Bu王1etinofGlacier Research7（1989）j45－j52 ム措 ⑥DataCenterforGlacierRcsearch，JapaneseSocietyofSnowandIce
Patterned groundon the northern side ofthe West Kunlun Mountains，WeStern China
ShujilWATAlandZHENGBenxing2 1DepartmentofGeography，FacultyofHumanitiesandSocialSciences，MieUniversity，Kamihama，Tsu，514Japan 2LarlZhouIn或ittlteOfGiacまologyandGeocryology，AcademiaSinica，Lanzbou，Ch重na
（ReceivedI）ecember5，1988；RevisedmanuscriptreceivedJanuary23，1989）
Abstract
Mapping of earth hummocks，SOrted nets，SOrted stripes andlobes，Smallandlarge fissure mpolygons，andsomeotherperiglacialphenomenasuchasrockglacicrs，debris－mantledslopes，and involutions were condtlCted on the northern slopes of the West Kunlun Mountains，nOrthwestern margir10ftheTibctanPlateau，basedonfieldresearchin1987．Manydifferentkindsofpatterned groundoccurintbezoneabove5200minaititude，Whiiein汰ezonel）elow5280m，patternedgrotlnd occursonlyinlimitedがaces．Thisintensivedistributioninthehigherzonemaybeduetotheexistence ofcontinuouspermafrost，Whileinthelowerzonethepatternedgrounddevelopsinplaceswherethe soilmoistureconditionisfavorablc．
l．lntroduction 1984；Cui，1985；Kuhle，1985；1987；Koizl】mi，1986； Wang，1987；Koazeetal．，1988），andthenorthernside Snowq andice十free areas of highmountain re－ OftheHimalayas（軋爵Zhengetalリ1982）．Incontrast， glOnSareSituatedinperiglacialenvirorlmentS，Where inthenorthwesternpart oftheTibetanPlateauin－ 許Otlndたostdevelopsvar；ousperiglaciaipbeれOme11a CludingthelⅣestKunltlnMountains，inwhicbareathe Or主arld berleath the ground surねcet To assess払e periglacialdomain prestlmably extends very much periglacialenvironmentsisoneofthemostimportant because ofits high snow】ine and relatively gentle Cluestounderstandclimatological，geOmOrPhological， topography，Only few studies have been carried out andecologlCalsituationsinthehighmountainregion． （GeomorphologyGroupintheComprehensiveExpedi－ Afterthefirstassessment oftheperiglacialvertical tionTeamtoXinjiang，1978；Li，1987；LiandHe，1989）． －ZOnationonaglobal∝aiebyTro王1（1944），theverti－ InJuly，1987，We Carried out fieid research on Caldisとributionofpatternedgroundbasbeenstudied periglacial phenomena on the northern side of the invarious mountain chains of the earth（e．glGraf， West Kunlun Mountains as members of the”Sino 1971；H捌1ermann，1972；Ellenberg，1974；Iwata et al．， －JapaneseJoint GlaciologicalExpeditionin Wcst 1976；Iwata，1986）．Eachofthesezonationsrepresents KunlunMountains1987”（Zhengetalリ1988）．Basedon a differentfeature：Thefeaturesvarywiththeloca－ thisfieldwork，Weillustratethedistributionofpat－ ti川1． terned grotlnd and discuss the characteristics ofthe OnandaroundtbeQinghaトⅩizang（Tibet）Plat・ periglacialenvironmentofthearea． eaumanyperiglaciaiphenomenahavebeenobserved and mapped（e．g．Cui，1981；1982）．Detailed studies were concentratedinthe northeastern corner of the 2，Thestudyarea Plateau，i・e・，QuilinShanandtheEastKunlunMourl－ とains（g．g，LanzhouInst主tuteofG王aciologya！ldCryo－ Theう好est Kunluれ MoⅥntains，locatedi‡lthe pedology，Academia Sin主ca，1983；Liang and Cheng， northwestern margin of the Tまbetan Plateau，are ブイ（i
Fig，1．‡ndexmapoぎthepatternedgroundontbenorther王ュSide intervalsare200乱1：R6earCbroutesぎ2：VoIcaniccone，3： oftbeWestKunll】nMolユntairlS∴N甘汀心ersindicaもetheloca－ Invoiution，4：Rockglacier． tionsofthepat仁ernedgrotlnds王10WnilュTablel．TbeconとOur Iwata and Zhens j47
COmpOSedofthehighandrelativelygentlemainrange andthe relativelylowbut steep northrange（Kara－ tas壬1i－Liusbtag Sbarl）．BetⅥ7eerltbese紬O rangeS 抽ereexistsabigbplateau－1ikebasin，CalledAsbikule Basin，withyoungvoIcaniccones（Fig．1）， Althoughclimaticconditionsoftheareaarerath・ erdryasshowni11LiandHe（ユ989）andt‡1epreSent firnliileSOntheglaciers主sabout5800ma．s．l．intbe area（Scientific Expedition to the Qinghai¶Ⅹizang Plateau，1986），thehigher part ofthemain rangeis COVeredwithexteTISiveglacierst Themountainsbor－ dertbeTaklimakanDesertonthenorthⅥritboutany densevegetationzone：neitherdenseherbaceousvege－ tation nor forest exists on the north slopcs of the KunlunMountai壬1S．Gras澄S，CuS圭IionpiarltS，anddvarf Fig．2．ThegrourldsurfaceofÅsbikuieBasiniscoveredwi琉 ShrubsparseiyocctlrOnaVaStdrylandarea． Iavaandtephra．Nodistinctpatternedgroundisdistributed Ageologicalmapoftheareawhichisassumedto onthesurface．AyoungvoIcaniccone，CalledtheAshikule havebeenrevisedusingI．andsatimagesexists（Chen， VoIcano，eruptedin1951． 1984）．Tbe main parts of the molユntain ranges are COmpOSedofcrystailinerockssuchasgranite，gneiss， t‡leÅshikuleBasincoveredbyvoicanicまava，tephra， andsyenite，butalargepartofthesttldyareaconsists andalluvialfansediments（Fig．2）， Ofphyliiticsandstoneandsiltstone，Theeasternhalf TypesofpatternedgroundaridtheirlocaとioilSare OftheAshikuieBasinwasocctipiedbybasalticlava， Sbo耶IillTablel．Noping（）OrOtherlargefrosとmoりnd and the otherareas of tbe basin by Pleistocerle and basbeenfound，butmanyoneswerereportedon軌e HoIocenefangravels． SOuthside ofWest Kunlun（Li，1987）as wellasEast OlirreSearChrot鹿Sareirid重catedi‡1ぎ；g．1：Ol汀 Kuniun（g．＆Kubie，19拓；Koizumi，198軋Somer】Otice－ ObservationsofperigiacialphenomenaⅥrerei言mitedto ablefeattireSaregivenbeiow： rclativelysmallareasalongourroutes． ．■？．J．J〃（V〃小／‘イーーl…ルんノ川川柚木（川（／∫りノブ＝／仙ゾ Theywere found ona dryriverbed at Subashi 3．Distribution ofpatternedground （4130milュaitiもude），locatedin a smalまbasinin払e upperreachesoftheKulapuDaiyaRiver，Whichisa Patter‡ied ground basbeenregarded as a good tribtltaryOftbeKeriyaRiver（Locs．14，17〉．Theyare indicator of perig王acialenvironmentsy butit occurs theiowestpatterlledgroundinthearea，because払ere Onlyin placesマFbich exist suitabまe conditio11S．The isllOrOOmforpatternedgroundintbelowersectionof frost action occurintensivelyby bothlow tempera－ the Kulapu Daiya where steep rocky valley slopes turesandfrequentfreeze－－thawcycleswithabundant formgorges．Nosoli幻uctionfeaturesuchasindistinct moisture co‡ltentin soii，While restra孟ned by rougb lobescouldbeobservedevenontbefeⅥFgentleslopes materialsand dense vegetation cover．Debris move－ Ofmoraineswhichhadbeenbuiltinthema摘vaileyby mentintheearthbyfrost actionisfreqtlently oblit・ pastglaciersfromtributaryglaciers． eratedbyothergeomorphicprocessessuchasfltlVial arldrapidmasslⅥ0VementprOCeSSeS．TbliS，CO一重Sider・ ユご．占～ケル／〃／〃川≠眉h 1ng the distribt裏on ofpatterned ground，We Should DespiねOftbemostcommoTlpattelⅥedgro11‡1d抽 payattentiontoal1surroundingenvironments．Figure thelower altitudes oflmmid mountains，earth hum・ lsbowsahorizontaldistr主butionofpatternedground mocksarerareiyobservedont‡1enOrthsideofⅥ毎朝 Which、We Observedin tbe study area．Patter‡led Kunllユn，0Vingtothelackofdensevegetationcover， groundexistsinrelativelyinlimitedareas：itparticu－ AfelVpatChesofear血hummockswerefoundinturf 1arlyoccursinareasadjacenttoglacierterminionthe alongthesma11streamfromtheglacieraboveYakeN northern siope of tbe Kunlun mairlrange，Wbile‡10 baketakeataltittldesof5230－5300nl（Locs．15，16）． Patternedgroundbasbeen毎undintbemainpartof ／・ノバ Bu11etinofGlacier Research
Tablel．Types andlocations of patterned ground．
Loc． Patterne（ヨgrolmd Location Åititude Additionaic（〉mment lTl－l LargeSCa王efissure Confluence of 4920 0n old moraine，nearly polygons Alakesayiand square plans with Kezileshayi Rivers a5－10m side Sma】トscalefisst汀e Southeast of 5040 0rlねn stldace，a2－3m polygons Li血uang Pass Side，par仁1yユnaCtive？ Smalトscale fissure Fr8nモalflat 4960 0Ilfan suげace polygons piace of Bulakem bashi Glacier Large－SCale sorted Shtlangyang Pass 5000 Near dried poo1 patterned ground brge－SCaie sorヒed Near termint王S Of 5400 Fはt p】ace orlthe moraine net Å1akesayiGl． Large一蹴aie sorted Near termiiluS Of 5亜O Debrismant王ed slopes Stripes AlakesayiGl， Large－SCale sorted Near Yakebaketake 5350 Debris mantled slopes StrlpeS 2mintervals
0 0 Near Yakebaketake 5400 0n ridge Large－SCale sorted
StrlpeS 9
ハ Near Yakebaketake U So珪ed】obes 5400 0n ddge
1 Debris isiands Near Yakebaketake 5360 Inside of recent moraine 2
Sorted net Near Yakebaketake 5310 0n ridge
Sma11sorted net Ridge between 5400 Flat surface on pass，
and strlpe＄ riversfrom fine material＄
Å主akesayiGl．
31
Sorted net Terminus of In tbe boliow on a
1 4
Bulakebas壬IiGl－ rocent mora童ne 1 5
6 Sorted net Subashi 4160 Incomplete，Dry river 7
1 1
bed
Earth hummocks Near Yakebaketake 5260 Along stream from glacier
1
Earth hunlmOCks Near Yakebaketake 5300 Inside of moraine
1 Eartb blmmOCks Slぬashi 4160 Dryriver bed
1
・ T‡leiocat拍nS－ are Shownin Fig．1 1
3．3．50γお♂クαfお用e♂g和〟乃d Mostsortedpatternedgroundexistsathighalti－ tude above5200m a．s．1．Sorted polygons，debrisis－ 1ands，SOrtedlobes，and sorted nets occupy flat and gerltly sloping surfaces of both morailleS and bed－ rocks．In particular，1arge－SCale sorted stripes and sorted lobes are extensively distributed on debris mantledslopescomposedofphylliticrocks（e，g，Fig・ 3）．NeartheterminusoftheAlakesayiGlacier（Locs． 5，6），itwasobservedthatmeltwaterflowingoutfrom permafrost drained tbrougblines oflarge stones of stripesandfurrowssurroundingcellsofsortedpoly－ gons，and fine materials hlthe centralparts ofthe patterned ground were saturatedwith mclt water・ Smalトscale sorted net and stripes also occur atthe FigY3，Largescalesortedstripesandlobesonadebris－mantled higheraltitudeof5400m：thesesmallfeaturesaredue siope．Loc．No．7atnearYakebaketake（5350ma・S・り・ tothemudstonewbicheasilybreakintoslⅥailpieces （g．爵Loc．12）． IwataandZbe喝 J・JJノ
Sorted patterned ground was observed at two SurepOlygo‡1StOthesoutbeastofIィitぬuangPass，nO iocaまitiesaround5000minaltitude：Omeislargescale distinct patterned ground主s distributed on flat sl汀・ SOrted，netSi‡1theviciri主tyofadriedpoolonShuang－ facesintheAshiklユIe Basin．Smallinvoiution ofvoト yangPass（5000m）（Loc．4）arまd払eotberissorもednets Canicgiasswasfoundsol血ofAぬikuleI．ake（ぎig．5）． atthebottomofthehoilowintherecentmoraineof theBulakebashiGlacier（Loc．13）．Thus，theyoccurred inpiaceswhereer主Oughwaterbadbeenstlpplied on SO‡ⅥeSpeCialoccasions．
J．イ．f心JJ汀♪り小㌢り〃∫ OnthepiedmontfantothesoutheastofLiuhuang Pass，Smallscalefissurepolygonsoccurinawidearea alor主ganabandonedroad（Loc，2）．TbesamepoiygorlS were found on the fanin front of the Buiakebashi Glac主er（Loc．3）▲Largemsca重efissurepoiygons5－10m longwereformedontheoldmorai‡妃at洩ecorl魚1enCe oftheAlakesayiandKezileshayiRivers（Loc．1，Fig■
ぎig．5，Invo王utionofvoIcanicglassso㍊tbofÅsbiklユIeLakeミ472¢ 111I． Tb主smeanstbatthelackofpa仁ternedgrouIlddoesn（）t implythatthe打ostactiondoesnotoc（：Ⅵrinthebas主n． This is also supported by the fact that patterns of lⅥanyfestoonswbichareiikeiytobeforme（璽bysoii－ 幻uctionwereobservedonslopesofvoIcanicconesand OnLiuhuangPass；bothwerecoveredbyvoIcanicash a‡ldscoria．
■ムユn丸壷一触川廿－／．ヾり／坤肝症Jノバ／tサt－∫ Tb野areOneOft壬1emOStpeCuiiarlandscapesin the West Kunlun Mountains as wellas the north～ Fig、4．Largesca王e罰sslユrep（〉iygorlSOnt壬IeOidmora董neatt壬1e WeStern part Of the Tibetan P！ateat主．Most valley CO点盈uellCeOftbeÅiakesayiandKeziiesbayiRivers（4920m Slope＄arOundStibasbi，汰elユpperreaChoftheKulapt】 a息i．，Loc∴No．1）． DaiyaRiver，haverectilinearprofiles，rangingfrom23 －300in angle，and are coveredwith relatively fine 4）．Theground sl汀faces oft‡1eSethreelocaiitiesare materialswbichseemtoorigiriatemai黒まyfroIⅥもepbra， composedofrelativelyfinematerialssucbassandand While the surface rubbielayeris very thin．Some silt，butafewsmallstonesarescattered．Thefissures solまfiuction features such asindistinctlobes arld Ofthese polygons，Whicbbave王号O Sharpedges，Were Sとripeswereobservedon払esesまopes，tbereforefrost filledwithwindblownsand，butwebelievethatthey Creepandgelifluctionmayoccur，Onthenorthslope openbythermalcontraetioninthescverecoldnessin Of the Kunlun main range，distinct debris－mantled winterasmailyautborshavereported．1Vehavenot Slopes aresit11ated above arolユnd5200minalもitude COnfirmed the existence ofice wedges orice veins exceptonsteeperslopesover35Pandsnow－andice undemeatht‡lefisst汀eSま）ydiggiilgapit， ¶COVered slopes．As melュtio王1ed above，1arge－SCa呈e SOrtedstripesoccurinalmostplacesonthesedebris mantles；Thisfactsuggeststhatintensivegelifluction 孔Otherperiglacialphenomena andlandIorms CauSedbysatl汀atedactivelayerofthepermafrostact e純ctivelyontheseslopes．E汀aticbouidersexisting ・J．ノ．JJ‖†l）ナノー／〆けり Ontheseslopesshowthatthesesiopeswereoccupied Exceptfortheabove皿mentionedsmai王∝alefis－ byglaciersirithe‡JaStGlacial，抽ereた汀ethesedさbris JJち（ノ Bulletin of Glacier Research
mantieswereformedbyintensive鉦ostsbatteriれgin Othermountains werefound amongsor－ted polygons thepastlO，000¶15，000yearsafterbeirlgreleasedfrom Whichoccurmainlyinthehigherzone（frostshatter glaciers． ZOne）ingeneral（Iwata，1986）．Mostpatternedground Ontheotherhand，eXpOSedbedrockslopeswith isconcentrateabove5200m，Whichcoincidesrough1y onlylittledebrisMmantlearedistributedonthegentle withtheupperlimitofgrassvegetation．Althoughwe mo11ntain負anks between S壬Iuangyang Pass aIld the did not carry ol戒a detailed ecologicalslⅣVey Of round hillswest oftheconfiuence ofthe Alakesayl Vegetation，itisclearthat theplantcoverdecreases andKezileshayiRivers，ataltitudesbetween4900m． above5200m：Thecoverageratebecomesbelowafew Weconsiderthatthealmostcompletelackofdebris percent，The highest occurrence of the patterned cover is due to very fragile phyllitic rocks wherc groundwasobservedatanaltitudeof6198m onthe disintegratedfinermaterialsbyfrostshatteringhave marginoftheChongceIceCaponthesouthernsideof beer王blownawaybywind． tbeWest KunlunMot】ntains．
4．3．fわcゑg由仁ゐγ Distinctrockglacierswereidentifiedontheeast 6．Discu5Sion Valley wallof thelower valley ofthe Alakesayi Glacier（see Fig．1）．The altitude of the terminusis Li（1983）discussed the verticalzonation of a locatedatat〉Out5300minaltitude．TIleybelongtoとhe periglacialenvironment arld conciuded that t王ュe tongue type and represent the same features as a KunlunMountainsareofthecontinentaldeserttype， terminalmoraineofaglacier．Theyarelocatedinthe Wherefrostshatteringisthemainweatheringprocess Centralpartofalarge－SCalelandslidetopography＄O and allmountain surfaces except sharp ridges are that the origin of the rock glacier seems to be a governed by periglacialslope processes．In fact，Li glac10genic rock glacierⅥrhich the pre－eX主まing gla≠ （1987；1989）bas reported tbat alInOSt ailkinds of ciericeⅥデaSCOVered勺Viththeialldslidemass． perigiaciaipbenomena are distr呈bt豆ediTlthe nor紘一 WeSternpartOftheTibetanPlateatlincludingthesouth Slope oftheWest Kunlun Mountains．This seemsto 5．Verticaldistribution ofpatternedground indicatethatperiglacialphenomenadevelopverywell inthisregion．However，COmparedwiththelargearea Verticaldistribution ofthe patternedgro11ndin COVeredinLiShude’sreports，thearealproportまonof tbisareaisscilematicaliyi王IustratedinFig，6，Wbicll the areasirlWhich perigiaciaiphenomena occ11rirl Smallpatchesisverysmall－Onthesouthernsideofthe WestKunlunMountainsbetweenGozhaCoLakeand theChongceIceCap，WeuneXpeCtedlyobservedthat the distribution of patterned ground is extremely limitedilュSmallareasフand types ofpheT】Ome11a are pooi●illVariety． Al ◎2 ヰ3 払一与 u5 06 ＃7 √び8 ∈ヨ 9 Onthe northern side ofthe West Kunlun Moun－ Fig．6．Verticaldistributionofpatternedgroundinthenorthside tains，theintensive distribution of sorted patterned OfWestKunlun．rrhesectionindicateslandformsalongthe groundislimited to above5200min altitude as research route．1ニEarth hummocks，2：SmallSCale sorted mentionedabove．Accordingly，thelowerboundaryof polygons，3：Large鵬∝ales（〉rtedpolygoヱ1S，4：Sortedstripes， 5：Sortedlobes，6：Smaiトsca主e f毒∬Ⅵre pOlygons，7：Large tileCOnti†luOuSSOrtedpatそernedgroundcanbedrawn 山SCalefissurepoiygons，8：Involution，9こGlacier． atabol止5200minaititlユde．‡notherwords，t壬IeZOne above5200misdistinguishedasarealfrostshatter Showsthattheverticalzonationisquitedifferentfrom ZOne．This corresponds with the zone above about those of humid mountains where several zones are 5500monthesouthslopebelowtheChongceIceCap， arrangedfromtbelowertotbehigheraltitlユdes（g▲g． Wherelarge scale sorted circles and debrisislands ‡wata，1986）．In this area，ma町diだerent ki‡1ds of OCCupさF the elltireground surねce（Li，1987，and our patterned ground occur at the same altitude．The Observations）．The frost shatter zones seem to be Carth hummocks which are dominantinthelower fringes oftheglacialarea onboth sides．The dense periglacialzone（turf－banked solifluction zone）in distributionofpatternedgroundinthiszonemaybe 1wataandZheng ノこ；J dueto theexistence ofcontinuous permafrostin an 1987）・OnthenorthernsideoftheKunlunMountains， extremelysha11owactiveiayerandalsooffrosトSuS－ 洩e重0Ⅵrerlimitofpermafrostbasnotbeenconfirme8 Ceptiblephyiliticrocksandclay叩richglaciaideposits． yet．Tbefissurepolygons，however，SuggeSttわeexis－ Ontheotherband，jtldgingfromthedistribution terlCeOfgroundiceand／orpermafrost．Ontheother of patterned ground，もelow5200min alti餌de，it hand，aCCOrdingtotbegrou‡ldtemperaturemeasure・ occurs oniyinlimited placesⅥ7here soilmoisture ment（Fushimi，HりperSOnalcommt量れication），払ete汀ト COTltentmaybesu拝icierまttOCauSefrostdisturbances peraturegradientinsoiididriOtindicatetheexistence intbesoii．Tlュissuggestthattbedistribl正ionofpat｝ Ofpermafrostaとa！titudearotlnd5000morltbenortb－ ternedgrotlndbelow5200mgovernedbysoilmoisture ernslopesduringourresearch．Furtherdiscussionis COntent．Li（1987）reportedthaモモheiowerlimitof払e requiredtosolve血isdi抒erentirlterpretations， periglacialzone（lowerlimit of solifluction）ranges Comparedwiththeverticalzonationsofperigla→ たom3舗Oto4000montbesouthernsideo‡tbeWest Cialphenomena主n some placesinもhe East K㍑nlun Kunlun．Onthenorthernside，thelowerlimitofsoli疇 Mountains（Cui，1981；1982；Kuhle，1985；Koazeetal．， 幻uctionseemstobeatalmost洩esamea旺iもudeastbe 1988），豆isveryclearthattbeperiglacialzonesinl好est SOuther‡1S】opes． Klユniun shi食to higber aitit11de tballtboseiTIEast Ontheso11tbemsideoft壬Ie Kun王unmainrange， Kunlun（Fig．7）．Thezoneofvegeね如n－COVeredpaト thelowerlimitsofcontinuouspermafrostandsporad鵬 ter‡1edground（zoneofboundsolifiuction）is‡10tdis岬 icpermafrostare4800mand46㈹m，reSpeCtively（Liチ tinctinlⅣest Klユnlun．Åi払ol唱b deとailed discussion
200 くkm）
ーーーー ぴpperlimまt of patterned 」・止▲■・■▲一」Permこ1fll〔1St∴1inl土亡 gr〔－und 08如000 Lower boundary of patterned gro㍊nd 舶◎卵◎ Zone of op亡icalformatまon ニ∵ Lower bolユndary of solj＿£1uこti．on l∵∵‥∵－て－ Of pat－terned ground
隼・しン・りizone 机よ… Upper timberlまne tPrned grし－ul－d
Fig・7・pi独reれCeOぞverticalzonationsoftbeperigiacialphe・ n。m印abe掬eentbet‡1eEastKunまunandQiiまanMoulヽtains （炭住erKuble，1985）andtbeWestKunlunMountains・ J．・；ご Bulletin ofGlacier Research
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