DOCSLIB.ORG

Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (Cnts) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (Cnts) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application sustainability Review Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application Mian Muhammad-Ahson Aslam 1, Hsion-Wen Kuo 1,*, Walter Den 2,*, Muhammad Usman 3 , Muhammad Sultan 4,* and Hadeed Ashraf 4 1 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Department of Science and Mathematics, Texas A&M University—San Antonio, One University Way, San Antonio, TX 78224, USA 3 Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg—Campus 3, 20173 Hamburg, Germany; [email protected] 4 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.-W.K.); [email protected] (W.D.); [email protected] (M.S.); Tel.: +886-(4)2359-0121 (ext. 3363) (H.-W.K.); +1-(210)784-2815 (W.D.); +92-333-610-8888 (M.S.) Abstract: As the world human population and industrialization keep growing, the water availability issue has forced scientists, engineers, and legislators of water supply industries to better manage Citation: Aslam, M.M.-A.; water resources. Pollutant removals from wastewaters are crucial to ensure qualities of available Kuo, H.-W.; Den, W.; Usman, M.; water resources (including natural water bodies or reclaimed waters). Diverse techniques have been Sultan, M.; Ashraf, H. Functionalized developed to deal with water quality concerns. Carbon based nanomaterials, especially carbon Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water nanotubes (CNTs) with their high specific surface area and associated adsorption sites, have drawn and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application. a special focus in environmental applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. This Sustainability 2021, 13, 5717. critical review summarizes recent developments and adsorption behaviors of CNTs used to remove https://doi.org/10.3390/ organics or heavy metal ions from contaminated waters via adsorption and inactivation of biological su13105717 species associated with CNTs. Foci include CNTs synthesis, purification, and surface modifications or functionalization, followed by their characterization methods and the effect of water chemistry Academic Editors: on adsorption capacities and removal mechanisms. Functionalized CNTs have been proven to be Muhammad Sultan, Yuguang Zhou, promising nanomaterials for the decontamination of waters due to their high adsorption capacity. Redmond R. Shamshiri and Aitazaz However, most of the functional CNT applications are limited to lab-scale experiments only. Feasibil- A. Farooque ity of their large-scale/industrial applications with cost-effective ways of synthesis and assessments of their toxicity with better simulating adsorption mechanisms still need to be studied. Received: 24 April 2021 Accepted: 10 May 2021 Keywords: carbon nanotubes; surface modification; heavy metals; adsorption; water and wastewa- Published: 19 May 2021 ter treatment Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- 1. Introduction iations. Rapid urbanization and industrialization has significantly increased the clean water demands in the domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors [1–3]. Meanwhile, large quantities of pollutants including organic, inorganic, and biological contaminants are being released into the water bodies from these sectors [4–6]. Eccentric waters such Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. as brackish, storm, and wastewater are being used depending upon the purposes [7,8]. This article is an open access article Increasingly, use of these waters has also increased the urgent concern about the burden distributed under the terms and of negative impacts on the surrounding environment; one of the tremendous challenges conditions of the Creative Commons confronting mankind is the exploration of green and sustainable methods to overcome Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// these shortcomings [9–13]. Keeping in mind the current situation of water and wastewater creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ treatment status, the technologies are not sustainable to meet healthy requirements for 4.0/). surrounding environment and community health [14,15]. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105717 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 5717 2 of 54 Historically, numerous techniques and methods have been investigated for advanced treatment of water and wastewater [16]. The most common, adsorption, was proven to be the improved technique to remove a variety of pollutants including organic and inorganic contaminants present in water and wastewater [17,18]. Limited treatment effi- ciency was reported by using conventional adsorbents due their small surface area, limited number of active sites, deficiency in selectivity, and low adsorption kinetics [19]. These shortcomings of conventional adsorbents have been addressed in recent advancements of nano-adsorbents owing to their high surface area coupled with a higher number of active sites, tunable pore size, fast kinetics, and improved surface chemistry [10,20–24]. The nanomaterials can be used for treatment of water and desalination as well and also reveal properties including electron affinity, mechanical strength, and flexibility during functionalization [25–27]. Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are supposed to be a promising material to break down the tradeoff concerning selectivity and adsorption, resulting in an increase of the economics of adsorption technology [25]. As a result, CNTs, as an adsorbent for treatment of water, have attained the focus of countless scholars over the previous few decades who are projected to carry on the exploration and developments in the field of CNs [28]. Numerous significant articles have been published on nanomaterials applied for the treatment of water and wastewater in previous few years [29–37]. Despite rapid developments, innovations, and applications of CNT-based nanomaterials, there is an increasing need for an across-the-board review of the synthesis of CNTs, functionalization of surface modifications, and finally their application to remove aqueous contaminants and to identify potential directions. This is the main motivation of the current review article. This review attempts to address a brief history of CNTs, synthesis, purification, and functionalization, followed by the application of these nanomaterials for eliminating or- ganics, inorganics, and microorganisms present in water and wastewater samples. 1.1. Historical Background The discovery of CNTs was reviewed in 2006 by Monthioux and Kuznetsov, showing that the science has seemed to remain controversial [38]. Most literature mentions that nan- otubes were discovered by Sumio Iijima [38]. However, Radushkevich and Lukyanovich explained the synthesis process of CNTs with 50 nm diameter [39]. Oberlin et al. explained the vapor phase growth technique for the synthesis of carbon fibers; the synthesized tubes consisted of turbostratic stacks of carbon layers (i.e., describing a crystal structure in which basal planes have slipped out of alignment) [40]. In addition, Abrahamson et al. [41] described the arc discharge method for carbon fiber synthesis using carbon anodes. Later on, scientists described the thermal catalytic disproportionation of CO for the synthesis of CNs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) were used to characterize the synthesized CNs, and as a result they believed that CNTs can be formed by a graphene layer turning into a tubular shape. They also concluded that two types of promising arrangements, such as a helix-shaped spiral and circular arrangements in the form of a graphene hexagonal network, can result by turning the graphene layer into a tabular shape [42]. Later, a US patent was issued in 1987 on carbon nanofibers synthesis, the diameter ranging from 3.5 to 70 nm and five times greater in length than the diameter [43]. Back to the dates in 1950s, after the disclosure of CNTs by Iijima, projection of sur- prising properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) made by Dunlap and colleagues also attracted the attention of researchers around the world. At this time, after the discoveries and exploration of SWCNTs by Bethune and Iijima independently at IBM (Shiba, Minato) and Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), respectively, the research on CNs and their specific methods of production was extended [44,45]. The above findings seem to be the extension of Fullerence’s discovery. Arc discharge technology had previously been applied for the production of laboratory-scale Buckminster Sustainability 2021, 13, 5717 3 of 54 fullerenes [46,47]. CNTs are being studied after the report published in 1991 by Iijima [45] was fundamental, because it put CNTs in the limelight [38]. 1.2. Types of CNTs and Structure CNTs are composed of carbon atoms organized in a progression of fused benzene rings, which are pleated into a cylindrical shape. This new sort of man-made nano-material has a place with fullerene family and is treated as carbon’s third allotrope as well as sp2 and sp3 forms of graphite and diamond, respectively [42,48,49]. Generally, there are two types of CNTs [50] on the bases of number of layers shown in Figure1: 1. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 2. Multi-walled
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contents Part a Nanocarbons
    Contents Foreword by Claes-Goran Granqvist V Foreword by Neal Lane VII List of Abbreviations XXIX 1 Science and Engineering of Nanomaterials Robert Vajtai 1 1.1 History and Definition of Nanomaterials 2 1.2 Formation of Nanomaterials 6 1.3 Properties of Nanomaterials 10 1.k Typical Applications of Nanomaterials 22 1.5 Concluding Remarks 31 1.6 About the Contents of the Handbook 31 References 31 Part A NanoCarbons 2 Graphene - Properties and Characterization Aravind Vijayaraghavan 39 2.1 Methods of Production k2 2.2 Properties 50 2.3 Characterization 58 2.k Applications 69 2.5 Conclusions and Outlook 1W References 74 3 Fullerenes and Beyond: Complexity, Morphology, and Functionality in Closed Carbon Nanostructures Humberto Terrones 83 3.1 Geometry and Structural Features of Fullerenes 85 3.2 Methods of Synthesis of Fullerenes and Proposed Growth Models.... 88 3.3 Physicochemical Properties of Fullerenes 90 3.4 Applications of Fullerenes and Beyond 92 3.5 Conclusions 99 References 99 k Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Sebastien Nanot, Nicholas A. Thompson, Ji-Hee Kim, Xucin Wang, William D. Rice, Erik H. Haroz, Yogeeswaran Ganesan, Cary L. Pint, Junichiro Kono 105 4.1 History 106 4.2 Crystallographic and Electronic Structure 106 http://d-nb.info/1012138798 4.3 Synthesis Ill 4.4 Optical Properties 115 4.5 Transport Properties 123 4.6 Thermal and Mechanical Properties 128 4.7 Concluding Remarks 135 References 135 5 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Akos Kukovecz, Gabor Kozma, Zoltan Kdnya 147 5.1 Synthesis 148 5.2 Chemistry of MWCNTs 153 5.3 Properties 157 5.4 Selected Applications 163 References 169 6 Modified Carbon Nanotubes Aaron Morelos-Gomez, Ferdinando Tristan Lopez, Rodolfo Cruz-Silva, Sofia M.
    [Show full text]
  • Labeling Mesenchymal Cells with DMSA-Coated Gold
    Silva et al. J Nanobiotechnol (2016) 14:59 DOI 10.1186/s12951-016-0213-x Journal of Nanobiotechnology RESEARCH Open Access Labeling mesenchymal cells with DMSA‑coated gold and iron oxide nanoparticles: assessment of biocompatibility and potential applications Luisa H. A. Silva1, Jaqueline R. da Silva1, Guilherme A. Ferreira2, Renata C. Silva3, Emilia C. D. Lima2, Ricardo B. Azevedo1 and Daniela M. Oliveira1* Abstract Background: Nanoparticles’ unique features have been highly explored in cellular therapies. However, nanoparti- cles can be cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity can be overcome by coating the nanoparticles with an appropriated surface modification. Nanoparticle coating influences biocompatibility between nanoparticles and cells and may affect some cell properties. Here, we evaluated the biocompatibility of gold and maghemite nanoparticles functionalized with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), Au-DMSA and γ-Fe2O3-DMSA respectively, with human mesenchymal stem cells. Also, we tested these nanoparticles as tracers for mesenchymal stem cells in vivo tracking by computed tomography and as agents for mesenchymal stem cells magnetic targeting. Results: Significant cell death was not observed in MTT, Trypan Blue and light microscopy analyses. However, ultra- structural alterations as swollen and degenerated mitochondria, high amounts of myelin figures and structures similar to apoptotic bodies were detected in some mesenchymal stem cells. Au-DMSA and γ-Fe2O3-DMSA labeling did not affect mesenchymal stem cells adipogenesis and osteogenesis differentiation, proliferation rates or lymphocyte suppression capability. The uptake measurements indicated that both inorganic nanoparticles were well uptaken by mesenchymal stem cells. However, Au-DMSA could not be detected in microtomograph after being incorporated by mesenchymal stem cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Environmental Chemistry of Silver and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
    SYNTHESIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF SILVER AND IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES By SUSAN ALISON CUMBERLAND A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Birmingham March 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Engineered nanoparticles are defined as having a dimension that is between one and one hundred nanometres. With toxicology studies reporting various degrees of toxicity the need to investigate nanoparticle fate and behaviour is vital. Monodispersed engineered nanoparticles were synthesised in-house to produce suitable materials to examine such processes. Iron oxide nanoparticles (5 nm) and citrate coated silver nanoparticles (20 nm) were subjected to different conditions of pH, ionic strength and different types of commercially available natural organic matter. Changes in particle size and aggregation were examined using a multi-method approach. Results showed that the natural organic matter was able to adsorb onto nanoparticle surfaces and improve their stability when subjected to changes in pH and ionic strength, where they would normally aggregate.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanomedicine and Medical Nanorobotics - Robert A
    BIOTECHNOLOGY– Vol .XII – Nanomedicine and Medical nanorobotics - Robert A. Freitas Jr. NANOMEDICINE AND MEDICAL NANOROBOTICS Robert A. Freitas Jr. Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Palo Alto, California, USA Keywords: Assembly, Nanomaterials, Nanomedicine, Nanorobot, Nanorobotics, Nanotechnology Contents 1. Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine 2. Medical Nanomaterials and Nanodevices 2.1. Nanopores 2.2. Artificial Binding Sites and Molecular Imprinting 2.3. Quantum Dots and Nanocrystals 2.4. Fullerenes and Nanotubes 2.5. Nanoshells and Magnetic Nanoprobes 2.6. Targeted Nanoparticles and Smart Drugs 2.7. Dendrimers and Dendrimer-Based Devices 2.8. Radio-Controlled Biomolecules 3. Microscale Biological Robots 4. Medical Nanorobotics 4.1. Early Thinking in Medical Nanorobotics 4.2. Nanorobot Parts and Components 4.3. Self-Assembly and Directed Parts Assembly 4.4. Positional Assembly and Molecular Manufacturing 4.5. Medical Nanorobot Designs and Scaling Studies Acknowledgments Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body. UNESCO – EOLSS In the relatively near term, nanomedicine can address many important medical problems by using nanoscale-structured materials and simple nanodevices that can be manufactured SAMPLEtoday, including the interaction CHAPTERS of nanostructured materials with biological systems. In the mid-term, biotechnology will make possible even more remarkable advances in molecular medicine and biobotics, including microbiological biorobots or engineered organisms. In the longer term, perhaps 10-20 years from today, the earliest molecular machine systems and nanorobots may join the medical armamentarium, finally giving physicians the most potent tools imaginable to conquer human disease, ill-health, and aging.
    [Show full text]
  • Computational Investigations of Molecular Transport
    COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MOLECULAR TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN NANOTUBULAR AND NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty by Suchitra Konduri In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering in the School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2009 COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MOLECULAR TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN NANOTUBULAR AND NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS Approved by: Dr. Sankar Nair, Advisor Dr. Carson J. Meredith School of Chemical & Biomolecular School of School of Chemical & Engineering Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. William J. Koros Dr. Yonathan S. Thio School of Chemical & Biomolecular School of Polymer, Textile & Fiber Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Peter J. Ludovice Dr. Min Zhou School of Chemical & Biomolecular School of Mechanical Engineering Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: Februay 05, 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the result of not just my efforts, but is influenced directly or indirectly by a number of people, whom I would like to acknowledge here. Firstly, I express my sincere thanks to my advisor, Prof. Sankar Nair, for providing me an opportunity to work with him, and for extending his unwavering support, guidance and commitment to help me develop my scientific skills and become a better researcher that I believe I am now. His trust and help in times of need are greatly appreciated. I am grateful to my committee members Prof. William J. Koros, Prof. Peter J. Ludovice, Prof. Carson J. Meredith, Prof. Yonathan S. Thio, and Prof. Min Zhou for providing valuable suggestions and for their critical reading of this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Probes for Molecular Imaging
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (BE) Department of Bioengineering 1-1-2006 Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Probes for Molecular Imaging Daniel L. J Thorek University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Antony K. Chen University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Julie Czupryna University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Andrew Tsourkas University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/be_papers Part of the Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Thorek, D. L., Chen, A. K., Czupryna, J., & Tsourkas, A. (2006). Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Probes for Molecular Imaging. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/be_papers/77 Postprint version. Published in Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 34, Issue 1, January 2006, pages 23-38. Publisher URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-9002-7 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/be_papers/77 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Probes for Molecular Imaging Abstract The field of molecular imaging has ecentlyr seen rapid advances in the development of novel contrast agents and the implementation of insightful approaches to monitor biological processes non-invasively. In particular, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) have demonstrated their utility as an important tool for enhancing magnetic resonance contrast, allowing
    [Show full text]
  • Chemo-Electrical Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymer Hybrids
    polymers Review Chemo-Electrical Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymer Hybrids Seon Joo Park 1, Chul Soon Park 1,2 and Hyeonseok Yoon 2,3,* 1 Hazards Monitoring Bionano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34141 Daejeon, Korea; [email protected] (S.J.P.); [email protected] (C.S.P.) 2 Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, 61186 Gwangju, Korea 3 School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, 61186 Gwangju, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-62-530-1778 Academic Editor: Po-Chih Yang Received: 10 March 2017; Accepted: 24 April 2017; Published: 26 April 2017 Abstract: Conducting polymer (CP) hybrids, which combine CPs with heterogeneous species, have shown strong potential as electrical transducers in chemosensors. The charge transport properties of CPs are based on chemical redox reactions and provide various chemo-electrical signal transduction mechanisms. Combining CPs with other functional materials has provided opportunities to tailor their major morphological and physicochemical properties, often resulting in enhanced sensing performance. The hybrids can provide an enlarged effective surface area for enhanced interaction and chemical specificity to target analytes via a new signal transduction mechanism. Here, we review a selection of important CPs, including polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and their derivatives, to fabricate versatile organic and inorganic hybrid materials and their chemo-electrical sensing performance. We focus on what benefits can be achieved through material hybridization in the sensing application. Moreover, state-of-the-art trends in technologies of CP hybrid sensors are discussed, as are limitations and challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Nanocomposite Membranes for Liquid and Gas Separations from the Perspective of Nanostructure Dimensions
    membranes Review Nanocomposite Membranes for Liquid and Gas Separations from the Perspective of Nanostructure Dimensions Pei Sean Goh *, Kar Chun Wong and Ahmad Fauzi Ismail Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; [email protected] (K.C.W.); [email protected] (A.F.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-7-553-5812 Received: 26 September 2020; Accepted: 19 October 2020; Published: 21 October 2020 Abstract: One of the critical aspects in the design of nanocomposite membrane is the selection of a well-matched pair of nanomaterials and a polymer matrix that suits their intended application. By making use of the fascinating flexibility of nanoscale materials, the functionalities of the resultant nanocomposite membranes can be tailored. The unique features demonstrated by nanomaterials are closely related to their dimensions, hence a greater attention is deserved for this critical aspect. Recognizing the impressive research efforts devoted to fine-tuning the nanocomposite membranes for a broad range of applications including gas and liquid separation, this review intends to discuss the selection criteria of nanostructured materials from the perspective of their dimensions for the production of high-performing nanocomposite membranes. Based on their dimension classifications, an overview of the characteristics of nanomaterials used for the development of nanocomposite membranes is presented. The advantages and roles of these nanomaterials in advancing the performance of the resultant nanocomposite membranes for gas and liquid separation are reviewed. By highlighting the importance of dimensions of nanomaterials that account for their intriguing structural and physical properties, the potential of these nanomaterials in the development of nanocomposite membranes can be fully harnessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Scaling the Mass Transport Enhancement Through Carbon Nanotube Membranes Seul Youn, Jakob Buchheim, Mahesh Lokesh, Hyung Park
    Scaling the Mass Transport Enhancement through Carbon Nanotube Membranes Seul Youn, Jakob Buchheim, Mahesh Lokesh, Hyung Park To cite this version: Seul Youn, Jakob Buchheim, Mahesh Lokesh, Hyung Park. Scaling the Mass Transport Enhancement through Carbon Nanotube Membranes. 2018. hal-01890716 HAL Id: hal-01890716 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01890716 Preprint submitted on 8 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Scaling the Mass Transport Enhancement through Carbon Nanotube Membranes Seul Ki Youn, Jakob Buchheim, Mahesh Lokesh, Hyung Gyu Park* Nanoscience for Energy Technology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Measuring and controlling enhanced mass transport in carbon nanotube (CNT) and membranes thereof have been of great interest and importance in fundamental studies of nanofluidics as well as practical applications including desalination and gas separation. Experiments and simulations have claimed nearly frictionless transport and attributed it to tight graphitic confinement. Nevertheless, rare and scattered experimental data are obscuring the transport efficiency limit and the mechanistic understanding of fluid transport through CNTs.
    [Show full text]
  • Developments in the Application of Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and Their Impact on the Environment
    nanomaterials Review Developments in the Application of Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and Their Impact on the Environment Haleema Saleem and Syed Javaid Zaidi * Center for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +974-44037723 Received: 5 August 2020; Accepted: 1 September 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: Nanotechnology is an uppermost priority area of research in several nations presently because of its enormous capability and financial impact. One of the most promising environmental utilizations of nanotechnology has been in water treatment and remediation where various nanomaterials can purify water by means of several mechanisms inclusive of the adsorption of dyes, heavy metals, and other pollutants, inactivation and removal of pathogens, and conversion of harmful materials into less harmful compounds. To achieve this, nanomaterials have been generated in several shapes, integrated to form different composites and functionalized with active components. Additionally, the nanomaterials have been added to membranes that can assist to improve the water treatment efficiency. In this paper, we have discussed the advantages of nanomaterials in applications such as adsorbents (removal of dyes, heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and organic contaminants from water), membrane materials, catalytic utilization, and microbial decontamination. We discuss the different carbon-based nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene,
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Nanotubes (Cnts): a Potential Nanomaterial for Water Purification
    Review ReviewCarbon Nanotubes (CNTs): A Potential CarbonNanomaterial Nanotubes for Water (CNTs): Purification A Potential Nanomaterial forBharti WaterArora 1,* and Purification Pankaj Attri 2,* Bharti1 Department Arora 1, *of and Applied Pankaj Sciences, Attri The2,* NorthCap University, Sector-23-A, Gurugram, Haryana-122017, 1 IndiaDepartment of Applied Sciences, The NorthCap University, Sector-23-A, Gurugram, Haryana 122017, India 2 2 CenterCenter of of Plasma Plasma Nano-Interface Nano-Interface Engineer Engineering,ing, Kyushu Kyushu University, University, Fukuoka Fukuoka 819-0395, 819-0395, Japan Japan ** Correspondence:Correspondence: [email protected] [email protected] (B.A.); (B.A.); [email protected] [email protected] (P.A.) (P.A.) Received: 23 July 2020; Accepted: 3 Sept Septemberember 2020; Published: 10 10 September September 2020 Abstract: Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used as an excellent material for catalysis, separation, separation, adsorption adsorption and and disinfecti disinfectionon processes. processes. CNTs CNTs have have grabbed grabbed the the attention attention of ofthe the scientific scientific community community and and they they have have the potentia the potentiall to adsorb to adsorb most most of the of organic the organic compounds compounds from fromwater. water. Unlike, Unlike, reverse reverse osmosis osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (RO), nanofiltration (NF) and (NF) ultrafiltration and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (UF) membranes aligned alignedCNT membranes CNT membranes can act canas high-flow act as high-flow desalination desalination membranes. membranes. CNTs CNTsprovide provide a relatively a relatively safer saferelectrode electrode solution solution for biosensors. for biosensors. The Thearticle article is of is ofthe the utmost utmost importance importance for for the the scientists scientists and technologists working in water purification purification technologies to eliminate the the water water crisis crisis in in the the future.
    [Show full text]
  • THE OPTIMIZATION of GOLD COATED IRON NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS METHODS by Mark Riggs, B.S., B.S. a Thesis Submitted to the Gradua
    THE OPTIMIZATION OF GOLD COATED IRON NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS METHODS by Mark Riggs, B.S., B.S. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Council of Texas State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a Major in Chemistry August 2014 Committee Members: Gary Beall Shannon Weigum Clois Powell COPYRIGHT by Mark Riggs 2014 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Mark Riggs, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. DEDICATION I dedicate this to my wife, Melissa. Her constant support and encouragement were nothing short of heroic. Careful and delicate allocation of my focus became ever- increasing in importance throughout the progression of this research, primarily due to the birth of my beautiful daughter, Olivia Marie, on February 4th of 2014. My daughter’s arrival impacted my perception in ways I couldn’t have fully understood prior to that wonderful moment. I will be forever indebted to Melissa for showing me how blessed I am, enabling me to live a better life than I could have conceived, and providing never- ending assistance with caring for our daughter.
    [Show full text]