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Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status
water Article Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status Puyu Wang 1,2,3,*, Zhongqin Li 1,3,4, Hongliang Li 1,2, Zhengyong Zhang 3, Liping Xu 3 and Xiaoying Yue 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science/Tianshan Glaciological Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (X.Y.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 College of Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (L.X.) 4 College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China is the largest arid region in Central Asia, and is heavily dependent on glacier melt in high mountains for water supplies. In this paper, glacier and climate changes in Xinjiang during the past decades were comprehensively discussed based on glacier inventory data, individual monitored glacier observations, recent publications, as well as meteorological records. The results show that glaciers have been in continuous mass loss and dimensional shrinkage since the 1960s, although there are spatial differences between mountains and sub-regions, and the significant temperature increase is the dominant controlling factor of glacier change. The mass loss of monitored glaciers in the Tien Shan has accelerated since the late 1990s, but has a slight slowing after 2010. Remote sensing results also show a more negative mass balance in the 2000s and mass loss slowing in the latest decade (2010s) in most regions. -
Kinematics of Active Deformation Across the Western Kunlun Mountain Range (Xinjiang, China), and Potential Seismic Hazards Within the Southern Tarim Basin
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 03, 2021 Kinematics of active deformation across the Western Kunlun mountain range (Xinjiang, China), and potential seismic hazards within the southern Tarim Basin Guilbaud, Christelle; Simoes, Martine; Barrier, Laurie; Laborde, Amandine; Van der Woerd, Jérôme; Li, Haibing; Tapponnier, Paul; Coudroy, Thomas; Murray, Andrew Sean Published in: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Link to article, DOI: 10.1002/2017JB014069 Publication date: 2017 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Guilbaud, C., Simoes, M., Barrier, L., Laborde, A., Van der Woerd, J., Li, H., Tapponnier, P., Coudroy, T., & Murray, A. S. (2017). Kinematics of active deformation across the Western Kunlun mountain range (Xinjiang, China), and potential seismic hazards within the southern Tarim Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 122(12), 10,398-10,426. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014069 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
Quantifying Trends of Land Change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau During 2001–2015
remote sensing Article Quantifying Trends of Land Change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during 2001–2015 Chao Wang, Qiong Gao and Mei Yu * Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00936, USA; [email protected] (C.W.); [email protected] (Q.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-787-764-0000 Received: 1 September 2019; Accepted: 17 October 2019; Published: 20 October 2019 Abstract: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is among the most sensitive ecosystems to changes in global climate and human activities, and quantifying its consequent change in land-cover land-use (LCLU) is vital for assessing the responses and feedbacks of alpine ecosystems to global climate changes. In this study, we first classified annual LCLU maps from 2001–2015 in QTP from MODIS satellite images, then analyzed the patterns of regional hotspots with significant land changes across QTP, and finally, associated these trends in land change with climate forcing and human activities. The pattern of land changes suggested that forests and closed shrublands experienced substantial expansions in the southeastern mountainous region during 2001–2015 with the expansion of massive meadow loss. Agricultural land abandonment and the conversion by conservation policies existed in QTP, and the newly-reclaimed agricultural land partially offset the loss with the resulting net change of 5.1%. Although the urban area only expanded 586 km2, mainly at the expense of agricultural − land, its rate of change was the largest (41.2%). Surface water exhibited a large expansion of 5866 km2 (10.2%) in the endorheic basins, while mountain glaciers retreated 8894 km2 ( 3.4%) mainly in the − southern and southeastern QTP. -
Teach Uyghur Project Educational Outreach Document
TEACH UYGHUR PROJECT EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH DOCUMENT UYGHUR AMERICAN ASSOCIATION / NOVEMBER 2020 Who are the Uyghurs? The Uyghurs are a Turkic, majority Muslim ethnic group indigenous to Central Asia. The Uyghur homeland is known to Uyghurs as East Turkistan, but is officially known and internationally recognized as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. Due to the occupation of their homeland by the Qing Dynasty of China and the colonization of East Turkistan initiated by the Chinese Communist Party, many Uyghurs have fled abroad. There are several hundred thousand Uyghurs living in the independent Central Asian states of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, as well as a large diaspora in Turkey and in Europe. There are and estimated 8,000 to 10,000 Uyghurs in the United States. The Uyghur people are currently being subjected to a campaign of mass incarceration, mass surveillance, forced labor, population control, and genocide, perpetrated by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). About the Uyghur American Association (UAA) Established in 1998, the Uyghur American Association (UAA) is a non-partisan organization with the chief goals of promoting and preserving Uyghur culture, and supporting the right of Uyghur people to use peaceful, democratic means to determine their own political futures. Based in the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area, the UAA serves as the primary hub for the Uyghur diaspora community in the United States. About the "Teach Uyghur Project" Education is a powerful tool for facilitating change. The goal of this project is to encourage teachers to teach about Uyghurs, and to persuade schools, and eventually state legislatures, to incorporate Uyghurs into primary and secondary school curriculum. -
Cenozoic Deformation of the Tarim Plate and the Implications for Mountain Building in the Tibetan Plateau and the Tian Shan
TECTONICS, VOL. 21, NO. 6, 1059, doi:10.1029/2001TC001300, 2002 Cenozoic deformation of the Tarim plate and the implications for mountain building in the Tibetan Plateau and the Tian Shan Youqing Yang and Mian Liu Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA Received 11 May 2001; revised 14 March 2002; accepted 8 June 2002; published 17 December 2002. [1] The Tarim basin in NW China developed as a the geology and tectonics of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen complex foreland basin in the Cenozoic in association [Dewey and Burke, 1973; Molnar and Tapponnier, 1975; with mountain building in the Tibetan Plateau to the Allegre et al., 1984; Armijo et al., 1986; Burchfiel et al., south and the Tian Shan orogen to the north. We 1992; Harrison et al., 1992; Avouac and Tapponnier, 1993; reconstructed the Cenozoic deformation history of the Nelson et al., 1996; England and Molnar, 1997; Larson et Tarim basement by backstripping the sedimentary al., 1999; Yin and Harrison, 2000]. However, some funda- mental questions, such as how stress has propagated across rocks. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional finite the collisional zone and how strain was partitioned between element models are then used to simulate the flexural crustal thickening and lateral extruding of the lithosphere, deformation of the Tarim basement in response to the remain controversial. One end-member model, approximat- sedimentary loads and additional tectonic loads ing the Eurasia continent as a viscous thin sheet indented by associated with overthrusting of the surrounding the rigid Indian plate [e.g., England and McKenzie, 1982; mountain belts. -
Manifestations and Mechanisms of the Karakoram Glacier Anomaly
This is a repository copy of Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier Anomaly. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/156183/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Farinotti, D, Immerzeel, WW, de Kok, RJ et al. (2 more authors) (2020) Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier Anomaly. Nature Geoscience, 13 (1). pp. 8-16. ISSN 1752-0894 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0513-5 © Springer Nature Limited 2020. This is an author produced version of a paper published in Nature Geoscience. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier 2 Anomaly 1,2 3 3 Daniel Farinotti (ORCID: 0000-0003-3417-4570), Walter W. Immerzeel (ORCID: 0000-0002- 3 4 4 2010-9543), Remco de Kok (ORCID: 0000-0001-6906-2662), Duncan J. -
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933
The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Schluessel, Eric T. 2016. The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493602 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 A dissertation presented by Eric Tanner Schluessel to The Committee on History and East Asian Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2016 © 2016 – Eric Schluessel All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark C. Elliott Eric Tanner Schluessel The Muslim Emperor of China: Everyday Politics in Colonial Xinjiang, 1877-1933 Abstract This dissertation concerns the ways in which a Chinese civilizing project intervened powerfully in cultural and social change in the Muslim-majority region of Xinjiang from the 1870s through the 1930s. I demonstrate that the efforts of officials following an ideology of domination and transformation rooted in the Chinese Classics changed the ways that people associated with each other and defined themselves and how Muslims understood their place in history and in global space. -
Review of Snow Cover Variation Over the Tibetan
Earth-Science Reviews 201 (2020) 103043 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Invited review Review of snow cover variation over the Tibetan Plateau and its influence on the broad climate system T ⁎ Qinglong Youa, , Tao Wub, Liuchen Shenb, Nick Pepinc, Ling Zhangd, Zhihong Jiangd, Zhiwei Wua, Shichang Kange,f, Amir AghaKouchakg a Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China b College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China c Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3HE, UK d Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, China e State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China f CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China g Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Variation in snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is a key component of climate change and variability, and Tibetan Plateau critical for many hydrological and biological processes. This review first summarizes recent observed changes of Snow cover snow cover over the TP, including the relationship between the TP snow cover and that over Eurasia as a whole; Asian summer monsoon recent climatology and spatial patterns; inter-annual variability and trends; as well as projected changes in snow Climate change cover. Second, we discuss the physical causes and factors contributing to variations in snow cover over the TP, including precipitation, temperature, and synoptic forcing such as the Arctic Oscillation and the westerly jet, and large scale ocean-atmosphere oscillations such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ESNO), the Indian Ocean dipole, and the southern annular mode. -
Glacier Anomaly Over the Western Kunlun Mountains, Northwestern Tibetan Plateau, Since the 1970S
Journal of Glaciology (2018), 64(246) 624–636 doi: 10.1017/jog.2018.53 © The Author(s) 2018. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Glacier anomaly over the western Kunlun Mountains, Northwestern Tibetan Plateau, since the 1970s YETANG WANG,1 SHUGUI HOU,2 BAOJUAN HUAI,1 WENLING AN,3 HONGXI PANG,2 YAPING LIU4 1College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China 2Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China 3Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 4State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China Correspondence: Y. Wang <[email protected]>; S. Hou <[email protected]> ABSTRACT. Western Kunlun Mountain (WKM) glaciers show balanced or even slightly positive mass budgets in the early 21st century, and this is anomalous in a global context of glacier reduction. However, it is unknown whether the stability prevails at longer time scales because mass budgets have been unavailable before 2000. Here topographical maps, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission and Landsat data are used to examine the area and surface elevation changes of glaciers on the WKM since the 1970s. Heterogeneous glacier behaviors are observed not only in the changes of length and area, but also in the spatial distribution of surface elevation changes. -
Patterned Ground on the Northern Side of the West Kunlun Mountains
Bu王1etinofGlacier Research7（1989）j45－j52 ム措 ⑥DataCenterforGlacierRcsearch，JapaneseSocietyofSnowandIce Patterned groundon the northern side ofthe West Kunlun Mountains，WeStern China ShujilWATAlandZHENGBenxing2 1DepartmentofGeography，FacultyofHumanitiesandSocialSciences，MieUniversity，Kamihama，Tsu，514Japan 2LarlZhouIn或ittlteOfGiacまologyandGeocryology，AcademiaSinica，Lanzbou，Ch重na （ReceivedI）ecember5，1988；RevisedmanuscriptreceivedJanuary23，1989） Abstract Mapping of earth hummocks，SOrted nets，SOrted stripes andlobes，Smallandlarge fissure mpolygons，andsomeotherperiglacialphenomenasuchasrockglacicrs，debris－mantledslopes，and involutions were condtlCted on the northern slopes of the West Kunlun Mountains，nOrthwestern margir10ftheTibctanPlateau，basedonfieldresearchin1987．Manydifferentkindsofpatterned groundoccurintbezoneabove5200minaititude，Whiiein汰ezonel）elow5280m，patternedgrotlnd occursonlyinlimitedがaces．Thisintensivedistributioninthehigherzonemaybeduetotheexistence ofcontinuouspermafrost，Whileinthelowerzonethepatternedgrounddevelopsinplaceswherethe soilmoistureconditionisfavorablc． l．lntroduction 1984；Cui，1985；Kuhle，1985；1987；Koizl】mi，1986； Wang，1987；Koazeetal．，1988），andthenorthernside Snowq andice十free areas of highmountain re－ OftheHimalayas（軋爵Zhengetalリ1982）．Incontrast， glOnSareSituatedinperiglacialenvirorlmentS，Where inthenorthwesternpart oftheTibetanPlateauin－ 許Otlndたostdevelopsvar；ousperiglaciaipbeれOme11a CludingthelⅣestKunltlnMountains，inwhicbareathe Or主arld berleath the ground surねcet To assess払e periglacialdomain prestlmably extends very -
Manifestations and Mechanisms of the Karakoram Glacier Anomaly
Manifestations and mechanisms of the Karakoram glacier Anomaly Daniel Farinotti, Walter W. Immerzeel, Remco de Kok, Duncan J. Quincey, and Amaury Dehecq Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) Farinotti et al. | #shareEGU20 | 1 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL A different EGU, a different presentation approach Hi! Thanks for taking the time of clicking on this contribution! Since this year’s EGU is completely different, also our “presentation” is. As you have certainly recognised, this contribution was about our perspective article published earlier this year: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0513-5 What you will find in the following is (a) the main figures of the article, (b) a set of questions meant to trigger a discussion, (c) the accepted version of the article. See, hear, and read you in the chat! #shareEGU20 Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW) Farinotti et al. | #shareEGU20 | 2 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Visuals first! (1/4) Figure 1: Distribution of Karakoram glaciers and climate characteristic. (a) Glacier coverage and regions as per Randolph Glacier Inventory version 6. (b) Regional average temperature (connected squares) and precipitation (bars) for the period 1989-2007, re-drawn from ref. 103. The influence of Mid- Latitude Westerlies (MLW) and the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) is shown based on the classification by ref. 90. (c) GoogleEarth image with looped and folded moraines providing indications of past surges at (1) Panmah, (2) South Skamri, and (3) Sarpo Langgo Glacier. (d) Terminus of Shishper Glacier in May 2019, showing clear sign of recent advance (image credit: Rina Seed). -
Introduction
© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. 8 — introduCtion Introduction China is a magnificent country and one of the most diverse on Earth. its size ranks fourth among the world’s nations (9,596,960 km2), and it is home to over 1.3 billion people. The topography of China ranges from the highest elevation on Earth (Mount Everest, or Chomolungma; 8,850 m) to one of the lowest (Turpan Basin; 154 m below sea level). Chinese environments include some of Earth’s For general queries, contact [email protected] © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. introduCtion — 9 most extensive and driest deserts (the Taklimakan and Gobi) and its highest pla- teau (the Tibetan Plateau or “Roof of the World”). Habitats range from tropical to boreal forest, and from extensive grasslands to desert (see the habitat images, map 1, and map 2). This wide variety of habitats has contributed greatly to the richness of China’s mammal fauna. Additionally, the geographic location of China, at the suture zone between the Palaearctic and indo-Malayan biogeo- graphic regions, further contributes to the country’s mammal diversity. overall, more than 10 percent of the world’s species of mammals live in China (556/5,416); an additional 29 species of cetaceans live in offshore waters (see Appendix i).