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L'évolution Du Développement Des Capacités Au Sein De L'armée Canadienne

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L'évolution Du Développement Des Capacités Au Sein De L'armée Canadienne Défense nationale, photo AS2006-0898a, du sergent Dennis Power, Nouvelles de l’Armée terre – Shilo AS2006-0898a, du sergent Dennis Power, Défense nationale, photo Le jour se lève sur un char Leopard, dans le désert à Zhari, à l’ouest de Kandahar, pendant l’opération Baaz Tsuka. À LA RECHERCHE DE LA « SOLUTION MIRACLE » : L’ÉVOLUTION DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DES CAPACITÉS AU SEIN DE L’ARMÉE CANADIENNE par le major Andrew B. Godefroy CD, Ph.D.1 MILITAIRES DÉVELOPPEMENT DES CAPACITÉS « La clé du travail d’élaboration de la doctrine de 1988, par exemple, aurait pu prévoir que l’armée se retrouverait combat réside dans le concept suivant : qui sont les à Sarajevo en 1992, à Mogadicio en 1993 ou à Kaboul en 20033? ennemis, où sont-ils situés, selon quelle doctrine et avec quel équipement doit-on les combattre? Cet énoncé Afin de réduire d’éventuels risques de conflits, le ministère exprime simplement ce qui doit être fait pour réussir de la Défense nationale et les Forces canadiennes mettent un combat. » continuellement en place une série d’activités parallèles, présentement dirigées par le chef du Développement des Forces – Major D.A. Gronbeck-Jones, afin de créer les Forces intégrées conjointes requises pour Armée canadienne, 19822 défendre le Canada et ses intérêts nationaux. Ces activités prennent continuellement en considération l’environnement de Introduction sécurité de l’avenir et la création de différents scénarios de planification, fondés sur cet environnement, l’analyse des capa- ême lorsqu’elles ne sont pas en état de guerre, les armées cités requises pour opérer avec succès dans cet environnement, M professionnelles constituées de volontaires anticipent les et l’élaboration de futurs concepts pour se donner les capacités futurs conflits et plus particulièrement ce à quoi ces derniers requises. Chacune des trois armées est responsable du dévelop- pourraient ressembler, où ils pourraient avoir lieu, contre qui et, pement détaillé des capacités de son propre environnement, si possible, pourquoi ils pourraient survenir. Les armées avisées ainsi que des secteurs qui font le lien avec d’autres domaines prévoient ce qu’elles doivent faire afin d’être prêtes pour tout communs, multinationaux, inter-organismes et publics4. conflit éventuel, en étudiant des concepts fictifs, en préparant une doctrine, en développant le capital physique, intellectuel et social approprié, et en formant leurs soldats. En dépit des efforts Le major Andrew Godefroy, Ph.D., travaille à la Direction des concepts et des préparatifs, prévoir l’avenir est presque toujours et de la doctrine de la Force terrestre – Recherche, diffusion et publi- impossible. Est-ce qu’un soldat canadien posté à Lahr en cation. Il est également rédacteur du Journal de l’Armée du Canada. Printemps 2007 ● Revue militaire canadienne 53 Un examen complet du travail du développement des capacités de l’Armée de terre du Canada depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale révèle de nombreux projets en cours à la Direction des études et développement des méthodes de combat terrestre. Dans le présent article, nous offrirons un aperçu de la partie conceptuelle et doctrinale du travail de la Direction7. Un legs pour l’avenir « Si un seul officier ... devait prendre connaissance de ces notes et si, par hasard, il découvrait quelque chose d’utile pour lui, les pages suivantes auront atteint l’objectif pour lequel elles ont été écrites. » – Lieutenant-colonel W.C.G. Heneker, Bush Wars, 19078 L’étude de définition et de conception de la doctrine commence souvent par l’évaluation d’une série d’idées dans un contexte d’éventuels environnements de sécurité de l’avenir. Certaines des premières évaluations canadiennes edn la matière remontent au XIXe siècle. Les auteurs ont utilisé la fiction littéraire et le récit illustré pour décrire leur conception de l’armée de l’avenir et la façon dont celle-ci devrait combattre. En 1883, par exemple, Ralph Centennius a rédigé un dépliant Archives du Collège militaire royal intitulé The Dominion, dans lequel il prévoyait l’état du Canada et la nature de la conduite de la guerre aux alentours de 1983.9 o L’élève-officier n 168 William Charles Giffard Heneker. Six ans plus tard, W.H.C. Lawrence publiait The Storm of ‘92: A Grandfather’s Tale Told in 193210. Dans cette étude romancée Contrairement à la croyance populaire, cette activité est qui dresse le portrait d’une guerre entre le Canada et les États- issue d’une longue tradition de développement des capacités Unis en 1892, l’auteur décrit en détail des actions hypothétiques novateur et dynamique au sein des Forces canadiennes5. entre les forces américaines et la milice canadienne. Cette Spécialement dans l’armée, on peut établir que la pratique dernière a tenu en échec les envahisseurs jusqu’à l’arrivée des de développement des capacités (autrefois connue sous le unités coloniales de l’empire britannique. Même si ces scénarios nom d’étude et développement des méthodes de combat) n’avaient pas été créés par le ministère de la Milice et de la remonte au XIXe siècle. À cette époque, la pratique était un Défense, ils étaient peut-être les premiers travaux d’imagination processus formel semblable à celui connu aujourd’hui et qui traitant de futures situations de simulations militaires existe à l’état-major de l’Armée de terre seulement depuis la canadiennes publiés au Canada. fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale6. Ce processus formel comptait habituellement quatre phases. Les deux premières Le Canada a aussi produit un certain nombre de soldats qui consistaient en une étude de définition et de conception de sont devenus des étudiants sérieux, des boursiers, et des prati- la doctrine des capacités et les deux autres comprenaient la ciens de l’art de la guerre terrestre. Mais avant la Première création et la gestion de ces capacités tout au long du Guerre mondiale, très peu de ces hommes avaient servi au sein cycle de vie. de l’armée canadienne. Pour plusieurs raisons, les meilleurs et les plus brillants sujets de la culture militaire, au tout début Même si le processus est rigoureux, le développement de l’existence de l’armée canadienne, ont servi dans l’armée des capacités est toujours sujet à de très nombreuses britannique. Leur héritage a donc été englouti par l’armée où contraintes, dont les plus importantes sont ils ont servi, ou pire encore, a complètement les politiques, les personnalités, les limites été oublié par les historiens11. financières, le manque de ressources, le « L’étude de définition temps, la culture professionnelle de même et de conception de la Prenons l’exemple de la carrière de que l’orientation de l’entreprise. Bien doctrine commence William Charles Giffard Heneker. Né à entendu, le fait de ne pas connaître l’avenir Sherbrooke (Québec) en août 1867, il fait des peut avoir une incidence sur un plan souvent par l’évaluation études au Collège Bishop à Lennoxville avant pluriannuel. Toutefois, on peut s’attendre à d’une série d’idées d’entrer au Collège militaire royal (CMR) des contraintes et des restrictions et la dans un contexte en 1884 en tant qu’élève-officier no 168. À diminution de leurs effets est directement la fin de ses études en 1888, il est recruté proportionnelle au nombre de ressources d’éventuels par le ministère de la Guerre à Londres où on investies dans les premières étapes du environnements de lui offre une affectation impériale au sein développement des capacités. sécurité de l’avenir. » des Connaught Rangers. Heneker accepte 54 Revue militaire canadienne ● Printemps 2007 l’offre et il se rend outre-mer où il sert ensuite en tant que sa retraite en 1932, alors qu’il occupe le rang de général de capitaine d’infanterie en Afrique du Sud. Entre 1897 et 1906, plein droit après avoir servi en tant que commandant en chef du Heneker prend part à l’action dans au moins une douzaine de Commandement du Sud aux Indes. En dépit de cette impression- différentes petites guerres, allant de l’engagement militaire en nante carrière, le nom de Heneker n’apparaît pas dans le lexique temps de paix à des opérations de combat majeures qui lui valent militaire canadien. Comme beaucoup de ses collègues, Heneker l’Ordre du service distingué. Il est important de noter que sa devra attendre avant d’être reconnu par les historiens militaires vaste expérience l’amène à publier en 1907 un livre de 196 pages canadiens, soit pour son approche novatrice lors des opérations intitulé Bush Warfare.12 Il s’agit d’une étude astucieuse, claire, en terrain complexe qui a influé ultérieurement sur les doctrines et détaillée de petites guerres qui avait peut-être pour but de britanniques et canadiennes, soit pour ses écrits généraux sur faire progresser, sinon de remplacer, les idées lancées en les relations entre conflit et diplomatie16. 1896 dans la publication bien connue de Charles Callwell, Petites guerres : leurs principes et leur exécution13. Presque Avec l’apport de penseurs et de praticiens, ainsi que complètement oublié aujourd’hui par les historiens militaires d’organismes plus formels en recherche et développement, la britanniques et canadiens, ce livre a fait partie d’une trilogie14 pratique du développement des capacités au sein de l’Armée de petites bibles sur la guerre de l’armée britannique jusqu’à canadienne a lentement évolué au cours de la Première Guerre la Première Guerre mondiale et même longtemps après. En mondiale avant de devenir complètement institutionnalisée 1934, le ministère de la Guerre incorpore à son institution les pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Entre 1939 et 1945, leçons des hommes comme Callwell et Heneker en publiant l’armée s’est engagée à travailler au développement des son propre manuel, Notes on Imperial Policing15.
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