place of origin was more easily ascertained. The birth place of every

Canadian knight has been ascertained. Religious afEIiation poses some problems. Less than 70%

of the knights' entries in Who 's Who ond Why idenfify their subject's religious identity. The

Dictionary of Canadian Biography is also often deficient in providing this information. The

historian is obtiged to make use of obituaries and biographies. The "home province" of the

knight was easily determined by examining the citation for each knighthood. (In the case of

serving politicians their home riding is considered evidence of their home province). If the citation failed to offer some clue as to a knight's provincial identity, one had recourse to the

home addresses of the knights listed in Who 's CYho and CVhy .'I3

Biographical sketches sometimes delicately side-stepped the question of a knight's political affiliati~n."~If this was not listed in a biographical source of the perioQ it could usually be found in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography or in an obituary Even if a person did not list a political aliation at the time of award, the party to which they belonged prior to being awarded a knighthood has been accepted as their political Wation. It must nonetheless

"' For instance, Sir Robert Boak was born in Leith Scotland, of English parents, Thus his national origin has been defined as English. while his place of birth remains Scotland.

' " In the event that a person was ofboth English and French ancestry it has been noted There are no instances where a knight was said to be of Irish and Scottish or English and Scottish ancestry although there [ikely some men who fell into these categories.

'"There are some admittedly difficultcases, such as that of Sir CharlesTupper, upon whom a knighthood was confared while he was serving overseas, In this case the home province was taken to be his provinciat location - i-e, Nova Scotia

'Ir Many senior Judges upon assuming officechose to have Who k Whod Why movetheir religions and political filiations. In 19 17, CYho 's FYho and CYhy Listed Sir Lyman Poore Masa L~Iberaland CongregatiomIistbut the 1935 edition lists neither his party or religion. Duffno moregave up his religion than his historic relationship with the Liberal Pe,it was just not proper for a Chiefiustice to list such information. 47 be conceded that the designations cannot be absolute: the fact that a person was once Listed as a

Liberal did not mean that he would be an active member of the party throughout his We-

Statistics have been compiled according to two different criteria. The "per-knight scaley' has been used to calculate the national origin, area of origin, place of birth, religion, poIiticd

province of relation and education, using each individual knight (~201)as the unit of analysis. The per-award scale takes as its unit of analysis the award of a knighthood, using the overall number of awards (~226).This is a somewhat different unit, because twenty

Canadians received more than one knighthood or underwent an elevation in their knighthood.

This is a more meauingful measure when it comes to a discussion ofthe relationship between knighthood and occ~pation~~~*because the awards might come in different phases of a subject's life.'I6 The statistics relating to the analysis of knighthoods awarded during the term of each

Prime Minister1l7 are based on this second scale, so as to give a more precise view of the specific people each Prime Minister recognized.

To possess a knighthood was a symbol that one had rmly "arrivedy" and placed an oficial seal of recognition on an often long and complex process of social ascent. One did not have to have a knighthood to be a recognized member of the social elite, but the converse relationship was firm: one had to become a member of the social elite in order to obtain a knighthood. Only those people found in biographical registers with high social status were awarded knighthoods.

'I5 See Appendix Seven,

""n the case of Sir Chades Tupper, for example!, his KCMG was awarded form-cesas a cabinet ministatwhile his GCMG and Bt, were awarded for his services as Canadian High Commissioner and for his dipIomatic services.

"'See Appendixes Eight through Seventeen- Did this confirm the Liberals' and Nickle's argument in 1918 that knighthoods flew in the face of the ideals of meritocracy? To a point, perhaps. Those claiming United Empire Loyalist roots numbered seven; no fewer than 11 of the 20 1 knights had attended Upper Canada But viewed fiom another perspective, these statistics suggested a relative weakness in the Liberals' case, at least when it applied to all imperial honours. One might have expected more of these badges of "hereditary elite7' status than these data reveal- It is interesting that many of critics of knighthoods felt that the most objectionable were those which honoured a knight who had started at the bottom of the social scale and worked his way up - a pattern which applied particularly to the controversial railway executives.

The pattern of Canadian knighthoods was not that of Canadian society as a whole, but they did mirror certain aspects of Canadian elire society. Douglas Campbell observes in "Status and Crisis: Upper-Class Protestants and the Founding of the United Church of Canada," that

Anglicans, Presbyterians and Congregationalists were over-represented-inthe upper classes, while Roman Catholics were dramatically under-represented. 'I9

Data from the 189 1, 190 1, 19 1 1,192 1 and 193 1 censuses have been compiled, aggregated and averaged to provide a standard so that we can compare Canadian knights against the whole of Canadian society.'" Particular attention has been paid to such Census categories as

'IWEleven Canadian knights attended Upper Canada College- See John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic, ~265,285,528for an analysis of its subsequent high profile among the Canadian elite-

"'Campbell., p, 67, p.63. Campbell compiled data relating to religious filiations of Canada's elite using biographies tiom the 192 1 Canadian edition of Who S Who. Historical studies of elite formation in hventieth-century Canada using the concepts of status and hierarchy are rare. An extended examination of elite formation, one well beyond the scope of this thesis, would make it possible to desegregate the Canadian elite according to ethnic origins and other variab1es-

See Appendix Six, (~ISUSS hm1 89 I to 1Z1wtxe selected because they captured the in which three-quartsrs ofanadian knighthoods were awarded. The 193 1, Census has been incIuded to account forthe awards made duing ?heBennett Adminil~tlatl~on, 1930-1935. 49 national origin; place of birth; religion; province of association; and occupation. Where possible data &om Campbell's study of the 1921 edition of WEu '3 Who. has also been incorporated, using his calculations to represent those listed in a Canadian biographical register. This affords the most accurate data that can be compiled without examining each knighthood individually. To examine each knighthood on an individual or yearly basis would prove to be misleading because of the limited number that were awards made per annum.'" For instance, ifone were to examine the awards made in 1896 during the Tupper administration it would appear that half of dl knighthoods were awarded to Irish Anglicans ffom Ontario and the other half to French Roman

Catholics from Qudbec and that all knighthoods were awarded to Conservatives -- a rather inaccurate snapshot of the overall pattern. Based on a wide range of the available sources, this methodology allows, for the first time, for a general view of knighthoods in Canada from 1867 to 1935.

Socio-Cultural Pattern of Knighthoods

Chart 1 shows quite clearly that politicians, judges, civil servants and businessmen were most frequently honoured with knighthoods. As most Lieutenant-Governors were former judges or politicians it is fair to say that over three-quarters of the awards were made to these groups.

The remaining 25% of awards were made to military officers, railway executives and university administrators, with a few other professions thrown in. Philanthropists, men of letters and medical doctors are noticeably absent.

"' See Appendix Three- Canadians of English and Scottish origin were significantly over-represented in terms of the entire Canadian population. Chart 2 shows that those of English origin made up nearly 26% of the Canadian population, yet received 45% of knighthoods. Similarly, 25% of Canadian knighthoods were awarded to those of Scottish descent, nearly double the 13% of the population which they comprised. Irish Canadians received I1% of knighthoods and made up close to

18.5% of the population; thus they were not tem%ly disadvantaged. French Canadians never made up less than 35% of the total Canadian population in this period, but received only 14% of

Canadian knighthoods. The 1918 critiques of a Rodolphe Lemieux or an Ernest Lapointe, obviously precipitated by the events of the Great War and the perceived triumph of an imperialist agenda, were also conditioned by this longer-term pattern of ethno-cultural bias.

On the question of religion, one is fortunate to be able to contextualize this study with

Campbell's fine analysis of the linkage between status and religion in the 1920s. (To underline the difference between Marxist "class" analysis and Weberian "status" analysis, I have converted the term "'upper class" in his study into "elite.") Chart 3 shows that Roman Catholics were dramatically under represented over this entire period. Comprising nearly 40% of the population they received just 2 1% of the knighthoods awarded to Canadians. Baptists were also significantly under-represented receiving 2.5% of awards and making up over 5% of the population.

Conversely, Anglicans and Presbyterians -- identified by Campbell as the more elite-oriented denominations -- benefited most from the pattem of honour. Presbyterians accounted for about

13.7% of Canada's population and received 23% of awards made to Canadians. Anglicans were the most advantaged: making up only 14.8% of the population they received 34% of Canadian knighthoods. I"

Chart 4 shows that when the number of awards is compared to the composition of the

Canadian elite as defined by 1921 Who 'iWho as tabulated by Campbell, Anglicans are once again heavily over-represented with 34% of awards and making up only 25.2% of the elite-

Presbyterians comprised 22.8% of the elite and received 23% of knighthoods. Methodists aod

Baptists were poorly represented, while Lutherans were slightly over-represented. Oddly enough,

Roman Catholics were actually over-represented in the comparison between the elite and number of awards made to people of tbat religious afliliation. A total of 21% of Canadian knighthoods were awarded to Roman Catholics, while they comprised only 13.8% of the elite - an indication, perhaps, that the state, particularly under Laurier, was expending efforts on their behalf. All other religious groups were under-represented in the elite/reIigious comparison of

Canadian Knights and the elite. Unfortunately proper examination of the United Church is hampered by the fact that, coming into existence only in 1925, it was excluded fiom honours prior to 1934.

Formal schooling has never been a prerequisite for success, but it certainly afforded

Canadian knights an advantage. All except 3% attended grammar school or were tutored at home, and only 2% had no formal education.'= Over 45% attended university, compared to less

"The designation "Protestant' which comes up in the registers is more difficult to andyse, because the term does not fig- in the returns of the Census.

I" The four Canadian knights who had no format education were: Sir Thomas Shaughnessy (Lord Shaughnessy), President of the CPR; Sir Frank Smith, Senator and President ofthe Dominion Bank; Sir Sam Steel, Major-General in the Canadian Expeditionary Force; and Sir William M. White, Vice President of the CPR than 1% of the general Canadian p~pulation."~Within this small university world, not all

universities were created equal: the University of Toronto, McGill University and Laval

University produced the largest number of knights among Canadian universities.

Canadian Universities University of Toronto 18 McGilI University 14 Lava1 University 13 B~i!iskand Foreign Universities University of Edinburgh 9 Harvard University 5

No fewer than 44% of Canadian Knights were Queen's or King's Councilors demonstrating the overwhelming importance of professionalization and professional education.

Spatial Pattern

With reference to place of birth, those of British origin had a superior advantage. Over 80% of the Canadian population was born in Canada and 75.5% of Canadian knighthoods were awarded to the same group, amounting to a dserence of less than 5%. While only 10.9% of the Canadian population was born in the British Isles and immigrated to Canada, over 20% of knighthoods were awarded to this group. People born outside Canada and the British Empire received only 3.5% if

Canadian knighthoods, yet made up 8.7% of the total population.

Data concerning the home province at the time a person was awarded a knighthood have been compiled and compared to the population of each province. Chart 7 shows that, in the area of knighthoods, feelings of western alienation vented by more than one critics of the system in 1 9 18

"-' Based on the calculation that there were approximately 40,000 &dents on Canadian campuses in 1935. See P Annisef and J, Lennards. ^University,* in The Canadian EncycIopaedia (Edmonton, 1988), 2219.

" See Appendix Seven. These figures do not indude honorary degrees which would dramatically change the distn'bution, 53 were founded on reality. Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan are significantly under-

represented, while Ontario and Quebec are over-represented. The Maritlmes received close to exactly the number of knighthoods they should have received on an award-by-population basis. The west's under-representation was a reflection, in p- ofthe fact that western Canada was colonized comparatively late in relation to central and eastern Cauada. Saskatchewan and Albertafs population was comparatively small in relation to the more established provinces. On the other hand, one may remark that not many honour-bound members of the Canadian elite were packing their backs for the wheat fields of Saskatchewan.

Ethnic and Linguistic Pattern

Chart 5 demonstrates that those of British descent dominated Canadian knighthoods; those of French descent were drastically under-represented. French Canadians, making up 38% of the population, received 14% of knighthoods awarded. This statistic can be interpreted, realistically, as an indication of the French-Canadians' inferior status within Confederation, but one should also consider the numbers of French Canadians involved in the honours system, although proportionally small, was high in comparison to their numbers in the socio-economic elite as a whole. French-

Canadians opinion was divided on the question of honours, precisely because, in a society with many barriers to their ascent up the social ladder, honours were available to those few who attained political and professional power. Viewed as symbols of British imperialism, honours offended

French-Canadian sensibilities: viewed as recognition of their status as a "founding race" of

Confederation, or as emblems of a persistent ancien-regime conservatism, they could be regarded more favorably. Prominent French-Canadians, such as Sir Lomer Gouin and two members of the Taschereau family, were delighted to accept these awards.

Political Pattern of Awards

The following section will focus upon the attitude of each Prime Minister in this period

towards knighthoods and titles. In this section, one ventures to present a more general impression

of the distribution of awards to partisms of the two major Canadian political parties, the Liberal-

Conservatives (or Conservatives) and the LihraIs.

Most Canadian knight hood^^*^ 670/&- were awarded during Conservative administrations, with Liberals accounting for the remaining 33%. Conservatives, not unexpectedly, dominated the

ranks of the honoured, The Conservatives were far more enthusiastic about recommending and

receiving knighthoods; occupying office for 58% of the period under review, they awarded 67% of

the knighthoods.

In terms of the partisan nature of the recommendations, Chart 8 shows that over 45% of knighthoods were awarded to people affiliated with the Conservative party? while a scant 19% went to Liberal supporters. (The remaining 36% of awards went to individuals who were not affiliated with a Canadian political party). Thus while the Conservarives in 1918 would rightly tauili the

Laurier Liberals with being inconsistent in their opposition to honours, given their recent record in office, the Liberals were also right to look upon honours as somewhat foreign to their historic tradition, and indeed a facet of political life resisted by more than one of their more prominent

A total of 67% of knighthoods were awarded during Conservarive administrations and 33% during Libed administrations. 0€ the 684 months from 1867 to 1935 when Canadians were awarded knighthoods the Conservatives were in power for 58% of the time and the Liberals for 42%- This is remarkably dose to the proportion of awards allotted, This is calculated out of the 819 months from 1867 to 1935 when Canadians were awarded knighthood.. The Meighen and King administrations have been included up to November 1935. figures. The two parties were not Siamese twins on this issue-

Macdonald "at ail times attached a great deal of importance" to honourdn In the Colonial

Office, he was at all times perceived as being too much an enthusiast for honouring his political friends and allies. I" While in office 35 knighthoods were awarded, accounting for 15.5% of the total awards made. Macdonald quite blatantly used honours as political tools, with almost 75% of the awards going to Liberal-Conservatives md a Little over 5.5% going to Liberais. By contrast,

Alexander Mackenzie disliked few things more than submitting honours Lists to the Governor

General. There was only one person that Mackenzie wanted to see knighted: George ~rown.'~~

During Mackenzie's administration only five Canadians were knighted. Lord Dufferin was constantly badgering Mackende to submit names"' and when these did not materialize the Governor

General developed a few suggestions of his own, to which Mackenzie promptly objected.'" Equally in contrast with Macdonald's candid use of honours as part of a system of patronage was

Mackende's apparent unwillingness to follow this pattern. Of the five awards made by Mackenzie, two went to Liberals, two to Liberal-Conservatives and one to a non-politically affiliated person.

"'Sir Joseph Popc Correspondence ofSirJohn Macdonafd (Toronto: Oxford University Pres 1921): p, 410.

""-'Canadians have had too large a share of honours," protested the Earl of Kimberiey when Lord Lisgar, the Governor General, requested an extra CMG in 1872. NAC, MG 27 I A4. Kimberley Papers, PC'1/147/#86. Earl of Kimberley to Lord Lisgar, 14 January 1872.

'"See Appendix Eight

Queen's University Archives [hereafter QUA], Mackenzie Papers, p. 2134. Sir Richard C~y~*ghtto Alexander Mackenzie 8 October 1878. Mackenzie also offered Brown the Lieutenanl-Governorship ofOntario but Brown turned down this offer as well. QUA, Mackenzie Papers, p. 8 14, Alexander Mackenzie to George Brown, 13 May 13, 1875.

'3'QUA,Mackenzie Papers, p. 935A Lord Duffenn to Alexander Mackem-e, 26 July 1875.

In QUA, Mackenzie Papers, p, 939A, Lord Dufferin to Alexander Mackenzie, 4 August 1875. Dufferin had "un-officially" suggested that Casimir Gzowski be recognized with a honour but Mackenzie was not favourable towards the idea It was not until 1890 that Gzowski received his KCMG, 56

It can be said with certainty that Mackenzie was extremely selective when it came to compiling an honours list. Use of honours as po1itica.I patronage was not an option. '"

The period of "interregnum" between Macdonald and Laurier, d-g which four short-term

Conservative Prime Ministers came and went in Ottawa, is ditficult to analyze in any general way.

During Abbot's term as Prime Minister only three knighthoods were awarded to ~anadians.'" Six knighthoods were awarded during Thompson's brief two year time in office?halfofthe appointments were political, two-thirds were to Conservative Party supporters. In terms of religion two awards went to the Anglican, Protestant and Roman Catholic groups. As usual French Canadians were under-represented. 13'

The six awards made during the Bowell administration were surprisingly well distributed among all groups, although Conservatives politicians were favored. The fact that two Roman

Catholics were awarded knighthoods during the regime of Bowell, a renowned Orangeman, is fh-ther proof the Prime Minister's determination to build links between the two c~mmunities.'~~

Charles Tupper recommended only two knighthoods during his Prime Ministership. '37

Laurier's coming to power in 1896 marked a decisive shift in Canadian politics, and certainly represented a striking change in the traditional Liberal stance towards honours. A total of

61 awards were made during Laurier's time as Prime Minister. Knighthoods were distributed

L33 See Appendix Y'me,

IW See Appendix Ten,

13* See Appendix Eleven-

'36 See Appendix Twelve.

13' See Appendix Thirteen. elatively evenly Although Liberals received aJmost 41% of the awards, people with no pomd affiliation received over 39% and the Conservatives over 18%. This r~lativelyeven distribution reflected the large number of awards more than a diligent effort on Laurieryspart to ensure that every national, religious and occupational group was properly represented. The main concern of

Laurier was ensuring that French Canada received an ample allotment of awards. "'The central provinces, Ontario and Que'bec, received 85% of the awards; the Mariimes and the West were relegated to the periphery.'39

Awards made during Borden's eight and a half years as Prime Minister have been divided into two separate parts; those made under the Conservative government f?om October 19 11 to

October 19 17 and those made during the Union government's time in Parliament. There is a sharp contrast between awards made during each administration, occasioned by the domination of the second list of awards to generals in the Canadian Expeditionary Force, who received 10 of the 23 awards granted under the Union Government.

Until the appointments made upon the recommendation of R.B. Bennett the knighthoods approved by Borden's Conservative government were the most evenly distributed, a reflection of

Borden's reformist and progressive Toryism. Every province received at least one award. Although politicians were over-represented and Conservatives received over SO% of the awards, in terms of

''' Minto expiained that Laurier liked to ensure balance in the area of awards. However, Minto complained that Laurier would not consent to having the Mayor of Quebec City who was also the Premier of Quebec, S, Napoleon Parenf knighted because he is -a French Canadian in pubtic life," while Laurier suggested that Prefontaine the French Canadian Mayor of Montreal receive a knighthood. Minto wrote that Prefontaine is aUMemberof the Dominion Parliament throughly in public life, a strong supporter of his own (Liberals), with a corrupt reputation-" Minto speculated that Laurier was concerned about "French Canadian opinion," as Parent had been supportive of the Boer War, Saywell and Stevens, eds, Lord Minto 's Canadian Papers. Volume It, p. 8 1, Lord Minto to Joseph Chamberlain, 3 1 August 190 1-

13" See Appendix Fourteen. 58 religion, national origin and occupation the awards were distributed among the major groups listed.

The distribution of awards was by no means a carbon-copy of the representation each group had in the census, but conside~gthe lopsided nature of awards made by Macdoaald the awards made between 19 11 and 19 17 were a major advance. In six years under Borden more French Canadians and western Canadians were knighted than in any administration before or since --including that of

Laurier. Prior to the Nickle Resolution Borden was concerned with changing the honours system as it existed in Canada,"" not necessarily to completely depoliticize it, but rather to make it more representative of Canadian society."'

In all 23 knighthoods were awarded with the consent of the Union government. Over 40% of them went to Anglicans of English descent fiom Ontario or Quebec who were serving Generals in the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Beyond anything this pattern may tell us more about the

Composition of the population of the CEF's generals than it tells us something about any profound shift in Borden's outlook. Only two knighthoods were awarded to politicians and the majority of awards were made to people with no political affiliation. The country was thought to be tired of awards being made to politicians receiving awards while the young men of Canada died on the battlefields of Europe. All but three of the awards were made for war service.'"

The two-year period fie- February 1933 to June 1935 during which Bennett re-instituted the practice of recommending Canadians for knighthoods was brief and it would be tempting but dangerous to read into it the possible shape of what the Canadian honour system might have become

IM NAC, MG 26 I, Meighen Papers, p- 67269, R.G. Smith to Arthur Meighen, 6 November 1926.

"" See Appendix Fifteen.

I" See Appendix Sixteen. had it been allowed to grow within the Empire. Awards made during the Bemett administration were overwhelmingly non-political appointments, with only 1 1% going to politicians and in terms of party affiliation 55.6% of the awards were made to people who belonged to no political party, while the remaining 44.4% went to Conservative and Llkral party members.

The fact that knighthoods were under intense public scrutiny meant that Bemett had to appear to have purged the system of its politics and to reward only the worthiest of individuals.

Without a doubt the knighthoods awarded fiom 1933 to 1935 were to some of the most deserving

Canadians. Sir Frederick Banting, the co-discoverer of insulin; Sir Ernest MacmilIan the noted composer and conductor; Sir Edmmd Wily Grier, fmous portrait painter and president of the Royal

Canadian Academy; Sir Charles Saunders, the Dominion Cerialist who revolutionized Canadian agriculture with Marquis, Ruby, Reward and Garnet wheat hybrids; Sir Thomas Chapais; the esteemed hstorian - these were only a few of the culturally distinguished Canadians honoured with a knighthood.'" The breadth of these appointments set them apart fiom those of an earlier period.

Bennett had a strong desire not to revert to using knighthoods as political devices but saw them as tools of national recognition.'"

This chapter has tested the assumption, pervasively evident in the 19 18 Nickle Debate, that there was something elitist, even cormpt, about honours. The pattern it has discerned is more

Sir Frederick Banting, codiscoverer of insulin; Sir Edward Beatty, Chanceltor of McGill; Sir Thomas Chapais, author; Sir Joseph Chisholm, Chief Justice of Nova Scotia; Sir Arthur Doughty, Dominion Archivist; Sir Lyman Poore Duff- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada; Sir Albert Gooderham, philanthropist; Sir Edmund Grier, President of the RoyaI Canadian Academy; Sir Charles Lindsay, phiianthropist; Sir Herbert MarIer, Envoy Extraordinary to Japan; Sir Earnest MacMiIlan, composer and conductor, Sir John McLennan, physicist; Sir George PerIey, Minister without Portfolio and former acting Prime Minister; Sir Charles Roberts. poet and historian; Sir Charles Saunders, Dominion Cedist; Sir Joseph Tellier, Chief Justice ofQuebec: Sir Thomas White, former Minister of Finance, See Appendix Sixteen.

IU NAC, MG 26 K, Bennett Papers, p. 237550, Memorandum: Restoration of Honours, 1933. 60 complex. On the one hand, there can be no doubt that honours were often used to award political fiends, and to solidify ties between the political parties and businessmen: this was very much the case under Macdonald and Latrier. Knighthoods were not given to the dispossessed, the peripheral: they went in fewer numbers to the outlying provinces of the Dominioo, and to the country's cultural minorities. At the same time, the attack on knighthoods, conficsing associated in the NickIe debate with the attack on hereditary tities, tended to reify and hypostatize the target of its critique. The system did not remain the same from 1867 to 1935; under Borden and particularly under Bennett, it was opened first to the men who had served Canada so gallantly in the Great War, and then to the men who immeasurably enriched Canadian culture and public Life in the interwar period. No simple verdict. whether condemnation or praise, could adequately capture this moving target in anything more than a narrow polemical sense. Chapter 3: Honours and Patronage In the Age of Macdonald and Laurier

Dominion autonomy in the granting of honours mirrored, and in some respects anticipated, the gradual evolution of general Dominion autonomy under the British North America Act. Mmy years prior to the Nickle Resolution Canada had set about "Wgthe principle of Dominion

~utonomy,"~~~and one of the first spheres in which this control was exercised was that of Royal

Honours. Prime Ministers had a substantial interest in this question, because it directly affected a good many of them. From Confederation until the last knighthood was awarded upon the advice of the Canadian government, all but five of the Canadian Prime Ministers were awarded the honour-

Mackenzie, Meighen, Mackenzie King and Bennett were not awarded a titular honour while in office, although Be~ettwas elevated to the peerage in 1941, after his retirement to the United

Kingdom.

The way honours were generally awarded was as follows. During peacetime honours lists were issued twice a year- One was called the New Year's Honour List and the other the King's or

Queen's Birthday Honour List. For such occasions as the Sovereign's coronation or a~iversaryof ascension to the throne a special list would be drawn This would be printed in the London

Gazette. When a Canadian was recognized it would often, but not always, be noted in the Canada

Gazette. 14'

Honours to the Military were also generally "gazetted" on the same day as civilian awards.

145AR-M-Lower, Coloyto Nation (Toronto: Longman's Press, 1946), p, 47 1, '-is was the case for Queen Victoria's Golden and Diamond Jubilee, King Edward Vn's Coronation, and King George V 's Coronation and Silver Jubilee. '4'Awards were not always listed in the Canada Gazette- Prior to 1905 few titular honours were listed, Senator Sir James Gowan was the fim to have his knighthood gazetted Even after 1905 the Canada Gazette failed to list some knighthoods awarded to Canadians. This became increasingty frequent in late 1917 when pubiic scrutiny of titular honours was on the rise. All awards are listed in the London Gazette. There was often a three-week delay between publication oFa notice in the London Gazette and its appearance in the Camda Gazette. 62

(During a war they were awarded as necessary and not restrkted to the New Year's and Birthday

Honour Lists.) The Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs was responsible for Canadian

Awards being printed in the Canada Gazette under the heading "Despatches: Secretary of State for

External Affairs,"

The Crown was (and is) the fountof all honour,'i8 and the bestowal of titles and awards is considered a centd part of the Royal Prer~gative.'~~While this Royal Prerogative was officially exercised by the Sovereign, years of constitutional advances in the United Kingdom had left the monarch with surprisingly little direct authority, the doctrine of ministerial responsibility having absorbed much of the Sovereign's power.'" So advanced was the British government's control over

Royal Honours by 1902 that the King could bestow only the Royal Victorian Order without consulting the British Prime ~inister.'~~Bestowing alI other orders - even awards to fellow members of the Royal Family - required the monarch to act upon the formal advice of the Prime

Minister.'" Honours, Like other Royal powers, had increasingly been concentrated in the hands of elected politicians.'" Although the Sovereign did have the right to protest appointments, this right

'4n~B.Keith, The Sovere@nry of the British Dominions (London: McMillan, 1929), p. 267- 14' [bid 'SOTh~principle that the Sovereign can not act other than upon the advice of the Minister responsible, and in the case of honours this fell to the Prime Minister- "'The Royal Victorian Order remains the only Order that the Sovereign can bestow without consulting the British Prime Minister. In the case of Canada, the Royal Victorian Order remains part of the Honours System and the Governor-General is consulted, "'Keith, The Sovereignty 03-the Britrlrh Dominiom, p- 267, Sir Robert Walpofe was largely responsible for the overt politicization of the honours system. Honours had always been used to reward royal favours and were in an indirect way also a political tool wielded by the Sovereign. WaipoIe secured effective control over awards of the Order ofthe Garter. See McMillan, The Honours Game (Frewin Press, 1969), p. 23, 153Surprisinglysince 1967, Canadian politicians have relativety little control over the flow of honours. Today the Order of Canada is approved by a special committee set up by the Governor-General with no oEcial political involvement. This committee submits a list of names to the Governor General (who acts on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen) twice a year. It is interesting to note that no ministerial responsibility is attached to awards made- One could argue that this arrangement means that the Royal Prerogative has indirectly been restored and geed of political influences, in contravention of the principle of the 1902 Privy Council Order and of the Nickle Resolution. 63

was rarely exercised.'" As honours and titles became valuable political tools for politicians, the role

of the Sovereign was diminished.

In the United Kingdom all titular honours d non-military honours in general fell under the

principle of ministerial responsibility. Thus allappointments had to be approved by the British Prime

Minister,'" and in the case of the Order of St. Michael and St. George they had to be approved by

the Secretary of State for the Colonies. '" The Secretary of State for the Colonies did not always

consult the British Prime Minister about awards and thus the Colonial Secretary held effective

control over all Canadian appointments. [n Canada the Governor General could not unilaterally

confer an honour or perform an act of investiture without special permission from the ~rown.'~The

Colonial Office had to approve all honours, save the Royal Victorian 0rder.'** In order for an

investiture to take place at the hands of someone other than the Sovereign, a Dispensation Warrant had to be issued. For those unable to travel to London a special Royal Warrant would be issued to allow the Governor General to present the award. From 1877 to 1902 the Canadian Prime Minister was always consulted when the civil Honours Lists were put together, but the Governors General were not bound to follow the advice of Prime Ministers, honours being considered quite separate from any other part of the Royal Prerogative.

Prior to Confederation the British government did not feel obligated to consult the Colonial

Is4McMillan, The Honours Game, p. 23- Prior to Walpoie the Order of the Garter had been awarded at the discretion of the Sovereign without involvement of the Prime Minister. lSSWhilethe British Prime Minister approved of all the awards, he was in fact rarely consulted about awards being made to those living in Canada, It was the Secretary oFState for the Colonies who was primarily responsible. Sir Charles Jegries, The Colonial Ofice (London: Allen and Unwin Press, 1956), p- 147. '5&This was only true of awards made in the Dominions and colonies- Awards of the Order of St, Michael and St George made to members of the Foreign Service had to be approved by the Foreign OEce and British Prime Minister, Not coincidentally the Chancellor ofthe Order of St- Michael and StGeorge was the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Is7G. Neudorff, Studies in the Evolution of Dominion Status, (London: AIlen Unwin Press, 1942), p. 23. '''The Royal Victorian Order was the only award that the Sovereign had absolute control over. This order was immune fiom the principal of ministerial responsibility because it was the "personal" gift of the Sovereign. 64 governments of British North Amenencaprior to conferring a upon a resident of what would later become the Dominion of Caaada'" There was no policy of asking for the consent of a colonial ministry prior to the bestowal of an award upon a resident of the colony in question. The system was quite simple. The Governor or Governor General would suggest to the Colonial Secretary that a particular person be recognized. If the Colonial Secretary approved, the award would go forward for the approval of the British Prime Minister and then Wyto the S~vereign.'~~Recommendations did not have to originate with the Governor or Govemor General and, in theory, could have originated from any member ofthe general public, although in practice it was unlikely that Colonial

Secretary would have acted upon the recommendation of Mr. Smith of Mimico, Canada west?'

Similarly the Colonial Secretary could suggest that a particular person in a colony be recognized, and of course the Govemor of the colony in question, the local authority on its circumstances, would always be consulted.

With Confederation a new policy emerged. The Dominion Prime Minister would be regularly

159Honours will include awards made to civilians, Military awards fall under a separate category, and owing to the relatively small number ortitular awards made to Canadian military ofticers they will not be examined separately, Until the awards made by the Bennett government in 1933 the Canadian Prime Minister's involvement with recommendations for tituiar honours to military otkers was high1y restricted, Such honours were primarily made upon the recommendation of the Army Council, Admiralty or Air Council, NAC, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p- 1666, Sir Edward Kemp to Sir Robert Borden, 26 April 26. 19 19- '60Priorto Confederation onIy 15 titular honours were awarded to ordinary residents of British North America (ie Canadians), Sir Narcisse Fortunat Bel1eau Kt, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly ofCanada ( 1860); Sir James Carter K~~Chieffurice of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick (1859); Sir Dominick Daly Kt. Liwtenant Governor of PEC Sir Brenton HaIiburton Kt, Chief Justice of Nova Scoria (1859); Sir Daniel Jones Kt, Colonel in Canadian Militia (1836); Sir Louis Kypolite Lafontaine Bt, Chief Justice of Lower Canada; Sir William Edmund Logan KS Director of the GeologicalSurvey of Canada (1856): Sir James B. Macaulay CB, Kt, ChiefJustice of the Court of Common Pleas for Canada Wes~Sir AlIan Napier MacNab Bt, Kt, ColoneC of the Upper Canadian Militia (Bt awarded 1856); Sir James Monk, ChiefJutice in Canadz (1825); Sir John Beverley Robinson CB, BS ChieJJuscice of Upper Canada (1854); Sir John Stuart Bt, Chief Justice of Lower Canada; Sir Etienne Paschal1 Tachi Bt, Colonel in the Canadian Militia; Sir Henry Smith KQSolicitor-General for Upper Canada (1860)- Sir Narcisse F. BeIleau went on to receive a KCMG as Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec being the onIy Canadian to receive a knighthood in both the pre and post- Confederation period, Newfoundland has not been included in this list, '"Sir George Fiddes, The Dominions and Colonial Wce (London: Pumam's Son Limited, 1926), p, 66, ''*The general public was neither encouraged nor discouraged fiom recommending people for honours. PAC, RG 7. Records of the Governor-Genera[, contains very few such recommendations, while the Laurier Papers and Borden Papers contain many letters requesting that awards be made. This suggests that many members of the public was aware of the key position the Prime Minister held with respect to honours, 65 consulted; his advice was, however, not always followed, nor was he ULlfailingly advised of forthcoming awards.'63During Macdonald's first administration (1867-1872), even the convention of consultation was weakly developed. Alexander Mackenzie was an important figure in steadfdy asserting his right to advise the Governor General on such questions,

The pattern early in Confederation was one in which the Dominion of Canada was integrated into the British system of honours, but with a host of complications. The refid of the Colonial

Office to allow for the founding of a colonial order of b-ghthood meant that the new Dominion had to use a British system primarily controlled from on don. I" Prior to the 1902 Privy Council Order relating to honours, the role that the Canadian Prime Minister played in the selection of candidates to receive recognition was completely at the discretion of the Governor General in office, who could in theory proceed without consulting the Canadian Prime Minister, although in practice such moments were rare. As Joseph Chamberlain would explain to Lord Minto in 1902: '4 think you are entitled to claim that recommendations for honours, are, and must continue to be, made on your own responsibility. At the same time you are glad to have suggestions or criticisms fiom the Prime

Minister. You are not called upon to recognize anyone else in the matter." In brief, one should listen to the Prime Minister, but if his protests over an appointment (or lack of one) seemed motivated strictly by "party considerations," 16' his advice should be treated with some suspicion.

Macdonald and Mackenzie

'%is did not include the awards made on the occasion of Confederation: Macdonald's KCB or Cartier, Gal&Tilly, Tupper Howland or Macdougall's CB-NAC, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p. 50144, Undated Memorandum, "Re: Honours- laDavid Farr, The Colonid Ofice and Canada. 1867-1887 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1955)- p. 53. '6SSaywelland Stevens, eds, Lord Mnto's Canadian-Papers Volume 11, (Toronto: Champlain Society Press, I983), p. 42. Joseph Chamberlain to Lord Minto, 18 May 190 1. 66

Honours preoccupied Macdonald for much of his career, and had he lived longer he would

most likely have been made a peer. Confederation itself brought him honour. Upon the

recommendation of the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Macdonald was made a Knight

Commander of the Bath in 1867.'~~Macdonald was quite keen on establishing a "system of

graduated classes, like that of ~ngland,"'~'and would therefore have been enthusiastic about a

Canadian peerage. Macdonald and the Earl of Dunraven corresponded on the topic of having colonial peers appointed to the House of Lords, where they could join their Irish ahd Scottish counterparts.168

His elevation to a GCB in 1887 was one of the highlights of his career, and an unprecedented step by the Colonial Office.

Ln his first term in office, Macdonald laboured mightily on questions of honour. He spared few pains to have Cartier knighted and was regularly consulted by the Governor General about impending awards.'69During the second Macdonald administration, he posted no new advances in the field of control over honours recommendations. However by the end of Macdonald's Me, the number of awards allotted to Canada had been somewhat standardized- The rule was one KCMG and one Knight Bachelorship per year, with the inevitabIe exceptions to be made only upon the recommendation of Governors General to the Colonial Secretary. The Prime Minister still had no direct access to the Colonial Secretary with respect to honours; until 19 18, in fact, the Governors

General played an important role as "filters" between Canadian politicians and the British gatekeepers of honours.

IMDonaIdCreighton, John A, Macdomfd: me Young Politician (Toronto: PvfacrnilIan and Company, 1952), p. 477, citing Buckingham to Pakington, 22 June 22 1867. '"Gwen, Neuendorff, Studies in the Evofrrrion of Dominion Status (London: Allen Unwin Limited, L942), p, 212, la Sir Joseph Pope, The Correspondence of Sir John A. Macdonald (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1921), p- 305- Lord Dunravern to Sir John A, Macdonald, 1 December 1883. I6%A, MG 26 A, Macdonald Papers, p, 35078, Coloniai OEce to Lord Lome, undated, 67

It is to Mackenzie, rather than Macdonald, that the system owed some of its most simciillt

nineteenth-century modifications. As we have seen, Alexander Mackenzie disliked dealing with the

Honours List and only five knighthoods were awarded during his term as Prime Minister. Yet Prime

Ministerial reluctance was combined with the Governor General's enthusiasm for having the

Canadian prime minister involved in the composition of the Honours List. Dufferin argued that it

was UIlfairr to bestow awards without prior consultation with the Canadian Prime Minister, who would, after all, ultimately be held responsible.'70 Lord Carnarvon and hture Secretaries of State

for the Colonies did not always heed this advice,

Alexander Mackenzie was the only Prime Minister to declinet7' a.Imperial Privy

Councillorship,'" and would have nothing to do with a knighthood. Mackenzie was "personally indifferent to them,"'" although he recognized their importance in the Imperial structure. In May

1877, Lord Carnarvon asked if he would accept a KCMG.'~~~acke&e declined the offer but submitted the names of Dorion, Richards and Brown in his place.'75 In 1881, Lord Lome pushed

Mackenzie to accept a knighthood, but Mackenzie once more refused the honour, on the revealing grounds that he had no large personal fort~ne."~Mackenzie saw fit to submit names of other socially

Im Sir Joseph Pope, Correspondence of Sir John Macdonald (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1921), p. 162. Lord Dufferin to Lord Cmarvon, 9 October 1871, I7'Dale Thornson, Alerandeer Mackenzie: CIear Grit (Toronto: Macrnillan Press, 1960), p- 342. '"Every Canadian Prime Minister prior to Trudeau was a member of the Imperial Privy Council with the exceptions of Abbon Bowell and Mackenzie- Neither Abbott nor Bowel1 were offered the oEce, and Mackenzie was the only Prime Minister to decline- Ironically, later in life Mackenzie expressed interest in receiving one, Lester Pearson was the last Prime Minister to be made a member of the Imperial Pricy Council, In 1968, Parliament passed an Act that automaticalIy allowed every Canadian Prime Minister, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Governor Genera1 to hold the title Right Honourable, for life.

'f3Thomson. Alexander Mackenzie, p. 238, I" C. W. de Kicwiet and F.H. Underhill, The Duflerin-Curnarvon Correspondence, 1874-1878 (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1959, p. 352-Lord Carnarvon to Lord Dufferin, 13 May 1877. 17SDorionand Richards were made Knights of the United Kingdom in October of 1877. George Brown was offered the KCMG but declined '76QLiA, Mackenzie Papers, p, 2386, Lord Lome to Lord Dufferin, 26 Apn'i I88 1. 68

more worthy candidates, but seemingly had no desire for his own title.

It was a non-titular award that sparked the first significant disagreement between the Colonial

Office and a Canadian Prime Minister over the issue of honours. On 30 May 1877, Sanford Fleming

was awarded a CMG for his services to the CPR Minister Mackenzie was not informed of the

award. This resulted in a disagreement between the Colonial Secretary and ~ackenzie? From 1877

onwards it became convention for the Prime Minister always to be informed of impending

appointments. Mackenzie, by most accounts a ccmioor"prime minister, thus played a major role in

guaranteeing Canadian influence over questions of imperial honour.

Abbott was made a KCMG but made no signiscant contribution to the evolution of honours;

Canada's first Catholic Prime Minister, Sir John Thompson, was made KCMG in 1888 for his work

in the failed Washington Fisheries negotiations - "no worthier man ever bore the title" was the

verdict of the Conservative Halifm Herald -'" and was sworn into the Imperial Privy Council,

which honour he enjoyed for a scant three hours before he died at lunch in Windsor Castle.

Mackenzie Bowell, Canada's second and last Prime Minister to run the country fiom the Senate, was

made a KCMG upon the recommendation of the Marquis of Rip~n''~in recognition of his service at the 1894 Colonial Conference in Ottawa. Bowell was jubilant upon receiving the news shortly after Christmas 1894."~Of the four fleeting Conservative Prime Ministers fiom 1891 to 1896,

Charles Tupper was the one who seemed most intent on receiving a knighthood. At the time of

Confederation, Tupper was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. Twelve years later in 1879

IT7JohnF- Blatherwick, kkighrhoods to Canadfuns(New Westminster: Private Publishing 1996j, p, 8- InPeter B. Waite, The Manfrom Hafifm:Sir John Thompson, Prime Minkrer (Toronto: University ofToronto Press, 1985), p, 22 L.

''%A, MG 26 E, p, 596la, Sir Mackenzie BoweII to the Marquis ofRipon. 3 January 1895. ''%A, MG 26 E, p. 5959a Lord Aberdeen to Sir Mackenzie Boweil, 3 1 December 1894- 69

he was made a KCMG for his services as Mhister of PubIic Works- As Canadian High

Commissioner he was made a GCMG, a distinction generally reserved for Governors Generals,

Prime Ministers and Chief Justices. Then two years later Tupper w& made a Baronet for his

involvement in the Washington Fisheries negotiations. Clearly his fiendship with Macdooald and

presence in London had played a key role in his attainment of this august award: even before

becoming Prime Mmister, he had reached the apex of colonial honour. His haldistinction, the

Imperial Privy Councillorship, came only in 1908, twelve years after his brief stint as Prime Miaster.

Laurier Pre-1901

T In the 19 18 Nickie Debate, Laurier cut a romantic but contradictory figure, willing to burn his distinctions in a bonfire, yet defensive about his own record of distributing such prizes. His record on honours was, like his stance towards the Empire in general, a carell study in ambiguity.

Sir Wilf?id Laurier has been described as dreading "the political consequences of having to divide the spoils."181Yet Laurier was not above submitting lengthy Honours Lists. In 1897 aod 1898, 16 knighthoods were awarded to Canadians. All of these had been consented to by Laurier, although the Governor General was equally involved. The number was so extravagant that 'The Queen herself expressed a wish that the lists shall be smaller,"'" with the result that the 1899 Honours List was pared down to two Canadian knighthoods. Laurier is probably the most curious of Prime Ministers when it came to his knighthood. Regularly labeled an "aristocrat" for his patrician demeanour,

Laurier - disregarding the advice of his close Eend Sir Oliver Mowat -- felt that a knighthood

'*' Saywell and Stevend; eds., Lord Mnfo 's Canadian Papers, Volume I, p. xxx, 1821bid..p. 66. Joseph Chamberlain to Lord Minto, 8 May 1899- 70

would damage his political credibility? All of Latuier's biographers have portrayed him as

rehctant to receive imperial honours. Early in 1897 he turned down a knighthood,'" and perhaps

had concluded that was the end of the matter. Ig5 Unbeknownst to Laurier, Sir Donald Smith (later

Lord Stcathcona) and Lord Aberdeen, the Governor General, "arranged for Laurier to be knighted

during the piarnond Jubilee] ~elebrations."'~~This should not have been such an immense surprise to Laurier, as the distribution of honours at these 1897 celebrations was written right into the program sent to all the guests.'"

So began a shower of awards for Laurier. On 15 June, 1897, he was appointed to the Imperial

Privy Council. Laurier was first informed about his appointment to the Imperial Privy Council on

June 15, l897.'" Then on June 17,1897, Laurier was informed that as of June 22 he would be a

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. ~eorge.'" He had left Canadian shores to attend the celebrations as Honourable Wilfiid Laurier, and returned as the Right Honourable Sir

Wilfrid Laurier, PC, GCMG? Contrary to many overly-romanticized accounts of these happenings,

IX30,D.Skelton, The L@ and Letters of Sir Wiwid Laurier (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1921). p. 30. I IW Laurier Lapierre, Sir Wi(fd hcrier: and the Romance of Canada (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 1 996), p, 242- IR5 The general rule was that once a person rehed an award, they would not be offered one again, In6DonnaMcDonald, Lord Strarhcona: A Biography ofDonald AIexander Smizh (Toronto: Dundum Press, l996), p. 4 17- I X7Quite obviously the Honours List was not incinded with the program, '"WAC, MG 26 G, p, 15516. Joseph Chamberlain to Sir Wiitiid Laurier, 15 June 1897, Charnbedain requested that this appointment bc kept confidential until the announcement which was to folIow on June 22, 1897 '8s'NAC,MG 26 G, p, 15927, Joseph Chamberlain to Sir WillEd Laurier, I7 June 1897. - Im Laurier was later neariy put in the p-ous position of refing a peerage £tomKing Edward VII. Lord Strathcona worked to obtain a peaage for who would have been made a peer at the 1902C-on ofEdward W- Appovaf was not officidly given by Joseph Chamberlain, but Edward VII wanted to "offer Laun'erpeetageon occasion ofCoronation," so Chamberlain's input was redundant A pwrage would have ceminiy kenawarded, providingthat Laurier approved- Laurier declined the offer. but if it had not been forthe interventionofLordMinto the peerage would have been awarded at the 1902 Coronation All cables to the Colonial Office ofa sensitive nature were encoded in Canada and sent to London, The error of aColonial Ofice cypher clerk distorted Launer's refusal, and had the vigilant Lord Minto not taken a keen interest in the issue, Laurier might have returned hmhe 1902 Coronation as the First Baran Laurkrof St Lin! See Bodleian Library- Oxford, Monck-Bretton Papers, no.86,2/5- SuMm1rlgueFredaidr~toJaseph~3May1902;NAC,MG2SII~~PapeSp~~,JosephChamberfain to Lord Minto, 10 June 1902; NAC, MG 25 [I A2, Chambaiain Papers, p.522, Lord Mint0 via MiIitaty Sxretay to Joseph Chambedah 1 S June 1902; Miller, TheCdianCareer? pp- 179, LSZ Mint0 loved to surpriseppIe, especially Mer,h 1899, QumVictoria approved the shikmg ofthe CanadaGeneral Savice Medal for those who saved to ~peithe Fenian Raids of 1866 and I870 and the Red River Rebellion of 1870, werhad saved as an Ensign in the Athabaskaville Wantry Company fiom 23 July 1869 until the disbanding ofthe unit on 16 Aum1878. Being amember oftheCanadian MiIitiaduringthe 1870 FerueruanRaids, -erwas entitfed to the Canada Genera[ ServlServlceMedal with auFenian Raid 1870" bar. Unbeknownst to Laun'er, Mhto applied for the medal and later 71

Laurier could have refbsed the knighthood. After all, he could have cited the glowing Liberal precedents of Alexander Mackenzie or George Bro~n.'~'His re- would not have disrupted the

Jubilee celebrations and caused an incident, especially considering that the GCMG was kept confidential and did not become public howledge until after the London Gazette was printed on the day the award was conferred. [See Figure 21 Wits Laurier insincere in his earlier stance towards awards? Perhaps the most realistic explanation of his seemingiy contradictory position lies in the exuberance of Laurier's reception in London. He was an instant sensation at the Jubilee Celebratioos, a model of how the Empire hctioned That he was a French Canadian, descendant of a supposedly conquered people, was proof to many of the intrinsic moral greatness and superiority of the British

Empire. Laurier 'kas the most popular person at the J~bilee.'~'"CIearly caught up in the euphoria of the Jubilee, he accepted the award.'93 His reservations about being made a knight only surfaced after his return to Canada.

The Prime Minister was encouraged to make recommendations and be involved in the selection process? A tradition of negotiation between the Governors General and Prime Minister emerged. This meant that the Governor General "inevitably waked on a razor edge,"Ig5 despite holding ultimate control over recommendations in the Dominion. Apart from the brief controversy over the Fleming award in the years of Mackenzie, the system had chugged along without serious

presented it to the Prirnc MinLqer.

19' Hecould have refirsed withoutserious repercussions for Cmada TheGCMG he was awarded was part of the colonial premiers' allotment His refusat would have simply resulted in one of the other premiers receiving the award-

''*Lapierre, The Romance ofCanadu, p. 242, 'Y3Lauricrall but admitted this in a letter to Sir William Mulock in which Laurier lamented accepting his knighthood whik also talking about rheenthusiasm of the jubilee." Saywell and Stevens, eds., Lord Mrirro S Canadian Papers. Volume I1 .p. 67, Sir WilFrid Laurier to Sir William Mulock, 3 1 August 1901- 'wNACTMG 26 & Macdonald Papers, p. 32169. Lord Kirnberley to Lord Lome, 13 ~e&mber 1882. '"Farr.. The CoIoniaI Ofice, pp,53. Figure 2 Laurier at the 1897 Jubilee incident or problem fiom Confederation until the 190 1 Royal Visit of Their Royal the

Duke and Duchess of Cornwall& York (later King George V and Queen Mary). Their visit in itself was a massive success that brought alI the splendour, pomp and pageantry of the mother country to the Dominion. Unfortunately for those who wanted a smoothly hctioning system of honours, accompanying all the gold braid, court uniforms and clinking medals of the RoyaI Visit was a knighthood for the highly unpopular President of the CPR, Thomas Shaughnessy- The ensuing disagreement between the Canadian Prime Minister, Colonial Office and Governor General brought the topic of honours not only to the attention of the federal cabinet, but &so came to preoccupy the press.

Giving the knighthood to Shaughnessy must have seemed an eminently sensible move, llly in line with precedent. Canada had a Long tradition of recognizing its railway tycoons with knighthoods and even, in an exceptional case, a peerage. (Sir Donald Smith'%had been made Lord

Strathcona in 1900.) The then current President of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Thomas

Shaughnessy was, without a titular distinction of any sort- The Duke and Duchess, one might add, were traveling for free on the CPR across Canada. Ig7

These considerations would not have deeply impressed Laurier, to whom Shaughnessy was not a friend. Laurier annoyed Joseph Chamberlain, the Colonial Secretary, by submitting his recommendations for honours at the last minute without carell consideration and discussion. In addition Laurier went to see Lord Minto with no list prepared and insisted that Minto suggest names.

'%Smith's first knighthood was for his involvement with the CPR and while he was made a peer while Canadian High commissioner in London, it was precisely because ofhis prominence as a Railway Executive that he received the latter post '"Shaughnessy had gone to pttrouble and expense to make the Duke and Duchess' stay in Canada pleasant, He had five custom rail cars built and placed the ship "The Empress of India" at their disposal. Carman MiUer, The Canadian Career ofihe Fourrh Earl of Minto. (WaterIoo: WiltXd Laurier University Press, l98O), p. I8 1. 73

Laurier refused to permit a knighthood to go to William Mulock or Frederick 130rden19' and when

Thomas Shaughnessy's name came up for a knighthood he %as not cordial as to Shaughnessy tho'

he did not actually object to him."l%into was fintiow with Laurier's inci&ierencetowards honours and wrote to Joseph Chamberlain to denounce the Canadian Prime Minister: "He cannot & will not decide for himself & every time he leaves me, however he may agree with me I feel that he is open to the next

Minto wrote Laurier expressing his view that the unpopularity of the CPR was not reason enough that it should "entitle me to pass over the President of the company on the present occasion."

"I Relatively unconcerned with Shaughnessy's impending knighthood, Laurier was more agitated by the possibility that Mdock and Borden would be knighted during the Royal visit."' Minto was not oblivious to the precarious public position of Shaughnessy and his unpopular CPR,'03 but

Laurier's seeming indifference towards the awards and his preoccupation with the cases of Borden and Mulock led Minto to tell the Colonial Office that Shaughnessy's knighthood could proceed.

Laurier was informed of this on 10 September 1901. A week later on September 17, only three days

'"The Colonial Office and Governor-General wanted to recognized William Mulock and Frederick Borden for their services to the Empire. As Minister of Defence, Borden had been most co-operative with Canada's invoivement in the Boer war. Mulock had developed "ImperiaI Penny Po*" whereby one could send a letter to any part of the Empire for 2 cents Canadian, This was introduced in 1898 and was seen as agreat advance for Imperial Unity (it was also the world's first Christmas Stamp). While Laurier tacitly condoned these -Imperialn achievements he did not want them dwelt upon, Thus he opposed a knighthood for Borden and Mulock. The Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Minto were adamant that they should be recognized especially as their contributions pertained to the entire Empire- The fact that the awards were to recognize contributions to the entire Empire was seen as reason enough to overpower the Prime Minister's objections. But Chamberlain and Minto held off, proving that the Prime Minister was informally invoked in the process The awards were origindly to be made during the 190 I Royal Visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall & York, but Laurier had them postponed- Borden received his KCMG on January 26. 1902 and Mulock was made a KCMG on June 26, 1902, Laurier was concerned that "cabinet already possesses plenty of honours, and is afraid ofjealousies "Saywell and Stevens, eds, Lord Minto S Camdim Papers Volume I ,p- 57, Lord Minto to Joseph Chamberlain, 18 Apri'r iG9. "%iaywell and Stevens; eds., Lord Minto S Canadian Papers. Volume 11, p. 66, Lord Minto to Joseph Chamberlain, 2 September 1901. ICOIbid..p. 67, Lord Minto to Joseph Chamberlain, 2 September 1901. 'O'lbid..p. 69, Lord Minto to Sir Wilfiid Laurier, 3 September 1901. 1021bid.p- 70, Lord Minto to Sir Wilfiid Laurier, 5 September 190 1. '''On 10 September 1901, Lord Minto wrote to Laurier, "Mercihlly things seem to be going favourably with the President - but it shows how caret3 we must be." [bid., p. 73. 74 before the press was to be informed of Shaughnessy's knighthood, Laurier bypassed Mint0 and cabled the Colonid Office, ZW asking that Shaughnessy's award be withdrawn. The Duke and

Duchess of York and Cornwall had arrived on 16 September and were already aware of those who were to be honoured during their trip. The Duke was so excited that he was prepared to make available an extra KCMG,'OS an offer that Minto did not accept, having had enough trouble coming to an agreement with Laurier over the other awards.L06

Laurier saw Minto on 18 September, and told him to withdraw Shaugbwssy's award. Minto was still not satisfied that Laurier, who had made no mention of his correspondence with the

Colonial Office, was right. Later the same day Minto received a cable from Joseph Chamberlain at the Colonial Office regarding the award. Laurier had cabled the Colonial Office before meeting to discuss the matter with Minto, hoping to present Minto with a fait uccompli. This was a breech of protocol that annoyed both Chamberlain and Minto. Chamberlain's telegram to Laurier was also sent to Minto and asserted that the "responsibility for the recommendation of honours rests entirely with the Governor General, & is not in the slightest degree at the disposition of his ~inisters.'~'~~

Shortly after receiving Chamberlain's cable, Minto sent the names to the press for publication on 20

September 190 1. The matter was entirely beyond Laurier's control. Minto avoided Laurier during the fireworks on the evening of September 19, not wanting to discuss the matter. Minto then set

'@'Miller., p. 182. Sir Wilfrid Laurier to Joseph Chamberlain, 17 September 190 1, zOs/bid. '06During the 190 1 Royal Visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York a total of ten awards were made- Thomas Shaughnessy, President of the CPR was awarded a Kt: Sir John Alexander Boyd Chancellor of the High Court of Ontario was awarded a KCMG only two years after being made a Kt; Louis ArnabIe Jdtte, Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec was awarded a KCMG, Of the non-titular awards six CMGs were awarded; George M Grant, Principal of Queen's University; Oliver A HowIan4 Mayor of Toronto; Oliver E. Mathieu, Reverend Principal of Laval University; Frederick S, Maude, Military Secretary to Lord Minto; William Peterson, Principal of McGill University; Joseph Pope, Undersecretary of State for External Affairs, During his visit the Duke of Cornwall and York received an honorary degree corn the University of Toronto, McGilI, Lavd and Queen's Universities- Onty the President of the University of Toronto was unrecognized with an honour during the 1902 Royal Visit 207Saywelland Stevens; eds., Lord Minro 'iCanadian Papers. Volume [I ,p. 75. Lord Minto to Sir Wiltkid Laurier, 19 September 1901. 75 about the task of writing Laurier to inform him that the Shaughnessy award was to proceed and that the press had been informed: "1 sincerely regret differing with you in opinion -- but I am absolutely convinced of the advisability ofthe bestowal of honour on Mr. ~haughnessy.~'~~~Minto's letter would have amved with the morning dispatches. The morning newspapers on 20 September 1901 were

111of news relating to the awards7of which Shaughnessy's was at the top of the list. Unfortunately not much is known about Laurier's morning routine; thus we will never know if Laurier first read news of Shaughnessy's knighthood in the paper or learned of it fiom Minto7sletter. From this time forward Laurier took a keen interest in the Honours List, so much so that he wished to concentrate the power for such recommendations in his own hands,

The Montreal Guzette looked favourably upon Shaughnessy's impending knighthood and the award of a CMG to Principal Peterson of McGill. The Toronto Star was outraged and attacked it? The Star pilloried Shaughnessy and the CPR over fieight rates and the handling of the recent

CPR strike. It wondered out loud if Shaughnessy was being knighted "because the CPR charges more and higher rates on Canadian fieight than the the [sic] US?'"'^

Although the press had been informed about Shaughnessy's knighthood it was not until 21

October that he was actually dubbed. The London Gare~edid not report the award until 31

October 1901, one of the few instances in Canadian history in which the award was made prior to being gazetted.

Laurier's cabinet, already being criticized for its handling of Canada's involvement in the

Anglo-Boer war, demanded that Laurier bring up the "contentions issue of responsibility for

'mlbid 'mlbid.,p. t28. ''@TheToronto Star, September 26, 190 f , 76

Canadian honours recommendati~ns'"~~with the Imperial government. Laurier quickly set about drafting a new policy in the form ofa Privy Council Order, which the Imperial government chose officially to ignore. In practice, however, it henceforth consistently followed the advice of the

Canadian Prime Minister-

Laurier Post-l9O2

The 1902 Privy Council Report attempted to formalize the process of consultadon between the Governor General and Prime Minister. It argued %at the great development of Canada, and the high position which she has now obtained, render it advisable that upon this subject as upon all others the exercise of the Royal Prerogative shall conform to the well understood principles of

Ministerial re~~onsibilit~."'~~~tconcluded the Prime Minister of Canada must enjoy the same rights and privileges as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom with respect to recommending honours.

The report acknowledged that the Prime Minister ofCanada should generally be consulted but that this is not a "settled principle." It went on to explain that "the Parliament at Westminster rightfdly advises His Majesty with respect to persons who have rendered services of an Imperial Character," while those awards made for the colonies were made upon the advice of the Secretary of State for the Colonies and not the colonial Parliament concerned. In order for the process of honours recommendations to come into "harmony with the principles of our constitutional system,"'" the report asked that the Canadias government be given the same powers in respect to recommendations

"'Criticism came in two forms. Those who believed that Canada was not sending enough men and materials to fight the Boers and those who felt that Canada should remain un-involved in all Impen'al conflicts unless they directly involved Canada. MilIer., p. 181. 2'-%~C,MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p. 50235, "Report of the Committee of the Honourable Privy Council, Approved by His Excellency an 19 February, 1902." "'[bid, -Report of the Committee of the HonourabIe Privy Council, Approved by His ExceIlency on 19 February, 1902," 77

for civilian honours as the Government of the United Kingdom. Not only did the report cite quasi-

constitutional reasons for the request but also emphasized that His Majesty's Ministers in Canada

were acquainted with the standing in the community ofthe persons upon whom it may be proposed

to confer honours, and of the character of the services for which these honours were the reward-""

Essentially it asked that the Canadian Prime Minister be given a veto over all civilian honours, citing

the principle of ministerial responsibilitytyThe report was sent to the Governor General for transition

to the Colonial Office,

The response of the Colonial Office arrived on 23 April 1902- It stressed the time-honoured

theme that the "Crown is the source of all honours," The response proceeded to explain that the

Order of St Michael and St. George in particular was an Imperial Order and not limited to

Canadians; the ultimate responsibility for it thus resided with His Majesty's government in the

United Kingdom. L'Eserviceis of a political or administrative character, rendered solely in the sphere

for which the Minister of the Crown in Canada are responsible they are constitutionally the proper authorities for making the recommendation^.'"'^ However, with regard to '"persons whose purely

Imperial, Provincial or Municipal services or public services of a charitable, literary or scientific character, are held to merit recognition, I consider that the proper course would be for you [the

Governor General] to transmit a list of such persons to your Prime Minister inviting his observations on the same, and such list with the remarks of the Prime minister should be submitted to me [the

Colonial Secretary]."""

Chamberlain had given the Prime Minister power over political and administrative awards

2'"~bid.,-Report of the Committee ofthe Honourable Privy Council, Approved by His Excellency on 19 February, l9O2," 2'SN~C,MG 26 G, Laurier Papers, p, 215473, Joseph Chamberlain to Lord Minto, 23 April 1902. "6N~C,MG 26 G, Laurier Papers, p, 2 15473, Joseph Chamberlain to Lord Minto, 23 April 1902- 78 while retaining control over all others. This might appear to have been a slight concession to the demands of the Dominion. The key provision was that affording the Prime Minister Iegitimate scope to make a list of 'kmarks," to accompany an Honours List Prior to this it had been the responsibility of the Governor General to condense and evaluate the concerns of the Prime Minister- After 1902 the Governor General still had the power to recommend people for honours, but the Prime Minister's evaluation was to be sent directly to the Colonial Office and would be subject no longer to the

Governor General's interpretation. This is clearly in response to Minto7s actions ddgthe 1901

Royal Visit,

Laurier had not gained complete control over honours, but he had succeeded in formalizing the process. The Colonial Office still held control over the number of awards and ultimately who was to be recognized, but it could no longer recognized civil servants or politicians without the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada The 1902 policy as enunciated by Chamberlain in the letter of 23

April 1902 remained in place until the Nickle Resolution as introduced in March 191 8.

It did not still all controversy over such questions- Laurier again became embroiled in discussion about honours in July 1908. tn early 1908 Austin Deakin, Prime Minister of Australia, requested approximately the same deal Laurier had negotiated in 1902.'~~Deakin continued his correspondence with Laurier throughout 1908.''~ In 1908, the Australian Prime Minister was granted the same rights that the Canadian Prime Minister held with respect to honour^."^

For all his apparent unwillingness to be knighted, and his 1918 "democracy first" argument,

'"NAC, MG 26 G, Laurier Papers, p, 13 1882-13 1889, Austin Deakin, Prime Minisfer of Australia to Lord Northcote, Governor- General ofAustralia, 13 November 1907. 2'?4~C,MG 26 G, Laurier Papers, p. 142827, Austin Deakin to Sir Wiifiid Laurier, 20 July 1908. N& MG 26 G, Laurier Papers, p. 142828. Austin Deakin to Lord Northcote, 1 September 1908- "WAC, MG 26 G,Laurier Papers, p, 216002, Lord Elgin, the Colonial Secretary to Lord Grey, Governor-General of Canada 5 March 1908. 79

Lamer enthusrastically integrated honours mto his tbnnidable patronage mac :hineemIt is of course

difficult to say with certainty how many knighthoods were awarded in order to secure new fknds

for the Liberal Party or to reward old party warhorses. In the case of Latrier, his enemies in the 19 18

debate delightedly reminded the House of his use of patronage as a way of securing political

advantage. Much of this political innuendo defies exploration today, but there is evidence to suggest, on at least on occasion, that Laurier's critics were substantiaUy correct.

The paper trail in this case can be followed from the Colonial Office to two Governors

General, the Prime Minister and the person to receive the "favour." In this instance, Sir Wid

Laurier, the "reluctant knight," was by no means reluctant to use a knighthood to increase his support base in Ontario and the senate."' Only the watchful eye of the Colonial Office undermined the schemes of the Prime Minister-

Senator James Robert Gowan, Liberal-Conservative Senator for Ontario was 89 years old when he was awarded a KCMG in November of 1905, making him one of the oidest Canadians to have been knighted- Gowan had been made a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St.

George in 2893, and had Iong hoped to be elevated to a KCMG, which, according to him, had been promised him years before by Sir John Thompson, Alas for Gowan, Thompson had died and thus the recommendation was not made? Gowan went so fx as to write to the Governor General with the Thompson story, a List of his services to the Crown and a glowing declaration of his loyalty?

Usualiy when a Governor General received such a letter it was filed and given no more attention, but

E0 For an outstanding discussion, see H.B. Beatby. hrieranda LiberalQuebec: A shr4yin Political Management (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973)-

"'Saywe11 and Stevens, eds., Lord Minto S Canadian Papers, Volume I ,p- =WAC, MG 26 G, Laurier Papers, p. 34045, Sir lames Gowan to Lord Minto, 3 1 May 1899. =NAC, MG 26 G, Laurier Papers, p. 34045, Sir James Gowan to Lord Minto, 3 I May 1899. 80

Minto, possibly taking pity on an aging Senator with a somewhat plausible case, sent the letter on to La~rier.~~He expressed the hope that Laurier would see fit to recommend Gowan for a knighthood in the following year. New Year's 1900 came and went, and poor Gowan was not mentioned on the honours List.

It would appear that Laurier told the Minister of Justice, David Mills, about Gowan's plight-

At this time the Liberals needed to increase their presence in the Conservative dominated Senate, and the 85-year-old Conservative Senator in search of a knighthood swam into their sights as the weak link of the Tories in the Senate.

Late in 1900 Mills approached Gowan and made a deal. On December 22,1900 the Minister of Justice, David Mills, wrote to Sir Wilfiid Laurier: ''1 have his [Gowan's] resignation in my hands, addressed to the Governor General, which 1 am authorized to submit to His Excellency, whenever he is knighted, which if not done, I am to return to him. I trust the arrangements will be carried out without any difficulty and the old man will not be disappointed. His place [in the Senate] is of great consequence to us at the present time. I have no doubt his resignation will facilitate the arrangement for bringing Dr. Landerkin, Mr Wood fiom Hamilton, and someone else in place of Senator Reesor.

If this is done, it will strengthen our position in the Senate at the opening of ses~ion.~

Mills hoped to have Laurier convince Lord Minto to have Gowan added to the New Years

Honour List. With only a few days notice it was unlikely to happen. Laurier went to see Lord Minto the day after ~hristrnas,~~but neither Laurier nor Lord Minto mentioned Gowan's quest for a

z4We know Minto gave the letter to Laurier because it can be found in the Laurier papers. -NAC, MG 26 G, p, 51788, David Mills to Sir Wilfkid Laurier, 22 December 1900. Senator Reesor resigned fkom the Senate in early January and Andrew Wood was summoned on 21 January 1901. Dr. George Landerkin was to follow being summoned on 16 February 190 1, ?26N~C,MG 26 G, Laun'er Papa, p. 51 789, Sir Wilfrid Laurier to David Mills, 24 December 1900- 81 knighthood. Laurier did not mention Gowan's KCMG to Minto and Gowan's resignation was never submitred- Laurier was not as concerned with his party's situation in the Senate as his Minister of

Finance.

For some time Lord Minto had supported Gowan's application for a knighthood,17 but had been unabIe to receive permission fiom Laurier to send the recommendation on to the King. In May

1904 Laurier changed his mind and asked Minto to recommend Gowau and Senator George Cox for a KCMG. Senator Cox was a prominent Ontario L~kral.Laurier told Minto that if Cox and Gowan could not both be recognized with a knighthood, then neither should receive one. Laurier knew that

Minto desired to see Gowan knighted and calculated that if he added a Liberal appointment to counterbalance that of Gowan, Minto would capitulate. Minto sent a request to the Colonial Office which was denied, "'the supply of KCMGs never being sufficient to meet the demand. Had Minto submitted a personal request for ow knighthood to be awarded, the Colonial Office would have likely made atlowances, but asking for two extra awards was excessive. Minto was certain that

Gowan would be elevated to a KCMG?

While Laurier likely forgot about the matter, as there is no fiuther mention of a knighthood for Gowan in the Laurier Papers, the Colonial Office, that paragon of efficiency, did not. Despite the protests of the new Governor General, Lord Grey, Gowan was finally made a KCMG on November

9, 1905. Lord Grey wrote to Laurier, "in spite of my protest His Majesty has been graciously pleased to confer a KCMG on Hector [sic] Gowaa" "

Gowan retained his seat in the Senate until 1907 and died in 1909. Laurier's attempt to use

E7Sayvell and Stevens, eds, Lord Minro '3 Canadian Papers. Volume iI ,p, 460, Lord Minto to Lyttelton, 19 May 1904. ="bid., Volume 11, p. 504. Lord Minto to Sir WiIfEd Laurier, 24 June 1904. E91bid..Volume i1, p. 505, Lord Minto to Sir Wilfiid Laurier, 25 June 1904, WAC, MG 26 G, Laurier Paoers, p. 20334, Lord Grey to Sir Wilfiid Laurier, 8 November 1905. 82 a KCMG as a method of getting Gowan to resign had faded, as had his fiuther attempt to couple the award of a KCMG for Gowan with one for LiiraL Senator Cox, with the rider that both men be recognized simultaneously. A supporter of Gowan's claims, and in a position to squeeze an extra two KCMGs out of the Colonial Office, Minto must structured his response to Laurier. Had he been strictly bound by the 1902 Privy Council Order regarding titles, Minto would have been unable to ignore Laurier's advice that both men and not just Senator Gowan be recognized In this case,

Laurier's attempt to use honours for narrow political advantage backfired: but one emerges with the sense that a tactic that misfired in this case was probably used to better effect in others. Dominion autonomy did not necessarily mean Dominion rectitude. Chapter Four: Borden and the Crisis of War

Borden's Policy to 1916

Laurier bequeathed an ambiguous legacy to Borden. Borden could learn fiom his predecessor much about the ways a Prime Minister could use the promise of honours to be given, or the threat of honours to be denied, as a way of building a formidable political machine. Yet he also inherited a Canadian polity that had become increasingly criticd of the honours @stem, which had come to be identified with eastern domination, party corruption, out-of3ate habits of deference, and a servile relationship with Great Britain. Well before the Nickie Resolution, honours had become a fiercely contested issue in Canada Borden, by nature a progressive reformer and systematizer more than a reactionary, clearly felt the need for cautious change. He argued consistently for heightened

Dominion involvement in recommendations for knight hood^.^'

Borden was by no means temperamentally opposed to an honours system or to being recognized by the Empire. He would later enthusiastically receive rewards fiom other countries and his private diary indicates that he was delighted when he was awarded a GCMG in 19 14. But the same diary suggests Borden's sense of caution about this issue. He took the unprecedented step of consulting his cabinet in June 19 14, prior to accepting the hono~r.~'

His caution was probably born of a sense that the issue had the possibility to be highly contentious in Canada On 5 February 1914 John H. Burnham, Conservative MP for Peterborough

NAC, MG 26 ti, Borden Papers,p. 1213, Sir Robert Botden to MceAlbert, Duke ofConniwgh4 8 December 19 14. Here Borden discusses mommen&-011s for knighthoods Further evidence ofhis increasing involvement can be found m his correspondencewith thewlonialsaretary, 1SMay 1916:seeNAC,MG26H.,BordenPapers, p.l219,SirRobarBordentotheColonidOffice,16May 1916-

=* NAC, MG 26 K Bordcn Papers, Borden's Private Diaries, 22 June 19 14, West, introduced a biU to CCabolishtitles ofhonour in ~anada"~Burnham defined ''tiles of hononr" as all knighthoods and peerages held by Canadians. There was little support for his Bill Number 3 -

Unsurprisingly, most of his own party did not favour so drastically egalitarian a move; more

revealing, perhaps, the ccdemocratic~7Liberals were un-supportive. Laurier announced he could not support the measure because, having taken the form of a bill and not a request to the Sovereign, it went against the Royal Prerogative? Echoes of Bumham's gesture, which had seemed so at the time, would be heard in the far different 1918 debate, which revealed how much could change

in just four short years.

This transformation was very much related to the war and an intensified sense of Canadian patriotism. The wartime controversy over honours began with the controversial and unpopular award of a civil KCB to Sir Sam Hughes in 19 15. By itselfthis would not have been such a precedent, had it not been swiftly followed by three fhrther cases. There was fmst that of Sir W.M. Aitken, soon to be known as 'The Beaver," and a.object oC much bitter attack in the 19 18 Debate. In May 1916

Borden received a request from Andrew Bonar Law (the only Canadian ever to become Prime

Minister of Britain) that Aitken be made a Baronet of the United Kingdom. Aitken was residing and working in the United Kingdom, and thus his baronetcy was a British matter. Nonetheless, Bonar

Law, worried (as Borden would recall) that the Baronetcy '\odd be regarded as having been conferred through his personal Eendship for Sir W.M. itk ken,"-)* wanted the award Listed in the

Canada Gazette as a Canadian award. Borden, standing by his right to prior consultation, refbsed

"3 House of Commons, Debates9 5 February 1914, p.479.

[bid., p.480.

NAC, MG 26 H. Borden Papers, p. 50 t 69, Sir Robert Borden to the Duke of Devonshire, 17 May 19 18, 85

the proposal and asked the Governor General to do the same. Devonshire concurred. Aitken's

Baronetcy was duIy fisted as a British award in the London Gmetk From one perspective, the entire

affaircould be interpreted as a quiet triumph of the system of consultation evolved by Laurier and

Borden.

But that was not the way this event was perceived: much of the public, relatively indifferent

to the details of whether the award was technically British or Canadian, saw only that a man

associated with cement mergers and utility monopolies had been awarded another knighthood. This

perception persisted. h January 1917, Aitken was eIevated to the peerage and made Lord

Beaverbrook. Although this was a British appointment to a British resident the public merely saw

that another Canadian was being awarded a hereditary title, The Beaverbrook imbroglio was

followed by the award of a baronetcy to Sir Vincent Meredith, President of the Bank of Montreal,

in December 1916. Meredith was 'bder continuous attack in the press as drawing profits kom the business in which he was engaged."z6 A further press uproar followed his receipt of a baronetcy- The

fourth and most damaging episode was the elevation of Sir Hugh Graham, the proprietor of the

Montreal Star, and one of the Conservative Party's premier fund-raisers, to the peerage as Lord

Atholstan, in part because of Lord NorthcWe7sand Lord Beaverbrook's support for his cause. There was the awkwardness of Graham's intimate connection to Borden's own party. There was Graham's unconventional reputation as a Conservative fund-raiser, notoriously rumoured to have involved large-scale bribery.=' There was Graham's ardent support of right-wing causes, at a time of rising social unrest and labour militancy. But by far the most serious problem arose fiom the fact that the

- -

U%~hurB, Keith, The War Governmenrs of the BritiFh Dominions (Oxfbrd: Clarendon Press, 192 l), p281.

See John English, The Decline ofPolitics, p.34. 86 appointment had been made against the wishes of the Governor General and the Prime Minister of

Canada. Here was a man, Sir Robert Borden would remind the Duke of Devonshire in 19 18, who was ordinarily resident in Canada, receiving an honour or titular distinction, 'hot only without the approval, but against the expressed wish of Your Excellency and of myseWZ8Max Aitken's receipt of a baronetcy and elevation to the peerage had been greeted with suspicion, skepticism and some anger; Graham's was denounced in all of the Canadian print media, except, ofcoursef that which he himself happened to own. This was the moment when the Laurier compromise inherited by Borden collapsed. The British government had treated advice fiom both the Govemor General and the Prime

Minister with blatant disregard. Borden now had a reason for reforming the appointment process, and could have little doubt that a great deal of public opinion would be behind him.

In August 1917, following the elevation of Sir Hugh Graham to the House of Lords, a seventeen-page pamphlet Titles in Canada 191 7 appeared. It Lists no publisher and price, and it is difficult to ascertain how many copies were circulated, but its appearance in the papers of Borden,

Bennett, Meighen, Laurier and White suggests that was widely circulated. It contained excerpts fiom

3 5 English-Canadian newspapers."g Although none of the parliamentarians who spoke in 19 18 referred directly to Titles in Canada, the speeches of some bore a close resemblance to it.'40

The pamphlet was probably highly influential, and it was in its way a mastefil piece of

"'NAC, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p.50169, Sir Robert Borden to the Duke of Devonshire, 17 September I918.

mlh~st:included theToronto Ewning El' Toronto Globe, LmdanAdwfiw7Hamilton H- Gueiph Memqy,Toconto Naus, Prince Albert Herd' Moose Jaw tVews, Newmarket Ea,Sydney RecM StirIing Ledr7Milton Champion, OttawaJdl,Calm AZbetttan, W~pegTribwre, Rd~lcaMkrand News,TweedNews, SL'lhomasJ~~ll~I, Brdi EpmIw, Stratford Beocors Guelph Herold, Peterborough Review, Mbridge Her& Guelph Heralrl, Brockville Recumkc OrangevilleSwt, Edmonton Bulktrit, Owen SoundSun, Vancouver WorId, VictoriaTimes7Woodstock&ntrtriref-Review, Cluivti'an Guardidran, BranfordCozu-kr, and Hamil ton Spectator. A copy may be found in the NAC, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p.42054-

For example, Ernest Lapointe remarked that %ere is no place in public life in this country for hereditary leaders or~fers." House of Commons, Debates, 8 April 1918, which is the same as the text on p-I2 of Tides in Canada in 1917- 87

propaganda. Whether or not the distance between Lord Beaverbrook's appointment and the Canadian

government satisfied the letter of the law ofconsultation, one could always dwell upon the fear that

Lord Beaverbrook might return to Canada, progeny in tow, the nucleus of a new hereditary caste-

Lord Atholstan was no more to be welcomed. The Bran@rd Expositor described as 'hexpiaineci and unexplainable" the reasons which must have been behind the recent apotheosis of "Baron

Graham."'4' Other press commentaries were more cutting. Graham's objective, the Woodstock

Sentinel-Review remarked, had always been '90 utterly destroy the fieedom of the press by either crushing or controlling his weaker rivals."z42The pamphlet, which echoed scores of editorials in the

Dominion's press, suggested that many people were venting their frustrations on those who had been awarded knighthoods and peerages, and that recent episodes had roused old and bitter memories.

To these negative images, Tirles in Canada counter posed the positive examples of selfless

Canadians who had just said no to honours. The pamphlet focused on the case of John Ross

Robertson, proprietor of the Evening Telegm in Toronto, who when he was offered a knighthood and a Senate seat, both on the same day, summoned up the gumption to turn both appointments down. Why? Because, although a prominent and prosperous Conservative, he was also a "true

Democrat-"" The case of Robertson proved that, ifknighthoods were "really a reward of merit, John

Ross Robertson would have been knighted years ago."W4 Of course, not only Conservatives were to be cast in such a heroic light Resistance to corruption and honours were constructed as deep parts

*'' Tides in Canada in 1917, citing the Brantford Erpositor.

Tides in Canada in 191 7, citing the Wooakrock Sentine 1-Review.

"3 Titles in Canada in 1917, citing the Moose Jaw News

'" Tides in Canada in 19 17, citing the Calgary Al6ertax 88 of the Liberal legacy as well. "The immediate struggle of Liberalism will be against hereditary legislative authority, and all the caste and class privileges with which it is associated," the Toronto

Globe pronounced on 16 February 1917~~'in words reminiscent of George Brown, that were happily endorsed in many Merent ways by Titles in Canada. There was much confusion in the pamphlet about the difference between a hereditary title and a knighthood, but its tone was defiantly in favour of abolition of all hereditary titles and a sustained re-examination of the system by which knighthoods were distributed-

With the telling exception of the Montreal Star, the flagship of Hugh Graham, it would seem that most Canadian newspapers agreed that "hereditary titles... are altogether objectionable in this country.'7246Even Sir Mackenzie Bowell's old paper, the BellevilIe Intelligencer, disrespectfully referred to honours and titles as "Tin Pot Titles."247The balance of opinion was less clear-cut on the question of knighthoods. Even among critics of the system, the Canadian people were depicted as being proud to 'see our Canadians honoured by our beloved S~vereiga"~~*A few voices on the other side attempted to build on this sentiment by depicting the attack on knighthoods as a symptom of rampant Americanization and a nefarious attempt to introduce republicanism into the omi in ion.^^^

There was a widespread desire not to interpret an attack on hereditary titles as an attack on Britain.

Rather, newspaper commentary focused on the abuse of titles within the system of patronage. The

-- -

"-' Toronto Globe, 16 February 19 17.

'* Titles in Canada in 1917, citing the Calgary Herald

'."TTrles in Canada in 1917, citing the BeNeville Intelligencer

*'' Tides in Canaah in I9 17, citing the Cmtian Guardian,,

'49 I. Caste11 Hopkins in the Canadian Annual Review, p.563, 89

prospect of a thorough-going constitutional change was rarely aired, let done championed.

Added to the vexing episodes which had sparked the public debate was a fiuther problem:

the proposed creation of the Order of the British Empire, which the Foreign Office announced in a

circular report dated 25 December 1916. The intent of the new order was to honour those who had

rendered (or were about to render) extraordinary service during the course of the Great War. By 1

November 19 17, Borden had been sent a List of Canada's allotment. Only the first two levels were

to confer knighthood, and the prospects of Canada being flooded with upwards of three hundred

knighthoods, as reported in the press, were fantastically far-fetched, The new order was nonetheless

attacked in major newspapers across the country.z50Borden began to receive mail, from sources as

distinct as the Baptist Men's Union of Toronto, the National Labour Council of Ontario, the

National Council of Women in Canada, and even the British Imperial Association, condemning

hereditary titles, which were often erroneously associated with the new "British Empire

It shouId be noted that rejection of the Order of the British Empire was far f?om universal. Many

Canadians wrote to Borden to recommend worthy recipients of the honour. The Lieutenant-Governor

of New Brunswick went so far as to submit the names of 62 women he felt were qualified for this

recognition; the Lieutenant-Governor of Prince Edward Island, on the other hand, refused to make any recommendation^.^

The 19 18 Order of the British Empire List was never submitted. Although one GBE and three

I. Castell Hopkins noted that criticai editorials attacking the new "British Empire Order" had appeared in newspapers in f-lalikToronto, and the West, CdimrlnmcafRevzkw ofPubIicAfl4ri.s (Toronto: Canadian Annual Review Limibd, 19 1a), ~364.

NAC, MG 26 CL Borden Papers, p.42013, British impen'al Association to Sir Robert Borden, 5 ApriI 19 t 8.

"'NAC, MG 27 11 D8, White Papers, p.5026, Memorandum fiom Prime Minister Borden, March 19 f 8- 90

KBEs were awarded to Canadians in 19 18, these were not included onthe list. For politicd reasons,

appointments to the order were postponed. Borden himselt; in a gesture of personal sacrifice, turned

down the award of a KBE in February, 1919.~Accepting such an award at this particularly charged

moment would have ignited a second debate over titles and honours-

This was the gened historical context of the 19 18 NickIe Resolution and the Report of the

Special Committee on Honours and Titles which, misleadingly, has come to be known as the 'WickIe

Resolution" to posterity. Yet there is a more particular history which also has a bearing on this

moment, and it is that of William Folger Nickle himself. What was it that drove this man to assume

a position of leadership on this

question. and to push even his own party leader into a premature and somewhat embarrassing

debate?

Enter W.F. Nickle

Born on 3 1 December 1869 to Scottish Presbyterian parents who could afford to give their son a comfortable childhood, William Folger Nickle attended Kingston Collegiate and Vocational

Institute, received his Bachelor of Arts fiom Queen's University, and attended Osgoode Hall. He was called to the bar in I895, became a Queen's Councillor in 1898, and enjoyed a busy legal practice

in Kingston. He was a Iong-time member of the Conservative Party. All in all, there was nothing in his background that would have made one target Nickle as a likely "socialist" critic of honours and titles. Nickte was a maverick - a rogue Tory, one might say - who was quite willing to oppose his

*NAC, MG27 11 D8, White 508 I, Sir Robert Borden to SirThomas White, 4 Febrmy 19 19-TheofferofaKBE- the sewnd class in the order - to Boden is somewhat surprising, given that Borden was leader ofthe largest Dominion fighting in the Great War, A GBE would have been the more appropriate award. 91 own government on questions close to his heart, and his personality allowed him to take an independent stand on an issue about which he had deep convictions. But why did he pick this issue?

The answer does not seem to lie in ideology, for Nickle was no radical leftist- (As Attorney-

General of Ontario, he would develop quite the contrary image).= The likelier answer Lies in

Nickle's association with Queen's University. Having received his BA. fiom Queen's in 1892,

NickIe went on to serve on the Board of Trustees, to which he was first elected on 12 April 1912.

(He would hold this position until 11 May 1921, when he was appointed Chairman of the Board, which post he held until 25 October 1930). His second wife, Katherine Louise Gordon, was the daughter of Principal Daniel Miner Gordon. He was, then, decidedly a Queen's man, who lived in the neighborhood of the campus.

Nickle had ambitions for a career at Queen's. After Principai Gordon retired in 1916, Nickle wanted to succeed his father-in-law as hincipal? He was an unlikely candidate. Although a devout

Presbyterian, he was not a member of the clergy; and although an intelligent and articulate man, he could boast no academic achievement beyond his Bachelor of Arts degree. His candidacy was supported by two old fiiends and fellow members of the Board of Trustees, G.Y.Chown and

W.L.Grant, both of whom owed their positions to Nickle's father-in-law D.M- Gordon. Other supporters were scarce. The official history of Queen's remarks that Nickle "now a member of

Parliament for Kingston and trustee..., whatever his administrative ability and political experience, both valuabie qualities for a Queen's Principal at the time, had no particular academic attainments

"For aCornmunisc Ebq critique oMiddeTsmild handling ofthe Ku Ktux Wan in OntarioT see The Wwker (Toronto)t 10 July 1926.

Frederick Gibson, p.46, 92 and no support among the staff."256

As someone so deeply involved with Queen's, and interested in its administration, NickLe wouid have had a sensitivity to the particular way the system of honours intersected with the fate of universities in Edwardian Canada In one sense, there was a very Iimited connection; out of the knighthoods awarded to Canadians, only five were bestowed upon serving university administrators, which accounted for less than 22% ofthe total number of awards? In another sense, titles played a pivotal role in the university system. Knights added an air of respectability and cultural depth to a university communitytyA university was generally delighted to have a sitting president, principal or chancellor knighted; if it was unable to obtain a knight by this route, it codd always go shopping for a knight to sit in its administration- Fourteen Canadian knights were appointed to governing bodies of Canadian uni~ersities.~~A fbrther 14 Canadian knights were university profes~ors.~~

In a society acutely conscious of status, universities were ranked no less decisively than individuals. The University of Toronto and McGill were the most prestigious English-language universities. Queen's was generally considered the poor cousin, and naturauy tended to resent being treated as such by its wealthier and better-established rivals. This situation had reached a state of particular acuteness in 1918. The University of Toronto was clearly winning the competition for high-profile administrators. Sir Edmund Walker was the Chairman of the university, Sir W.R-

36 Hilda Neatby, Queen S University, V01.l (Kingston and Monueal: McGil1-Queen's University Press- 19781, p.304-

LnThefive were Peterson, Beatty and Dawson @omMcGill and FaIconerand Wilson hrnthe University of'lbmnto, Beany had originalty sewed as Chancellor ofQueen's University before moving on to McGill,

=~tsorneuniversitiesthe ~ieutenant-Governor is an er-o~iomberufthe Ebard ofGovm0cs 'lhese appointments have not been included in this calculation,

259 This includes Professors Emeritus, 93

Meredith was the Chancellor, Sir Robert Falconer was the President, Sir Edmund Osler and Sir

Joseph Flavelle sat on the Board of Governors, At McGilI, Principal Sir William Peterson was a

KCMG? Queen's sought to copy its rivals' successes in acquiring the knighted, before and after

1918.'61

Lord Minto and other Governors General were acutely aware of the rivalries among Canadian universities for men of honour.t6z When the University of Toronto was omitted f?om the awards made in 1901 during the Royal Visit of the Duke and Duchess of York and Comwall, it did not go unremarked. Laurier received a steaming letter fiom J9. Sheraton, Principal of Wycliffe College at the University, protesting this "great indignity ...done to the University of Toronto in the recent distribution of Royal favours....Why honour should have been bestowed upon Lavdle [sic], McGill and Queen's, and Toronto passed over in this way, we can not understand it Every graduate feels it and resents it."263 Sheraton concluded by threatening Laurier: The university's supporters would enter politics to oppose the Liberals. When Robert Ramsay Wright, an eminent zoologist at the

University of Toronto, was proposed for a knighthood in 1912, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, as Governor General, remarked that "there might be heartburning both at Toronto University and

McGill, whose heads have not yet received that ono our."'^ The problem at Toronto would have

It is suggestive of the McGill's perceived need for titied men th* on the death of Peterson in 1919, it appointed the Right Honourable Sir Auckland Geddes as principal (who held the post for less than a year), and then replaced him with General Sir Arthur Curie.

The Chancellor ofthe University m 1919 was Edwad Beatty, -*dent of the Canadian Pacific Railway; it was widely speculated that Battywould be madeaknight for hisservices as PreslPresldentoFtheCPR during the Great War. Sir Edward Peacock, knighted in 1934 for his services to the Royal Famify, would be involved with the University unti[ his death.

Note Saywell and Stevends, eds, Lord Minto 's Canadian Papers, Vol.11, Lord Minto to Joseph CharnberIain, 2 December 190 1.

NAC, MG 26 G, taurier Papers, p, 593 12, J.P. Sheraton to Sir Wiifiid Laurier, 14 October 1901,

264 NAC, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, pp, 1866-1867, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught to Borden, 1 November 19 13. 94 been that of having Sir Robert serving as a mere professor, under a non-titled president. The principal of rank was not confined to political life.

The year 1915 was good to Queen's, as it had been to so many other Canadians (the 1915

Honours List saw more Canadians knighted than in any previous year).t65 Daniel Miner Gordon,

Nickle's father-in-law, received a CMG?~His recognition came after 13 years of service at Queen's.

Gordon was not yet in a position to be awarded a KCMG in I915. Because of the Longstanding rule which held that a person had to work his or way through the ranks of the Order of St. Michael and

St. George, one could not initially appoint a person above the bottom rank. Borden might have recommended Gordon for a Knight Bachelorship, but this was unlikely to succeed, for two reasons.

First, the award of a KCMG to McGiU and the more junior Kt to Queen's would have been interpreted as a slight against the latter university. Secondly, knighthoods were in high demand because of war work; ail of the KCMGs awarded in 1915, except for that one awarded to William

Peterson, Principal of McGU, were for war-related efforts. Honours, titular and non-titular, were being reserved for those taking a prominent part in causes related to the Great War. It seems entirely likely that Gordon received his CMG in 1915 because the Governor General and Borden were concerned about the d3Eculties that could arise if Queen's was not recognized alongside McGill?'

Gordon received congratulatory letters, some of which addressed him as "Sir Daniel," fiuther

IbS The I4 knighthoods handed out in 19 15 would be eclipsed in 19 17, when 17 were awarded.

x*Out oftfie 14 knighthoods made in 19 15, fivewere KCMGs Only hvo CMGs were awarded in 19 15, one to Gordon, and one to G. J-Desbarts, Deputy Minister of the Naval Service-

'67TheUniversity offoronto wasnotafacorhere, because Sir Byron Edmund Walker had been knighted in 19 10 and laterbecame Chairman ofthe University ofTomnto, The Chancellor, Sir Willim Mdith, had been high@ in 18% md would serve in this position hm1900 to lm. Sir Robert Falconer, President ofthe University, was knighted in I917. The University oRoronto was, in 19 18, very welt titled in relation to its rival Canadian universities. 95

evidence of Canadian confkion about the difference between titular and non-titular awards? His

health was poor, and his time as Principal was Limited; an elevation to a KCMG was ~tdikely?~The

death of Sir Sandford Fleming, the renowned engineer who had served as Chancellor, on 22 July

19 15, removed the university's last remaining titled administrator. Nickle identified with his

university, and had hoped to become its leader; he was connected to Gordon by his marriage to

Gordon's daughter Katherine. In 1917, to the chagrin of Queen's men, their university was once

again bypassed and the King's Birthday Honours List featured Sir Robert-Falconer, the President of

the University of Toronto.

Nickle may, of course, have been in his own mind the true c'democrat" and the "socialist" that

he presented in his speech to the House of Commons in 1918. Motivations are often unreadable; it

is highly likely that Nickle was influenced by the broad currents of his day, and had the political

instinct (and the maverick impulses) to make the most of them. But it also seems likely that his

frustrated ambitions for Queen's, and the university's hutnbling at the hands of McGiIl and Toronto,

played a role in his resentment of the honours system and his interest in broadening the focus of

attack from hereditary honours to all honours. Ceaainly some of Nickle's contemporaries thought

that it was his university context that explained the fiery words of this unlikeliest of cultural

revolutionaries. Sir Robert Borden referred to him as the ccagitatof'in his memoirs, and remembered

that Nickle was "resendid of the titles conferred upon the President of the University of Toronto and the President of McGill, while the President [sic] of Queen's University had not been included-"'70

'6~ QUA, Gordon Papers, John Stewart to Daniel Miner Gordon, 15 June 1915.

He would retire as Principal in May, 1916, after 14 years of service,

''O Sir Robert L. Borden, Robert Lari.d Borden: His Memotrs. Voi2 (London: Macmillan and Company, 1938), p.792. His suggestion remains an inference hmthe evidence - but a highly plausible one. Borden clearly had little use for Nickle; but, after the Resolution was brought to the ~&eof Commons and the debate was engaged, he had little choice but to deal with him.

Borden's exasperation must have been all the more intense because, in the wake of aLl the difficulties caused by honours over the previous two years, and unknown to most Members of

Parliament, the Prime Minister had carefidly taken precautions against just such a recurrence of unpleasantness aud confusion, He had founded a Privy Council Commlmmltteeto develop an honours policy that would avoid firrtber embarrassment, The htdraft of the Committee's report was completed on 9 March I91 8, and a copy was sent to the Governor General, the Duke of Devonshire.

As it finally emerged hmthe bureaucracy and was approved by the Governor General, the Report declared that:

1. No honour or titular distinction (saving those granted in recognition of military se~ceduring the present war or ordinarily bestowed by the Sovereign proprio rnotu) shall be conferred upon a subject of His Majesty ordinarily resident in Canada except with the approval or upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada. 3. The Government of the United Kingdom shall exercise the same authority as heretofore in determining the character and number of titles or honours to be allocated to Canada from time to time. 3. No hereditary titles of honour shdl hereafter be conferred upon a subject of His Majesty ordinarily resident in Canada. 4. Appropriate action shall be taken, whether by legislation or otherwise, to provide that after a prescribed period no titie of honour held by a subject of His Majesty now or hereafter ordinarily resident in Canada shall be recognized as having a hereditary effect."'

Borden had to overcome strenuous objections to arrive at this formula. The Duke of Devonshire, favourably disposed to the intent of paragraphs one and two, and quite in sympathy with Borden's

"'Report ofthe Committee of the Privy Councii approved by His ExcelIency the Governor-General on the 25th day ofMarch, 19 18- N& Mg 26 H, Borden Papers, p. 5021 1-50212, Canada, Debates of the House of Commons, 8 April 19 18, p. 495-496. assessment of hereditary titles - "I believe there is a strong feeling against creating such in Canada"

-- offered no comment on the proposal to extinguish the heritable quality of peerages held by

Canadians. Borden worried that Parliament would demand a more precise enunciation of these conditions? Sir Joseph Pope, Under secretary of State for External Affairs, had been a great deal more critical. "The first thing that strikes me on reading this Minute," he wrote with a certain sense of shock in his words, "is the sweeping character of its provisions.''2B The government was, he warned, laying down a broad Line of policy that would have an impact on future generations; he also warned that the proposed attack upon the hereditary principle might be 'ksented in high - in the highest - quarters," an unmistakable hint that the King himselfwould be ~ffended.~'Borden set about making minor adjustments to the Privy Council Report, providing scope, for example, for those serving in the war to be knighted without the prime minister's permission. The Governor

General approved the Report of the Committee of the Privy Council - also referred to as Privy

Council Order 668 -- on 25 March 1918. Two days later, on 27 March, the proceedings for the coming week in Parliament were published. Among them was notice that one W.F. Nickle was going to introduce a motion regarding honours. Borden immediately began preparing for the debate, requesting the Governor General obtain permission fiom the Colonial Office to mak public the

1902 Report of the Privy Council,275in which Laurier had requested greater control over honours bestowed on Canadian residents. Borden, nursing a hgile Unionist government in a war-divided

n~~G%H,Barden~p17~~o~toSirRobatBarden,13EvIarrh1918;p1749.SrRobatBonlentothc~ of Devonshire. 13 March 1918,

'" NAC, MG 26, H. Borden Papers, p.50150, Sir Joseph Pope to Sir Robert Borden, 16 March 1918.

*"NA, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p, 50 154, Duke of Devonshire to Walter H, Long, 28 March 19 18. country, was facing precisely the parliamentary drama that he had been working to avoid. Chapter Five: The Nick Resolution in Parliament and the Report of the Special Committee on Honours and Tities

This thesis began with the Great Debate of 8 April 191 8 - the event which enshrined the

name of W-F-Nicklein Canadian constitutional history. Herein lies a substantial irony. There is little

doubt that Nickle knew rather little about the topic his resolution addressed- It would later emerge

that he was quite cohed about the difference between hereditary titles and knighthoods. TO

compound the irony, Nickle himseIf did not vote for the amended resolution which today carries his

name; this bore in fact much more the imprint of his critic and principal de fact0 opponent, Sir

Robert Borden The upshot of the so-called ''Nickle Resolutiony' was that Canadians were prohibited

fkom accepting peerages, while knighthoods, provided they were bestowed in accordance with the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, were permitted to continue. Subsequently, in 19 19, Nickle

introduced another resolution related to honours, which was amended to form a committee. This

Special Committee on Honours and Titles, chaired by Nickle himself, released a report approved by the House of Commons, which requested that the King cease awarding knighthoods and peerages to persons ordinarily resident in Canada, and that all hereditary titles in Canada be extinguished upon the death of the current holder of the title- Essentially, the special committee recommended that no further titles or honours, whether titular or non-titular, were to be awarded. Even the practice of addressing the holder of a knighthood with the appellation "SF was to be discontinued. Parliament passed a motion of concurrence with the Report of the Special Committee, but it has rarely been adhered to in any aspect. This report is often referred to as the Nickle Resolution, although it was really &e Report of the Special Committee on Honours and Titles. That there are four entities -

Privy Council Order 668, NickIe's original resolution, NicMe's resolution as amended, and the 100

Report ofthe Special Cornminee - that are confusingly bound up with what is today remembered

as the "Nickle Resolution" is a fact that explains much of the perplexity and amnesia which

surrounds honours in Canada today.

The Nickle Resolution, 1918

The NickIe Resolution went through a metamorphosis after being introduced to Parliament,

with the final outcome being far different than the radical measure Nickle intended. His original

resolution was amended and reclaimed by Borden, who in all fairness was likely the person fiom

whom Nickle had borrowed the idea in the first Borden's extremely well-prepared and

measured interventions were the result of his having extensively consulted the authorities on Privy

Council Order 668, which was distributed to members during the debate. The original Nickle

Resolution was subsequently amended, with Nickle's blessing9by Robert L. Richardson, a radical

MP, who proposed to have the King "refkin fiom conferring any titles upon Your subjects domiciled

or living in Canadti," a substantial radicalization of Nickle's original motion, which had targeted

hereditary titles. Debate then resumed on 2 1 May 19 18, with Nickle suspecting that Borden had his own amendment up his sleeve?" He was quite correct. Borden took the floor and once again attacked the motion as amended as too broad. He then executed his coup de grdce by introducing an amendment of his own. Borden replaced Richardson's amendment and Nickle's motion with the four clauses contained in the March, 19 18 Report of the Privy Council (PC0 668)- TO this, Borden

'76N& MG 26 1, Meighen Papers, p. 67269, RH. Smith to Arthur Meighen, 6 November 1926- "Nicklewote to Borcien on April 18,1918 asking ifBorden was"altemptingto dr&aresolution,"Nickle wascleariy womed that the Prime Minister was planing an amendmat Nickle's reputation as a bad Tory had preceded him, thus Borden did not solicit his assistance-NA, IMG 26 H, Borden Papers, p- 46241, 18 April 1918. William F, Nickle to Sir Robert Borden. 101 added a promise to make public the reasons why a person could be knightedprior to their dubbing?

There was still widespread concern., expressed eloquently by Laurier, that the Prime Minister would still be able to recommend awards. NickIe remained confident that history was on his side, and in his closing remarks congratulated Parliament on its decision to abolish aU titles - which was clearly not a sensible reading of the resolution at hand. Borden, sensing danger, declared that "if the House does not propose to accept the course which I have asked them fbddy and with much respect to take, I should consider that I am relieved fiom my duty of carrying on any longer the Government of this co~ntry.''~~~Borden would later write of the honours question that it was at most a minor

and historians have tended to agree with him; but his blunt warning that, if crossed on the question of honours, he would resign is evidence that in 19 18 he thought otherwise. Few members seemed prepared to plunge the country into another wartime election or to entertain the possibility of a constitutional crisis. Richardson's amendment to Borden's amendment failed, while Borden's four clauses as set out in the Report of PC0 668 passed, 104 to 71"' NO fkther hereditary honours or titles were to be awarded Canadians. The Prime Minister was to have control over recommendations for knighthoods. The hereditary quality of peerages awarded to Canadian residents was to be extinguished by legislation. One Unionist MEvoted against the amended resolution; his name, not surprisingly, was W.F. Nickle.

House of Commons, Debates, 21 May 19 18, pa42(Borden).

House ofCommons, Debates, 21 May 1918, p.2365 (Robert Borden).

'80 Borden, Memoirs, p-797,

This was technically Borden's amendment to Richardson's amendment to Nickle's resolution 102

Report of the Special Committee on Honours adTitles, 1919

The British government accepted the first and second clauses of the Nickle Resolution (i.e.,

PC0 668). It was also agreed that the King would no longer confer hereditary titles upon residents of Canada "save on the formal recommendation of the Prime Minister of ~anada?" This signaled an effective end to Canadian residents accepting peerages. The fourth proposal regarding the hereditary effect of peerages awarded to residents of Canada "resented many difficulties, and would require very grave consideration.'"" This was because extinguishing the hereditary quality of peerages would have required an Act of the Imperial Parliament? The Colonial Office through

Devonshire asked Borden to allow this part of the resolution to 'kmain in abeyance.'"" Canada had finally gained control over civilian awards and done away with the practice of having Canadian residents appointed to the peerage. Borden had achieved a major advance in gaining Dominion control over vital aspects of the Royal Prerogative, although complete control would not follow until passage of the Statute of Westminster, 1931.

The 19 19 British New Year's Honour List was so fdl of appointments to the various orders of knighthoods in recognition of services rendered during the First World War that the London

Gazette had to print a number of special supplementary issues. Borden, having spent Christmas

19 18 in Britain dealing with matters of state, cabled the Acting Prime Minister, Sir Thomas White in early January 1919. Borden decided temporarily to cease recommending or approving honours

"'%L4, MG 26 H, Borden Papcis+ i;. 50173- Waiter H- Long to the Duke of Dcvon~hire~18 November 1918. ""Nk MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p. 50 166, WaIter H, Long to the Duke of Devonshirc August 9, 191 8, The Borden Papers, MG-26-H. p- 50 166. ZWOneof Borden's early proposals to the British government was that Canadians appointed to the House of Lords be made Life Peers. The British rejected the proposal, until passage ofthe Life Peerages Act, 1958 (UK), House of Commons, Debates, 8 April 19 18.. p. 497. '''NAC, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p, 50166q Walter H, Long to the Duke ofDevonshire, 9 August 19 f 8. 103

and knighthoods for Canadians,2a and suggested that at some later date a committee be founded to deal with the issue?" Sir Thomas White concurred and, cabinet not wanting to reopen a difficult

topic, agreed.'" Borden calculated that if for the moment, no fivther awards were made, the issue would solve itself.

Borden was aware of the delicacy of the moment After passage of the Nickle Resolution ody eleven knighthoods were awarded ofwhich seven were awarded to military officers and effectively beyond the control of the Prime Minister. Of the civilian knighthoods all except one were gazetted on 6 July 1918, which means the recommendation for these awards would have been submitted at least two months earlier, prior to passage of the Nickle Resolution. (The one award made well after the Nickle Resolution passed, and the only civilian award between the Nickie ResoIution and the

Be~ettrestoration of Canadian knighthoods in 1933, was to Hormisdas Laporte, Chairman of the

War Purchasing Commission and President of La Banque Provinciale du Canada.)?" The military awards were not objected to by Parliament as it had been agreed that military officers serving in the

Great War could be awarded honours without the consent of the Canadian government. Curiously, the appointment of Laporte did not cause a stir either.

Events in Britain helped to bring honours and titles back into the public realm after the 19 18 debate. Mer passage of the 191 8 Niclcle Resolution it appeared as though the issue had been solved.

However an ongoing scandal in Britain helped to open up the topic for discussion in Canada. In

December 1918, Lloyd George's Coalition government had won -a landslide victory. In

'"NAC, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p. 1775, Sir Robert Borden to Sir Thomas White, 2 January 1919. 2x7N~C,MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p- 1779, Sir Robert Borden to Sir Thomas White, 17 January 1919- 2X%NC,MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p- 1779, Sir Robert Borden to Sir Thomas White. 1 7 January 19 19. '"'Lapork's knighthood was gazetted on 2 August 19 18, meaning that the recommendation wouId have been submitted in early July, two weeks after the Nickle resotution was passed by Parliament 104 contravention of a 19 17 resolution of the House of Lords, Lloyd George began selling peerages and baronetcies on an unprecedented scale. Upwards of £2,900,000 was collected "by devious means to finance [the] Lloyd George ~iberals."~This caused outrage in Britain, and only sewed to fuel suspicion of all honours and titles in Canada

Throughout late 1918 and most of 1919 the British press was littered with reports about

House of Lord's hopems such as Sir John Robinson. During the scandal the King agreed to withdraw a peerage that was to have been awarded to Robinson. A messenger went over to deliver the message to Robinson at the National Liberal Club. Upon hearing the news that his peerage had been revoked -so the story went- he reached for his chequebook and asked, "'How much rn~re?'~'

Even officials in the British government were admitting that "everyone knows that not only the present (British) Government but all Governments give honours and take money for political funds."2E Naturally people assumed that if the system worked that way in Britain then it must work in a similar manner in Canada-

The subject had reared its head again as the result of increasing wocry about the possibility that a large number of Canadians were going to be awarded the Order of the British Empire and a concern that with the end of the war there would be a flood of knighthoods and titles. This was the case in Britain where honours lists of gargantuan size were printed, peerages went to successfil military leaders such as Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, and many of those involved with war- related work at a senior government of business level were also being knighted?

'wJames McMillan, The Honours Game (London: Ferwin Publishers, 1969), p- 106- 29'16id. p. 1 1 1. 2921bid, p. 1 12, 293Fromthe outbreak ofthe Fim World War in August of 19 14 until April of 19 19 a totd of 6 1 peerages were created and 164 Baronetcies, This does not incluse the number of knighthoods awarded, but with the creation of the Order of the British Empire the numbers were staggering. 105

Not one to be daunted by a setback, on 14 April 1919, almost a year to the week after he introduced his first resolution regarding honours and titles, WENickle introduced yet another.

Alarmed by reports that there would be a "large List of Empire Day Honours which [the] Government desires to have appr~ved,"~~he once again sought to gain the approval of Parliament for a motion proposing

That in the opinion ofthis House, an address should be presented to His Most Excellent Majesty the King, in the following words: To the King's Most Excellent Majesty, Most Gracious Sovereign We, Your Majesty's most duWand loyal subjects, the House of Commons of Canada, in Parliament assembled, humbly approach Your Majesty, praying that Your Majesty hereafter be graciously pleased to refkin fiom codeerring any titles upon your subjects domiciled or living in Canada, it being always understood that this humble prayer has no reference to professional or vocational appellations conferred in respect to commissions issued by Your Majesty to persons in Military or Naval Services of Canada or to persons engaged in the administration of Justice of the Dominion of Canada?

This time Nickle was arguing not just against peerages, but titles in general. He claimed that knighthoods were an integral part of the aristocracy, making comparisons between the development of the aristocracy in Canada and the autocracy in Germany that had "such an awful hold on the pe~ple.~''~~Parliament was less than enthusiastic about dealing with the topic again, but Nickle pushed the issue in the absence of Borden, who was attending the Paris Peace Conference.

Once more Nickle related this seemingly particular issue to the greatest, indeed cosmic, issues facing humanity in the wake of the Great War.

For the past four years Canada, with the rest of the world has been engaged in a great

LwNAC,MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p, 50194, Sir Thomas White to Sir Robert Borden, 14 May 19 19. 29SHouseof Commons, Debates, 14 April 19 19, p. 1441- '%lbid, struggle to determine what class of citizenship should predominate through the world..,..there is a hdarnental difference that lies between a democracy and an autocracy. An autocracy proceeds on the assumption that the chosen few have the right to govern and that to them is given, almost by way of divine right, the right to enjoy what is commonly called the good things of life; that the many submit to the government of the few, became they must, not because they are willing.... We have been fighting for democracy, and if we were sincere in what we spoke from the pIatfors and in what we said in this House, then I say now that the war is over and the fighting has been won, Let us be consistent and legislate a little for democracy, and let the first legislation that this House undertakes be legislation that will do away as far as possible with class disdo~tions.~~

Charles Sheard, a fellow Conservative fiom Toronto, wanted to go even further down the road to social reform, and argued that the people wanted not only to abolish titles, but do away with the

Senate. "' The redoubtable R-L.Richardson proposed an amendment seeking to extinguish the heritable quality of peerages held by residents of Canada. '99 In the absence of Sir Robert Borden, only a few cautionary voices were raised. One belonged to the Acting Prime Minister, Sir Thomas

White. He explained to the House that the resolution would disadvantage Canadians denied the opportunity to receive distinctions open to other Imperial subjects. White went on to recount the achievements of Canadians who had been awarded knighthoods. Then he proposed an amendment to Richardson's amendment to Nickle's resolution. White called for all but the first three lines of

Nickle's motion to be replaced with a proposal for a SpeciaI Committee:

That the subject matter of the said motion is amended together with the questions of conferring honours, titular distinctions and decorations upon the subjects of His Majesty ordinarily resident in Canada including those who have performed overseas, in Canada or elsewhere, naval, military or civilian services in connection with the war be referred for consideration and report to a Special Committee.... 300

='[bid, p, 1443. "'~ouseoFCornmons, Debates, 22 May 1919., p- 2106- Z?-Iouse ofCommons, Debates, 14 April 19 19., p, 1456. ' Ibid., p. 1479, 107

White's amendment ~assed71 to 64 and committee headed by Nickle was struck.

The Parliamentary fire of 1916 meant that the legislature had to be moved to the Museum ofNanval History, and when the Parliament buildings were reoccupied in 1919, the ensuing move resulted in the loss of many documents. Among these were the proceedings and minutes of the

Special Committee on Honours and Titles. The committee's first meeting occurred on April 24,19 19 and quickly dealt with the subject of hereditary titles, all members being opposed to their contin~ance.'~'The committee also discussed extinguishing hereditary titles, making fiuther recommendations relating to knighthoods, removing the titular value of knighthoods already held by Canadians, and the possibility of abolishing the use of titles such as "Right Honourable" and

"Honourable." The subject of foreign honours was also examined.

The report was submitted for the approval of the House of Commons on 22 May 1919?02

Once again the debates of April and May 1918, and those of April 19 19, replayed themselves but, in the spirit of 1919, with a greater emphasis on the obiigation of Parliament to take action against these arbitrary social divisions. The report asked the King to cease conferring all honours and titular distinctions save military ranks and vocational and professional titles upon residents of ~anada?~

The report also recommended that action be taken to extinguish the heritable quality of peerages and baronetcies. The committee approved of the continuance of naval and military decorations such as the Victoria Cross, Military Cross and other decorations for valour and devotion to duty. The final part of the report affirmed the committee's desire to see that no resident of Canada be able to accept a title of honour or titular distinction fiom a foreign government.

'"House of Commons, Debates, 22 May 1919, p. 2698. '02 See Appendix 22.

"'Titles such as Doctor for a Physician, military ranks, and other designations such as Professor, Mayor, Councillor, 108

During the debate to receive the report, Nickle called into question the honour of honours

in an age when those with enough money could simply purchase them. He drew upon the

contemporary British scandal over the sale of honours to hammer home his point. Listing off the

names of recent peers and knights Nickle quoted reports of the Honours List fiom 3 May 1919

edition of the London Spectator, drawing the concIusion that of the four new barons, twenty-thee

baronets and forty-nine new knights, the majority had "gained their dignities, titles and promotions

not by virtue of any great national service that they had rendered, but by virtue of the fact that they

had been instrumental in the maintaining of a certain Government in

Before Parliament accepted the report George B. Nicholson introduced an amendment to

allow for the Prime Minister to continue to recommend Canadians to receive knighthoods.

Supported by William Cockshutt, a new perspective on the honours debate was introduced.

Cockshutt alluded to the notion that there were relatively few Links between Canada and Britain, and

that knighthoods were one "slender thread''30s continuing to bind Canada to the mother country.

Cockshutt attacked supporters of the Committee Report as the same people who wanted to abolish

appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and remove the office of Governor General.

The amendment was not well-received by the weary house. When called to a vote the Nicholson

amendment failed 43 to 96. Parliament then voted on the motion of concurrence with the Report of

the Special Committee on Honours and Titles. Borden allowed his meinbers to "vote as they see

fit.'"'" This decision reveals that unlike in 19 18, Borden was not willing to risk the stability of the government on the issue of honours and titles. The fiagile Union government had a constant crisis

'04 House of Commons, Debates. 22 May 19 l9., p. 2702. 305fbid.,p- 2723. 306NAC,MG 26 H, Bocden Papers, p, 50197, Sir Robert Bordcn to SirThomas White, 18 May, 1919. 109

of leadership, and Borden, by allowing a fke vote, avoided Merdivision as '9mionism lurched

towards its inevitable d~orn.''~" The motion of concurrence was accepted and the Repa of the

Special Committee on Honours and Titles was engrossed. Nickle introduced a Metmotion that

an address be forwarded to His Excellency the Governor General, "praying him to transmit the

foregoing address of this House of His Majesty the King, in such a manner as to His Excellency may

seem fit, in order that the same may be laid at the foot of the Throne."308 This motion was agreed

Fittingly the last word on the issue went to the irascible Sir Sam Hughes who requested that his name

not be included on the report.

Borden was well aware that the British government would advise the King temporarily to

cease awarding knighthoods to Canadians. The British government informed the Prime Minister that

he could at any time resume making recommendations for knighthoods, but maintained their position

that altering the heritable quality of peerages would "lead to a difficult situation between the

Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Parliament of CanadawMgBorden had been advised of

this within weeks of d&g the Report of the Privy Council, in March 1918. Inclusion of this issue

in the report was for public consumption only.

In fact, overalI there was a slight sense of vagueness and unreality about the Report, The

fact that the Report only mentions certain military decorations and not others brings into question

its underlying seriousness of intent. Canadians were permitted to receive the Order of St. John of

Jerusalem after 19 19 and Canadians still continue, on occasion, to receive appointment to both the titular levels and non-titular levels of the various British orders- Thus it would appear that the report

307J. English, The Decline of Politics, p. 22 1 jO'House ofCommons, Debates, 22 May 19 19, p- 2719.- ?VAC, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p, 50 197, Sir Robert Borden to Sir Thomas White, 18 May, 19 19. 110 of the committee has been implemented with no consistency. What has become effective in the

Report is merely an extension of the Nickle Resolution, as restructured in the light of Borden's original Report of the Privy Council (PC0 668).

According to Borden's Deputy Minister of Justice all awards except those mentioned in the report would 'Ydl within the general prohibition'7310of honours proposed. But this was clearly not the case. As we shall see, Prime Minister Bennett recommended 18 knighthoods be awarded to

Canadian residents and numerous appointments be made to the nowtitular level of the Order of the

British Empire. Similarly, during the Second World War, King allowed for the awarding of the non- titular levels of the Order of the Bath, Order of St_ Michael and St- George and the Order of the

British Empire. The report's exemption of cbprofessionalor vocational appellations conferred in respect to commissions issued by His Majesty to persons in the Military or Naval Service of Canada, or to persons engaged in the administration of justice in the Dominion," is a rather large loophole.

Is the title that accompanies a peerage not a vocational appellation granted by Royal Wmt?

Clearly the report is too vague as to the type of awards that Canadian residents may and may not receive. The Special Report on Honours and Titles was never strictly enforced or abided by, although its impact as a statement of Parliament's opinion endures to this day.

3'?J~C, MG 26 H, Borden Papers, p, 1285-1286- Deputy Minister ofJustice to the Minister ofJustice, 15 September 1919- 111

Chapter Six: After the Nickle Resolution: Honours Under Meighen, King and Bennett

Confusion over the complicated relationship of the Nickle Resolution to the Repoa of the

Special Committee on Honours and Titles has reigned supreme since the latter was adopted by

Parliament in May 1919. The fact that the Nickle Resolution was actively applied while the Report of the Special Committee on Honours and Titles was largely ignored has only added to the confusion. Nickle's involvement in the formulation of both the Resolution and Report entitles him to some credit, although the Nickle Resolution was almost entirely the product of Sir Robert

Borden's 19 18 Privy Council Report The report of the Special Committee on Honours and Titles was certainly the product of W.F. Nickle. The 1918 Resolution was adopted by Parliament in the form of a resolution and put into effect; the Report of the Special Committee was accepted by

Parliament in the form of a report to be submitted to the King. The latter was never Wly adhered to for any period of time while the 1918 Nickle Resolution was used by the Borden, King and Bennett administrations to call into question the validity of the Speciai Committee Report.

This abundance of confkion has served as the perfect excuse for Prime Ministers to deny

Canadians British honours. Even in 1999 the Prime Minister insists that the Nickle Resolution remains in force and thus no Canadian can be awarded a knighthood or be elevated to the peerage.

Yet, as we will see, this is untrue, and a Canadian Prime Mister still has it within his or her power to ask the Commonwealth and Foreign Office3" for an allotment of honours. According to both the

Nickle Resolution and the precedent set by RB. Bennett, the Prime Minister could then draw up a list and submit it to the Queen for approval. This train of events is today highly unlikely -- but it is

3"Formerly the Dominions Office and Foreign Office. 112

possible. The Nickle Resolution did not make it illegal for Canadians to receive knighthoods; it put

the power over such recommendations in the hands of the Canadian Prime Minister and made him

ultimately responsible. The only control that the British government had over such awards was the

number to be made. Ofcourse the Sovereign could refuse to approve a List but this would ody occur

under the most extraordinary circumstances?'

During the brief time that Arthur Meighen was in office no awards were made- An attempt

in cabinet to re-introduce the practice of recommending Canadian residents for knighthoods failed

to gain acceptance? Meighen's second term as Prime Minister in 1926 did not yield any new

Canadian knights either. Even the Canadian Bar Association defeated a resolution in favour of

resuming the award of knight hood^.)'^ Thus, no recommendations were made. Clearly the issue

continued to be a contentious one. King wanted nothing to do with titles and the Nickle Resolution

provided the perfect excuse to avoid the topic. When Sir William Mdock asked King ifhe could

recommend Colonel Alexander Fraser, Archivist of Ontario and Aide-de-carnpeto the Lieutenant-

Governor of Ontario, as a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St George, King replied, "I

fear... that the resolution of the House of Commons respecting the receipt by Canadians of titles and

decorations makes it impossible for any recognition of the kind being granted.''3i5 King was clearly

using the Nickle Resolution to avoid the issue of honours. The Nickle Resolution empowered King as Prime Minister to make such recommendations. He just chose not to make them and used the

'I2 Hereditary peerages and baronetcies are another issue as the Nickle Resolution indicates the undesirability of such awards and requests that the Sovereignno longerconfmthem upon Canadian residents. It wasquiteciear that Parliament no longcr wanted pcerages or baronetcics to bc awarded to -an m*dents,although knighthoods were acceptable providing that they were awarded only with the consent or upon the recommendation of the Canadian Prime Minister,

313~~.Keith, The Sovereignty of the Briti3h Dominions (London: Mami!Ian and Company, 1929), p- 265. 314/bid 31S~~C,MG 26 J, King Papers, p. 77009, William Lyon King to Sir William Mulock, 15 Jmuary 1923- 113 resolution as a convenient shield. That King knew of the non-applicability of Report ofthe Special

Committee would be demonstrated during the Second WorId War when Canadians again resumed receiving honours, albeit non-titular ones.

While King opposed residents of Canada being awarded knighthoods he had no objection to people born in Canada receiving knighthoods and honours, provided that they were being recognized by the British government for services to the United Kingdom or other parts of the

Empire and were residing outside Canada. The most thoroughly documented case of this seeming

"loophole" in the Nickle Resolution is the example of Dr. George Washington Badgerow. Badgerow was born and educated in Canada but left for Britain in his early twenties. He quickly became the most renowned Ear, Nose and Throat Doctor in Britain. Badgerow was also the personal physician to His Royal Highness, Prince Arthur Duke of Connaught. Prince Arthur wanted to have Badgerow knighted in 1923 for his services to British medicine, but ran up against a real British fear of agitating Canadian authorities. Aware of how contentious the issue of honours was in Canada, the

Colonid Office asked Peter Larkin the Canadian High Commissioner if the Canadian government would have any objection to the award being made. Larkin cabled King for his decision. King cabled his reply: "In view of the fact that the House of Commons Honour resolution apparently relates only to persons domiciled or ordinarily resident In Canada It would be for Dr. Badgerow to determine whether he considers himself as coming under that category.''316

Thus, King essentially approved of the award because it fell beyond the scope of the Nickle

Resolution. Unfortunately for Dr. Badgerow this information was not relayed to the British government and the award was not made for some years. King wrote to Larkin in November 1924

3'6N~C.MG 26 J, King Papers, p. 62728. William tyon Mackenzie King to Peter Lackin, 25 November 1922- 1 I4 asking why Badgerow was not Listed in the New Year Honours List, once again stating that '%he resolution of the Canadiau House of Commons could not possibly be construed as applicable to him"

~adgerow]?~King went further to explain that he made a point of mentioning Badgerow's immunity fiom both the Nickle Resolution and Report of the Special Committee to Prime Minister

Stanley Baldwin, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, the Duke of Devonshire and Prince Arthur,

Duke of Connaught. King was certainly adamant that Badgerow could receive a knighthood. It was not until the New Year Honours List of 1928 that Dr. George Washington Badgerow, CMG, CVO was gazetted as a Knight Bachelor. Not only did the Badgerow case demonstrate that King knew the meaning of the Nickle Resolution and Report of the Special Committee, but in allowing

Badgerow to accept a knighthood, King set a precedent for firmre awards of peerages and knighthoods to Canadians living in the United Kingd~rn?'~

In early February 1929, Charles H. Cahan, Conservative Member of Parliament for

St-Lawrence-St-Georges(Quebec), introduced 2 motion to the House proposing the creation of a special committee to examine the honours sy~tern.3'~King was in favour of the committee, but his party was not. During the debates King rehsed to divulge his opinion on the subject. Other members of the Liberal party attacked the proposal saying that the Nickle Resolution had dealt with the matter. Even one George Spotton, a Conservative MP for Huron North (Ontario), was unenthusiastic about the creation of a new committee: "I have heard no person..,.,express a desire to return to medieval times," he proclaimed?20When brought to a vote the motion failed 114 to 60.

"'NAC, MG 26 J, King Papets, p, 86686, William Lyon Mackenzie King to Peter Larkin, 25 January 1924. 3'*Thereare many examples of Canadians living in the United Kingdom being allowed to receive an award fiom the British Government for services rendered to the United Kingdom. 3"'House of Commons, Debates, 12 February 1929.. p. 74- 3'0House ofCommons, Debates, I4 February 1929, p- 109. King voted in favour of forming the committee.

By the time that RB. Bennett submitted a Canadian Honours List in December, 1932, much had changed in Canada's Legal status since passage of the Nickle Resolution. While the corntry remained the bbDorninionof Canada," the Statute of Westminster, 1931, effectively made the country independent of the United Kingdom?' While Resolution IX of the 19 17 Imperial war ~onference~~ had affirmed a Dominion's rights, the Statute of Westminister formalized them and effectively granted independence to the Dominions, which nonetheless remained part of the Commonwealth sharing a common Crown.

ln terms of Canadian recommendations for honours, the Report of the Special Committee had attempted to remove the possibility of Canadians being recommended for honours- The Nickle

Resolution and the 1918 Privy Council Report were afforded precedence over the inapplicable

Report of the Special Committee. The status ofthe Nickle Resolution, as a resolution and not an Act of Parliament, meant that it could be ignored. AAer all a resolution is merely the feeling of

Parliament at any given time. Its status as a Privy Council Order could similarly be overridden with ease. R.B. Bennett chose not to do this. In fact he followed the Nickle Resolution to the Ietter. It just happened that he was the first Canadian Prime Minister to submit an Honours List after passage of the Resolution. The Nickle Resolution itself did not prohibit Canadians £?om accepting knighthoods; it just required that such awanis be made only upon the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister, and that no hereditary titles be awarded. Bennett accepted that the Report of the Special Committee was

3"This applied in most areas except amendments to the British North America Act and appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. 3ZrTheresolution passed at the 1917 Imperial War Conference, affirmed the preservation of "all &sting powers ofself- government and complete control ofdomestic affairs, that it must be based on a complete recognition of the Dominions as autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth." H. WiIson, The ImperiaL Policy of Sir Robert Borden (Gainesvi!le: University of Florida, 1966)- p. 44- just a report and non-binding upon his administration.

In November 1932 Bennett asked the Governor GeneraI to inquire about what allotment of

honours Canada would be aorded by the Dominions Office? Bennett was given no firm numbers,

but was informed that Canadian recommendations would be treated in the same way as

recommendations from Australia and New Zealand. Several months prior to the bestowal of an

award the Governor General under the direction of the Prime Minister was to ask the Secretary of

State for the Dominions how many honours would be available to Upon receipt of this

information the Governors General would inform his Prime Minister who would thereupon submit

a list of recommendations through the Govemor General to the Secretary of State for the

Dominions? These recommendations would then be sent on to the Secretary of State for the

Dominions or the British Prime Minister, depending on the award?'6 The approval of the Secretary

of State for the Dominions and British Prime Minister was merely a formality which reflected the

role of various Whitehall departments in administering British orders of knighthood. That the

memorandum that contains this idonnation came from Buckingharn Palace and not the Secretary

of State for the Dominions or the British Prime Minister's Office is of central importance. It signifies

the fact that effective control over honours was put in the hands of the Prime Minister of Canada,

who was in effect dealing directly with the Sovereign. The Lists had to be submitted to the Secretary of State for the Dominions and British Prime Minister as a result of their role as administrators of the various British orders of knighthood, but they were not at liberty to question the decision of the

3'3The Dominions Office was separated f?om the Colonial Ofice in 1924, 3"In I935 Canada's allotment of honours was; 1 GCMG,2 KCMGs; 1 GBE; 2 Kl3Es; 1 KCB military and 4 Knights BacheIor- Bennett managed to acquire an extra KBE and Knight Bachelor for the 1935 Honours Lists, NAC, MG 26 K.. Bennett Papers, p- 236 I26 '%AC, MG 26 K, Bennett Papers, p, 237302, Clive Wigram, Memcrandum fiom Buckingham PaIace Re: Canadian Honours, 20 Decemb 1933- 32"~wardsofthe Order of St Michael and St. George were dealt with by the Secretary of State for the Dominions. Awards of the Order of the Bath, Order of the British Empire and Knights Bachelor were dealt with by the British Prime Minister. 117

Canadian Prime Minister. Of course in their capacity as of the Crown they could register an objection with the King, but this would have put His Majesty in the precarious position of deciding whether to follow the advice of his ministers in the United Kidgdom or Canada-

As in the case of Australia and New Zedand an agreement would be arrived at long before such a situation could arise, The Dominions Office and British Prime Minister only set out the number of awards to be made, and as in the case of Austmlia and New Zealand these figures became standardized so that a Prime Minister could expect to have a certain number of awards at his disposal fiom year to year. Essentially the Canadian Prime Minister submined an Honours List that was transmined to the King unaltered, restricted only by the number of awards allotted to Canada This was the Nickle Resolution in action,

Bennett decided to test the waters and recommended only one appointment. On February 4,

19333'77 the Canaria Gazette announced that Sir George H- Perley, KCMG, was to be elevated to a

GCMG. Although Perley was a member of the government he was more regarded as an elder statesman. There was the added plus that Perley had been knighted in 19 15, and the 1933 award would be simply an elevation that did not alter his title aside fiom changing his post-nominal initials from PC, KCMG to PC, GCMG. "The recent honour conferred upon Sir George Perley has met with universal appr~val.~'~~*This was a slight overstatement by Vincent Massey, the Canadian High

Commissioner in London. King did not approve of the award and throughout 1933 voiced his protest. Yet it was not until March 14,1934 that the Liberals took action. Humphrey Mitchell moved

"That in the opinion of this house, the Prime Minister should re* fiom recommending to His

327TheLondon Gazette reported the award on 2 January 1933, thus demonstrating the time lag between when awards were listed in the London Gazetre and Canada Gazette, 32'N~C,MG 26 K, Bennett Papers, p, 235950, Canada House, London Dispatch to Prime Minister, 28 January 1933, 118

Majesty the Kiog the granting of titles, honours and awards to British subjects resident in ~am&L"~~~

After a short day of debate, and the re-statement of the same arguments used in the 19 18-19 19 debates, the motion was lost on division 93 to 113, A similar motion was introduced to the House of Commons by Ernest Lapointe on January 28,1935. The key difference with this motion was the fact that it only asked the Prime Minister to cease making recommendations for ccanybarony or knighth~od,"~-?~and made no mention ofnon-titular awards Like the Imperial Service Order and non- titular levels of the Order of the British Empire and Order of St. Michael and St. George. While this motion also failed upon division, the fact that non-titular awards would have been permined to persist signaled an important change in Liberal policy. No more were they opposed to all awards, only those that coderred a titular distinction This was the policy that the Liberals would pursue during the Second World War,

Regardless of these attempts to derail Bennett's recommendations, 17 more knighthoods and many appointments to the non-titular Levels of the Order of St Michael and St. George and Order of the British Empire were made during the period between 1933 and 1935. In comparing the awards made during Bennett's time as Prime Minister with those of his predecessors it is obvious that the recipients were the most careMy selected and non-political appointments ever recommended by a

Canadian Prime Minister. Indeed Bennett did not use knighthoods as tools of patronage. Public reaction to the awards was mixed. The Liberals claimed that Bennett was contravening the Nickle

Resolution and thwarting Parliament's resolve to end all titular honours.

The resumption of Canadin appointments to the British orders of knighthood was greeted

3"House of Commons, Debates 14 March 1934., p- 1474, 330Houseof Commons, Debates 28 January 193% p, 230. 119

The resumption of Canadian appointments to the British orders of knighthood was greeted with great satisfaction by King George V. He, Like many in Britain, had never fully understood the reasons why the Canadian government ceased making recommendations in 1919?" The role of the

Sovereign in the appointments made during the Bemett administration should not be underestimated The King was even prepared to make extra awards available to Canada;?" an unusual accommodation especially consideringthe Silver Jubilee was Little more than a year away?'

Long after the days of the Nickle Resolution and ofthe Report of the Special Committee, which had been meant to settle with the issue of honours and titles once and for all, the subject continued to be a topic of debate. While all were in agreement that hereditary titles were incompatible with Canadian democracy, there remained a division of opinion on the subject of honours, in particular knighthoods. The persistence of the issue to this day signifies its importance to both Parliament and to the Canadian public.

33'HaroldNicholson, King George Vi His L@ and Reign (London: Constable and Company, 1952), p. 514- WAC,MG 26 K, Bennett Papers, p- 237296- Allan LascelIes to Frederick LC Pirerra, 23 March 1934. 3'31n the year prior to a Jubilee celebration few extra awards are granted, the Jubilee serving as a reason to increase the number of awards made- Chapter Seven: Canadian Honours After Bennett

While the post-1935 period falls beyond the scope of this thesis, it is valuable to point out that Canadians do still receive Mghthoods. These ofcourse are not made upon the recommendation of the Canadian Prime Minister but rather his or her British counterpart. Canadians receive the awards as dual Canadian-British citizens and for services rendered in and for the United Kingdom.

It would be entirely contrmy to Canada's constitutional position vis-i-vis Britain for a Canadian to be recognized by Her Majesty the Queen in her Right of the United Kingdom for services performed in Canada. Similarly it would be contrary to Britain's constitutional position vis-his Canada for a British Citizen to receive the Order of Canada Grom Her Majesty the Queen in her Right of Canada for services rendered to the United Kingdom-

When King defeated Bemett's Conservatives in the 1935 election King wanted nothing to do with British honours and titles. Lord Tweedsmuir, the Governor General, was aware of this but felt obligated to inform the Prime Minister that the King had made available certain awards for 1936.

He added: "The King would also be prepared to consider the question of a small number of appointments to the two higher Classes of the Order of St. Michael and St. George and the British

Empire Order, or to the honour of Knight Bachelor, ifthere were any specially qualified cases which your Prime Minister wished to re~ommend.''~~To this offer King replied with a polite but firm

"no": "...members of the Government, without exception, were of the view which I expressed to

Your Excellency at the time we talked of the matter, together, namely, that should any title or decorations be conferred upon any of His Majesty's subjects resident in Canada at the approaching

New Year, the whole question with respect to honours would be certain to come up immediately for

3MN~C,MG 26 J, King Papers, p. 182626-182627, Lord Tweedsmuir to King 6 December 1935. discussion in Parliament,"335

Tweedsmuir knew that King was not going to compose an honours List, but requested that he develop a formal poky regarding honours by April 1936 "so as to be in time to anticipate the

Birthday Honours."933bKing did not develop a policy in time for the King's Birthday or the 1937

Coronation awards. Not until after the outbreak of the Second World War was a new policy developed. It permitted the award of certain milltary decoration and non-titular honours?37Prior to the 1939 Royal Visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, Premier Pattullo of British Columbia pleaded with King to allow the King to bestow honours to recognize "outstanding se~ces."'~~~Was the British Columbia Premier hoping to become Sir Thomas Duff Pathdlo?

That Canadian service personnel were not eligible for titular honours during the Second

World War posed an awkward problem for Canadian and British authorities. During the First World

War, five Canadian Generals had been knighted for military se~ce.~~~Now, in place of titular honours, Canadians were permitted to receive the non-titular Compclnion of the Order of the Bath and three most junior levels of the Order of the British Empire; (Commander, Officer and Member).

The prestigious Order of the Companions of Honour was bestowed upon two Canadian for military service: General A.G.L. McNaughton and General Henry Crerar, two of the rare instances of the admission of military officers to an order usually reserved for arts, literature, science, politics, industry and religion. Similarly, and despite all his misgivings about British honours, Mackende

33SN~C.MG 26 J, King Papers, p. 182628- 182629. King to Lord Tweedsmuir, 1 1 December 1935. 336N~C.MG 26 1, King Papers, p. 182630. Lord Tweedsmuir to King, 12 December 1935. 337Throughoutthe Second World War, Canadians were digible for British gallantry awards and service medals. The government made no recommendations for Canadians to receive titular-honours. An oftlcial poticy was dcaiied in 1943- This prohibition on titular honours did not prevent Sir William Stephenson tiom accepting a Knight Bachelor in 1945, however this was in his capacity as a resident of the United Kingdom and employee "in a Department of the Foreign Ofice-" 33%AC, MG 26 J, King Papers, p. 218536. Thomas D, Pattulfo to King, 17 November 1938, 339 Sir Henry Burnstall, Sir Arthur Currie, Sir Frederick Loomis, Sir Archibal Macdonell, Sir Richard Turner, Sir David Watson, and Sir Sam Steel 122

King's service did not go unrecognized. In 1947 he was awarded the Order of Merit, the most senior non-titular award in the Commonwealth,

In August of 1954 during a visit to Canada by Prince Philip, Governor General Vincent

Massey was asked by the Prince ifhe would accept the Order of the Garter and become the first

Commonwealth non-resident of the United Kingdom to be Knight of the Garter. Massey recorded that '4 was completely overwhelmed by the While he had been recognized for his services as Canadian High Commissioner to London by being made a Companion of Honour, a knighthood would have been a fitting tribute to his Wlfailing devotion to Canada and the Crown.

Louis St. Laurent, the Prime Minster of the period, "was not a willing c~nspirator."~Massey had originally hoped that the dubbing could be done during the Queen's 1957 Royal Visit to open the

St. Lawrence Seaway. St.Laurent9s complete lack of enthusiasm made such plans moot. This changed with the election of John Diefenbaker in 1957. Massey, the would-be Canadian knight, was again filled with hope. Diefenbaker, a staunch defender of the Crown and Canada's British traditions, brought the issue to Cabinet and there was agreement that, notwithstanding the report of the special committee on honours and titles, Massey should be allowed to accept the honour because of his special status as Governor General. Diefenbaker then assured Massey that he would be able to become a Knight of the Garter upon his retirement as Governor General. This never happened.

Diefenbaker wrote the Queen saying that "a renewal of the practice of granting titles of nobility and knighthoods would not be appr~priate."~~'

What is surprising is not Diefenbaker's change in policy, but the fact that he assured Massey

U0 Claude Bisseil. The lmperrbl Canadian: Vincent Massey in Wce(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986), p. 264. %'lbid U2/brd 123 he could receive the award. Massey was a popular and highly respected Governor General and there is little reason to assume that the award of knighthood would have outraged Canadians or make them suspect that the government was embarking on a policy to reinstate titles and knighthoods. Yet it would appear that even the defender of the Red Ensign did not want to open up the contentious debate about honours. Denied a knighthood, Massey was awarded the Royal Victorian Chain in

1960, an exclusive personal accolade awarded by the Sovereign. While a non-titular honour it is the most exclusive and senior award for service to the Royal Family. Massey was later made a

Companion of the Order of Canada.

It was not until 1967, a century after Confederation, that Canada established its own honours system. In the twentieth century most formerly imperial territories established an indigenous honours system soon after achieving independen~e.~~Canada's situation is somewhat peculiar because there were long periods of time when no honours, Imperial or provincial, were bestowed. This was reflective of the changing position that Britain had in the lives of Canadians.

Canada's elite are more obsessed than ever with honours- Since the Centennial in 1967 and the founding of the Order of Canada, over 1,550-U4Canadians have been awarded one of the two highest levels of the ~rder.~'Canada's threefold increase in population since 1931 has been nearly

"%is is not true ofthe "Dominions," South Afn'ca began to establish its own system of honours in 1952, having followed Canada's example and implemented a poky similar to the Nickle ResoIution in 1925. Canada established art indigenous system in !957; Australia followed suit in 1975 with the Order of Australia of which the highest level was a knighthood until 1985; New Zcaland began with the creation of the Queen's Service Order in 1975 and recently created the Order of Merit of New Zealand in 1997 which is a knighthood. Iretand has yet to create a national order. -AS of January 1994, the Queen has awarded 30 1 Companions of the Order of Canada and 1245 Officers of the Order of Canada This includes elevations kom one class to another. FJ. Blatherwick, Canadian Orders. Decorations and MedaIs, (Toronto: Unitrade Press, 1994), p. 15, Uswhen founded in 1967, the Order oFCanada consisted of one level, hat of Companion. in 1972 it was re-organized along the same lines as Britain's Order of the Bath that consists of three classes, Knight Grand Cross, Knight Commander and Companion. The Order of Canada was organized into three similar, but non-titular classes, Companion, Oficer and Member. In the British honours system the two highest classes of an order ofknighthood are titular. thus the Companion and Oficer levels of the Order of Canada are of the same calibre as a Knight Grand Cross or Knight Commander of one of the British orders, 124 matched by a threefold increase in the number ofawards. It is true that women, excluded from most of the British orders of knighthood until the last half of the twentieth century,36 are now admitted to the Order ofCanada. Nonetheless, a relative 150% increase in the number of honours suggests their continuing centrality in Canadian society. '"

Three Canadians have been knighted since 1989. Sir Graham Day was made a Knight of the

United Kingdom in 1989, Sir Conrad Swan was made a Knight Commander of Royal Victorian

Order in 1994 and Sir Neil Shaw was made a Knight of the United Kingdom in 1994. Canadian would-be knights still have hope, providing they are willing to take out British citizenship. Similarly there is no reason that a Canadiau cannot accept a peerage or baronetcy as a Brih'sh citizen. The

Nickle Resolution merely sets out guidelines for the level of involvement that the Canadian Prime

Minister is to have in recommending such awards. Questions of honour and of honours might seem the stuff of antiquarianism and nostalgia for a distant time, yet it is not inconceivable that they will return to burden even the post practical and present-oriented politicians in a Canada that remains, to this day, a Dominion reigned over by a monarch.

Questions of honour lie at the heart of Canadian politics, and the Canadians who expended so much energy in trying to answer them merit our respect and admiration. One can think of no modem society which fails to honour its citizens for their services to the state, to culture, or to a common humanity. Canadians were sustained for many years by a great imperial "code of honour," an intricate ancien regime system of ranks, privileges, and codes. The Nickle Resolution contributed

weOrder ofthe British Empire was the first to admit women as "Dames" The Royal Victorian Order followed suit in 1936; the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1965; the Order ofthe Bath in 1971; the Order of the Garter and Thistle are open to women at the discretion of the Sovereign, [n 1995 Margaret Thatcher became the first female who was not a member ofthe Royal Family to be admitted to the Garter. W7Thesefigures include awards made of the highest cIass of the Order of Military Merit. As ofJanuary 1994, 142 Commanderships ofthe Order of Military Merit have been made, FJ. Blatherwick, p. 21. I25 to the waning of this great system of meaning, and ever since Canadians have sought to put something in its place. Success in doing so will require paying care11 attention, not just to the limitations but also to the very considerable strengths of the world of honours we diminished in

1918- Bibliography PRIMARY SOURCES:

NationaZ Archives of Caada, Ottawa

Manuscript Division

MG: 21 A 39: Buckingham and Cbaodos, Sir Richard Plantagenet Campbell Temple- Nugent-Brydges-Chmdos-GrenvilIe,Duke of MG 26: Papers of the Prime Ministers A: Macdonald, Sir John Alexander B: Mackenzie, Alexander C: Abbott, Sir John Joseph Cddwell D: Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David E: Bowell, Sir Mackenzie F: Tupper, Sir Charles G: Lawier, Sir Wid H: Borden, Sir Robert Laird I: Meighen, Arthur J: King, William Lyon Mackenzie K: Bennett, Richard Bedford, Viscount of L: St. Laurent? Louis Stephen M: Diefenbaker, John George MG 27 I A 4: Kimberley, Sir John Woodhouse Kimberley, Earl of B 1: Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, Viscount 2: Lisgar, Sir John Young, Lord 3: DuBirin and Ava, Sir Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marquis of 4: Lome, Sir John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, Marquis of 5: Aberdeen, Sir John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, Marquis of 6: Lansdowne, Sir Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquis of 7: Stanley, Sir Frederick Aahur Stanley, Lord MG 27 11 A 2: Chamberlain, Joseph 3: Miher, Sir AEed, Lord B 1: Minto, Sir Gilbert John Murray-Kynnynmond Elliot, Earl of 2: Grey, Sir Albert Henry George Grey, Earl 4: Devonshire, Sir Victor Christian William Cavendish, Duke of D 18: White, Sir Thomas MG 29: A 5: Strathcona, Sir Donald Smith, Lord MG 32: A 1: Massey family colIection 2: Vanier, George Philias Government Archives Division RG 2: Privy Council Office RG 7: Governor General's Office RG 6: The Secretary of State- Series D-1, V01373 and 376. RG 33 : Royal Commissions Royal Commission on the Arts, Letters and Sciences, 1949.

Queen S University ArchiVes, Kingston A.Arch 1023 Gordon, Daniel Miner A-Arch 1027 Nickle, William FoIger AArch 1099-7 Matheson, John R A-Arch 2 1 10 Tweedsmuir, Sir John Buchan, Lord A.Arch 2 112 Mackenzie, Alexander

Public Records Ofice Great Britain ( 19 1) 82/Z/S : Beaverbrook Collection Bonar Law, Andrew

Bodleian Library: Oxford Department of Western Manuscripts #86 The Monck-Breton Papers

Newspapers The Montreal Gazette, 26 September 190 1 The Toronto Star, 26 September 1901 The Worker (Toronto), 10 July 1926

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WiIson, Harold. The Imperial Policv of Sir Robert Borden. Gainesville: The University of FIorida Press, 1966. Appendix 1 Table of Precedence for British Orders, Decorations and Medals circa 1935- VC Victoria Cross GC George Cross KG Knight of the Most Nobie Order of the Garter KT Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle KP Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of StPatrick Bt Baronet GCB Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath GCMG Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St-George GCSI Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India GCIE Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire GCVO Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order OM Order of Merit GBE Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire KCB Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath KCMG Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St-George KCSI Knight Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India KCIE Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire KCVO Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order KBE/DBE Knight CommandedDame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire CH Companion of Honour Kt Knight of the United Kingdom, also refereed to as a Knight Bachelor CB Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath CMG Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St-George CSI Companion of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India CIE Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire cvo Commander of the Royal Victorian Order CBE Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire GCStJ Bailiffiame Grand Cross Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St.John of Jerusalem KstJ KnightDane of Justice or Grace Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem CstJ Commander Most Venerable Order of the HospitaI of St. John of Jerusaiem OstJ Officer of the Order of St. John Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St, John of Jerusalem DSO Distinguished Service Order IS0 Imperial Service Order RRC Royal Red Cross DSC Distinguished Service Cross MC Military Cross DFC Distinguished Flying Cross AFC Air Force Cross AM Albert Medal ARRC Associate Royal Red Cross DCM Distinguished Conduct Medal CGM Conspicuous Gdmtry Medal GM George Medal KPM/KFM King's Police or Fire Medal EM Edward Medal DSM Distinguished Service Medal MM Military Medal DFM Distinguished Flying Medal AFM Air Force Medal WO(4th) Member of the Royal Victorian Order 4th Class, currently known as a Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order 0) OBE Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire MVO (5th) Member of the Royal Victorian Order 5th Class RVM Royal Victorian Medal BEM British Empire Medal

Current Canadian Table of Precedence for Orders, Decorations and Medals VC Victoria Cross CV Cross of Valour CC Companion of the Order of Canada CMM Commander of the Order of Military Merit CVO Commander of the Royal Victorian Order OC Officer of the Order of Canada OMM Officer of the Order of Military Merit LVO Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order CM Member of the Order of Canada MMM Member of the Order of MiIitary Merit MVO Member of the Royal Victorian Order GStJ All Classes of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem SMV Star of Military Valour SC Star of Courage MSC Meritorious Service Cross MMV Medal of Miiitary Valour MB Medal of Bravery MSM Meritorious Service Medal RVM Royal Victorian Medal CD Canadian Forces Decoration Appendix 2 Post-Confederation Canadian Knighthoods

Award Number GCB (1 civil division) KCB (2 civil division, 8 military division) 1 elevation to GCB GCMG KCMG 10 elevations to GCMG GCVO KCVO GBE (2 civil division) KBE 1 elevation to GBE (7 civil division) Kt 107 Bt 7 Total Awards 226

Multiple Awards A wards Number Recipienls GCMG and GCVO (KCMG) 1 Lord Strathcona GCMG and Bt (KCMG) 2 Rose and Tupper GCMG and KCB (KCMG) 1 Currie GCVO and Bt 1 Lord Mount Stephen KCB and KCMG 2 Burnstall and Turner KCMG and Kt 3 Boyd, Whitney, Langelier KCVO and Kt 1 Lord Shaughnessy

KCB to GCB (elevations) Macdonald

KCMG to GCMG (elevations) Cartwright (names not included above) Fitzpatrick Foster Gdt Mowat Per ley White

KB E to GBE (elevations) Gordon Appendix 3 Total Year GCB KCB GCMG KCMG GCVO KCVO GBE KBE Bt Kt Total I919 2mil 1 2 5

1933 1 1 1934 1 1 2 4 1935 t mil 1 2 1 3 5 13

Totals 1 civ . 10 14 74 2 1 2 8 7 107 226

From 1920 to 1933 and no knighthoods were awarded upon the recommendation of a Canadian Prime Minister to a resident of Canada. mil: military division of the Order of the Bath civ: civil division of the Order of the Bath Appendix 4

Prime Minister in Omce* No. of tiwar& % of Awards % of time in ofice Sir John A- Macdonald 27.36% Alexander Mackenzie 7.44% Sir John J.C. Abbott 2.0 1% Sir John Thompson 3 -02% Sir Mackenzie BoweIl 2.0 1% Sir Charles Tupper 0.25% Sir WiWd Laurier 23 -07% Sir Robert Laird Borden 1.36% Arthur Meighen 2.5% William Lyon Mackenzie King 11.31% Richard Bedford Bennett 7.56%

*Calculated out of the 8 19 months between 1 July 1867 and 1 November 1935. Appendix S

Awards/Occupation Comparison

GCB 1 award GBE 2 awards Political 1 100-00% Civil Servants I 50.00% Univ Admin 1 50.00% KCB 10 awards Military 8 80.00% Political 2 20*00% KBE 8 awards Business 2 25.00% GCMG 14 awards End/Med/Sci - 2 25-00% Civil Service 3 21.43% Philanthropists 1 12.50% Judges 2 14.29% Military 1 7,14% Bt 7 awards Political 8 57,14% Business 3 42.86% Politicians 3 42.86% KCMG 74 awards Railroad Executives 1 14.29% Business 1 1.35% Civil Service 4 5.40% Judge 2 2.76% Lieutenant-Governor 16 2 1.62% Kt 107 awards Military 5 6.77% Artists 4 3 -74% Philanthropist 1 1-3 5% Business 15 L4,02% Police 1 1.35% Civil Service 9 8.41% Political 36 48.65% Eng /Med/Sci 4 3.74% Railroad Executive 2 2.70% Judge 42 39.25% Univ Admin 2 2,70% Local Politician 3 2.80% EngMedlSci 5 5-40% Lieutenant-Governor 1 0.93% Military GCVO 2 awards Philanthropist - L 0.93% Civil Servants I 50,00% Police Railroad Executives 1 50.00% Political 19 17.76% RaiiroadExecutive 7 6.54% KCVO 1 award Univ Adrnin 2 1.87% Railroad Executives 1 100.00 Legend Eng/Med/Sci: Engineering/MedicaVScience Univ Admin: University Administrator Appendix 6

Census Data: Averages 1891-1931

National Origin Percentage of the Total Canadian Popdation, 189 1-193 1

English 25.7 1% Irish 18 -47% Scottish 13-16% Other British 0-60% French 38- 15% Other 3,91%

Place of Birth Percentage of the Total Canadian Population, 189 1-193 1

Born in Canada (British North America) Born in Great Britain (including the Empire) Foreign

Religion Percentage of the Total Canadian Population, 1891-193 1

Anglican 14.8% Baptist 5.1 1% Congregationalist 0.33%* Lutheran 2.9 1% Methodist 10.95%" Presbyterian 13.66Yo* Protestant 2.25% (not listed in census) Roman Catholic 39.77% United Church 5.59%* Other 4-11% Not Stated 0.52%

*The Congregationalist Church, and large portions of the Methodist and Presbyterian Church became the United Church in 1925. Other: This encompasses all other religions: Evangelical Christian, Greek Orthodox, Jewish, Mennonite, Mormon, Pentecostal, Ukrainian Church, the Salvation Amy, Quakers and Christian Scientists. Only those groups of which Canadian knights were members were analyzed. Provincial Population Percentage of the Total Canad-an Population, 189 1-1 93 1

Alberta 4.83%* Ontario 36.06% British Columbia 5-16% Prince Edward Tshd 1.32% Manitoba 595% Quekc 28.37% New Brunswick 4.92% Saskatchewan 6.19%* Nova Scotia 6.67%

*For the 189 1 Census the population of Alberta, Saskatchewan aud the Northwest Territories was listed as the "NorthwestTerritories," as AIberta and Saskatchewan-werenot established as provinces until 1905,

Religious Statistics of the Upper Class Douglas F. Campbell, "Class Status and Crisis: Upper-class Protestants and the Founding of the United Church of Canada," Journal of Canadim Studies, Fail 1994 (Vol29, No*3), 75. Who 's Who in Canada (1 92 1) Religious Affiliation

Denomination Number Percentage Anglican 819 25.2 Presbyterian 739 22.8 Roman Catholic 448 13.8 Methodist 361 11-1 Baptist 109 3.3 Congregational 37 1.1 Unitarian 20 0-6 Jewish 13 0.4 Lutheran 12 0.4 Quaker 7 0.2 Christian Scientist 7 0.2 Church of Christ 2 0.06 Swedenburg Church 2 0.06 Other* 9 0.3 General Protestant 91 2.8 Religion Not Listed 569 17.5 Total 3,244 99.8

*Included were a Free Thinker, Rutherian Greek Catholic, Salvation Army, Universalist, Christian Church, Theosophist, Orthodox, Non-Conformist, and a member of the "Church of the Free Air." Appendix 7 Anatysis of Canadian Knights

National Origin (n=20 1) EngIish 91 Scottish 50 Irish 22 French 29 French & EngIish 5 Dutch 1 German 1 Norwegian 1 Polish 1

By Area of Origin (n=201) British Isles 163 France 29 French & English 5 Other European 4

Religion at Time of Award (n=201) Anglican 69 Baptist 5 Christian (no formal religion) 1 Christian Scientist 1 Lutheran 1 Methodist 11 Presbyterian 46 Protestant 17 Quaker 1 Roman CathoLic 43 United Church 3 Catholic & Presbyterian 1 Not Listed 2

Political Affiliation (~201) Conservative Party(Libeml-Conservative) 9 1 Liberal Party 38 Independent I Reformer 1 Equal Rights Association 1 No Affiliation 69 Place of Birth (n=201) British North AmericaKanada 75.5% British Columbia 1 New Brunswick 11 Newfoundland 1 Nova Scotia 23 Ontario (Upper Canada and Canada West) 65 Prince Edward Island 7 Quebec (Lower Canada and Canada East) 52

The British Isles and Empire 203% England I7 Lreland 6 Scotland 18 Austraiia 1 At Sea aboard a British Ship 1

Resf of the World Chile France Russia United States

Province of Residence/Principal Relation (n=20 1) Alberta (including the North West Territories) 1 British Columbia 6 Manitoba 8 New Bmswick 10 Nova Scotia 16 Ontario 83 Prince Edward Island 2 Quebec 73 Saskatchewan 2

Highest Level of Education* (n=201) Grammar School 60 High School 39 Technical SchooVApprentice 4 Private Tutor 2 University 91 Unknown 1 No Formal Education 4 *Does not include honourary degrees-

Overall Education Statistics (n=20 1) 97% Attended Grammar School (Grammar School, High School and University) 45% Attended High School School and University)

University Attendance Canadian Degree Granting Institutions Acadia College Albert University (Belleville) Amherst College Bishops College Dalhousie Lava1 University King's College McGill University Osgoode Hall Queen's University (Kingston) Royal Military College (Kingston) University of New Bmwick University of Toronto University of Western Ontario Victoria College (Cobourg)

Degree Granting Ins~itutionsin the British Isles Cambridge University Khg's College Aberdeen Oxford University Royal Academy of Inverness St. Andrew's University Trinity College Dublin University of Edinburgh

Rest of the World Continental School Harvard University John's Hopkins University OberIin College (Ohio)

Multiple Degrees (numbers included above) University of Toronto and Osgoode Hall McGill University and Harvard University Bishops College &d the Royal Military College (Kingston) 1 Lava1 University and Oxford University University of New Brunswick and the University of Edinburgh Dalhousie University and King's College (Nova Scotia) Queen's University and McGU University University of Toronto and Trinity College Dublin University of Toronto and the Royal Military College (Kingston) University of Toronto and the University of Edinburgh King's College (Nova Scotia) and Harvard University St. Andrew's University and the University of Edinburgh Oxford University and the University of Edinburgh Oberlin College, Queen's University Wgston), Victoria University (Cobourg)

89 Knights were Queen's or King's Councillors 1 1 Attended Upper Canada College

Occupation at Time of Award (n=226) Artist (Poet, Composer & Painter) 4 Businessman 21 Civil Servant 23 Engineering/MedicaVScience 10 Judge 46 Local Politician 3 Lieutenant-Governor 17 Military 13 Philanthropist 3 Police 2 Politician 67 Railway Executive 12 University Administrator 5

Note About Appendices 8 to 17 Legend R-Cath: Roman Catholic Eng/Med/Sci : Engineering/MedicaVScience Univ Admin: University Administrator Appendix 8 Sir Jdin A. Macdonald (I Juiy 1867to 5 November 1873) (I 7 Oefober 1878 to 6 June 1891) LiberuP-Consentutive

Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 35 Total Number of Recipients: 30 Multiple Awards: 3 (Macdondd, Rose*, Tupper) Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 15.49%

National Origin Religion at Time of Award English 14 40.00% AngIican 6 17.14% Scottish 15 42.86% Baptist 3 8.57% Irish 2 5.71% Methodist French 4 11.43% Presbyterian 15 42.86% French-English Protestant 3 8.57% Other R, Catholic 6 17.14% Other Not Listed 1 2.86%

Party Affiliation Liberal-Conservative (Conservative) 27 77,14% Liberal 2 5.71% Reform I 2.86% No Affiliation 5 14.28% Reformer

Occupation at Time of Award Province of Relation Artist British Columbia 1 Businessman Manitoba Civil Servant 5 14.29% New Brunswick 3 EngMedSci 1 2.86% Nova Scotia 7 Judge 7 20.00% Ontario 9 Local Politician P~ceEdward Island ~ieutenant-~ove& 3 8.57% Quebec 15 Military Philanthropist Awards Police GCB Politician 14 40.00% KCB Railway Executive 3 8.57% GCMG Univ Adrnin 2 5.71% KCMG Bt Kt * Denotes an additional Knighthood Appendix 9 Alexander Mucken* (7 November 1873 to 9 October 1878) Liberal Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 5 Total Number of Recipients: 5 Multiple Awards: 0 Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 2.21%

Nationak Origin Religion at Time of Award English 4 80.00% Anglican 1 20.00% Scottish Baptist Irish Methodist French 1 20.000/0 Presbyterian French-English Protestant 1 20.00% Other R. Catholic 3 60.00% Other Not Listed

Party Affiliation Liberal-Conservative (Conservative) 2 40.00% Liberal 2 40.00% Independent No Affiliation 1 20.00%

Occupation at Time of Award Province of Relation Artist British Columbia 1 20.000/0 Businessman Manitoba Civil Servant New Brunswick 1 20.00%Eng/MedlSci Nova Scotia Judge 3 60.00% Ontario 1 20.00% Local Politician Prince Edward Island Lieutenant-Governor Qukbec 2 40.00% Military Philanthropist Police Politician 2 40-00% Railway Executive Awards Univ Admin GCMG 1 KCMG 1 Appendix 10 Sir John LC. Abbott (16 June 1891 to 24 November 1892) Liberal-Comsetvafive Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 3 Total Number of Recipients: 3 Multiple Awards: 0 Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: L33%

National Origin Religion at Time of Award English 1 33.33% Anglican 1 33.33% Scottish 1 3333 Baptist Irish Methodist French 1 33.33% Presbyterian 1 33.33% French-English frotestant Other R- Catholic 1 33.33% Other Not Listed

Party Affdiation Liberal-Conservative (Conservative) 2 Liberal 1 Independent No Affiliation

Occupation at Time of Award Province of Relation Artist British CoIumbia Businessman Manitoba Civil Servant New Brunswick Eng/Med/Sci Nova Scotia Judge 1 33.33% Ontario 1 33.33% Local Politician Prince Edward Island Lieutenant-Governor Qukbec 2 66.67% Military Philanthropist Police Po f itician 2 66.67% Rail way Executive Awards Univ Admirn KCMG 2 Kt 1 Appendix 11 Sir John Thompson (5 December I892 to I2 December 1894) Libera~onservafive Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 6 Total Number of Recipients: 6 Multiple Awards: 0 Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 2.66%

National Origin Religion at Time of Award English 3 50.00% Anglican 2 33.33% Scottish Baptist Irish 1 16.67% Methodist French I 16.67% Presbyterian French-English Protestant 2 33.33% Other t 16.67% R Catholic 2 33,33% Other Not Listed Party Affiliation Liberal-Conservative (Conservative) 4 66.67% Liberal Independent No Affiliation

Occupation at Time of Award Province of Relation Artist British Columbia Businessman Manitoba Civil Servant New Brunswick Eng/Med/Sci Nova Scotia 1 16.67% Judge 2 33.33% Ontario 3 50.000/0 Local Politician Prince Edward Island Lieutenant-Governor Qu6bec 2 33.33% Military Philanthropist Police Politician 3 50.00% Railway Executive 1 16.67% Univ Admin Awards KCMG 3 Kt 3 Appendix 12 Sir Muckentie Bowell (21 Decemkr I894 to 27 April 1896)

Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 6 Total Number of Recipients: 6 Multiple Awards: 0 Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 2.66%

National Origin Religion at Time of Award English 2 33-33% Anglican 1 16.67% Scottish 1 16.67% Baptist Irish 1 16,67% Methodist French 1 16,67% Presbyterian 1 16.67% French-English Protestant 1 16.67% 0ther 1 16.67% R. Catholic 2 33.33% Other 1 16.67% Not Listed

Party Affiliation Conservative 4 66.67% Liberal 1 16.67% Independent No 1 16.67%

Occupation at Time of Award Province of Relation Artist British Columbia 1 16.67% Businessman Manitoba I 16.67% Civil Servant New Brunswick Eng/Med/Sci Nova Scotia Judge 2 33.33% Ontario 2 33,33% Local Politician Prince Edward Island Lieutenant-Governor 1 16.67% QueTbec 2 33.33% Military Philanthropist Po lice Politician 3 50.00% Railway Executive Awards Univ Admin KCMG 3 Kt 3 Appendix 13 Sir Charles Tupper (1 Mq 1896 to 8 Ju& 1896)

Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 2 Total Number of Recipients: 2 Multiple Awards: 0 Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 0.88%

National Origin Religion at Time of Award English Anglican I 50-00% ~c&ish Baptist Irish 1 50-00% Methodist French 1 50.00% Presbyterian French-English Protestant Other R. Catholic 1 50.00% Other Not Listed

Party Mihation Conservative 2 1 00 -00% Liberal Independent No Affiliation

Occupation at Time of Award Province of Relation Artist Alberta/Noah West Territories Businessman British Columbia Civil Servant Manitoba Eng/Med/Sci New Brunswick Judge 1 50.00% Nova Scotia Local Politician Ontario 1 50.00% Lieutenant-Governor 1 50.000/0 Prince Edward Island Military Que%ec 1 50.00% Philanthropist Saskatchewan Police Politician Railway Executive Univ Adrnin Awards KCMG 1 Kt I Appendix 14 Sir WiIfrid Laurie? (11 July 1896 to 6 October 1911) Liberal Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 61 Total Number of Recipients: 58 Multiple Awards: 3 (Boyd, Fitzpatrick, Shaughnessy) Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 26.99%

National Origin Religion at Time of Award English 22 36.06% Anglican 19 31,1S% Scottish 15 26.23% Baptist 2 3 -27% Irish 9 18.03% Methodist 3 4-92% French 9 14,75% Presbyterian 17 27.87% French-English 2 3.28% Protestant 3 4.92% Other 1 1-64% R. Catholic 15 24.90% Other 2 3 -27% Not Listed

Party Conservative 13 21.31% Liberal 25 40,98% Independent No -1iation 22 36.06% Other 1 1.67%

Occupation at Time of Award Province of ~elaGon Artist Alberta/NWT Businessman 7 1 1.48% British Columbia Civil Servant 4 6.56% Manitoba 2 Eng/Med/Sci 2 3.28% New Bmswick Judge 16 26.22% Nova Scotia 6 Local Politician 2 3 -28% Ontario 28 Lieutenant-Governor 5 8.20% Prince Edward Island 1 Military Qudbec 24 Philanthropist 1 1.64% Saskatchewan Police Politician 17 27.87% Awards Railway Executive 7 t 1.48% GCMG Univ Adrnin KCMG GCVO KCVO Kt Bt Appendix 15 Sir Robert Laird Burden (I0 Ocfober1911 to 12 October I9I 3 Conservative Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 67 Total Number of Recipients: 67 Multiple Awards: 0 Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 29.65%

National Origin Reiigion at Time of Award English Anglican 25 37.31% Scottish Baptist 4 4,48% Irish Methodist 6 8,96% French Presbyterian 15 22.39% French-English Protestaat 4 5.97% Other R. Catholic 13 19.40% Other Not Listed 1 1-49% Party Affiliation Conservative Liberal Independent No Affiliation

Occupation at Time of Award Province of Relation Artist Alberta/NWT Businessman 9 13.43% British Columbia Civil Servant 8 11.94% Manitoba Eng/Med/Sci 4 5-97% New Brunswick Judge 11 16.42% Nova Scotia Local Politician 1 1-49% Ontario Lieutenant-Governor 5 7.46% Prince Edward Island Military 3 4-48% Quebec Philanthropist Saskatchewan Police 1 1-47% Politician 22 32.84% Railway Executive 1 1-49% Awards Univ Admin 2 2,99% GCMG 1 KCMG 23 KCB 2 Ea3E 1 Bt 1 Kt 39 Appendix 16 Sir Robert Laird Borden (22 October 1917 to 20 July 1920)

Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 23 Total Number of Recipients: 21 Multiple Awards: 2 (Burnstall and Currie) Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 10- 17%

National Origin Religion at Time of Award English 16 69.57% Anglican 11 47.83% Scottish 5 2 1-74% Baptist I 4.35% Irish 1 4,35% Methodist 2 8.70% French 1 4.35% Presbyterian 4 17-39% French-English Protestant 3 13-04% Other R, Catholic 1 4.35% Other Not Listed 1 4.3 5% Party AtEliation Conservative Liberal Independent No Affiliation

Occupation at Time of Award Province of Relation Artist Alberta/NWT - Businessman 5 2 1.74% British Columbia I 4.35% Civil Servant 3 13 -04% Manitoba Eng/MedlSci 1 4.3 5% New Brunswick 2 8.70% Judge Nova Scotia LocaI Politician Ontario 10 43.48% Lieutenant-Governor 2 8.70% Prince Edward Island Military 10 43.48% Quebec 9 39,13% Philanthropist Saskatchewan 1 4.35% Police Politician 2 8.70% Railway Executive Awards Univ Admin GCMG 2 KCMG 6 Sir Robert Laird Borden KCB 6 Grand Total of Knighthoods awarded during GBE 1 both the Conservative and Unionist Governments: 90 KBE 3 Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 39.82% Kt 4 160

Appendix 17 Richard B, Bennett (7August I930 to 23 October 1935) Conservative Total Number of Awards made during Premiership: 18 Total Number of Recipients: 18 Multiple Awards: 0 Percentage of Canadian Knighthoods: 7.96%

National Origin Religion at Time of Award EngIish Anglican 6 33.33% Scottish Baptist Irish Methodist French Presbyterian 4 22.22% French-English Protestant Other United Chwch 3 - 16.67% R. Catholic 4 22.22% Other 1 5.56% Not Listed Party Affiiation Conservative Liberal Independent No Affiliation

Occupation at Time of Award Province of Relation Artist 4 22.22% Alberta/NWT Businessman British Columbia Civil Senant 3 16.67% Manitoba Eng/Med/Sci 2 11-11% New Brunswick 1 5 -56% Judge 3 16.67% Nova Scotia 1 5.56% Local Politician Ontario 10 55.56% Lieutenant-Governor Prince Edward Island Military Quebec 6 33.33% Philanthropist 2 11.1 1% Saskatchewan Police 1 5.56% Politician 2 2 1.1 1% Awards Rail way Executive GCMG 3 Univ Admin 1 5.56% KCMG 2 KCB 1 GBE 1 KBE 4 Kt 7 Appendix 18 Post-Confederation Canadian =ghthoods and Peerages ExpIanatory Notes Full name and style at the -hethe award was made, postnominal initials related to education have been omitted because of the difficulty - posed by honourary degrees. Type of award Oficial citation as printed in the London Gazette, sometimes unavlable CG: Date that the award was listed in the Canada Gazette LG: Date the award was listed in the London Gazette Date of Birth: Date of Death: Place of Birth: Language: The principle language used by a person. National Origin: :The country fiom which an individual or his ancestors came to North America from. This is usually Iisted in Who 's Who, but in its absence other sources such as the Dictionary of Canadian Biography was consulted- Religion: was usuaIly listed in Who 's Who or the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, on occasion obituaries and other sources had to be consulted. Education: The highest level of education has been listed here. lit cases of private schools and Universities the name of the institution has been indicated. When possible the type of degree has also been indicated, Occupation: The underlined designation indicates the occupation the kgight or Peer held at the time the award was made. Offices: As with the occupation section, the office held at the time of the award is underlined. Party: The political affiliation of the award recipient. This was often listed in WTzo 's Who and other similar directories. If not found there or in the Dictionav of Canadian Biography or Biography of the person in question then they were considered to have no affiliation. Province: Listed in the upper right denoting the province in which an individual was residing at the time of award. In the event that they were living in the United Kingdom then their last address has been used. This is true in the case of Sir Charles Tupper who was made a GCMG while Canadian High Commissioner to London. Few would dispute that he was a Nova Scotian who happened to be living in the United Kingdom. Occupation and Vocational Categories Artist (Composer, Painter, Poet) Businessman Civil Servant (Colonial Administrator, Advisor, Diplomat) Judge Engineering/MedicaVScience Military (Soldier/Sailor) Philanthropist Police Officer Politician Newspaper Executive Railway Executive University Administrator

Religious Affiliation Anglican Baptist Christian (no formal religion) Christian Scientist Lutheran Methodist Presbyterian Protestant Scientists, Quaker Roman Catholic United Church Catholic-Presbyterian Not Listed

Provincial Acronyms AB Alberta BC British Columbia MB Manitoba NB New Bnrnswick NS Nova Scotia ON Ontario PEI Prince Edward Island PQ Quibec SK Saskatchewan Appendix 19 Post-Confederation Canadian Knighthoods

The Honourable John Joseph CaldwelI Abbott, QC. PQ To be made a KCMG Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada and President of the Queen S Privy Councilfor the Dominion, CG: not gazetted LG: May 25,1892 Date of Birch: March 21, I821 Date of Death: October 30, 1893 Place of Birth: St. Andrews, Lower Canada Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: McGiil University Occupation: Lawyer, Politician and Professor Offices: Dean of Law McGiU (1855-1880); Mayor of Montreal (18874888); Member of Legislative Assembly of Canada (1 857-1867); Member of Parliament (1 867- 1874, 188 1 -1 887); Senator (1 887-1893); Minister without Poafolio (1 887-1 891); Prime Minister and President of the Priw Council (June 18, 1891-November 24, 1892). Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 71

James Albert Manning Aikins, KC. MB To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom Kt) Member of the House of Commons in the Dominion of Canada- CG: p. 1887. December 19, 1914 LG: June 29,19 14 Date of Birth: December 10,185 1 Date of Death: March 1,1929 Place of Birth: Grahamsviile, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion United Church, originally a Methodist Education: Upper Canada College, University of Toronto (BA, MA) Occupation: Lawyer and Poritician Offices: Member of Parliamenlj191 1-19 15); Leader of Manitoba Conservative Party (19 15); Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (1 9 16-1926); Member of the Committee on Church Union. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 53 John Aird To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) General Manager of the Canadian Bank of Commerce. CG: not gazetted LG: June 19,1917 Date of Birth: November 15,1855 Date of Death: November 30,1938 Place of Birth: Longueuil, Canada East Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman Offices: President of the Canadian Bank of Commerce; Chairman of the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 61

Hugh Allan To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Ravenscrag, Co. Montreal. Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: July 24,1871 Date of Birth: September 29, 1829 Date of Death: December 9, 1922 Place of Birth: Strachclyde, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, RaiIwa~Executive Offices: President of the Montreal Board of Trade; Owner of the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company; President of the Allan Line; Co-founder of the CPR. Party; Conservative Age at time of Award: 41

Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Montagu Allan To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Montreal, Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: July 8, 1904 Date of Birth: October 13,1860 Date of Death: September 26,1951 Place of Birth: Montreal, Canada East Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Bishops College Occupation: Businessmw Ofices: Chairman of the Allan Steamshio Com~anv;President of the Merchants Bank; President of the Montreal Jockey Club; President of the St. Andrews Society; President of the Overseas Canadian Pension Board. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 43

The Honourable John Campbell Allen, QC. NB To be made Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of Nav Brumick; Dominion of Cmada- CG: not gazetted LG: January 1,1889 Date of Birth: October 1, 18 15 Date of Death: September 27,1898 Place of Birth: Kings Clean, New Brunswick Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: High School Occupation: JJIC&, Lawyer, Politician and Soldier Offices: Member of the New Bmswick House of Assembly; Aide-de-camp to the Lieutenant Governor oCNew Brunswick; Officer in the New Bmwick Regiment of Artillery; Chief Justice of the Sumerne Court of New Brunswick. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 74

Herbert Brown Ames PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Member of the House of Commons of Canada, Secretary of the Canadian Patriotic Fund. CG: p. 435. August 14,1915 LG: July 16,19 15 Date of Birth: June 27, 1863 Date of Death: March 30,1954 Place of Birth: Montreal, Canada East Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Amherst College (Massachusetts) Occupation: Businessman and Politicia Offices: Montreal Alderman (1 898-1906); Member of Parliament (1 904-19 17); Chainnan of the National War Savings Committee; Chairman efthe Canadian Patriotic Fund (1914-1919); Financial Director of the League of Nations (1926). Party: Coasemative Age at time of Award: 52

The Honourable Auguste Real Angers, KC. PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Member of the King's f riiy Councilfor Canada CG: p. 3354, March 15,1913 LG: February 14,1913 Date of Birth: October 4, 1838 Date of Death: April 15, 19 19 PIace of Birth: Quebec City, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: College de Nicolet Occupation: Judge, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Quebec Legislative Assembly (1 875-1878); Solicitor General of Quebec ( 1874- 1 876); Attorney General of Quebc (1 876-1 878); Leader of the Opposition Quebec Legislative Assembly (1 878-1 880); Member of the House of Commons (1 880); Puisne Judge of the Superior Court of Qudbec (1 880-1887); Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (1887-1 892); Member of the Senate (1 892-1896); Minister of Agriculture (1892-1 895). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 74

The HonourabIe Adams George Archibald, QC, CMG. NS Late Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Nova Scotirr, in the Domiriion of Canada- To be made a KCMG CG: not gazetted LG: June 6, 1885 Date of Birth: May 18,18 I4 Date of Death: December 14, 1892 Place of Birth: Truro, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: Pictou Academy (High School) Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of Nova Scotian Legislative Assembly (1851-1 863); Solicitor General of Nova Scotia (1 856-1 857); Attorney General (1860-1 863); Delegate to the Charlottetown, Qukbec and London Conferences; Member of House of Commons (1 869 and 1881-1891); Secretary of State for the Provinces (1 867- 1868); Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories (1 870-1 872); Judge in Equity of Nova Scotia (1873-1883); Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia (1 873-1 883). Party: Liberal-Conservative, (prior to Confederation he was a Reformer, Confederate)- Age at time of Award: 71

The Honourable Horace Arcbambault, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Province of Quebec in the Dominion of Canada CG: p- 321 1. March 21,1914 LG: February 24,1914 Date of Birth: March 6, 1857 Date of Death: August 25, 1918 Place of Birth: L'Assomption, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Laval University Occupation: Lawyer ,Politician and Professor Offices: Professor of Law at Laval University; Member of the Quebec Legislative Council; Attorney General of Qu6bec; Commissioner of Public Works for Quebec; Chief Justice of Quebec. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 57

The HonourabLe Allen Bristol Aylesworth, KC. ON To be made KCMG Minister of Justice of the Dominion of Canada; in recognition of servicgs in connection with the North Atlank Coast Fisheries Arbitration. CG: p. 2334. January 21, 1921 LG: January 2,191 1 Date of Birth: November 27,1854 Date of Death: February 13, 1952 Place of Birth: Camden Township, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English ,United Empire Loyalist Religion: Methodist Education: University of Toronto (BA, MA) Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of Parliament (1905-1 9 11); Postmaster General (1 905-1 906); Minster*. of Justice (1 906-1 91 1); Senator (1 923-1 952)- Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 56

Frank Wilton Baillie ON To be made a KBE civil division For services in connection with the wm,Director of the National Aeroplane Factory, Toronto. CG: p. 2686. February 9, I91 8 LG: January 4,1918 Date of Birk August 19,1875 Date of Death: January 8,192 1 Place of Birth: Toronto, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman Offices: President of Canadian Aero~laneLimited; President of the Bankers Bond Company; President of the Canadian Cartage Company; General Manager of the Metropolitan Bank. Party: Independent Age at time of Award: 42

Frederick Grant Banting, MC, MD. ON To be made a KBE civil division Of the Dominion of Canoda, dkcoverer on insulin. CG: p. 2498. June 23,1934 LG: June 4,1934 Date of Birth: November 12, 1891 Date of Death: February 2 1, 1941 Place of Birth: Alliston, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: United Church Education: University of Toronto Occupation: Medical Doctor and Soldier Offices: Served as a Medical Officer in the First World War; Researcher at the University of Toronto; Co-discoverer of insulin; Professor of Medical Research at the University of Toronto. Party: No Mliation '4ge at time of Award: 43

The Honourable Frederick Eustace Barker, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick CG: p. 222. July 26,1913 LG: July 1,1913 Date of Birth: December 27, 183 8 Date of Death: December 15,1915 PIace of Birth: Sheffield, New Brunswick Language: English National Origin: English Religion: AngIican Education: University of New Bnmswick @A, MA, BCL, DCL) Occupation: Businessman, and Lawyer Ofices: Captain in the St. John Light Infmtry; President ofthe St. John Bridge and Wway Company; Member of Parliament; Puisne Judge of the New Bdck Superior Court; Chief Justice of the New Brunswick Su~remeCourt. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 74

The Honourable Frank Stillman Barnard, KC- To be made a KCMG Lieutenant- Governor ofche Province of British Calmbia. CG: p. 2489. January 26,1918 LG: December 28,19 17 Date of Birth: May 16, 1856 Date of Death: April 11, 1926 Place of Birth: Toronto, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Not Listed Education: Hellmuth College (High School) Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: President and Manager of the BC Express Company; President and Director of the Victoria Transfer Company; President of the Ahsring Saw Mill Company, President of the BC Electric Railway Company; President of the BC Trust Company; Alderman for the City of Victoria; Member of Parliament ( 1888-1 896); Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia (1 9 14- 1919). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 60

Henry Newell Bate To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chairman of the Ottawa Improvement Commission CG: p. 754. September 19,1910 LG: p. August 16,1910 Date of Birth: April 9,1829 Date of Death: April 6,19 17 Place of Birth: Truro, Cornwall, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Local Politician Offices: President and Manager of H.N Bate and Sons, Grocers; Chairman of the Ottawa Improvement Commission, Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 81

Edward Wentworth Beatty, KC- PQ To be made a GBE civil division Chancellor of McGill University and President of the Boy Scouts Association. Dominion of Canada- CG: p. 2826. June 29,1935 LG: May 3 1,1935 Date of Birth: October 16,1877 Date of Death: March 23, 1943 Place of Birth: Thorold, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Upper Canada College, University of Toronto, Osgoode Hall. Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer, Philanthropist and Universi~Administrator Offices: General Council for the CPR; President of the CPR; founder of Canadian Pacific Airlines; Chancellor of Queen's University; Chancellor of McGilI Universiq. President of the BOYScouts Association. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award; 57

The Honourable Adam Beck ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Member of the Executive Council ofthe Province of Ontario in the Dominion ~~~Canada. CG: p. 1887. December 19,1914 LG: June 29,1914 Date of Birth: June 20, L 857 Date of Death: August 1 5,1925 Place of Birth: Baden, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: University of Western Ontario Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: Cigar Box Manufacturer; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario; Mayor of London; Chairman of the Hvdro-Electric Commission, Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 57

The Honourable Matthew Baillie Begbie, QC- BC To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Jzatice of British Columbia, CG: not gazetted LG: October 26,1875 Date of Biah: May 9,18 19 Date of Death: June 11, 1894 Place of Birth: Born at Sea near the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: Cambridge Occupation: Jude Lawyer, Native Linguist and Politician Offices: Advisor and interpreter for Governor Douglas, Chief Justice of British Columbia. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 56

The Honourable Sir Narcisse Fortunat BeUeau, Kt, QC PQ To be made a KCMG Formerly Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec. CG: not gazetted LG: May 24, 1879 Date of Birth: October 20, 1808 Date of Death: September 14, 1894 Place of Biah: Sainte-Foy, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and Politician Offices: President of the North Shore Railway Company; Director of the Quebec Bank; Deputy Chairman of the Lower Canada Investment Agency; Member of the Quebec City Council; Mayor of Qukbec City; Member of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada; Speaker of the Legislative Council; Premier of the Province of Canada; Senator but never took his seat; Lieutenant Governor of quebec. Made a Knight of the United Kingdom in 1860. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 70

Brigadier-General AIexander Bertram To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Deputy Chairman of the Imperial Munitions Board, Canada- CG: p. 3030. March 18,1916 LG: February 22,19 16 Date of Birth: February 18, 1853 Date of Death: April 24, 1926 Place of Birth: Dundas, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: High School Occupation: Civil Engineer, Civil Servant and Soldier Offices: Sewed in the Canadian Militia, Deputv Chairman of the Imperial Munitions Board. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 63

The Honourable Robert Boak NS To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) President of the LegisIative Council of the Province of Nova Scotia, in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: August 14,1902 Date of Birth: 1822 Date of Death: December 5, 1904 Place of Birth: Leith, Scotland Language: English Nationai Origin: English Religion: Angiican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Politician Offices: President of the Ledslative Council of Nova Scotia. Party: No Affiliation (originally a member of the Nova Scotia Repeal League) Age at time of Award: 80

The Honourable Frederick William Borden, MD. Minister of Militia and Defence of the Dominion of Canada. To be made a KCMG CG: not gazetted LG: January 26,1902 Date of Birth: May 14, 1847 Date of Death: January 6, 1917 Place of Birth: Cornwallis, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist Education: Kings College University at Windsor, Harvard Medical School Occupation: Medical Doctor and Politician Offices: Agent of the Halifax Banking Company; Assistant Surgeon to the 68th Battalion; Member of the House of Commons; Minister of Militia and Defence. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award; 54

The Right Honourable Robert Laird Borden, PC, KC- To be made a GCMG Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada CG: p 202. July 18, 1914 LG: June 22,1914 Date of Birth: June 26, 1854 Date of Death: June 10, 1937 Place of Birth: Grand Prk, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English, United Empire Loyalist Religion: Anglican Education: Acacia Villa Seminary (HS) Occupation: Lawyer, Politician and Teacher Offices: Member of Parliament (1 896-1 904, 190% 92 1); Prime Minister (I9 1 1- 1921); President of the Privy Council (1 9 11-1 9 17); Secretary of State for Extemal Affairs (1 9 12- 1920); Member of the Imperial War Cabinet; Chancellor of McGill University (1 9 10-1 920); Chancellor of Queen's University (1924-1930); President of Crown Life Insurance Co (1928); President of the Canadian Historical Association (1930); President of the Dominion Drama Festival (1933-1934). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award 59

John George Bourinot Clerk of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada To be made KCMG CG: not gazetted LG: May 21,1898 Date of Birth: October 24, 1837 Date of Death: October 13, 1902 Place of Birth: Sydney Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: University of Toronto (Trinity College) Occupation: Civil Sewant and Historian Ofices: Editor of the HalifmE Herak& assistant and later Chief Clerk of the House of Commons; Co-founder of the Royal Society of Canada- Party: No mation Age at time of Award: 60

The Honourable Mackenzie BoweU ON To be made a KCMG Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada, president of the recent Colonial Conference at Ottawa- CG: not gazetted LG: January 1,1895 Date of Birth: December 27, 1823 Date of Death: December 10,1917 Place of Biah: Rickingham, SufFolk, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: Apprentice Printer Occupation: Businessman, Journalist, Politician, Soldier Ofices: Editor of BeNeville InteZIigencer; President of the Imperial Life Association of Canada; President of the Belleville Hardware Manufacturing Company; President of the Northumberland Power Company; Major in the 49th "Hastings" Battalion Canadian Militia; Member of Parliament (1867-1 892); Minister of Customs (1 878-1 892); Minister of Militia and Defence ( 1892); Senator (1892-1 9 17); Minister of Trade and Commerce (1892-1894); Prime Minister and President of the Priw Council (December 21, 1894-April 27,1896) Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 7!

The Honourable John Alexander Boyd, KC. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) ChanceIZor of the High Court of Justice of the Province of Ontario, in the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: August 17,1899 The HonourabIe Sir John Alexander Boyd, Kt, KC. To be made a KCMG Chancellor of the High Court of Justice of the Province of Ontario, on the occasion of the visit of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornall and York to the Dominion of Canada, CG: not gazetted LG: September 17,1901 Date of Birth: April 23, 1837 Date of Death: November 23,1916 Place of Birth: Toronto, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Baptist Education: Upper Canada College, University of Toronto Occupation: Judee and Lawyer Offices: Arbitrator for the Regina v the CPR; Chairman of the Royal Commission on Remuneration and Appointment of County Officials; President of the Toronto Conservatory of Music; ChanceIlor of the H@ Court of Ontario. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 62 when made a Knight of the United Kingdom, 63 when made a KCMG.

George Bum, KstL ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) No citation. CG: not gazetted LG: June 19, 1917 Date of Birth: April 10, 1847 Date of Death: Place of Birth: Thurso, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Philanthropist Offices: General Manager of the Bank of Ottawa; Honourary President of the Canadian Bankers Association; Director of the Toronto General Trust Company; Member of the Central Committee of the Canadian Patriotic Fund; Aide-de-camp to the Governor General. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 70

Major-General Henry Edward Burnstall, CB, CMG, ADC. To be made a KCB rniiitary division No citation CG: p- 16. June 3,1918 LG: May 31,1918 Major-General Sir Henry Edward Burnstall, KCB, CMG, ADC. To be a KCMG For valuable service rendered in connection with Military operations in France and Flanders. CG: p. 97. July 12,1919 LG:June6,1919 Date of Birth: August 26, 1870 Date of Death: Place of Birth: Qu&c City, Quebec Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Bishops College, Royal Military College (Kingston) Occupation: Soldier Offices: Officer during the Boer War, Aide-de-camp to the Duke of Co~a~ght;Inspector General of the Canadian Militia; General during the First WorId War- . Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 47 when made a KCB and 48 when made a KCMG-

The Honourable George William Burton, KC. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of Ontario, in the Dominion of Cmada CG: not gazetted LG: February 23,1898 Date of Birth: July 21, 1818 Date of Death: August 23,1901 Place of Birth:; Kent, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Offices: Judge of the Court of Appeals of Ontario; Chief Justice of Ontario. Party: No AfFrliation Age at time of Award: 79

George Bury, KstJ. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Vice President of the Canadian Paczyc Railway. CG: not gazetted LG: June 19,1917 Date of Birth: March 6, 1866 Date of Death: Place of Birth: Montreal, Canada East Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: High School Occupation: Businessman and Railway Executive Offices: Vice President of the CPR; Principal re-organizer of the CPR during the First World War. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 51

The Honourable Douglas Colin Cameron To be made a KCMG Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Manitoba. CG: p. 2435. January 24,1914 LG: Jmuary2,2914 Date of Birth: Jun 18, 1854 Date of Death: November 26,1921 Place of Birth: Prescott, Canada West Language: EngIish National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: High School Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: Owner of the Ontario and Western Lumber Company; Owner of the Rat Portage Lumber Company; President of Maple Leaf Flower Mills; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba; Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba- Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 59

The Honourable Matthew Crooks Cameron, KC. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of Court of Common Please of Ontario. CG: not gazetted LG: May 10,1895 Date of Birth: October 2, 1822 Date of Death: June 25,1888 Place of Birth: Dundas, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Upper Canada College Occupation: Lawyer, Judge and Politician OEces: Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Chief Justice of the Ontario Court of Common Pleas, Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 65 The Honourable Alexander Campbell, KC. To be made a KCMG Receiver General of the Dominion of Canada CG: not gazetted LG: May 24,1879 Date of Birth: March 9,1822 Date of Death: May 24, 1892 Place of Birth: Heddon, England Language: English National Origin: Scottish ReIigion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Delegate to the Quebec Conference; Senator; Postmaster General; Minister of the Interior and Superintendent General of Indian AfEairs; Receiver-General; Minister of Militia and Defence; Minister of Justice; Lieutenant Governor of Ontario- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 57

The Honourable John Carling ON To be made a KCMG Senator and member of the Government of the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: June 3,1893 Date of Birth: January 23, I828 Date of Death: November 6, 19 11 Place of Birth: London, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Politician Ofices: Brewer; Director of the Great Western Railway; London-Port Stanley Railway; Alderman for London; Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province oFCanada; Member of Parliament; Postmaster General; Minister of Agriculture; Minister without Portfiilio; Senator; Founder of the Dominion Experimental Farms. Party; Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 65

The Honourable Joseph Phillip Rene A Caron, KC, To be made a KCMG Minister of Militia and Defence fo the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: August 25,1885 Date of Birth: December 24,1842 Date of Death: Apd 20,1908 Place of Birth: Quebec City, Canada East Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Laval University, McGill University (BCL) Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and PoIitician Offices: Director of the Stadacona Bank; North Star Mining and Development Company; Vice President of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec; Member of Padiament; Minister of Mi Iitia and Defence; Postmaster General- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award 42

The WonourabIe Major-General John Wallace Carson, CB. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) No Citation, CG: not gazetted LG: May 25,1917 Date of Birth: October 13,1864 Date of Death: October 13, 1922 Place of Birth: Montreal, Que'bec Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman Civil Servant and Soldier Offices: Manager of the Insurance Company of North America; President of Crown Reserve Mining Company; President of Porcupine Crown Mines; Vice President of Crown Trust Company, served as a Major General during the First worId War; Special Representative of the Minister of Militia and Defence in the United Kingdom. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 52

The HonourabIe Richard John Cartw right To be made a KCMG Lately Finance Minister for the Dominion of Canada CG: not gazetted LG: May 24,1879 The Honourable Sir Richard John Cartwright, KCMG. To be made a GCMG Minister of Trade and Commercefor the Dominion of Canada CG:not gazetted LG: June 22,1897 Date of Birth: December 14, I835 Date of Death: September 24, I912 Place of Birth: Kingston, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Trinity College Dublin Occupation: Businessman and Po1iticia.n Offices: President of the Commercial Bank of Midland District; President of the Frontenac Loan and Investment Company; Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Member of Parliament, Minister of Finance; ;Member of the Imperial Privy Council (1902). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 43 when made a KCMG and 6 1 when made a GCMG.

The Honourable ~eor~e- tiem me Cartier, CB, QC. To be made a Baronet (Bt), Cartier of Montreal Minister of Militia in the Privy Council of Canada- CG:not gazetted LG: August 1 1,1868 Date of Birth: September 6, 18 14 Date of Death: May 10,1873 Place of Birth: St-Antoine, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Government Director of the Grant Trunk Railway; Leader of the French-Canadian Wing of the Liberal-Conservative Party; Delegate to Charlottetown, Quebec and London Conferences; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; Member of Parliament; Minister of Militia and Defence- Party: Li bed-Conservative Age at time of Award: 53

The Honourable Louis Edelmar Napoleon CassaUlt, KC. PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Senior Puisnejudge of the Superior Court of the Province of Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada. CG:not gazetted LG: June 25,1894 Date of Birth: July 10,1823 Date of Death: May 18,1908 Place of Birth: St-Thomas de Montmagny, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Judge. Professor of Law, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Professor of Commercial Law at Lava1 University; Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Member of Parliament; msne Juwof the Superior Court of Quebec, Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 71

The Honourable WaIter Gibson Pringle Cassels, QC. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Judge of the Exchequer Court of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: May 17,1917 Date of Birth: August 14, 1845 Date of Death: March 1,1923 Place of Birth: Quebec City, Canada East Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Bishops College, University of Toronto Occupation:&& and Lawyer Offices: Council for the CPR; Council for the Province of Ontario; hdee of the Exchequer Court of Canada, Party: No Aff~liation Age at time of Award: 71

The Honourable Joseph Amable Thomas Chapais To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) For contributions to literature and cultwe in the Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 2825. June 29,1935 LG: May 31, 1935 Date of Birth: March 23, 1858 Date of Death: July 15, 1946 Place of Birth: St-Denis de Kamouraska, Canada East Language: French Nationai Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Lava1 University (LLB) Occupation: Professor of History, Journalist, Politician and Writer (Artist) Offices: Professor of History at LavaI University; President of the Royal Society of Canada; Member of the Legislative Council of Quebec; Senator- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 77

The Honourable John Adolphe Chapleau, QC- To be made a KCMG Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada- CG:not gazetted LG: May 20,1896 Date of Birth: November 8,1840 Date of Death: June t 3, 1898 Place of Birth: Ste-Tirise de Blainville, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Lawyer; Professor and Politician Ofices: Professor of International Law at Universite LavaI de Montreal; Director of the Pontiac Pacific Junction Railway Company; Director of the Laurentides Railway Company; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; Premier of Quebec; Member of the House of Commons; Secretary of state for Canada; Minister of Customs; Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 57

The Honourable Joseph Andrew Chisholm ,KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of Nova Scotia. Dominion of Canada- CG:p. 1571. January 26,1935 LG: January 1,1935 Date of Birth: January 9, 1863 Date of Death: January 22, 1950 PIace of Birth: St. Andrews, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English-French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Dahousie University (BA, MA, LLB) Occupation: Judee and Lawyer Ofices: Mayor of Antigonish; President ofthe Union of Canadian Municipalities; Chief Justice of Nova Scotia. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 71

The Honourable William Mortimer Clark, KC- To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Onrario. CG: p. 727. September 21,1907 LG: August 30,1907 Date of Birth: May 24, 1836 Date of Death: August 1l,N 17 Place of Birth: Aberdeen, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: University of Edinburgh Occupation: Businessman Ofices: President of the Toronto Mortgage Company, Director oft.Metropolitan Bank of Canada; Director of Norwich Union; Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario. Party: Equal Rights Association Age at time of Award: 71

Edward Seaborne Clouston To be made a Baronet @t) No citation CG: p. 1699. December 26,1908 LG: December 4, 1908 Date of Birth: May 9, 1849 Date of Death: November 23, 19 17 Place of Birth: Moose Factory, Canada West (check this provhce) Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: High School Occupation: Businessman Offices: Director of the Bank of Montreal; Founder of the Canadian Bankers Association; Chairman of the Mexico Light and Power Company. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 68

The Honourable Henry Pering Pellew Crease, QC. BC To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) On his retirement as senior puisne judge fiom the Bench of the Supreme Court of British Colzirnbia, in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: January 23,1896 Date of Birth: August 20, 1823 Date of Death: November 27, 1905 Place of Birth: Ince Castle, Plymouth, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Cambridge Occupation: Lawyer and Offices: Judge of Admiralty and Exchequer Court of Canada, Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 72

Colonel (Temporary Major-General) Arthur Currie, CB. ON To be made a KCMG For sewice rendered in connection with Military operations in the field CG: p. 262. June 28,1917 LG: June 1,1917 Colonel (Temporary Lieutenant-General) Sir Arthur William Currie, KCMG, CB- To be made a KCB military division For valziuble services rendered in connection with Military operations in the Field CG: p. 2489. January 26, 19 18 LG: December 28,19 17 Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur William Currie, KCB, KCMG- To be made a GCMG No citation. CG: p. 2462. February 8, 1919 LG: December 3 l,l918 Date of Birth: December 5, 1875 Date of Death: November 30, 1933 Place of Birth: Strathroy, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Soldier Offices: Commander of the First Canadian Division (1915); Commander of the Canadian Corns ( 19 17); Inspector General of the Canadian Forces; Principal and Vice Chancellor of McGill. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 41 when made a KCMG, 43 when made a KCB and 44 when made a GCMG. The Honourable Maiachy Bowes Dab, QC. NS To be made a KCMG Lieutenant-Governor of the Province ofNova Scotia, in the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: January 1,1900 Date of Birth: February 6,1836 Date of Death: April 26,1920 Place of Birth: Que%ec City, Lower Canada Language: English National Origin: English-French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, Civil Servant and Politician Offices: Secretary to the Dominick Daly Lieutenant Govemor of PEI; Private Secretary to Sir R.G. Macdonnell Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia; Provincial ADC to Sir W. Fenwick Lieutenant Govemor of Nova Scotia; Director of the Standard Coal and Railway Company; Member of the House of Commons; Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons; Lieutenant- Governor of Nova Scotia. Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 63

The Honourable Charles Peers Davidson, KC- To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ofQuebec- CG: p. 222. Juiy 26,19 13 LG: July 1,1913 Date of Birth: January 1841 Date of Death: January 29, 1929 Place of Birth: Huntington, Lower Canada Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: McGill (BCL, MA, GCL) Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Offices: Soldier during the Fenian Raids; Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Quebec; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Quebec. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 72

The Honourable Louis Henry Davies, KStJ, QC. PEI To be made a KCMG Minister of Marine and Fisheries for the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: June 22,1897 Date of Birth: May 4, 1845 Date of Death: May 1, 1924 Place of Birth: CharIottetown, Prince Edward Island Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: Grammar School Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: President of the Merchants Bank of PEI; President of patriot Printing and Publishing Company; Member of the Legislative Assembly of PEk Premier of PEG Member of the House of Commons; Minister of Marine and Fisheries Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada; Member of the Imperial Privy Council (19 19). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 52

Mortimer Barnett Davies To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of the City of Montreal. CG: not gazetted LG: April 17, 19 17 Date of Birth: 1866 Date of Death: Place of Birth: Montred, Quebec Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Not Listed Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman Offices: President of Imperial Tobacco; Introduced large scale tobacco fanning to Canada, Party:No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 5 1

John William Dawson, CMG. PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Principal and Vice-Chancellor of McGill Universi~Montreal, in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: September 11,1884 Date of Birth: October 13, 1820 Date of Death: November 19,1899 Place of Birth: Pictou, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: University of Edinburgh Occupation: Professor and University Administrator Offices: Superintendent of Education for Nova Scotia; Principal of McGill University CO- founder of the Royal Society of Canada; President of both the American aod British Association for the Advancement of Science. Party: No AfEliation Age at time of Award: 63

The Honourable Charles Eugene Boucher de Boucherville, CMG. To be made a KCMG Senator of the Dominion of Canada. CG: p 202. July 18,1914 LG: June 22,1914 Date of Birth: May 4,1822 Date of Death: September I 1, 19 15 Place of Birth: Boucherville, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Re1 igion: Roman Catholic Education: McGill University (MD, CM) Occupation: Medical Doctor and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Qudbec; Speaker of the Quebec Legislative Assembly; Premier of Quebec; Senator, Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 92

The Honourable Antoine Airne Dorion, QC. PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Court of Queen k Bench for the Province of Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: October 4, 1877 Date of Birth: January 17,1818 Date of Death: May 3 1,189 1 Place of Birth: Ste-Anne de la Perade, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Judee, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Member of Parliament; Minister of Justice and Attorney General; Chief Justice of the Court of Oueen's Bench of the Province of UueTbec; acting Lieutenant Governor ofQue'bec. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 59

Arthur George Doughty, CMG. ON To be made a KBE civil division Archivist and Chairman, Public Records Commission, Dominion of Canada- CG: p. 2826. June 29,1935 LG: May 31,1935 Date of Birth: March 22, 1860 Date of Death: December 1, 1936 PIace of Birth: Maidenhead, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Oxford University, Lava1 University Occupation: Civil Servant Offices: Drama Critic; Librarian of the Legislative Library at Quebec; Deputy Mioister, Head of Canadian Special Mission to France; Dominion Archivist Chairman of the Public Records Commission. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 75

Henry Lumley Drayton, KC. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Commissioner, Board of Railways Commission of Canada- CG: p. 435, August 14,1915 LG: July 16, 1915 Date of Birth: April 27, 1869 Date of Death: August 28,1950 Place of Birth: Kingston, Ontario Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Chief Commissioner of the Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada; Power Controller for the Province of Ontario; Member of Parliament; Minister of Finance; Minister of Immigration and Colonization; Chairman of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 46

George Alexander Drwnmond, CVO, To be made a KCMG President of the Bank of MontreaI, Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: June 24,1904 Date of Birth: October 1 1, 1829 Date of Death: February 2, 19 I0 Place of Birth: Edinburgh, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Edinburgh University Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: Founded Canadian Sugar Refining Company; President of the Bank of Montreal; Senator. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 74

Joseph Dubuc, KC. MB To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Late Chief Jmice of the Court of King's Bench, for the Province of Mmitoba, CG: p. 348. August 3,1912 LG: July 12, 1912 Date of Birth: December 26, 1840 Date of Death: January 7,1914 Ptace of Birth: Ste-Martine, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: McGill University (BCL) Occupation: Judee. Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of Louis Riels Provisional Council; Supe~tendentof Catholic Schools and Secretary of the Manitoba Board of Education; President of the Manitoba Colonization Society; Captain of the St. Boniface Rifle Company; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba; Attorney General of Manitoba; Speaker of Manitoba Legislature; Member of the House of Commons; Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Manitoba Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 71

The Right Honourable Lyman Poore Duff, PC, KC. To be made a GCMG Chief Justice of Canada. CG: p.1537. January27,1934 LG: p. January 1,1934 Date of Birth: January 7, 1865 Date of Death: April 26,1955 Place of Birth: Meaford, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion : United Church but originally Congregationalist Education: University of Toronto Occupation: Judee: and Lawyer Offices: Judge of the British Columbia Supreme Court; Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada; Made a member of the Imperial Privy Council in 1934, Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 69

John Craig Eatoa To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Toronto. CG: p. 435. August 14,1915 LG: July 16, 1915 Date of Birth: April 28, 1876 Date of Death: March 30, 1922 Place of Birth: Toronto, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Methodist Education: High School Occupation: Businessman and Philanthropist Offices: President of the T. Eaton Compan~;Founder of the Eaton Boys and Girls Clubs. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 39

The Honourable James David Edgar, QC To be made a KCMG Speaker of the Home of Commons of the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: May 21, 2898 Date of Birth: August 10, 1 84 1 Date of Death: July 3 1, I899 Place of Birth: Hatley, Canada East Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist Education: Grammar School Occupation: Journalist, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Legal Editor of the Toronto Globe; Member of the House of Commons; Speaker of the House of Commons. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 56

Henry Kelly Egan, Esq. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of the city of Ottawa in the Province of Ontario, Canada- CG: p. 321 1, March 21, 1914 LG: February 24, 1914 Date of Birth: January 15, 1848 Date of Death: October 18,1925 Place of Biah: Aylmer, Canada East Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: High School Occupation: Businessman and Local Politician Offices: Proprietor of Hawksbury Lumber; Clerk of the Privy Council; Director of the British American Bank Note Company; Head of the Ottawa Improvement Commission. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 66

The Honourable (William) Glenholme Falconbridge, KC. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Jz~sticeof the King's Bench, High COW Justice of the Province of Ontario. CG: p. 383. August 15, 1908 LG: July 28,1908 Date of Birth: May 12, 1846 Date of Death: February 8, 1920 Place of Birth: DnunmondviUe, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: University of Toronto Occupation: Judtze, Lawyer and Professor Offices: Chair of Languages at Yarmouth Seminary; Judge of the Queen's Bench; Chief Justice of the Oueens Bench High Court of Ontario- Party: NO Affiliation Age at time of Award: 62

Robert Alexander Falconer, CMG, To be made a KCMG President of the University of Toronto. CG: p. 262. July 28, 1917 LG: June 1,1917 Date of Birth: February 10,1867 Date of Death: November 4, 1943 Place of Birth: Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: University of London and the University of Edinburgh Occupation: Clergyman, Professor, University Administrator Offices: Professor at Pine Hill College (Halifax); Principal of Pine Hill College; President of the University of Toronto. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 50

Major-General Eugene Marie Joseph Fiset, CMG, DSO, KStJ, VD, MD. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Surgeon General, Canadian militia, Deputy Minister of Militia and Defence. CG: not gazetted LG: August 10,1917 Date of Birth: March 15, 1874 Date of Death: June 8, 1951 Place of Birth: Rimouski, Qukbec Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Lava1 University @A, MD) Occupation: Civil Servant3Medical Doctor, Politician and Soldier Offices: Served in the Boer War; Director General of Medical Services of Canada; Surgeon- General. De~utvMinister of the De~arbnentof Militia and Defence; Member of Parliament; Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 43 The Honourabie Charles Fitzpatrick, QC. PQ To be made KCMG Chief Jtcstice of Canada, anciAdministraror of the Govemenfin the absence of the Governor General, CG: p- July 27,1907 LG: June 25,1907 The Right Honourable Charles Fitzpatrick PC, KCMG, QC. To be made a GCMG Chief Justice of Canada CG: p. 172. July 16,1911 LG: June 19,1911 Date of Birth: December 19,1853 Date of Death: June 17, 1942 Place of Birth: Quebec City, Quebec Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Laval University (BA, LLB) Occupation: Lawyer, Professor and Politician Offices: Chief Council for Louis Riel; Professor of Criminal Law at Laval University; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; Member of Parliament; Solicitor General; Minister of Justice and Attorney General; Chief Justice of the Su~remeCourt of Canada; Lieutenant Governor of Quebec; Member of the Imperial Privy Council (1908). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 52 when made a KCMG and 57 when made a GCMG.

Joseph Wesley FlaveUe To be made a Baronet (Bt), Fhelle of Toronto Of Toronto. CG; not gazetted LG: November 2,191 7 Date of Birth: February IS, I858 Date of Death: March 7,1939 Place of Birth: Peterborough, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessma and Philanthropist Offices: President of William Davies Co of Toronto; Chairman of the Cmadian Bank of Commerce; Chairman of the National Trust Company; Chairman of Simpsons Limited; Benefactor of the University of Toronto; Chairman of the Impe~aIMunitions Board of Canada Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 59

Sandford Fleming To be made a KCMG For services connected with the Dominion of Canada, CG: not gazetted LG: June 22,1897 Date of Birth: January 7,1827 Date of Death: July 22,19 15 Place of Birth: Kirkcaldy, Scotiand Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: St- Andrews University Occupation: Civil Eqgjneer Offices: Engineer for the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railway; Chief Surveyor for the Inter Colonial Railway; Surveyor for the CPR; Chaocellor of Queen's University; designed Canada's fust postage stamp. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award 70

(Joseph David) Rodolphe Forget. PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of the city of Montreal, member of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 3518. March 23,1912 LG: March 8,1912 Date of Birth: December 10,1861 Date of Death: February 19, 1919 Place of Birth: Terrebonne, Canada East Language: French-English National Origin: French-English Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Politician Ofices: Chairman of the Montreal Stock Exchange; President of the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company; President of the Canada Car and Foundry Company; Member of Parliament. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 50

The Honourable George Eulias Foster. To be made a KCMG Minirrer of Trade and Commerce, Dominion of Canada. CG: p 202- July 18,1914 LG: June 22,19 14 The Right Honourable George Eulias Foster, PC, KCMG- To be made a GCMG Minister of Trade and Commerce of Cda-Representatbe of Canada on the Royal Commission on the Natural Resowces, Trade and Legislation of certain parts of His Majesty's Dominions, CG: p. 16. July 6, 1918 LG: May 31,1918 Date of Birth: September 3, 1847 Date of Death: December 30,193 L Place of Birth: Carleton County, New Brunswick Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Baptist Education: University of New Bru~l~wick(BA), University of Edinburgh Occupation: Businessman, Politician and Professor Offices: Professor of Classics and Ancient Literature at the University of New Brunswick; General Manage of the Union Trust Company; Member of Parliament; Minister of Martine and Fisheries; Minister of Finance; Minister of Trade and Commerce; Member of the Imperial Privy Council (1 916). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 66 when made a KCMG and 70 when made a GCMG.

Charles Frederick Fraser To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Superintendent ofthe HaZ~jiaxSchool for the Blind CG: p, 435. August, 14, 1915 LG: July 16, 1915 Date of Birth: January 4, 1850 Date of Death: July 5, 1925 Place of Birth: Windsor, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Dalhousie University and Kings College (Windsor) Occupation: CiviI Servant Offices: Director of the Easter Trust Company; President of the Trinidad Consolidated Telephone Company; Suoerintendent of the Halifax Society for the Blind; President of the North British Society. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 65 William James Gage, Kstl. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Toronlo, CG: p. 3925. May 11,1918 LG: April 2,191 8 Date of Birth: September 16, 1849 Date of Death: January 14,1921 Place of Birth: Brampton, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist Education: High School Occupation: Businessman, Publisher and Philanthropist Offices: President of W.J. Gape and Com~anv;Director of the Imperial Bank of Canada; Director of the Victorian Order of Nurses. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 68

The Honourable Alexander Tiiloch Galt, CB. To be made a KCMG Late Minister of Finance in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: June 23, 1869 The Honourable Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, KCMG, CB. To be made a GCMG Member of the HaIr;fax Fisheries Commission- CG: NOT gazetted LG: May 25,1878 Date of Birth: September 6, 18 17 Date of Death: September 19, 1893 Place of Birth: Chelsea, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: Founder of the Grant Trunk Railway; Chairman of the Massawippi Railway Company; Director f the Boston Mining and Smelting Company; Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Delegate- - to the Charlottetown, Quebec and London Conference; Member of Parliament; Mlnlster of Finance; Canadian High Commissioner in London- Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 51 when made a KCMG and 60 when made a GCMG.

John George Garneau PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt)

Mqor of the City of Quebec and Chairman of "The National Battlefielldr Commission wet, " on the occasion of the visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales to Quebec- CG: p, 545. August 29,1908 LG:; August 11,1908 Date of Birth: November 19, 1864 Date of Death: February 6, 1944 Place of Birth: Quebec City, Qudbec Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Lava1 University Occupation: Businessman, Civil Engineer and Local Politician Offices: Mayor of Montreal; Chairman of the National Battlefields Commission; Director of the Bell Telephone Company. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award 43

George Christie Gibbons, KC. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) In recognifion of services in connection with the Treaty relations to Boundary Waters between Canada and the United States- CG: p. 3204- March 11,191 1 LG: Febmary 24, 191 1 Date of Birth: July 2, 1848 Date of Death: August 8, 1918 Place of Birth: St. Catherine's, Upper Canada Language: Engiish National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Upper Canada College Occupation: Businessman and Civil Servant (Diplomat) and Lawyer Offices: Ne~otiatorand Di~lomatfor Canada; Director of the London Life hsurance Company, President of the London and Western Trust Company- Party: Liberal Age at time of Award 62

The Honourable Major-General John Momson Gibson, KC. To be made KCMG Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario- CG: p. 2768, January 20,1912 LG: January 1,1912 Date of Birth: January 1,1842 Date of Death: June 3, t 929 Place of Birth: Toronto, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Pres bytenan Education: University of Toronto Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario; Co-founder of the ChiIdren's Aid Societies in Ontario; President of the Canadian Red Cross Society; Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 70

Colonel Albert Edward Gooderham To be made a KCMG For patriotic and philanthropic services in the Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 1571. January 26,1935 LG: January 1,1935 Date of Birth: June 2,186 1 Date of Death: April 25, 1935 Place of Birth: Toronto, Ontario Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School 0ccupation:~Businessmanand Philanthropist Offices: Member of the Board of Governors for the University of Toronto; Director of the Bank of Toronto; Director of various Insurance Companies. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 73

Charles Blair Gordon To be made a KBE civil division CG: not gazetted LG: August 24,19 17 Sir Charles Blair Gordon, KBE. To be made a GBE civil division Representative of the Minktry of Munitions in the United Stares of America, Vice-Chairman of the Imperial Munitions Board of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: June 7,1918 Date of Birth: November 22,1867 Date of Death: Suly 30, 1939 Place of Birth: Montreal, Quebec Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: High-school Occupation: Businessman and Civil Servant Ofices: Co-founded the Dominion Textile Company; President of Dominion Glass Company; Director of the Bank of Montreal; Vice-chairman of the Im~rialMunltrons 0 0 Board of Canada; President of the Bank of Montreal Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 49 when made a KBE and SO when made a GBE.

The Honourable Jean-Lomer Gouin. PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom Premier and Attorney General of the Province of Quebec, on the occasion of the visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. CG: p. 545. August 25,1908 Date of Birth: March 19,1861 Date of Death: March 29, 1929 Place of Birth: Grondines, Canada East Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Lava1 University (LIB) Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and Politician Ofices: Director of the Bank of Montreal; Royal Trust Company; Laurentides Power Company; Laurentides Paper Company; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; Premier of Qdbec; Member of Parliament; Minister of Justice; Lieutenant Governor of Quebec. Party: LiberaI Age at time of Award: 47

The Honourable James Robert Gowan, CMG. To be made KCMG Member of the Senate of the Dominion of Canada. CG: p 1087- November 2Sth, 1905 LG: November 7,1905 Date of Birth: December 22,18 15 Date of Death: March 18, 1909 Place of Birth: Cahore, Ireland Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anghcan Education: Grammar School Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Judge of County Court; Member of the Royal Commission Investigating the Pacific Scandal; Senator, Party; Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 90

Hugh Graham Later to become Lord Athoistan PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Montreal in the Dominion of Canada CG: p. 1846 .January 9,1909 LG: December 18,1908 Date of Birth: July 18,1848 Date of Death: January 28,1938 Place of Birth: Atholstan, Canada East Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: High School Occupation: Businessman (Newspaper Executive) and Philanthropist Ofices: President of the Montreal Star publish in^ Companv; Proprietor ofthe Evening Telegram; Chairman of the Children's Indian Famine Fund; Chairman ofthe Canadian Patriotic - Fund; Member of the Montreal Society for the Protection of Animals. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 60 when made a Kt and 68 when made Lord Atholstan.

The Honourable Walter Nesbitt Graham, QC. NS To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia CG: p. 582. August 19,1916 LG: June 18,1916 Date of Birth: January 15, 1848 Date of Death: October 12, 1917 Place of Birth: Antigonish, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English Ref igion: Protestant Education: Acadia College (BA) Occupation: Jud~eand Lawyer Offices: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia; Organizer of the Tribunals set up under the Military Services Act. Party: Consewative Age at time of Award: 68

James Alexander Grant, MD, To be made a KCMG OfOttawa. in the Dominion of Cmada- CG: not gazetted LG: June 21,1887 Date of Birth: August 11,183 1 Date of Death: February 5, 1920 Place of Birth: hverness, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Reiigion: Presbyterian Education: Queen's College Kingston, McGill University (MD) Occupation: Medical Doctor and Politician Offices: Chief Phvsician to the Governor General; President of the Canadian Medical Association; President of the Royal Society of Canada; Member of Parliament. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 55

Edmund Wyly Grier To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) President of the Royal Academy ofArts, Dominion of Canada- CG: p. 2825. June 29,1935 LG: May 31,1935 Date of Birth: November 26,1862 Date of Death: December 7,1957 Place of Birth: Melbourne, Australia Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Christian Scientist Education: Upper Canada College and Bishops College Occupation: Artist Offices: Portrait Painter who completed many official portraits for well known Canadians at the beginning of the twentieth century. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 72

Colonel Casimir Stanislaus Gzowski ON To be made a KCMG Honourary aide-de-camp to the Queen,for valuable services rendered to the Dominion of Canada CG: not gazetted LG: May 21,1890 Date of Birth: March 5, I8 13 Date of Death: August 24, 1898 Place of Birth: St. Petersburg, Russia Language: Russian National Origin: PoGsh Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School and Engineering in Russia Occupation: EnPineer Offices: Exiled from Russia for supporting Polish Rebellion; Builder of the StLawrence and Atlantic Railroad; Builder of part of the Grand Tnmk Railroad; Chairman of the Niagara Parks Commission; Co-founder and President of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers; Aide-de- camp to Queen Victoria, Party: No Amation Age at time of Award: 77

The Honourable John Hawkins Hagarty, QC- ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Province of Manitoba, in the Dominion of Canada. Note: Citation should read: Chief Justice of the Province of Ontario in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: October 22, 1897 Date of Birth: September 17, 18 16 Date of Death: April 27, 1900 Place of Birth: Dublin, Ireland Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: Trinity College (Dublin), University of Toronto Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Offices: Puisne Judge of the Court of Commons Please of Ontario; Judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Ontario; Chief Justice of the Court of Oueen's Bench of Ontario. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 8 L

Arthur Arnbrose Hall Harries ON To be made a KBE civil division Acting Director of Overseas Transport to the Canadian Government; Representative of the Director of Transports Canada- CG: p. 2685. February 9, 1918 LG: January 4,191 8 Date of Birth: unknown Date of Death= unknown Place of Birth: Stoke, EngIand Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: unknown Occupation: Businessman and Civil Servant Off~ces:Director of Transports for the Canadian Expeditionv Force. Party: No Affiliation Age at theof Award: unknown

The HonourabIe Frederick William Haultain, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Jusrtice of the Smkatchewan Court ofAppeal CG: p. 3030. March 18,1916 LG: February 22,19 16 Date of Birth: November 25, 1857 Date of Death: January 30, 1942 Place of Birth: Woolwich, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: University of Toronto Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Offices: Leader of the Provincial Right Party; Chief Justice of the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal; Chancellor of the University of Saskatchewan. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 58

The Honourable John Douglas Hazen, KC. NB To be made a KCMG Chief Justice of New Brunswick; Lately Minister of Marine md Fisheries and Minister ofihe Naval Service, Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 16. Iuly6, 1918 LG: May 31,1918 Date of Birth: June 5, t 860 Date of Death: December 27,1937 Place of Birth: Oromocto, New Brunnvick Language: English National Origin: English ,United Empire Loyalist Religion: Anglican Education: University of New Brunswick @A, BCL) Occupation: Businessman, &&g, Lawyer and Politician Offices; Director of the Eastern Trust Company; New Brumwick Telephone Company; Paymaster of the New Brunswick Regiment of Artillery;- Premier ofNew Brunswick; Member of Parliament; Minister of Marine and Fisheries and Minrster - of Mmhe and Navai Affairs; Chief Justice of the Appeal Division of the Supreme Court ofNew Brunswicli Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 57

The Honourable William Howard Eearst, KC- ON To be made a KCMG Premier of the Province of Ontan-0- CG: p. 3300. March 24,1917 LG: February 9, 1917 Date of Birth: February 15, 1864 Date of Death: September 29, 1941 Place of Birth: Arran Township, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist Education: Osgoode Hall Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembiy of Ontario; Premier of Ontario; Co-founder of Ontario Hydro. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 52

The Honourable Lieutenant-Colonel John Strathem Hendrie, CVO. To be made a KCMG Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Ontario. CG:p. 4094. June 26,1915 LG: p. June 3,1915 Date of Birth: Auyst 15,1857 Date of Death: July 18, 1923 Place of Birth: Hamilton, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Upper Canada College Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and Politician OEces: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario; Member of the Hydro Commission; Mayor of Hamilton; Lieutenant Governor of Ontario; President of the Bank of Hamilton; President of the Hamilton Bridge Works. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 57

Joseph Hickson To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) General Manage of the Grant Trunk Railway of the Dominion of Canada- CG:not gazetted LG: January 20,1890 Date OFBiah: January 23,1830 Date of Death: January 4,1897 Place of Birth: Northurnbedand, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Railwav Executive Offices: Secretary and Treasurer of the Grant Trunk Railway; Served as a Lieutenant Colonel during the Fenian Raids; Manager of the GTR; General Manaeer of the GTR. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 60

William Hales Hingston, MD. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Montreal, in the Province of Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada. CG:not gazetted LG: July 15, 1895 Date of Birth: June 29,1829 Date of Death: February 19,1907 Place of Birth: Hinchinbrook, Lower Canada Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Roman Catholic Education: McGill University (MD) Occupation: Businessman, Medical Doctor, Local Politician and Politician Offices: President of the Canadian Medical Association; Vice President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; President of the Montreal City and District Savings Bank; President of the City Passenger Railway Company; Mayor of Montreal; Senator. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 66

Herbert Samuel Holt To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Montreal. CG: p. 3017. March 15,1915 LG: May 9,1915- Date of Birth: February 12,1856 Date of Death: September 28, 1941 Piace of Birth: GeashiU, Ireland Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, Engineer, Railway Executive Offices: Co-founder of the Montreal Light Heat and Power Company; President of the Sovereign Bank of Canada; President of the Roval Bank of Canada, Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award 59

The Honourable William Pierce Howland To be made a KCMG Formerly Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. CG: not gazetted LG: May 24,1879 Date of Birth: May 29, 181 1 Date of Death: January 1, 1907 Place of Birth: Paulings, New York, USA Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Quaker Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: Vice President of Confederation Life Assurance Company; Director of the Ontario Bank and Canadian Landed Credit Company; Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Delegate to the London Conference; Member of Parliament; Minister of Inland Revenue; Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario (1 868- 1873). Party: Reformer, Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award 67

Lieutenant-General, The Honourable Samuel Hughes, VD. To be made a KCB, civil division. Minister of Militia and Defence of the Dominion of Canada- CG: p. 905. September 25, 1915. LG: August 27, 1915. Date of Birth: January 9, 1853 Date of Death: August 24, 1921 Place of Birth: Darlington, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist Education: University of Toronto Occupation: Newspaper Editor, Politician, SoIdier and Teacher Offices: Teacher at Toronto Collegiate Institute; Editor of the Lindsay Wanterer; Lieutenant- Colonel during the Boer War; Member of Parliament; Muuster- - ofMilitia (19 11-1 9 16). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 62

Aemilius Irving, QC To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: August 3,1906 Date of Birth: February 4,1823 Date of Death: November 27, 19 13 Place of Birth: Learnington, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Upper Canada College Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Director of the Toronto General Trusts Corporation; Council for Ontario before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council; Member of Parliament; Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 83

The Honourable Louis Amable Jettii PQ To be made a KCMG Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Quebec, on the occasion of the visit of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cowall and York to the Dominion of Canadaa CG: not gazetted LG: September 17, 1901 Date of Birth: January 15, 1836 Date of Death: May 5, 1920 Place of Birth: L7Assomption,Lower Canada Language: French NationaI Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: L7AssomptionCollege Occupation: Businessman, Journalist, Lawyer, Politician and Professor - Offices: Director of the Isolated Risk and Farmers Insurance Company; Royal Mutual Life Assurance Company; Lawentides Railway Company; Professor of Law at Lava1 University; Dean of the Faculty of Law at Lavd University; President ofthe Reform Association of the Paai National; Member of ParLiament; Puisne Judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; Lieutenant Governor of Ouebec- Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 65

The Honourable Francis Godschall Johnson, QC. PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Superior Court of the Province of Quebec in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: June 30,1890 Date of Birth: January 1,18 17 Date of Death: May 27, 1894 Place of Birth: Bedforshire, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Protestant Education: Harrow and various Continental SchooIs Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Ofices: Judge for the Hudson's Bay Company; Vice-president of the British American League; Judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; Recorder of Manitoba; Chief Justice of the Suoerior Court of Qukbec- Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 73

The Honourable Henri G Joly de Lotbinhe, QC. To be made a KCMG Formerly Premier of the Province of Quebec in the Dominion of Cunada. CG: Not gazetted LG: May 25,1895 Date of Birth: December 5, 1829 Date of Death: November 15, 1908 Place of Birth: Epernay, France Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: Vice President of the Imperial Federation League Canada; Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quekc; Premier & OuCbec: Member of Parliament; Minister of Inland Revenue; Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 65

The Honourabte Lyman Melvin Jones ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Senator of the Dominion of Canada (rhe above honour to take efectfiom the 20th of June) CG: p. 416- August 5,191 1 LG: July 11,1911 Date of Birth: September 2 1, 1 843 Date of Death: April 15, 1917 Place of Birth: York County, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Politician Ofices: President of Massey-Harris Company; Mayor of Winnipeg; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba; Director of the Canadian Bank of Commerce; Senator. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 67

The Honourable Albert Edward Kemp To be made a KCMG Minister of MiZitiu and Defence, Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 3300. March 24, 1917 LG: February 9, 1917 Date of Birth: August 11,1858 Date of Death: August 12, 1929 Place of Birth: Clarenceville, Canada East Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist Education: Lacolle Academy Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of Parliament; Minister of Militia and Defence: Minister of Overseas Forces from Canada in the United Kingdom; Senator; President of Sheet Metal Products Limited; President of Kemp Manufacturingg Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 58

John Kennedy PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Consulting Engineer to Montreul Harbour Commission- CG: p. 3030. March 18,1916 LG: February 22,1916 Date of Birth: September 26,1838 Date of Death: October 25, 1921 Place of Biah: Spencervifle, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Baptist Education: McGill University Occupation: Civil En~neer Offices: Engineer for the Great Western Railway; mneerfor the Montreal Harbour Commission; Co-founder of the Canadian Engineering Standards Association. Became blind in 1907 yet continued his consulting work- Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 77

The Honourable Edward Kenny To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Late President of the Privy Council of the Dominion of Canada CG: not gazetted LG: November 30,1870 Date of Birth: July 1800 Date of Death: May 16, I89 1 Place of Birth: County Kerry, Ireland Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, PoIitician Offices: Mayor of Halifax; Director of the Union Bank; Director of the Merchants Bank; Member of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia; Senator; Receiver General of Canada; President of the Priw Council; Admiaistrator of the Government of Nova Scotia; President of the Charitable Irish Society. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 70 Admiral Charles Edmund Kingsmill, RN (Retired List) To be made a Knight ofthe United Kingdom (Kt) Director of NmaI Services in the Dominion of Canada. CG: p, 3925, May l I, 1918 LG: April 2, 1918 Date of Birth: July 7, 1855 Date of Death: July 15,1935 Place of Birth: Guelph, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Rekigion: Anglican Education: Royd Navy Cadet Occupation: Officer in the Royal Navy, Civil Servant Ofices: Midshipman in the Royal Navy during the Sudan Expedition (1 884); British Vice Consul and agent at Zeyla, Aden; Rear Admiral in the Royal Navy; Head of the Canadian Maritime Service; Co-bunder of the Royal Canadian Navy; Admiral of the Royal Canadkn1 Naw and Director of the Canadian Naval Service during the First World War. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 62

The Honourable George Airey Kirkpatrick, QC- ON To be made a KCMG L ieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario, in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: June 22,1897 Date of Birth: September 13, 1841 Date of Death: December 13, 1899 Place of Birth: Kingston, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: Trinity College Dublin (BA, LLB) Occupation: Businessman Lawyer and Politician Offices: President of the Canadian Locomotive Works; Director of the Kingston and Pernbroke Railway; Canadian Pacific Railway; Southern Railway; Canadian Life Assurance Company; Member of Parliament; Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (1892-1 896); President of the Dominion of Canada Rifle Association, Party: Liberal-Consemative Age at time of Award: 55

The Honourable Aiexandre Lacoste, QC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Court of Queen 's Bench for the Province of Quebec, Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: June 15,1892 Date of Birth: January 12,1842 Date of Death: August 17,1923 PIace of Birth: Boucherville, Canada East Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Seminaire de St-Hyacinthe Occupation: Businessman, Judgg, Lawyer, Politician and Professor OfEces: Director of the Manitoba Assurance Company and Liverpool; London and Globe Insurance Company; Member of the Legislative Council for Qudbec (1882-1883); Senator (1 89 1); Speaker of the Senate (1891); Chief Justi-ce of the Court of Oueen's Bench for Oue,bec (1891-1907). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award 50

The Honourable Fraqois Charles StanisIas Langelier KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Assistunt Chief Justice of the Superior Corn of the Province of Quebec- CG: p. 727. September 21,1907 LG: August 30, 1907 The Honourable Sir Fmqois Charles Stanislas LangeIier, Kt. To be made a KCMG Lieutenant Governor of the Province of Quebec CG: p. 2435. January 24,1914 LG: January 2, 2 9 14. Date of Birth: December 24, 1838 Date of Death: February 8, 19 15 Place of Birth: Ste-Rosaile, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Semimire de St-Hyacinthe, Lava1 University (LLB) Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; Lieutenant-Governor of Qukbec; Chief Justice of the Su~eriorCourt of Quebec, Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 68 when made a Kt and 75 when made a KCMG.

The Honourable Richard Stuart Lake To be made a KCMG Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchwm CG: p. 16. JuIy 6,1918 LG: May 31,1918 Date of Birth: July 10,1860 Date of Death: April 23,1950 Place of Biah: Preston, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, Farmer and Politician Offices: Served in the British Civil Service; Member of the North West Territories Legislature; President of the Temtorial Grain Growers Association; Member of Parliament (1904491 I), Lieutenant-Governor of Saskatchewan, President of the Imperial Federation League; Vice President of the Canadian Red Cross. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 57

The Honourable Pierre Armand Landry, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief &ice of the King's Bench Division of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick CG: p. 582. August 19, 1916 LG: June 18,1916 Date of Birth: May 1, I 846 Date of Death: July 28, 1916 Place of Birth: Dorchester, New Brunswick Language: English National Origin: French-English Religion: Roman Catholic Education: St. Joseph's College (Memramcook), Harvard. Occupation: Judgg, Lawyer, Politician and Professor Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (1870-1 874,1878- 1883); Member of Parliament (1883-1890); Court Judge (1890-1893); Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of New Bmswick (1893-1913); Chainnan of the New Brunswick Railway Commission (1908); Chief Justice of the Court of Kine's Bench for New Brunswick (19134916)- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 70

The HonourabIe Hector Louis Langevin, CB, QC. To be made a KCMG Minister of Public Works in the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: May 24,1881 Date of Birth: August 26,1826 Date of Death: June 11,1906 Place of Birth: Quebec City, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Semimire de Quebec Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Vice President ofthe North Shore Railway Company; Mayor of Quebec City; Member of the Legislature of the Province of Canada; Delegate to the Charlottetown, Qu6kc and London Coaferences; Member of Parliament; Secretary of State and Superintendent General of Indian Affairs; Minister of Militia and Federal, Postmaster General; Minister of Public Works. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 54

Hormisdas Laporte PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chairman of the War Purchasing Commission. Canada. CG: p- 932. September 7, 19 18 LG: August 2,191 8 Date of Birth: November 7, 1850 Date of Death: Place of Birth: Lachine, Quebec Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman Offices: President of La Banque Provinide du Canada; President of Laporte Ltee Grocers; Chairman of the Montreal Harbour Commission; Chainnan of the War Purchasine Commission. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 67

The Right Honourable Wilfrid Laurier, PC, KC. To be made a GCMG President of the Privy Council and Premier of the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: June 22,1897 Date of Birth: November 20, 1841 Date of Death: February 17,19 19 Place of Birth: St-Lin, Canada East Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: College de 1'Assomption, McGill (BCL) Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (1871-1 874); Member of Parliament (1874-1 877,1877-19 19); Minister of Inland Revenue (1877-1 878); Leader of the Opposition (1887-1 896,l9 11-19 19); Prime Minister and President of the Priw Council (1 896-19 11). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 55

The Honourable Pierre Evariste LeBlanc, KC. To be made a KCMG Lieutenant Governor of the Province du Quebec CG: p. 4234. June 25,1916 LG: June 2,19 16 Date of Birth: August 10, 1853 Date of Death: October 18, 1918 Place of Birth: Laval, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French, Acadian Religion: Roman Catholic Education: McGill University Occupation: Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; Lieutenant-Governor of Qukbec- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award 62

James MacPherson LeMoine To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Quebec, ex-president of the Royal Society of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: February 4,1897 Date of Birth: January 2 1, 1825 Date of Death: February 5, 1912 Place of Birth: Quebec City, Quebec Language: English and French National Origin: English and French, United Empire Loyalist Religion Roman Catholic and Presbyterian Education: Quebec Seminary Occupation: Lawyer and Philanthropist Offices: Historian, President of the Royal Society of Canada Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Awad 72

The Honourable Fmqois Xavier Lemieux, KC- PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Acting Chief Justice of the Superior Court of fhe Prowinre of Quebec in the Dominion of Canada, CG: p. 3017. March 15,1915 LG: May 9,1915. Date of Birth: April 9,185 1 Date of Death: Jdy 18, 1933 Place of Birth: Levis, Quebec Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Lava1 University Occupation: Jud~eand Lawyer Offices: Acted as Council for Louis Riel; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Qukbec; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Quebec. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 63

Charles William Lindsay To be made a KBE civil division For philanthropic and charitable services in the Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 1572. January 26,1935 LG: January 1, 1935 Date of Birth: April 6,1856 Date of Death: November 7,1939 Place of Birth: Montreal, Quebec Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: High School Occupation: Businessman and Philanthropist Offices: President of Lindsay and Company; Vice-president of the McKay Institute for the Protection of the Deaf, Mute and Blind; Director of the Montreal General Hospital. Went blind at the age of 19. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 78

Major-General Frederick Oscar Warren Loomis, CB, CMG, DSO. PQ To be made a KCB military division For valuable services rendered in connection with military operations in France and Flanders. CG: p. 97. July 12,1919 LG: June 6,1919 Date of Birth: February 1,1870 Date of Death: Place of Birth: Sherbrooke, Quebec Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Bishops College Occupation: Businessman and Soldier Offices: President of Loomis and Sons General Contractors; Served as a General during the First World War. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 49

The Honourable James Alexander Lougheed, KC. AB/NWT To be made a KCMG Minister withour Porrfoo and Leader of the Government in the Senate, Dominion of Canada- CG: p. 4234. June 25, I916 LG: June 2,1916 Date of Birth: September 1, 1854 Date of Death: November 2,1925 Place of Birth: Brarnpto~,Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Council for the CPR; Director of the Canadian Life Assurance Co; Chairman of the Military Hospitals Commission; Senator; Leader of the Conservative Party in the Senate; Minister without Portfolio; Minister of the Interior and Superintendent General of Indian Affairs; Minister of Mines. Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 61

Donald Mann. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Vice-President of the Canadian Norther Railway Company. CG: p. 3204. March 11,1911 LG: February 24,19 11 Date of Birth: March 23, 1853 Date of Death: November 10,1934 Place of Birth: Acton, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and bilwav Executive Ofices: Built branch railway lines in Western Canada, Maine, South America and China; Owner of the Lakes Manitoba Railway (later the Canadian Northern Railway Company); Vice President of the Canadian Northern Railwav Com~anv. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 57

The Honourable Herbert Meredith Marler PQ To be made a KCMG His Majesty S Envoy fitraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan for the Dominion of Canada, CG: p. 2825. June 29,1935 LG: May31,1935 Date of Birth: March 7, 1876 Date of Death: January 3 1, 1940 Place of Birth: Montreal, Quebec Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: McGill University (BCL) Occupation: Lawyer, Politician, Civil Servant (Diplomat) and Soldier Offices: Major in the 245th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force; Fuel Administrator for Quebec (19 17-1 9 18); Member of Parliament (1 92 1-1925); Minister without Portfolio (1925- 2 926); Envov Extraordinaw and Minister Plenimtentiarv for Canada to Ja~an(1 929-193 6); Envoy Extraordinary and Minister PIenipotentiary to Washington (1 93 6- 1939). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 59

The Honourable Richard McBride, KC. To be made a KCMG Premier of the Province of British Columbia. CG: p. 2. JuIy6, 1912 LG: June 14,1912 Date of Birth: December IS, 1870 Date of Death: August 6, 1917 Place of Birth: New Westminster, British Columbia Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: High School Occupation: Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia; Premier of British Columbia Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 41

Major-General James Howden MacBrien, CB, CMG, DSOf. ON To be made a KCB military division Commissioner of the Royal Conodm Mounted Police, formerly Chief of St& Conadion Militia CG: p. 2825. June 29,1935 LG: May 31,1935 Date of Birth: June 30,1878 Date of Death: March 5, 1938 Place of Birth: Myrtle, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Police Officer and Soldier Ofices: Member of the North West Mounted Police; served during the Boer War; Chief of the Canadian General Staff; Commissioner of the RCMP. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 56

The Honourable John Alexander Macdonald, QC. ON To be made a KCB civil division Chairman of the recent conference of delegutesfiom British North America on the measure of confederation. CG: not gazetted LG: June 28,1867 The Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, PC, KCB, QC. To be made a GCB civil division Prime Minktes of the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: November 21,1884 Date of Birth: January 11,1815 Date of Death: June 6, 1891 Place of Birth: Glasgow, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Midland District Grammar School, Cruckshank School Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (1 844-1 867); Delegate to Charlottetown, Quebec and London Conferences; Member of Parliament (1867-1891); Prime Minister (June 1, 1867-November 5, 1873, October 17, 1878-June 6, 1891); Minister of Justice and Attorney General (1 86% 1873); Minister of the Interior (1 878- 1883); Superintendent General of Indian Affairs (1 878-1887); President of the Privy Council (1 883-1 889); Minister of Railways and Canals (1 889-189 1); Member of the Imperial Privy Council (1872). Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 52 when made a KCB and 69 when made a GCB*

The Honourable Hugh John Macdonald, KC. MB To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Formerly Minister of the Interior of the Dominion of Canada- CG: p. 222. July 26, I913 LG: July 1,1913 Date of Birth: March 13,1850 (son of Sir John A. Macdonald) Date of Death: March 29, 1929 Ptace of Birth: Kingston, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: University of Toronto Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Vice President of the Great West Life Assurance Company; Balfour Implement Company; President of the Manitoba Water Power Electrical Company; Served with the 14th Battalion Volunteer Militia during the 1866 Fenian Raids; Served as an Ensign with the 1.st Ontario Rifles in the Red River Expedition, Served as a Major with the 90th Battalion during the North West Rebellion; Member of Parliament (189 1-1 893, 1896-1 897); Minister of the Interior (1 896); Superintendent General of Indian Affairs (1896); Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba (1899- 1900); Premier and Attorney General of Manitoba (1 900); Police Magistrate of Winnipeg (191 1). Party; Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award; 63

Wiiliarn Christopher MacDonald To be made Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Merchant, of Montreal, in the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: January 5,1899 Date of Birth: 1831 Date of Death: June 9, 19 17 Place of Birth: Glenaladale, Prince Edward Island Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: originalIy a Roman Catholic but threw off organized digion Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessmarl and Philanthropist Offices: Owner of Macdonaid Tobacco Comp- Educational Philanthropist to McGill and the Ontario Agricultural College (University of Guelph); Chancellor of McGill University. Party: No Af5liation Age at time of Award: 68

Major-General Archibald Cameron Macdonell, CB, CMG, DSO. ON To be made a KCB military division No citation CG: p- 2162. February 8,1919 LG: December 3 1, 1918 Date of Birth: October 6, 1864 Date of Death: December 23,1941 Place of Birth: Windsor, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Anglican Education: University of Toronto, Royal Military College (Kingston) Occupation: Police Officer and Soldier Ofices: Served in the Royal North West Mounted Police; Served as a General during the First World War; Commandant of Royal Military College (Kingston) Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award 54

William Mackenzie To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) President of the Canadian Northern Railway Company. CG: p. 3204. March 11, 1911 LG: February 24,19 1 1 Date of Birth: October 17, 1849 Date of Death: December 5,1923 Place of Birth: Eldon Township, Peterborough County, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Scottish ReIigion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Railway Executive Offices: Railway contractor in Ontario, British Columbia, Mahe and the North West Territories; Part owner of the Toronto Street Railway Company; Co-founder of the Brazilian Traction Company; President ofthe Cwdian Norther Railwav Company. Party: No AfEliation Age at Time of Award: 6 1

The Honourable Ezekiel McLeod, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom, (Kt) Chief Jiistice of the New Brunswick Supreme COWL CG: not gazetted LG: April 17,1917 Date of Birth: October 29, 1840 Date of Death: June 11, 1920 Place of Birth: Cardwell New Brunswick Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Free Baptist Education: Harvard University (BCL) Occupation: Judges Lawyer and Politician Offkes: Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (1882-1 886); Member of Parliament (1 89 1-1 896); Local Judge in Admiralty Exchequer Court for New Brunswick (1 896); Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick (1896-1913); Judge of the Appeal Division and Chancery Division of the Supreme Court ofNew Brunswicic (1913-1914); Chief Justice of the Court of Abbed of New Brunswick (1914-1917). Party: Li bed-Conservative Age at time of Award: 76

John Cunningham McLennan, OBE. ON To be made a KBE civil division Professor Emeritus and Visiting Professor of Physics, University of Toronto. Dominion of Canada. For fundamental discoveries in Physics and scientific services. Magnetic detection of Submarines in the First World War. CG: p. 2826. June 29,1935 LG: May31,1935 Date of Birth: April 14, I867 Date of Death: October 9, 1935 Place of Birth: Ingersoll, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: University of Toronto Occupation: Physicist and Professor Offices: Scientific advisor to the British Admiralty; Professor of Physics at the University of Toronto; President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; President of the Royal Canadian Institute; helped to Cund the National Research Council. Party: No AffEliation Age at time of Award: 68

The Honourable Daniel Hunter McMiUan To be made a KCMG Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Manitoba, in the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: June 26,1902 Date of Birth: January 14,1846 Date of Death: April 14, 1933 PIace of Birth: Whitby, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman Offices: Served as a soldier during the Fenian Raids; President of the Northern Crown Bank; Director of Great West Life; Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba; President of the St. Andrew's Society. Party: No Afliliation Age at time of Award: 56

Ernest Campbell MacMillan. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Principal of the Toronto Conservatory of Mmic, Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 2825. June 29,1935 LG: May 3 1,1935 Date of Birth: August 18, 1893 Date of Death: May 6, 1973 Place of Birth: Mimico (Toronto), Ontario Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Oxford and the University of Edinburgh Occupation: Corn~oset;Conductor and Professor Offices: Principal of the Toronto Conservatory of Music; Dean of the Faculty of Music at the University of Toronto; Conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra; Conductor of the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir; guest conductor to Orchestras in the United States, Australia and Brazil. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 41

Major Andrew Macphail, MD. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Canadian Anny Medical Corps. (Overseas Forces), Professor of the History of Medicine, McGiZZ University, Montreal was dubbed by His Majesty at Buckingham PaZace on 23rd instance (March, 1918). (To take effect asfiom the 6th of Februury, 1918) CG: p. 2924. May 11,1918 LG: April 2,19 18 Date of Birth: November 24, 1864 Date of Death: September 23, 1938 Place of Birth: Orwell, Prince Edward Island Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: McGill University Occupation: Medical Doctor, Professor and Soldier -. Offices: Professor of Medicine at Bishops University; Professor of the Historv of Medmne at McGill University; founding editor of the Canadian Medical Association Journal; Served as a Major in the Canadian Army Medical Corps during the First World War. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 53

The Honourable Davis Lewis Macpherson To be made a KCMG Minister of the Interior in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: August 1,1884 Date of Birth: September 12, I8 18 Date of Death: August 16, 1896 Place of Birth: Inverness, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Royal Academy of Invemess Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: Railway Contractor; Director of Molson's Bank; Director of Toronto Rolling Mills Company; Member of the Legislative Council of the Province of Canada; Senator; Speaker of the Senate; Minister without Portfolio; Minister of the Interior. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 65

The Honourable William Collins Meredith, QC- PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Late Chief &ice of the Superior Court of the Province of Quebec in the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: June 21,1886 Date of Birth: May 23,1812 Date of Death: February 26,1894 Place of Birth: Dublin, Ireland Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: -and Lawyer Offices: Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Qu6bec. Party: No eation Age at time of Award: 74

The Honourable William Ralph Meredith, QC. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas of the Province of Ontmano,in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: June 18,1896 Date of Birth: March 3 1, 1840 Date of Death: August 21,1923 Place of Birth: Westminster Township, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: University of Toronto Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Offices:-Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario; Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas Ontario; Chancellor of the University of Toronto. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 56

Vincent Meredith To be made a Baronet (Bt), Meredith of Montreal No Citation CG: not gazetted LG: December 15,1916 Date of Birth: February 28,1850 Date of Death: 1929 Place of Birth: London, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: Hellmuth College Occupation: Businessman and Philanthropist Off~ces:President of the Bank of Montreal; Member of the Board of Governors, McGill- Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 66

Major-General Edward Whipple Bancroft Morrison, CB, CMG, DSO ON To be made a KCMG Fur valuable service rendered in connection with military operations in France and FIanders. CG: p. 97. .July 12,1919 LG: June 6, 1919 Date of Birth: July 6,1869 Date of Death: May 28,1925 Plzce of Birth: London, Ontario Language: English National Origin: English Re1 igion: Protestant Education: High School Occupation: Journalist and Soldier Offices: Editor-in-Chief of the Ottawa Citizen; Served in the Boer War; Served as Commanding Oficer of the Roval Canadian Artillerv durin~the First World War. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award 50

The Honourable Charles Moss, QC. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of Ontario. CG: p. 1633, December 19, 1908 LG: December 24,1907 (example of clerical error, London Gazette failed to inform Canada Gazette about the award) Date of Birth: March 8, 1840 Date of Death: October 1I, I9 12 Place of Birth: Cobourg, Ontario Language: English National Origin: fish Religion: Anglican at time of award originally a Roman Catholic Education: Grammar SchooI Occupation: Judve> Lawyer and Professor Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario; Chief Justice of Ontario, Professor at Osgoode Hall; Member of the University of Toronto Board of Governors. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 67

The Honourable Oliver Mowat, QC. To be made a KCMG Attorney General and Premier of the Province of Ontario in the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: May 25,1892 The Honourable Sir Oliver Mowat, KCMG, QC. To be made a GCMG Minister of Jtrstice for the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: June 22,1897 Date of Birth: July 22, 1820 Date of Death: April 19,1903 Place of Birth: Kingston, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (1 858-1 86 1,1863- 1864); Vice Chancellor of the Court of Chancery of Upper Canada (1 864-1872); Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario (1 872- 1896); Premier and Agomey General of Ontario (1 872- I 896); Senator (1 896-1 897); Minister of Justice (1896-1 897); Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario (1 897-1 903). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 71 when made a KCMG and 77 when made a GCMG-

The HonourabIe William Mulock, KC. ON To be made a KCMG Postmaster General of the Dominion of Canada CG: not gazetted LG: June 26, 1902 Date of Birth: January 19, 1844 Date of Death: October I, 1944 Place of Birth: Bondhead, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School, University of Toronto (BA, MA), Osgoode Hall. Occupation: Judge, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of Parliament (1 882- 1905); Postmaster General (I 896- 1905); Minister of Labour (1 900- 1905); Chief Justice Exchequer Division High Court of Ontario (I 905- 1923); Chief Justice of Ontario (1 923- 1 926); Vice Chancellor of the University of Toronto; Chancellor of the University of Toronto; Member of the Imperial Privy Council (1 925). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 58

Augustus Meredith Nanton To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) For work inJnancing Canada 's war effort. Not oficial Citation. CG: not gazetted LG: August 10,19 17 Date of Birth: May 7,1860 Date of Death: April 24, 1925 Place of Birth: Toronto, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman Offices: Director of the Dominion Bank; Vice-president of Wipeg Electric Railway; Vice President of Great West Life; Vice President of Osler and Nanton Trust Company; Man principallv responsible for financiw Canada's war efforf (1 914-1 9 19). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 57

Edmund Boyd Osler ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of the city of Toronto, member of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada- CG: p. 3518. March 23, 1912 LG: March 8,19 12 Date of Birth: 1845 Date of Death: August 2,1924 Place of Birth: Tecumseth Township, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: President of the Ontario and Quebec Railway Company; Dominion Bank; Director of the CPR; Director of the Toronto General Trust Company; North West Land Company; Consumers Gas Company; Confederation Life Association; Hamilton Steel and Iron Company; Member of the House of common^ (1 896-19 17); University of Toronto Benefactor.. Party: Consewative Age at time of Award: 66

General William Dillon Otter, CB, CVO ON To be made a KCB military division Late Chief of the Canadian General Stuff and lmpector General of the Canadian Militia CG:July 5, 1913 LG: Date of Birth: December 3,1843 Date of Death: May 6, 1929 Place of Birth: Clinton, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Engli-sh Religion: Anglican Education: Upper Canada College Occupation: Soldier Offices: Served at the BattIe of Ridgeway; Officer in the Noah West Campaign; Cornanding Officer of the Canadian Contingent in the Boer War; Chief of the Canadian General Staff and Insoector General of the Canadian Militiil; ~ommGderof Internment Operations during the First World War, Party: No Afliliation Age at time of Award: 69

Major-General Henry Mill Pellatt, CVO, KStJ, VD To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) No citation CG: not gazetted LG: December 12, I905 Date of Birth: January 16, 1859 Date of Death: March 8,. 1939 Place of Birth: Kingston, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Upper Canada College Occupation: Businessman and Soldier Offices: Rose from the ranks to become a Major-General; Director of the Canadian Steam Ship Company; President of the Toronto Electric Lieht Com~anv;Director of Dominion Steel; Aide- de-Camp to the Governor General. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 46 The Honourable Charles Alphouse Pantahion Pelietier, CMG, QC To be made a KCMG Speaker of the Senate of the Dominion of Canada, CG: NOT gazetted LG: May 21,1898 Date of Birth: January 22, 1837 Date of Death: April 29, 19 1 1 Place of Birth: Rivikre-Ouelle, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catho tic Education: Lava1 University (BCL), Military School Quebec- Occupation: Lawyer, Politician and Soldier Offices: Director of the Quebec Fire Insurance Company; Quekc and Charlevoiz Navigation Company; Major in the 9th Battalion Voltigeurs during the Fenian Raids; Member of Parliament (1 869- 1877); Senator (1 877-190 1); Minister of Agriculture (1 877-1 878); Speaker of the Senate (1 896- 190 I); Puisne Judge of the Superior Court of Qudxc (I904- 1908); Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec (1 908-1 9 11). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 6 1

The Honourable George Hdsey Perley PQ To be made a KCMG Minister of the Dominion of Canada; at present in charge of the ofice of High Commission in London for the Dominion. CG: p. 2272. January 23, 1915 LG: January 1,1915 The Right Honourable George Halsey PerIey, PC, KCMG. To be made a GCMG Minister without Purlfolio. Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 1824.Febmary 4,1933 LG: January 2,1933 Date of Birth: September 12, 1857 Date of Death: January 4, 1938 Place of Birth: Lebanon, New Hampshire USA Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Harvard University (BA) Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: Director of the Bank of Ottawa; Vice President of Canadian Atlantic Railway; Member of Parliament (1904-19 17, 1925-1 938); Minister without Portfolio (191 1-19 16, 1930-1935); Minister of Overseas Forces of Canada in the United Kingdom (1 9 16-19 17); Hiph Commissioner for Canada in the United Kin~dom(1917-1922); Secretary of State (1926); Member of the hnperial War Cabinet; made a Member ofthe Imperial Privy Council (193 1)- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 58 when made a KCMG and 76 when made a GCMG.

William Peterson, CMG, To be made a KCMG Principal and Vice-Chancellor of McGill University, Montreal. CG: p. 4094. June 26,1915 LG: p- June 3,1915 Date of Birth: May 29,1856 Date of Death. Place of Birth: Edinburgh, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: University of Edinburgh and University- . of StAndrews Occupation: Professor and Universitv Admrnistrator Of£ices: Professor, Princi~aland Vice-Chancellor of McGill University. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 59

Captain Clive Oldnall Long Phillips-Wootey To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Victoria, British Columbia. CG: p. 3017, March 15,1915 LG: May 9,1915. Date of Birth: April 13, 1854 Date of Death: July 8, 1918 Place of Birth: Dorsetshire, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Ang Iican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, Civil Servant and Lawyer Offices: British Consul at Ketch, Russia; Inspector of Mines in British Columbia. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 60

Joseph Pope, CVO, CMG, IS0 PEI To be made KCMG Undersecretory of State for External Affairs, Dominion of Canada. CG:p. 2768. January 20,1912 LG: January 1,1912 Date of Birth: August 16 1854 Date of Death: December 2, 1926 Place of Birth: Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Converted from Anglicanism to Roman Catholic, Roman Catholic at time of award- Education: Prince of Wales College (Charlottetown) Occupation: Civil Servant Offces: Private Secretary to Sir J.A. Macdonald; Assistant Clerk to the Privy Council; Undersecretary of State for External Affairs. Party: No AffiIiation Age at time of Award: 57

Lieutenant-Colonel William Price To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Quebec- CG: p. 3017. March 15,1915 LG: May 9,1915, Date of Birth: August 30,1867 Date of Death: October 2,1924 Place of Birth: Palca, Chile Language: English National Origin: EngIish ReIigion: Anglican Education: Bishops College Occupation: Businessman, Politician and Soldier Ofices: President of Price Brothers and Company, Wayagamack Pulp and Paper Company Limited, Montreal Trust Company, Jonquiere Pulp Company, Metis Lumber Company; Vice President of the Union Bank of Canada, Quebec Development Company, Director of the Qdbec Railway, Light and Power Company, Canadian General Electric, Canadian Export Paper Company, Prudential Trust Company; Captain 8th Royal Rifles during the Boer War; Lieutenant- Colone1 17 1st Canadian Mitry during the First World War; Member Parliament (1 908- 19 1 1). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award :47

The Honourable William Buell Richards, QC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: October 4,1877 Date of Birth: May 2, 18 15 Date of Death: January 27, 1889 Place of Birth: Brockville, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: St. Lawrence Academy (New York) Occupation: Judee and Lawyer Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly ofthe Province of Canada; Puime Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in Upper Canada; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada; Deputy Governor General. Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 62

The Honourable William Johnstone Ritchie ,QC. NB To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Exchequer Court of the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: May 24,188 1 Date of Birth: October 28, 18 13 Date of Death: September 25, 1892 Place of Birth: Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Dathousie University Occupation: Judse and Lawyer Offices: Member ofthe Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, Puisoe Judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Bmswick; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Excheauer Court of Canada. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 67

CharIes George Douglas Roberts. M3 To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Poet, author and historian, for contribution to literature in the DominiDn of Canada- CG: p. 2825,June 29,1935 LG: May 3lYl93S Date of Birth: January 10, I860 Date of Death: November 26,1943 Place of Birth: Douglas, New Bruaswick Language: English National Origin: English, United Empire Loyalist Religion: Anglican Education: University of New Brunswick Occupation: Poet (Artist) and Professor Ofices: School Teacher, Professor at King's College (Windsor); Served as an Officer durhg the First World War. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 75

The Honourable Rodmond Palen Roblin To be made a KCMG Premier and President of the Council of the Province of Manitoba CG: p. 2. July 6, I912 LG: June 14,1912 Date of Birth: February 15, 1853 Date of Death: February 16,1937 Place of Birth: Sophiasburg, Canada West Language: English National Origin: German, United Empire Loyalist Religion: Protestant Education: Albert College (Belleville) Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba; Premier of Manitoba, Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 59

Thomas George Roddick, MD. To be made Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of the city of Montreal, CG: p. 1887. December 19,1914 LG: June 29,19 14 Date of Birth: July 3 1,1846 Date of Death: February 23, 1923 Place of Birth: Harbour Grace, Newfoundland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: McGill University (MD, CM) Occupation: Medical Doctor, Politician Offices: Professor of Medicine at McGill(1875-1900); Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at McGill(190 1-1908); Surgeon-General of Militia (1 885); President of the Canadian Medical Association; President of the British Medical Association; Honourary Surgeon to the Governor GeneraI; Member of Parliament (1 900-1 904). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 68

The Honourable John Rose, QC- To be made a KCMG Lde Finance Minister for the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: January 13,1870 The Honourable Sir John Rose, KCMG, QC. To be made a Baronet (Bt), Rose of Montreal. Dominion of Canuda In the Dominion of Cmdaand of Queen's Gate in the Pmis of Kemingfon in the county of Middlesex- CG: not gazetted LG: August 6,1872 The Honourable Sir John Rose, Bt, KCMG, QC. To be made a GCMG Executive Commissionerfor the Dominion of Canada, and member of the Finance Committee. for services rendered to the Colonies as Colonial Commissioner and otherwise, in connection with the representation of Brtish Colonial producfs at the Pork Universal Echibition of 1878- CG: not gazetted LG: October 30, I878 Date of Birth: August 2, 1820 Date of Death: August 24, 1888 Place of Birth: Aberdeenshire, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Kings College Aberdeen Occupation: Businessman, Civil Servant, Lawyer and Politician Ofices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (1 857-1863); Member of Parliament (1867-1 869); Minister of Finance (1867-1869); Receiver-General of the Duchv of Lancaster (1 883)- Party: Li bed-Conservative Age at time of Award: 49 when made a KCMG, 52 when made a Bt, and 58 when made a GCMG,

The Honourable George William Ross ,KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Member of the Senate of the Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 754. September 19,1910 LG: p. August 16,1910 Date of Birth: September 18,1841 Date of Death: March 7, 1914 Place of Birth: Strathroy, Ontario Language: English National Origin: Scottish Re1 igion: Presbyterian Education: Albert University (BeUedIe) LLB Occupation: Businessman, Journalist, Lawyer, Politician and Teacher Offices: President of Manufacturers Life Insurance Company; Member of Parliament (1872- 1883); Member ofthe Legislative Assembly of Ontario (18834907); Premier of Ontario; Senator (1907-1914); Liberal Leader in the Senate (1911-1914). Party: Liberal; Age at time of Award 69

The Honourable Adolphe Basile Routbier, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Judge of the Court ofiidmirdty, Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 508. August 21,191 1 LG: July 25,1911 Date of Birth: May 8, 1839 Date of Death: June 27,1920 Place of Birth: St- Benoit, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Lava1 University Occu~ation:Jud~e, Lawyer and Politician Offces: Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Qukbec; Chief Judge of the Court of Admiraltv. Quebec; President of the Royal Society of Canada. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 72

Charles Edward Saunders. ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Lately Dominion Cerialist, Dominion of Canada; discovered of Marquis, Ruby, Reward and Garnet Wheat. CG: p. 2498. June 23,1934 LG: June 4, 1934 Date of Birth: February 2,1867 Date of Death: July 25, 1937 Place of Birth: London, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Methodist, changed to United Church at time of award Education: University of Toronto, John's Hopkhs University Occupation: Civil Servant, Scientist . . Offices: Professor of Chemistry at the Central University of Kentucb, Dominion CenallL Party: No -ation Age at time of Award: 67

Collingwood Schreiber, CMG. ON To be made a KCMG General Consulting Engineer to the Government of the Dominion of Canada- CG: p. 23 14. January 22,1916 LG: December 3 1,1915 Date of Birth: 183 1 Date of Death: Place of Birth: Essex, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Civil Engineer Offices: Superintendent Enfineer for the Governor of Canada. Party: No -hation Age at time of Award: 84

The Honourable John Christian Schultz, MD. MI3 To be made a KCMG Late Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Manitoba in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: May 25,1895 Date of Birth: January 1, 1840 Date of Death: April 13, 1896 Place ofBirth: Amherstburg, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: Norwegian Religion: Lutheran Education: 0berlin College Ohio (BA), Queenys University and Victoria University (MD) Occupation: Businessman, Medical Doctor and Politician Offices: President of the North West Trading Company; Director of the Manitoba South-Western Colonization Railway; Member of Parliament (1 871-1882); Senator (1 882-1 888); Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (18884895)- Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 55

The Honourable Richard William Scott, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Member of the Senate of the Dominion of Canada and lately Secretw of State of Canada- CG: p. 554. August 28,1909 LG: July 30, I9O9. Date of Birth: February 24,1825 Date of Death: April 23, 1913 Place of Birth: Prescott, Upper Canada Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Privately tutored Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Mayor of Ottawa (1 852); Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada (1 858- 1863); Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario (2 867- I 874); Senator (1 873-1 9 13); Minister without Portfolio (1873-1 874); Secretary of State (1 874). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 84

Thomas George Shaughnessy Later to become Lord Shaughnessy PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom President of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, on the occasion of the visit of the Duke and Duchess of York to his Majesty's Dominion beyond the seas. CG: not gazetted LG: October31,1901 Sir Thomas George Shaughnessy To be made a KCVO President of the Canadian Paczfic Railway Company CG: July 27,1907 LG: June 28,1907 Date of Birth: October 6, 1853 Date of Death: December 10, 1923 Place of Birth: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Roman Catholic Education: No Formal Education Occupation: Businessman and Railwav Executive Offices: Manager of the Milwaukee Rail Road; General Purchasing Agent for the Canadian Pacific Railway; Vice President of the CPR; President of the CPR; Chairman of the CPR. Party: Conservative (British) Age at time of Award: 48 when made a Kt, 53 when made a KCVO and 62 when made Lord Shaughnessy. Colonel Aahur Percy Sherwood, CMG, MVO- To be made a KCMG Chief Commissioner of Police. Domi~rbnof Canada- CG: p. 1314. October 21,1916 LG: September 26,1916 Date of Birth: March 18,1854 Date of Death: Place of Birth: Ottawa, Ontario Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: High School Occupation: Police Officer Offices: Aide-de-camp to various Governor Generals; Civil Servant; Chief Commissioner of Police for Canada: In charge of the Secret Police in Canada during the First World War. Party: No AfEIiation Age at time of Award: 62

The Honourable Clifford Sifton, KC. ON To be made a KCMG Member of the King 's Privy Councilfor Canada, and formerly Minister of the Interior for the Dominion. CG: p. 2272. January 23, 19 15 LG: January 1, 1915. Date of Birth: March 10, 186 1 Date of Death: April 17, 1929 Place of Birth: Middiesex county, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Anglican Education: Victoria University (Cobourg) (BA, LLB), Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and Politician OEces: President of the Atlantic Oil Company; Managing Director of the Imperial Pulp Company; Member of the Manitoba Legislative Assembly (1 882-1 896); Member of Parliament ( 1896- 19 1 1); Minister of the Interior and Superintendent General of Indian Affairs (1896- 1905); Chairman of the Canadian ConsematitionCommission (1 909- 19 18). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 53

The Honourable Albert James Smith, QC- NB To be made a KCMG Minister of Marine for the Dominion of Canada and lately employed in connection with the Hal ifux Fisheries Commission- CG: not gazetted LG: May 25,1878 Date of Birth: March 12, 1822 Date of Death: June 30, 1883 Place of Birth: Shediac, New Brunswick Language: English National Origin: English Religion: hgiican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the New B-ck Legislative Assembly (1852-I 866); Premier of New Brunswick (1 865-1866); Member of the House of Commons (1 867-1882); Minister of M~ne and Fisheries (1 873-1878). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 56

Donald Alexander Smith Later to become Lord Sfttzthcona To be made a KCMG Of Montreal, in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: May 29,1886 The Right Honourable Donald Alexander Smith, Lord Strathcona To be made a GCMG High Commissioner in London for the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: May 20,1896 The Right Honourable Donald Alexander Smith, Lord Strathcona To be made a GCVO High Commissioner in London for the Dominion of Canada- CG: 1203. October 3 1,1908 LG: October 9, 1908 Date of Birth: August 6, 1820 Date of Death: January 2 1, 19 14 Place of Birth: Forres, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Public School Occupation: Businessman Civil Servant (Diplomat) and Railway Executive Ofices: Governor and Chief Commissioner of the Hudson's Bay Company; President of the Bank of Montreal; Director of the Paton Manufacturing Company; Director of New Brunswick Railway; Director of the CPR; President of the CPR; Director of the Dominion Coal Company; Vice-president adpart owner of the St.Paul-Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway Company, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba (1870-1874); Member of the House of Commons (1871-1 880,1887-1896); mh Comm~smone- - r for Canada in-the United Kingdom (1 896-1 9 14); Member of the Imperial Privy Council (1904). Party: Independent and Conservative Age at time of Award: 65 when made KCMG, 75 when made GCMG, 79 when made a Baron, 88 when made a GCVO.

The Honourable Frank Smith ON To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Senator and member of the Government of the Dominion of Canada, CG: not gazetted LG: June 25,1894 Date of Birth: March 13,1822 Date of Death: January 17, 190 1 Place of Birth: Armagh, Ireland Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Roman Catholic Education: No formal education Occupation: Businessman and Politician Offices: President of the Niagara Navigation Company; President of the Dominion Bank; President of the Home Loan Company; President of the London and Ontario Investment Company; President ofthe Northern Railway Company; President of the Toronto Street Railway Company; Vice President of the Dominion Telegraph Company; Director of Consumer's Gas Company; Director of the North American Life Assurance Company; Director of the Toronto General Insurance Company; Mayor of London (1866); Senator (1 871 -1 900); Minister without Portfolio (1 882-1891, 1892-1 896); Minister of Public Works (1 891-1 892)- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 72

Major-General Samuel Benfield Steeie, CB, MVO. To be made a KCMG Canadian Militia. CG: p. 2489. January 26, 19 18 LG: January l,l918 Date of Birth: January 5, 1849 Date of Death: January 30,1919 Place of Birth: Pembrook, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: No Formal Education Occupation: Soldier Offices: Served as a Private during the Fenian Raids and Red River expedition; Sergeant Major in the North West Mounted Police; Superintendent of Fort QuYAppeUe;Commanding Officer of Lord Starthcona's Horse during the Boer War; m-or-General during the First World warar Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 68

George Stephen Later to become Lord Mount Stephen PQ To be made a Baronet (Bt), Stephen of Monheaf, Canada CG: not gazetted LG: March 2,1886 The Right Honourable George Stephen, Lord Mount Stephen, Bt To be made a GCVO No Citation @robably one of King Edwmd YUqwntaneous awmdF) CG: not gazetted LG: January 23,1905 Date of Birth: June 5, 1829 Date of Death: November 29,1921 PIace of Birth: Dufftown, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Railwav Executive Offices: Manager of the Milwaukee Rail Road; General Purchasing Agent for the CPR; Vice President of the CPR; President of the CPR; Chairman of the CPR- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 56 when made a Bt, 60 when made a Baron and 75 when made a GCVO.

The Honourable Samuel Henry Strong, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: June 26,1893 Date of Birth: August 13,1825 Date of Death: August 3 1, 1909 PIace of Birth: Dorset Engiand Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: High School Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Offices: Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 67

The Honourable Andrew Stuart, QC, PQ To be made a Knight ofthe United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Superior Court in andfor the Province of Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada, CG: not gazetted LG: May 9,1887 Date of Birth: June 16,1812 Date of Death: June 8, 1891 Place of Birth: Quebec Language: English National Origin: Scottish, United Empire Loyalist Religion: Anglican at time of award, later converted to Roman Catholicism in 1890 Education: High School Occupation: Businessman, Judgg and Lawyer Ofices: Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Oukbec, Administrator of the Province of Quebec. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 76

Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell Stuart To be made a KBE No citaiion CG:not gazetted LG: January 7,1918 Date of Birth: January 5,1885 Date of Death: Place of Birth: Montreal, Quebec Language: English Nationat Origin: Scottish Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, Newspaper Executive and Publisher Ofices: Managing Editor of the Daily Mail, l?ze Times, Vice President of the English Speaking Union, PubIisher. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 33 youngest Canadian to be knighted. Later awarded GCMG by the British government for services during the Second World War.

Robert Frederick Stupart To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Director of the Meteorological Service of Canada- CG: p. 582. August 19,1916 LG: June 18,1916 Date of Birth: October 24, 1857 Date of Death: September 27, I940 Place of Birth: Aurora, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Upper Canada College Occupation: Civil Servant Offices; Director of the Meteoroloeical Service of Canada Party: No Aaliation Age at time of Award: 58

The Honourable William Wilfied Sullivan, KC. PEI To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judcafurefor the Province of Prince Edword Ishd in the Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 188% December 19,1914 LG: June 29,1914 Date of Birth: December 6, 1843 Date of Death: September 30,1920 Place of Birth: Hope River, Prince Edward Island Language: English National Origin. Irish Religion: Roman Catholic Education: High School Occupation: Journalist, Judgg, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Editor of the Charlottetown Herald; Member of the Legislative Assembly of PEI; Premier of PEI; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of PET. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 70

The Honourable Louis Olivier Taillon, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Member of the King's Privy Councilfor Canada CG: p- 3030. March 18,1916 LG: February 22,19 I6 Date of Birth: September 26,1840 Date of Death: April 25, 1923 Place of Birth: Terrebonne, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Masson College Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec; Premier of QI 16bec (for 4 days); Postmaster General but never heId a seat in Parliament- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 75

The Honourable Melbourne McTaggart Tait, QC. PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Superior Court of the Montreal District of the Province of Quebec, in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: September 29,1897 Date of Birth: May 20, 1842 Date of Death: February 10, t 9 17 Place of Birth: Melbourne, Canada East Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: McGill University Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Offices: Judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; Chiefiustice of the Superior Colrrt of Ouebec. Party: No AfEliation Age at time of Award 55

The Honourable Henry Elzea.Taschereau, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: August 14,1902. Date of Birth: October 7, 1836 Date of Death: April t 4, 19 1 1 Place of Birth: St. Marie de la Beauce, Lower Canada Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Quebec Seminary Occupation: Judee and Lawyer Offices: Judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; Chief Justice of Qudbec; Puisne Judw of the Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 65

The Honourable Henri Thomas Taschereau ,KC- To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of Quebec, CG: p. 383- August 15,1908 LG: July 28,1908 Date of Birth: October 6, 1841 Date of Death: October 11, 1909 Place of Birth: Qukbec City, Quebec Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education; Lava1 University (BL, BCL) Occupation; Judge, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the House of Commons (1 872-1 878); Puisne Judee of the Superior Court of Quebec (1907-1909). Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 66

The Honourable Thomas WardIaw Taylor, QC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Jistice of the Province of Manitoba, in the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: October 22,1897 Date of Birth: Mach 25, 1833 Date of Death: March 2,19 17 place of Birth: Fifeshire?Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Lrniversity of Edinburgh, University of Toronto Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Offices: Master in Chancery of Ontario; Puisne Judge of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba; Chief Justice of Manitoba. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 64

The Honourabie Joseph Mathias Tellier, KC- To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Province of Quebec, Dominion of Canada. CG: p. 1 53 7. January 27, 1934 LG: p. January 1,1934 Date of Birth: January 15,1861 Date of Death: October 18,1952 Place of Birth: Saint Mklanie, Quebec Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: Lava1 University Occupation: Jud~gand Lawyer Offices: Judge of the Court of King's Bench, Judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, chief Justice of the Province of OueTbec Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 73

The Honourable John Sparrow David Thompson, QC. NS Minister of Micefor the Dominion of Canada, in recognition of services rendered at the recent Conference at Washington on the subject of North American Fisheries. To be made a KCMG CG: not gazetted LG: September 19,1888 Date of Birth: November 10, 1844 Date of Death: December 12, 1894 Place of Birth: Halifax, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Roman Cathotic Education: Halifax Common School Occupation: Lawyer and PoIitician Offices: Alderman for Halifax (1871-1872, 1874-1875); Member of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia (1877-1882); Attorney General of Nova Scotia (1 878-1882); Premier of Nova Scotia (1 882); Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia (1 882-1 885); Member of the House of Commons (1 885-1894); Minister of Justice and Attornev General (1 885-1 894); Prime Minister (December 5, 1892-December 12, 1894); Member of the Imperial Privy Council (1 894). Died less than two hours after being sworn in as an Imperial Privy Councillor at Windsor Castle during lunch with Queen Victoria! Cauada's fist post-confederation Roman Catholic Prime Minister. Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 49

The Honourable Samuel Leonard Tilley, CB. To be made a KCMG Minister of Finance for the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: May 24, I879 Date of Birth: May 8, I8 18 Date of Death: June 25,1896 Place of Birth: Gagetown, New Brunswick Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman, Pharmacist and Politician Offices: Director of the Canada Life Assurance Company; Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick (1 850-L867); Delegate to the Charlottetown, Quebec and London Conference; Member of the House of Commons (1867-1873,18784885); Minister of Customs ( 1867-1 873); Minister of Finance (1873,1878-1 885); Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick (1873-1878,1885-1893). Party; Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award; 61

Charles James Townsbend, KC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court &Nova Scoria CG: p. 3204. March 11,1911 LG: February 24,19 11 Date of Birth: March 22, 1844 Date of Death: June 16, 1924 Place of Birth: Amherst, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: King's College (BA, BCL) Occupation: Judge, Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Nova Scotia Legislature (1 878-1884); Member of Parliament (1884- 1887); Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia (1887-1907); Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia (1 907-1 9 15); Chancellor of University of Kings College. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 66

The Honourable Joseph William Trutch To be made a KCMG Late Resident Agent for the Dominion of Canada in British Columbiu. CG: not gazetted LG: January 2,1889 Date of Birth: January 18, 1826 Date of Death: March 4, 1904 Place of Birth: Ashcott, England Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Apprentice Engineer Occupation: Civil Servarlt, Engineer and Politician Ofices: Engineer for the CPR; Chief commissioner of Land in British Columbia. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 62

The Honourable Charles Tupper, CB. To be made a KCMG Minister of Public Worksfor the Dominion of Cunada CG: not gazetted LG: May 24,1879 The Honourable Sir Charles Tupper, KCMG, CB, MD. To be made a GCMG High Commissioner in London for the Dominion of Canada CG: not gazetted LG: February 18,1886 The Honourable Sir Charles Tupper, GCMG, CB, MD. To be made a Baronet (Bt), Tipper of Amdale. Halzjifm Nova Scotia High Commissioner in London for the Dominion of Canada. CG: not gazetted LG: September f 1 1888 Date of Birth: July 2, 1821 Date of Death: October 30, 1915 Place of Birth: Amherst, Nova Scotia Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Baptist Education: Edinburgh University (MD) Occupation: Civil Servant (Diplomat) Medical Doctor and Politician Offices: Member of Nova Scotia Legislative Assembly (1855-1867}; Premier of Nova Scotia (1 864- 1867); Delegate to Charlottetown; Quebec and London Conference; Member of House of Commons (1867-1 884, 1887-1 900); President of the Privy Council (1 870-1 872); Minister of Inland Revenue (1 872-1873); Minister of Customs (1873); Minister of Public Works (1 878- 1879); Minister of Railways and Canals (18 79- 1884); Hih Commissioner for Canada in the United Kin~dom(1 883-1 887,1886-1 896); Minister of Finance (1 887-1 888); Secretary of State (1 896); Prime Minister (May 1, 18964dy 8,1896); Leader of the Opposition (1 896-190 1); Member of the Imperial Privy Council (1907). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 57 when made KCMG, 65 when made a GCMG, 67 when made a Bt. The Honourable Charles Hibbert Tupper, QC. NS To be made a KCMG Minister of Marine and Fisheries of the Dominion of Canada, in recognition of his senices as British agent at the recent Bearings Sea Arbitration in Paris- CG: not gazetted LG: September 14,1893 Date of Birth: August 3,1855 Date of Death: March 30, 1927 Place of Birth: Amherst, Nova Scotia (son of Sir Charles Tupper) Language: English National Origin: Enash Religion: Anglican Education: Windsor Academy, McGilI University and Harvard University (LLB) Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the House of Commons (1 882-1904); Minister of Marine and Fisheries (1888- 1894); Minister of Justice (1894-1 896); Solicitor General (1 896). Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 38

Co lo nel (temporary Major-General) Richard Ernest William Turner, VC, CB, DSO PQ To be made a KCMG For service rendered in connection with Military operations in the$eld.. CG: p. 262, June 28,1917 is:June 1, 1917 Major-General (temporary Lieutenant-General) Sir Richard Ernest William Turner, VC, KCMG, CB, DSO. To be made KCB Military Division For services rendered in connection with the war. General Oficer in Command of the Canadian Forces in the United Kingdom. CG: p. 2489. January 26,1918 LG: January 1,1918 Date of Birth: July 25, 1871 Date of Death: June 19, I96 1 Place of Birth: Quebec City, QueTbec Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Bishops College Occupation: Businessman and Soldier Ofices: Served as an officer during the Boer War; General during the First World War; Member of the Canadian Pension Commission, Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 45 when made a KCMG and 46 when made a KCB. William Cornelius Van Home To be made a KCMG President of the Canadian Paczftc Railway Company-(Honourmy) CG: not gazetted LG: May 26,1894 Date of Birth: February 3, 1843 Date of Death: September I I, 1915 PIace of Birth: Chelsea, Illinois, USA Language: English National Origin: Dutch Religion: Protestant Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Railway Executive Offices: Telegrapher for the Illinois Central Railroad; Superintendent of the Milwaukee Rail Road: General Manager of the CPR; President of the CPR. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 72

(Byron) Edmund Walker, CVO- To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) President of the Canadian Bank of Commerce CG: p. 754. September 19,1910 LG: p. August 2 6, 1910 Date of Birth: October 14, 1848 Date of Death: March 27, 1924 Place of Birth: Haldimand County, Canada West Language: EngLish National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman Oftices: Discount Clerk of the Canadian Bank of Commerce; General Manager of the Bank of Commerce; President of the Canadian Bank of Commerce; Chairman of the University of Toronto; Co-founder of the Round Table Quarterly; Advisor to the National Gallery; Founding member of the Champlain Society. Party: Liberal Age at time of Award: 61 Colonel (Temporary Major-General) David Watson, CB, CMG- PQ To be made a KCB military division For valuable services rendered in connection with Military operations in the Field CG: p. 2489. January 26,1918 LG: December 28,1917 Date of Birth: February 7, 1871 Date of Death: February 1, 1922 Place of Birth: Quebec City, Quebec Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Newspaper Executive and sol die^ Offices: Managing Director of the Daily Chronicle and Maior-General durinn the First World -War. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 46

The Honourable Robert Linton Weatherbe, KC- To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court, Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: August 3,1906 Date of Birth: April 6, 1834 Date of Death: April 2, 19 15 Place of Birth: Bedeque, Prince Edward Island Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Acadia University Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Oflices: Secretary of the Anti Confederate League; Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia; Supreme Court of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia Party: Liberal at time of award (previously a Conservative) Age at time of Award: 72

The Honourable William Thomas White, KC- To be made a KCMG Minister of Finance,Dominion of Canada CG: p. 2314. January 22,1916 LG: December 3 1,1915 The Right Honourable William Thomas White, PC, KCMG, KC. To be made a GCMG For public services in the Dominion of Canah CG: p. 2825. June 29,1935 LG: May 31,1935 Date oFBirth: November 13,1866 Date of Death: February I 1,1956 Place of Birth: Bronte, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: University of Toronto (BA), Osgoode-- Hall Occupation: Businessman, Lawyer and Polltlcian- Offices: Vice President of National Trust; Director of the Canadian Bank of Commerce; Director of the Canadian Life Assurance Company; Director of Steel Company of Canada, General Manager of National Trust; Chairman of the Canadian Bank of Commerce; Member of the Board of Governors of the University of Toronto; Member of Parliament; Minister of Finance (19 11- 19 19); Actine Prime Minister of Canada; Member of the Imperial Privy Council (1 920). Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 48 when made a KCMG and 68 when made a GCMG.

The Honourable James Pliny Whiteny, KC- ON To be made a bight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Prime Minister and President of the Council of the Province of Ontario, on the occasion of the visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales to Quebec. CG: p. 545. August 29,1908 The Honourable Sir James Pliny Whitney, Kt, KC. To be made a KCMG President of the Council and Premier of the Province of Ontario- CG: p. 2742. February 1, 1913 Date of Birth: October 2,1843 Date of Death: September 25, I914 Place of Birth: Williamsburg Township, Canada West Language: English National Origin: English

, Religion: Anglican Education: Grammar School Occupation: Lawyer and Politician Offices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario; Leader of the Ontario Conservative Party; Premier of Ontario. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award; 64 when made a Kt, 69 when made a KCMG

William Methuen Wbyte To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Vice Presicient of the Cmadian Puczjk RuiIwayay CG: p. 508. August 21,191 1 LG: July 25,191 1 Date ofBirth: September 15,1843 Date of Death: April 14,1914 Place of Birth: Fifeshire, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: No formal education Occupation: Businessman and Railwav Executive Offices: Vice President of the CPR, Vice President of the Winnipeg Electric Railway Company; Vice President of Standard Trust; Director of the Imperial Bank of Canada and the Confederation Life Association. Party: No miation Age at time of Award: 67

Frederick Williams-Taylor PQ To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Montreal. CG: not gazetted LG: February 19,1913 Date of Birth: October 23, 1863 Date of Death: August 2, 1945 Place of Birth: Moncton, New Brunswick Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: Privately tutored Occupation: Businessman Offices: Director of the Allan Shipping Company; Vice President of the Canadian Bankers Association; General Manager of the Bank of Montreal. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 49

John Stephan Willison, KC, To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Of Toronto. CG: p. 3354. March 15,1913 LG: February 14,19 13 Date of Birth: November 9, 1853 Date of Death: May 27, 1927 Place of Birth: Hills Green, Canada West Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Civi1 Servant (Advisor to Prime Ministers), Journalist and Historian Ofices: Editor of the Toronto Globe, The News, Willson's Monthly; Canadian reporter for the London Times; Member of the Round Table Movement; Governor of Upper Canada College; President of the Reconstnrction Association; Advisor to Laun'er and Borden. Party: No Affiliation Age at time of Award: 59

The Honourable Adam Wilson, QC. To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Late Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench of Ontario, in the Dominion of Canada- CG: not gazetted LG: December 23,1887 Date of Birth: May 1,1841 Date of Death: December 28, 1891 Place of Birth: Edinburgh, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Judge and Lawyer Ofices: Member of the Legislature ofthe Province of Canada; Alderman for the Toronto City Council; Mayor of Toronto; Judge of the Queen's Bench; Chief Justice of the Court of Commons Pleas of Ontario; Chief Justice of the Su~remeCourt of Ontario. Party: Reformer Age at time of Award: 46

Daniel Wilson To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) President ofthe Universiiy of Toronto- CG: not gazetted LG: July 3 1, 1888 Date of Birth: January 5, 1816 Date of Death: August 6, 1892 Place of Birth: Edinburgh, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Edinburgh University Occupation: Professor, Scientist and Yniversitv Administrator Offices: hofessor of History and English at University College woo; Secretary of the Scottish Antiq-an Society; President of University College (Uom; President of the Royal Society of Canada; President of the University of Toronto. Party; No Aaliation Age at time of Award: 76

The Honourable William Young, QC. NS To be made a Knight of the United Kingdom (Kt) Chief Justice and President of the Legidat ive Council of the Province of Nova Scatia CG: not gazetted LG: February 8,1869 Date of Birth: September 8, 1799 Date of Death: May 8,1887 Place of Birth: Falkirk, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Judge, Lawyer and Politician Ofices: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia @re-confederation); Premier of Nova Scotia (pre-confederation); Chief Justice of the Suoreme Court of Nova Scotia. Party: Liberal (originally a Reformer) Age at time of Award: 69 Appendix 20 Total Canudian Peerages Total people related to Canada who were elevated to the Peerage with a seat in the House of Lords: 4 Peerages granted without a seat in the House of Lords: I (Macdonald)

Post I867 Canadian Peerages (Macdonald, Graham, Shaughnessy, Smith, Stephen)

National Origin Religion at Time of Award Endish I Anglican I 20% Scottish 3 Baptist Irish 1 Methodist French Presbyterian 3 60% French-English protestant 0ther R Catholic 1 20% Other Not Listed

Party Afftliation Occupation at Time of Award Conservative 5 100% Civil Servant 1 2O%(Smith) Liberal Newspaper Executive 1 20% No Affiliation Railway Executive 2 40% House Wife 1 20% Appendix 21 Canadian Peerages

Sir Hugh Graham, Kt. PQ First Baron Atholdon of Hurtringdon in Be Province of Quekin the Dorninion of Canada and of the City of Edinburgh. CG: p. 332. August 4,1917 LG: June 8,1917 Status: Canadian award, Canadian government consulted, Type: Hereditary Peerage of the United Kingdom- Other awards: Kt (1908) Date of Birth: July 18,1848 Date of Death: JS~I~LKUY28,1938 Place of Birth: Atholstan, Canada East Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: High School Occupation: Businessman, Newspaper Executive and Philanthropist Offices: President of the Montreal Star Publishing Company; Proprietor of the Evening Telegram; Chairman of the Children's Indian Famine Fund; Chairman of the Canadian Patriotic Fund; Member of the Montreal Society for the Protection of Animals. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 68 Status of Title: Extinct.

Lady Susan Agnes Macdonald (nee Bernard) ON The Baroness Macdonald of Earmci~fle,in the Province of Ontario, and Dominion of Canada. Daughter of the Honourable T.J. Bernard, a member of the Privy Council of Jamaica- Her Ladyship was created a peeress as Baroness Macdonald of EarnsclBe, 14 August, 189 1. She married, 16th of February, 1867, the Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, PC, GCB, DCL, LLD, Knight Grand Cross of Isabella the Catholic, Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada, CG: not gazetted LG: August 14,1891 Status: Canadian Award, Canadian government mnsulted. Type: Hereditary Peerage of the United Kingdom. Other Awards: None Date of Birth: August 24, 1836 Date of Death: September 5, 1920 Place of Birth: Spanish Town, Jamaica Language: English National Origin: English Religion: Anglican Education: No fonnd education Occupation: House Wife Offices: Wife of the Prime Minister. Party: Liberal-Conservative Age at time of Award: 53 Status of Title: Extinct-

Sir Thomas George Shaughnessy, Kt, KCVO. PQ First Baron Shaughneuy of the City of Montreal in the Dominion of Canada and Ashford in the County of Limerick CG: p. 2691, February 19,1916 LG: January 28,1916 Status: Canadian Award, Canadian government consulted. Type: Hereditary Peerage of the United Kingdom Other Awards: Kt (190 I), KCVO (1907). Date of Birth: October 6, 1853 Date of Death: December 10, 1923 Place of Birth: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Language: English National Origin: Irish Religion: Roman Catholic Education: High School Occupation: Businessman, Railwav Executive and Philanthropist Offices: Manager of the Milwaukee Rail Road; General Purchasing Agent for the Canadian Pacific Railway; Vice President of the CPR;President ofthe CPR Chairman of the CPR. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 62 Status of Title: Still has issue.

Sir Donald Alexander Smith, GCMG, GCVO- First Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal CG: not gazetted LG: June 26,1900 Status: Canadian award, Canadian government consulted. Type: Hereditary Peerage of the United Kingdom. With special remainder in default of male issue to his daughter, and her heirs male. Other Awards: GCMG (1 896), KCMG (1 886), GCVO (1 9O8), KstJ. Date of Birth: August 6, 1820 Date of Death: January 21, 1914 Place of Birth: Fores, Scotland Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: No formal education- Occupation: Businessman, Civil Servant Rdway Executive and Philanthropist Offices: Governor and Chief Commissioner of the Hudson's Bay Company; President of the Bank of Montreal; Director ofthe Paton Manufacturing Company; Director of New Bnmswick Railway; Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company; Director of the Dominion Coal Company; Vice-president and part owner of the Stlad-Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway Company; Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba (I 870-1 874); Member of the House of Commons (1871-1880,1887-1896); High Commissioner for Canada in the United Kingdom (1 896- 19 14); made a member of the ImperiaI Privy Council (1904)- Party: Conservative Age at time of Award: 79 Status of TitIe: StiU has issue-

Sir George Stephen, Bt, GCVO. PQ First Baron Mount Stephen of Morcnt Stephen in the Province of Britikh Columbia and Dominion of Canada, and of DuBown in the county of Bana New Brumwick; CG: not gazetted LG: June 26,189 1 Status: Canadian award, Canadian government consulted Type: Hereditary Peerage of the United Kingdom Other Awards: Bt (1886), GCVO (1905). Date of Birth: June 5, t 829 Date of Death: November 29,192 1 Place of Birth: Dufftown, New Brunswick Language: English National Origin: Scottish Religion: Presbyterian Education: Grammar School Occupation: Businessman and Railwav Executivg. Offices: Manager of the Milwaukee Rail Road; General Purchasing Agent for the CPR; Vice President of the CPR; President of the CPR; Chairman of the CPR. Party: Conservative Age at time of Award 60 Status of Title: Extinct.

Oid French Canadian Title

Charles Le Moyne de Longueuil PQ Baron De Longueuil, Quebec Created by Louis XIV, King of France. This title existed prior to the Treaty of Paris, 1763, and it was recognized by Queen Victoria pursuant to that treaty on the Creation of the Dominion of Canada, July 1, 1867. Date Awarded: January 26,1700, by King Louis the XIV Status: Hereditary French title, sanctioned by the British government. Theoretically the last Iegitimate French title that exists with the consent of the successor to a French Colonial government. Type: Hereditary Title sanctioned by the Canadian and British government, does not confer right to a seat in the House of Lords. Other Awards: Order of St- Louis Date of Birth: December 10,1656 Date of Death: June 7,1729 Place of Birth: Montreal, New France Language: French National Origin: French Religion: Roman Catholic Education: unknown Occupation: Soldier and Civil Servant (Colonid Administrator) Offices: Governor of Trois Rivieres (1720); Governor of Montreal (1724); Interim Administrator of New France (1725). Party: No Affiliation, Age at time of Award: 44 Status of Title: StiIl has issue and living in Canada- Only indigenous Canadian title. Appendix 22

Report of the Special Committee on Honours and Titles, May 14, 191 9

The Special Committee appointed to consider the report upon the propriety of presenting an Address to His Most Excellent Majesty the King, praying that His Majesty may be graciously pleased to refrain hereafter fiom conferring any titles upon such of his subjects as are domiciled or living in Canada, except such titles as have reference to professional or vocational appellations conferred in respect to commissions issued by His Majesty to persons in the Military or Naval Services of Canada, or to persons engaged in the administration ofjustice in the Dominion; and that His Majesty may also be pleased to consider the question of taking measures to ensure the extinction at death of the present possessors of the hereditary titles at present exist in existence in the Dominion; further that His Majesty may also be pleased to take into consideration the question of in hture conferring honours, titular distinctions and decorations upon subjects of His Majesty ordinarily resident in Canada, including those who have preformed overseas, in Canada, or elsewhere, naval, military and civilian services in connection with the war, beg leave to present the following as their report. Your Committee are of the opinion and recommend that an address be presented to His Most Excellent Majesty the King in the following words:- "To the King's Most Excellent Majesty, Most Gracious Sovereign. "We, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the House of Commons of Canada in Parliament assembled, humbly approach Your Majesty, praying that Your Majesty may be graciously pleased:- "(a) to refkin hereafter fiom conferring any title of honour or titular distinction upon my of your subjects domiciled or ordinarily resident in Canada, save such appellations as are of professional or vocational character or which appertain to an ofice. "(b) to provide that appropriate action be taken by legislation or otherwise to ensure the extinction of an hereditary title of honour to titular distinction, and of a dignity or titles as a peer of the realm, on the death of a personal [sic] domiciled or ordinarily resident in Canada at present in enjoyment of an hereditary title of honour to titular distinction, or dignity or title as a peer of the realm, shall be accepted, enjoyed or used by any person or be recognized." "All of which we humbly pray Your Majesty to take into your favorable and gracious consideration". A suggestion was made that the titles of "Right Honourable7'and "Honourable" be discontinued, but the suggestion did not meet with the approval of the committee. Your Committee, however, do not recommend the discontinuance of the practice of awarding military or naval decorations, such as the Victoria Cross, Military Cross, Military Medal, Conspicuous Service Cross,' and similar decorations to persons in military or naval services of Canada for exceptional valour and devotion to duty.

'The Conspicuous Service Cross ceased to exist in October 1914, being replaced by the Distinguished Service Cross. This error further supports the fact that the committee members had little precise knowledge of the British Honours system. No serving member of the Royal Canadian Navy was awarded the Conspicuous Service Cross; thus its inclusion here is perpkxing, Your Committee fuaher recommends that appropriate action be taken by Legislation or otherwise to provide that thereafter no person domiciled or ordinarily resident in Canada shall accept, enjoy or use my titles of honour to titular distinction hereafter conferred by a foreign ruler or government. All of which is respectfidly submitted. W.F. NickIe, Chairman '

WAC, Bennett Papers, MG 26 K, pp. 2366 13-2366C4, Appendix 23 Peerages and Knighthoods Awarded to Residents of Newfoundland

Until 1949 Newfoundland was a separate Dominion. It has not therefore been included as an integral part of this study. However it is important to note that 44 residents of Newfoundland were knighted and one was elevated to the peerage. They are Listed in this Appendix in short form. As was the case in Canada, the majority of knighthoods received by residents of Newfoundland were Knight Bachelorship (22), with 15 KCMGs and 10 KBEs awarded. Only one Baronetcy was awarded. In totaI 44 Newfoundland knights received 49 awards. Newfoundland the most "knighted" colony in the British Empire. Upon entering Coafederation, residents of Newfoundland were no Longer recommended for knighthoods as responsibility for award recommendations was transferred to the Canadian government, This topic is certainly worthy future study-

Type of Honours Awarded Bt 1 KCMG 15 DBEKBE 10 Kt 22 KCSI 1 (Awarded for services to India)

Peerages Sir Edward Patrick Morris, KCMG, Kt, was the first and only Newfoundland resident to be appointed to the peerage (as First Baron Morris of St. John's and Wateford). Moms was the Prime Minister of Newfoundland until the day before being elevated to the peerage. Technically the NewfoundIand government was consulted through the Prime Minister. The title became extinct upon Morris's death.

Knighthoods Lady Edith Muriel Anderson, DBE John Robert Bennett, KBE Robert Bond, KCMG Edgar Rening Bowring, KCMG, Kt William Benjamin Bowring, Bt Charles H. Bridge, KCMG Frederick Carter, KCMG Michael Patrick Cashin, KBE Henry Clinton, Kt Wiiliarn Ford Coaker, KBE Tasker Cook, KBE, Kt John C. Crosbie, KBE Brian Edward Spencer Dunfield, Kt Edward Lewis Emerson, Kt Robert Benson Ewbank, Kt, CSI, CE Charies Edward Fox, KCSI, Kt Altelstane Meredity Goode, Kt William Thomason Grenfell, KCMG William Henry Horwood, KCMG, Kt Hugh Hoyles, Kt William Jackson, KCMG Vincent Strickland Jones, KBE Joseph Ignatius Little, Kt William Lloyd, KCMG Patrick Thomas McGrath, KBE Alfred Bishop Morine, Kt Edward Patrick Morris, KCMG, Kt (Later to become Lord Moms) Joseph Outerbridge, Kt, OBE Colonel Leonard Cecil Outerbridge, Kt,CBE, DSO (later to become a CC) Robert Pinset, Kt John Charles Puddester, Kt Henry Pyn, Kt Robert Gillespie Wed, Kt Bryan Robinson, Kt Thomas Roddick, Kt Ambrose Shea, KCMG John Hope Simpson, KBE, CIE Richard Anderson Squires, KCMG Robert Thornburn, KCMG Albert Joseph Watsh, Kt William Vallance Whiteway, KCMG James Alexander Winter, KCMG Marmaduke Winter, Kt, CBE Wilfted Wentworth Woods, KCMG, KBE