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(ISSN 0043-6534) WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY
The State Historical Society of Wisconsin • Vol. 76, No. 1 • Autumn, 1992
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i THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN H. NICHOLAS MULLER III, Director
Officers FANNIE E. HICKLIN, President GERALD D. VISTE, Treasurer GLENN R. COAXES, First Vice-President H. NICHOLAS MULLER III, Secretary JANE BERNHARDT, Second Vice-President
THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN is both a state agency and a private membership organization. Founded in 1846—two years before statehood—and chartered in 1853, it is the oldest American historical society to receive continuous public funding. By statute, it is charged with collecting, advancing, and dissemi nating knowledge of Wisconsin and of the trans-Allegheny West. The Society serves as the archive of the State of Wisconsin; it collects all manner of books, periodicals, maps, manuscripts, relics, newspapers, and aural and graphic materials as they relate to North America; it maintains a museum, library, and research facility in Madison as well as a statewide system of historic sites, school services, area research centers, and affiliated local societies; it administers a broad program of historic preservation; and publishes a wide variety of historical materials, both scholarly and popular.
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ON THE COVER: Henry Culkn Adams, Congressman from Wisconsin's Second Congres sional District from 1903 to 1906, became embroiled in the insurgency of 1905 in the U.S. House of Representatives. An article on the controversy begins on page 3. WHi(X3) 47269 Volume 76, Number 1 / Autumn, 1992
WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY
Published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Congressional Insurgents of 1905 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1488. Robert Harrison Distributed to members as part of their dues. Individual membership, $25; senior citizen On the Road to Tokio: individual, $20; family, $30; senior A Sailor's Recollections of the citizen family, $25; supporting, Pacific War: Part II 21 $100; sustaining, $250; patron, $500 or more; life (one person), William E. Hayes $1,000. Single numbers from Volume 57 forward arc $5 plus postage. Microfilmed copies available through University Book Reviews 51 Microfilms, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106; Book Review Index 61 reprints of Volumes 1 through 20 and most issues of Volumes 21 Wisconsin History Checklist 66 through 56 are available from Kraus Reprint Company, Route 100, Millwood, New York 10546. Accessions 62 Communications should be addressed to the editor. The Proceedings of the One Hundred and Society does not assume Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting responsibility for statements made of the State Historical Society 69 by contributors. Second-class postage paid at Contributors 80 Madison, Wisconsin. POSTMA.STF.R: Send address changes to Wisconsin Magazine of History, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1488. Copyright © 1992 by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
The Wisconsin Magazine of Histojy is indexed annually by the editors; cumulative indexes are assembled decennially. In addition, articles are abstracted and indexed in Aynerica: History and Life, Historical Abstracts, Index to Literature on the American Indian, and the Combined Retrospective Index to Journals in Editor History, 1838-1974. PAUL H. HASS Associate Editors Photographs identified with WHi negative numbers are from the WILLIAM C. MARTEN Historical Society's collections. JOHN O. HOLZHUETER Vffli(X3)47274
Joseph C. Cannon of Illinois in 1904, exuding the power of his office as Speaker of the House of Representatives. Congressional Insurgents of 1905
By Robert Harrison
' '"VTDU have no idea what an grated from New York state as a child, set A amount of unrest and dis tling in Fort Atkinson and attending the satisfaction there is among the rank and University of Wisconsin. Unable by virtue file of the republican members," wrote of his physical frailty to devote himself Wisconsin Congressman Henry Cullen wholeheartedly to the family's fruit and Adams to his brother in December, 1905. dairy farming, he had entered politics in "... There is a pretty strong revolt brewing his mid-thirties, won a seat in the state against the domination of the House lead assembly in 1883, and had since achieved ers and the efforts to crucify every man who prominence in a variety of agricultural does not bow to the dictates of the Presi associations, serving as president of the dent and the Speaker of the House."' State Horticultural Society and the Wiscon Adams was one of a number of Wiscon sin Dairymen's Association and then for sin Congressmen to become embroiled in several years as State Dairy and Food Com an intense, and at times acrimonious, con missioner. Once elected to Congress in troversy during the winter of 1905-1906 1902 he continued to work for the interests over two substantively unrelated, but polit of Wisconsin farmers, especially by secur ically complementary, issues: joint state ing more lavish appropriations for agricul hood for Arizona and New Mexico, and the tural research.^ reduction of tariff duties on goods Adams prided himself on his political imported from the Philippines. The dis independence. "I have," he said, "been pute exposed serious tensions within the more or less an insurgent since I came kick Republican party in the House of Repre ing into the world." He declared his sup sentatives on the eve of the Progressive port for such progressive causes as primary revolt of 1909-1912, but at the same time elections, federal control of corporations, it also revealed many of the forces that held tariff revision, and the income tax. But by the party together. the standards of Wisconsin politics in the Henry Cullen Adams had just com Progressive Era, he was no radical. menced his second term as Congressman Although he endeavored to remain aloof from Wisconsin's Second Congressional from the bitter factional struggles that District, which embraced Madison. Like afflicted the Wisconsin Republican party many another Wisconsinite, he had emi during this period, he maintained closer
' Henry C. Adams to Benjamin Adams, December 18, '' "Henry Cullen Adams," in Allen Johnson and Dumas 1905, in the Adams Papers, State Historical Society of Wis Malone, eds.. Dictionary of American Biography (22 vols.. New consin (SHSW). York, 1928-1958), 1:69.
Copyright © 1992 by The State Historical Society of Wisconsin All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. \«Ii(X3)472,'i,'5
Joseph W. Babcock (seated, right), probably with officials of the Necedah Lumber Company of which he was manager and secretary. From 1893 to 1907 he served in Congress. links with conservative machine politicians, more dependably regular Wisconsin Con like former Madison postmaster Elisha M. gressmen like Joseph W. Babcock of Nece Keyes ("Boss Keyes" to his enemies), than dah, for many years chairman of the with the supporters of the Progressive cru Republican congressional campaign com- sader, Governor Robert M. La Follette. Indeed, some of La Follette's more zealous younger followers, though without their leader's encouragement, launched a cam sqtiarely upon my own feet in Wisconsin politics and have refused to be dominated by Mr. La Follette or anybody else, paign to dislodge Adams from his congres opposing Mr. La Follette when I believed him to be wrong sional seat.' That not only Adams but also and working with him when I believed him to be right." Adams to E. D. Morse, April 13, 1906. See also Adams to E. S. Judson, November 14, 1905; to Robert M. La Follette, December 6, 1905; Elisha M. Keyes to Adams, December 6 ' Henry C. Adams, "The Insurgents," speech at the and December 16, 1905; Adams to William D. Hoard, annual dinner of the Wisconsin Association of New York December 29, 1905, and February 2, 1906; to Victor City, February 28, 1906, Adams Papers. "I have stood Kutchen, April 25, 1905, all in the Adams Papers. HARRISON: CONGRESSIONAL INSURGENTS OF 1 905 mittee, and John J. Jenkins of Chippewa Beveridge, was "almost absolutely powerful Falls, chairman of the House Judiciary in the House." It was only partly in jest that Committee, should flirt with insurgency is a Republican Congressman, when asked by an index of the seriousness of the issues a constituent for a copy of the House rules, involved.'' forwarded a photograph of "Uncle Joe" These, it must be appreciated, were Cannon.'' In choosing to defy the party measures of no slight importance. They leadership, therefore, the insurgents were had behind them the political weight of taking a not inconsiderable risk. President Theodore Roosevelt and the con What gave particular meaning to con gressional leadership of the party. Per gressional insurgency during this period— suaded that the economic welfare of the what, indeed, caused contemporaries to Philippines required access to American use the word "insurgency" to describe it— markets, Roosevelt committed himself was the fact that departures from regular firmly to tariff reductions. Persuaded that party voting were, by historical standards, neither Arizona nor New Mexico would remarkably rare." "When I first reached ever acquire sufficient population to war Washington," recalled George Norris of rant admitting them separately and fearful Nebraska, who was just beginning a long of augmenting Democratic numbers in the and distinguished legislative career, "it was Senate, he came to accept Senator Albert the general practice of members to follow Beveridge's pet solution of joint statehood. implicitly the decision of the caucus.' '^ This Together with railroad regulation, the Phil is borne out by the voting record, which ippine tariff and statehood bills became shows among House Republicans (and the administration's top legislative priori indeed House Democrats) a level of party ties in the first session of the Fifty-ninth cohesion unmatched in almost any other Congress.'' period in the nation's history.-' The Speaker of the House of Represen tatives, Joseph G. Cannon of Illinois, was equally insistent upon their passage, and he committed the considerable resources '' George R. Mayhill, "Speaker Cannon under the Roo sevelt Administration" (unpublished doctoral dissertation, of the House "machine" to force them University of Illinois, 1942), 139-145. On the power of Can through. This was a period during which non, see also Blair Bolles, Tyrant from Illinois: Uncle Joe (can the Speaker, empowered by his prerogative non 's Experiment with Personal Power (New York, 1951); Ron of selecting the standing committees, his ald M. Peters, Jr., The American Speakership: The Office in Historical Perspective (Baltimore, 1990), 52-91; DeAlva S. "arbitrary and uncontrolled power of rec Alexander, History and Procedure of the House of Representatives ognition," and his chairmanship of the (Boston, 1916), 165-172, 196-222; Randall B. Ripley, Party influential Rules Committee, exerted a Leaders in the House of Representatives (Washington, 1967), control over legislation unparalleled either 88-91; Charles R. Atkinson, The Committee on Rules and the Overthrow of Speaker Cannon (New York, 1911); William R. before or since. The Speaker, suggested Gwinn, Uncle Joe Cannon: Archfoe of Insurgency (New York, 1957); Ch'ang-Wei Ch'iu, The Speaker of the House of Repre sentatives since 1896 (New York, 1928), 87-92,115-116, 252- 25.5; and Paul D. Hasbrouck, Party Government in the House ^ "Joseph Weeks Babcock," Dictionary of American i of Representatives {New York, 1927), 67-68, 72-75. phy, 1:458-459; Robert Griffith, "Prelude to Insurgency: ' On the use of the term "insurgent" see Kenneth W. Irvine L. Lenroot and the Republican Primary of 1908," in Hechler, Insurgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era the Wisconsin Magazine of History, 49:16-28 (Autumn, 1965). (New York, 1940), 12; James Holt, Congressional Insurgents " On Roosevelt's commitment to the legislation, see and the Party System (Cambridge, 1967), 2. Theodore Roosevelt to Benjamin I. Wheeler, January 18, " George Norris, Fighting Liberal: The Autobiography of 1906, in Elting E. Morison el al, eds.. The Letters of Theodore George W. Norris (New York, 1945), 97. Roosevelt (8 vols., Cambridge, 1951-1954), V:135; to Leon ^ The average value of the familiar Rice Index of Cohe ard Wood, January 22, 1906, ibid, V:135-136; Oscar M. sion for House Republicans during the Fifty-ninth Congress Alfonso, Theodore Roosevelt and the Philippines, 1897-1909 was 81.6. More significantly, the median value was 98; in (Quezon City, P.I., 1970). nearly half the roll calls the party was virtually unanimous. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992
Congressmen of the Progressive Era which the insurgency of 1905-1906 must grew up in a political culture in which party be judged. identification played a central role. The bit ter struggles of the Civil War era had left a legacy of intense partisan commitment. Almost all aspects of Gilded Age politics REE trade with the Philip were expressed through the medium of F pines was largely the brain party; political activists found it natural to child of Secretary of War William Howard work through a party organization. Like Taft, a former governor of the islands who Norris, those who held positions of power still felt a special responsibility for their wel in the Progressive Era had been raised in fare. This, he now believed, necessitated such an atmosphere.'" They were, as the finding a new outlet for their principal cash journalist Lincoln Steffens acidly but crops. To offer the people of the Philip shrewdly pointed out, raised to appreciate pines access to American markets, now that the necessity of political organization: they had become dependents of the "being boss-made, they are accustomed to United States, it was argued, was "an act of that form of worship, so they set up in simple justice." The removal of commer Washington a Speaker in the image of their cial barriers followed logically from their creator to rule over them." It might be status as United States territory. Hence the more accurate to say that, being accus tariff bill proposed to eliminate all duties tomed to operating within the context of a on trade between the United States and the disciplined party organization, they natu Philippines, with the exception of a tem rally fell into similar practices in Washing porary 25 per cent duty on imports of Phil ton." Such habits of loyalty, which went ippine sugar and tobacco to the United beyond the normal expectations of con States. This was included ostensibly to pro gressional conduct, set the standard by vide revenues for the islands' government but really in a vain attempt to calm the fears of domestic producers of those commodi ties—fears which defenders of the bill Only in 19 per cent of recorded votes, when the index fell insisted were groundless. The Philippines' below 60, were as many as 20 per cent willing to vote against the main body of their party. For a historical comparison share of the American market for sugar see David W. Brady and Philip W. Althoff, "Party Voting in and tobacco would, argued Cannon's lieu the U.S. House of Representatives, 1890-1910," in the Jour tenant John Dalzell of Pennsylvania, be a nal of Politics, 36:753-775 (1974); David W. Brady, Joseph mere "drop in the bucket."'^ Cooper and Patricia A. Hurley, "The Decline of Party in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1887-1968," in the Leg Such assurances did not convince the islative Studies Quarterly 4:381-407 (1979);Jerome M. Clubb bill's congressional opponents. Joseph W. and Santa Traugott, "Partisan Cleavage and Cohesion in The House of Representatives, 1876-1974," in ihe Journal Fordney of Michigan, for example, con of Interdisciplinary History, 7:375-401 (1977); and Howard W. demned a measure "opening our markets Allen andjerome M. Clubb, "Progressive Reform and the to raw sugar produced by the cheapest Political System," in the Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 65:132- labor on earth." Proclaiming his commit- 133 (1974). '" Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nine teenth-Century America (Cambridge, 1977), esp. 239-249; Michael McGerr, The Decline of Popular Politics: The American '^ See the defense by Sereno Payne, Ebenezer J. Hill, and North, 1865-1928 (New York, 1986), 12-41; Paul Kleppner, John Dalzell in the Congressional Record (hereinafter cited as The Third Electoral System (Chapel Hill, 1979). C.R),59.1,694-710, 753-760 and913-918; EbenezerJ. Hill " Lincoln Steffens, "Our Dummy Directors in the to William G. and F. Corastock, January 3, 1906, and Hill House," proofof article dated February 4, 1906, in the Rob to R. G. Cousins,January 9,1906, in the Hill Papers, Sterling ert M. La Follette Papers, Library of Congress. Cf. Peter Library, Yale University. On the background to the Philip Swenson, "The Influence of Recruitment on the Structure pine tariff bill, see Pedro E. Abelarde, American Tariff Policy of Power in the U.S. House, 1870-1940," in the Legislative Towards the Philippines, 1898-1946 (New York, 1947), 35-92; Studies Quarterly 7:7-36 (1982). and Alfonso, Theodore Roosevelt and the Philippines, 129-139. HARRISON: CONGRESSIONAL INSURGENTS OF 1 905 ment to the principle of protection ("I was The Philippine tariff bill, noted Henry taught protection at my father's knee"), he Cullen Adams, was solidly opposed by "the denied that this could in any way be farmers who raise beet in every sugar-pro advanced as a "Republican measure." To ducing state, the farmers who raise tobacco George Norris of Nebraska it was "abso in twenty-six tobacco states, the men who lutely detrimental and obnoxious to the own the sugar factories, the cigar manufac theory of protection." It would threaten turers and the great body of men forming the viability of the beet sugar industry in the Cigar Makers' International Union." his and many other districts. Fordney and These were the groups who were repre Norris feared, as did other Representatives sented in hearings before the House Ways from beet-producing districts, that the and Means Committee and whose pleas introduction of cheap Philippine sugar filled the correspondence of members.''^ would deter further cultivation of what was The New York Times identified the Repub still a relatively new crop and deter invest lican insurgents as thirty-three beet-sugar ment in new beet factories.''' and twenty-four tobacco men, which is It was the duty of the government, said roughly correct. Only thirteen represented Robert W. Bonynge of Colorado, "to pro districts in which little of either commodity tect and encourage and uphold the infant was produced. All of these districts industries of this land where they are capa adjoined regions of large-scale cultivation, ble of .such development." Was not the encouraging hopes that, under favorable infant beet-sugar industry deserving of conditions, it might be made to flourish. such nurturing care? It was, said Frank After all, in the case of an "infant industry" Mondell of Wyoming, "a new and artificial like beet sugar, it was the prospective crop," the "child of scientific agriculture," rather than the actual production that had of federally assisted irrigation and tariff to be considered. The great majority of the protection—a classic example of Republi insurgents therefore believed that, in vot can economic policy at work. Several west ing against the Philippine tariff bill, they ern members pointed to the recent success were protecting the economic interests and in converting portions of the arid West to responding to the desires of their constit the cultivation of beets under the shield of uents.^*' protective tariff duties as one of the few Sizable quantities of sugar beet were instances in which such policies had raised in every district in Wisconsin except worked to the benefit of agriculture rather for that represented by Webster E. Brown than of industry. The agricultural West, of Rhinelander. There were four beet fac they argued, had as much right to tariff tories in the state, with a fifth under con protection as the industrial East. But the struction; and ten thousand Wisconsin beet party leadership gave priority to the needs farmers received a million and a half dol of industry; they had "no place in their lars for their crops. Moreover, both soil and hearts for tobacco and sugar."''' climate were well suited to further devel opment. The districts served by Adams, Babcock, and Henry A. Cooper of Racine " C.R., 59.1, 740 and 745; George Norris to W. F. Buck, January 26, 1906, Norris Papers, LC. '" C.R., 59.1, 852-857 (Bonynge) and 769-776 (Mon " Henry C. Adams to William D. Hoard,January 18,1906. dell). See also the remarks of Joseph M. Dixon, Henry C. See also Adams to Benjamin Adams, December 30, 1905; Adams, Franklin E. Brooks, and Charles R. Davis, ibid., 59.1, to Grant Thomas, January 27, 1906, Adams Papers; Abe 928-931, 973-976,990-995, and 1090-1094; Jules A. Kariin, larde, American Tariff Policy Towards the Philippines, 78-83. Joseph M. Dixon of Montana: Senator and Bull Moose Manager, "^ New York Timsi, January 18, 1906. The vote is recorded 1867-1917 (2 vols., Missoula, 1974), 1:65-66; and John A. in C.i?.,59.1,1164—1164. Statisticsof tobaccoandsugar beet Russell, Joseph Warren Fordney: An American Legislator (Bos production from Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900: Vol ton, 1928), 119-125. VI. Agriculture (Washington, 1902), Tables 10 and 15.
7 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992
wealthy people we have some obligation to the weak and helpless within our domain. To take any other view would be selfish ness." But then there were fewer tobacco and beet-producers in the district to test Adams' resolve.'"
ORE importance was M'attache d by Republican leaders to the statehood bill. This offered what it was hoped would be a final settle ment of the territorial question. Despite the fact that the party, in successive national platforms, had pledged itself to the admission of Arizona and New Mexico as two separate states, the bill combined them into one vast composite—"Arizona the Great," as Albert Beveridge, the father of joint statehood, grandly called it Less controversial was the formation of a new state out of Oklahoma and the Indian Ter ritory. However, this too was incorporated in the same statehood bill, its fate being bound to that of Arizona and New Mexico by a special resolution which ruled out any
WHi(X3)210,'i amendment and precluded the possibility of a separate vote on the admission of Henry Allen Cooper of Racine, who represented Wisconsin Oklahoma.'*' in Congress from 1893 to 1919 and 1921 to 1931. The proponents of joint statehood for the two southwestern territories were also produced very considerable crops of tobacco, which consisted mainly of filler tobacco for cigars, the variety most vulner •' R. G. Wagner to J. J. Esch, December 5 and 26, 1905, able to Philippine competition. Only two and J. E Gorton to Esch, December 8, 1905, in the Esch Papers; Henry C. Adams to Grant Thomas, January 18, members of Wisconsin's delegation—Coo 1906, and to H. P. Myrick, January 22, 1906, .Adams Papers; per and John Jacob Esch of La Crosse— J. J. Esch to R. G. Wagner, December 16, 1905, Esch Papers. voted for the bill. Cooper, a political ally of '" On the movement for joint statehood, see Howard R. La Follette, had long been at loggerheads Lamar, "The Reluctant Admission: The Struggle to Admit Arizona and New Mexico to the Union," in Robert G. West, with the party leadership. There was little ed.. The American West: An Appraisal (Santa Fe, 1963), 163- love lost between him and Speaker Can 175; Donald D. Leopard, "Joint Statehood, 1906," in the non. However, as chairman of the Com Netv Mexico Historical Review, 34 (1959), 241-247; J. J. Wag mittee on Insular Affairs, he felt a pro oner, Arizona Territory: A Political History (Tucson, 1970), 406-447; Robert W. Larson, New Mexico's Quest for Statehood, nounced moral obligation to the people of 1846-1912 (Albuquerque, 1968), 226-252; and John A. the Philippines, voting against his apparent Braeman, Albert J. Beveridge: American Nationalist (Chicago, political interests, as Adams explained, for 1971), 89-97. On the rule see C.R., 59.1, 1499-1507; New "conscientious" reasons. Esch agreed with York 7Vm(;,9, January 20, 1906; Larson, New Mexico's Quest for .Statehood, 237-238. A similar rule was applied to consider Cooper that "as a great and powerful and ation of the conference report. Sec C.R., 59.1, 412,3-4129. WHi(X3)472,>;.?
John Jacob Esch of La Crosse, 1908, who served in Congress from 1899 to 1921.
moved in varying degrees by a fear that lic." A territory had "no inherent right" to their separate admission would mean the admission as a state. That decision was the addition of two states to the Democratic prerogative of the people of the United column and a conviction that neither States, who had the right to set terms which would ever attract a population large would do justice to the nation as a whole, enough to warrant admission in their own as well as the inhabitants of the territory in right. Senators, claimed John Dalzell, question.'-* should represent "population, not rocks The insurgents, by contrast, believed the and sand." Ralph D. Cole of Ohio agreed that "there should be a just and proper proportion between the population of a " C.R., 59.1, 1505 (Dalzell) and 1554 (Cole). See also the remarks of Edward Hamilton, Abraham L. Brick, and Lew- State applying for admission into the ellyn Powers, C.R., 59.1, 1507-1510, 1576-1580, and L58,5- Union and the remainder of the Repub 1.587. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992
southwestern territories to be "in the the more numerous population of New morning of their growth," possessing Mexico was predominately Hispanic. The resources which, if properly developed, racial implications of this were spelled out could support a much larger population. at some length by Democratic opponents Their future claims to separate statehood of the bill, but also, more surprisingly, by should not be pre-empted by joint admis some Republican insurgents. It was a sion now. It had been the policy of the crime, insisted Julius Kahn of California, to United States, claimed Mondell, that permit Latin Americans to impose their "every Territory of the Union which has a will upon an American minority. Some Wis sufficient population of the proper char consin Congressmen followed suit. Adams, acter to support and maintain according to in a private letter, remarked that he did not American standards a State government, want to "place them under the domination and has resources which may reasonably be of the greasers of New Mexico," while expected to support a large and prosper Joseph W. Babcock went so far as to apply ous population permanently, shall be even the metaphor of "miscegenation" to the tually admitted to the Union." That this proposed union.'-^^ At times a similar note policy was not now being followed, they of racism crept into the speeches of oppo asserted, was because of eastern fears of the nents of the Philippine tariff bill, who growth and future predominance of the asserted that Congress had a prior duty "to western states.-" protect our own people," not "the little More importantly, joint statehood was brown people over in the Philippines." In only accepted as a pis alter hy the people of response to the Secretary of War's promise New Mexico, who had been assured that of protection for "our little brown brother this was their only chance of admission in in the Philippines," Mondell remarked, in the foreseeable future, and not at all by the the words of a popular song, great majority of the people of Arizona. It was a "political crime" to force them into "He may be a brother of Secretary Taft, such an alliance against their will "in direct But he ain't no brother of mine."^'' defiance of the principles of republican Of course, few Americans of that era government" Esch could not accept "that made any serious effort to exclude racist it was right to ram joint statehood down the elements from their speech. Such remarks throats of 95% of Arizona's population." were consistent with the general tone of Mondell described the proposed arrange congressional discourse, which was regu ment as an "unwilling wedlock," and larly leavened with darkey stories and coon Adams, more dramatically, as repeating jokes. They suggest certain prejudices "the old Roman Crime against the Sabine which may have influenced voting deci women by forcing Arizona into the arms of sions in some instances; but it is difficult to New Mexico.'"-' believe that this particular set of Republi What gave particular emotional reso can Congressmen was especially preju nance to protests against this apparent mis diced or that this explains why they, in par alliance was the fact that, whereas the pop ticular, deserted their party on the issues of ulation of Arizona was largely Anglo-Saxon, the tariff and statehood.
2° C.R., 59.1, 1545-1547 (Kahn), and 1.547-1.552 (Mon 22 C.R., 59.1, 1545 (Kahn), 4124 (Fulkerson); Henry C. dell). Adams to Ben Adams, December 18, 1905, Adams Papers; 2' C.K, 59.1, 1545 (Kahn), 1547 (Mondell), and 1572 Joseph W. Babcock, "Statehood Rights of Arizona and New (Adams); J. J. Esch to R. B. Gellatt, February 5, 1906, Esch Mexico," in the Independent, 60:505-508 (March 1, 1906). Papers. Adams also estimated that 95 per cent of the people Cf James A. Tawncy to J. J. Esch, November 10, 1905, Esch of Arizona were opposed. See Henry C. Adams to Robert Papers. M. La Follette, December 6, 1905, Adams Papers. » C.R., 746 (Fordney) and 772 (.Mondell).
fO BY TEST. You are not jijHggllug with the iGovernment when
«.,«,.«>.. you vote this ticket. "•<"™'"^mm tumiMms^ TOMK MflSBW —. -— - JOSEPH W. BABCOCK ' m wiw ¥ WHi(X,!))47276 A Republican placard from the 1904 campaign. Equally noteworthy, though hardly sur entirely to the Sugar Trust, which is the prising in the era of the muckrakers, was sole purchaser in this country of raw the use made on all sides of allegations of sugar," Norris told a constituent. Hence it "corporate influence." Taft, the Filipinos' would amount to a "donation" to the chief ally in Washington, condemned the trust.^ opposition of sugar and tobacco interests to the tariff bill as "the quintessence of self ishness." Others went further, attributing opposition to the machinations of "the 'HE statehood debate fea sugar trust," which, it was claimed, had T' tured a similar exchange. invested heavily in beet factories.^'* Oppo Beveridge, Roosevelt, and most of the pro nents in turn protested that cheap sugar ponents of joint statehood ascribed resis imports from the Philippines would "fat tance to the work of a powerful lobby rep ten" the trust, which could then buy resenting Arizona railroad and mining cheaper raw materials while maintaining interests which feared higher taxes and the price of refined sugar to the customer. tighter regulation after statehood than "The profit and advantage that will follow the enactment of this law will accrue almost -' George Norris to W. L. Hilyard, January 24, 1906, and Norris to W. F. Buck, January 26, 1906, in the Norris Papers, 2-< New York Times, November 21, 1905; C.R., 59.1, 1040 Library of Congress; remarks of Fordney, Dixon and (Needham) and 1092 (Ebenezer Hill). George A. Loud, C.R., 59.1, 741-742, 930, and 1034-1037. 11 WISCONSIN MACiAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 credited. The Wisconsin dairymen's leader William C. Hoard rather anxiously pointed out to his friend Henry Cullen Adams that "there seemed to be a lot of corporate influence associated with opposition to the bill."^^ In reply, Adams dismissed such charges as "the most abominable rot and slander." If Arizona business interests opposed joint statehood, then so did 95 per cent of its people. It was a virtually "unanimous sen timent." Beveridge and other advocates of the bill, said Adams, were indulging in cheap propaganda designed to excite the "popular prejudice that exists everywhere against the exercise of corporate influence in matters of legislation" and deter Con gressmen from voting against it lest they be charged with "unworthy motives." He noted that several "good men" from the WHi(X3) 18028 Iowa and Nebraska delegations had been Albert J. Beveridge of Indiana, who led the forces in Con deflected by such unfounded allegations. If gress supporting joint statehood for Arizona and any such corporate influence was at work, New Mexico. it came from "the great moneyed inter ests" of the East who supported jointure "because they do not want any more west ern representatives in the senate."^" It is all but impossible, at this remove, to they enjoyed under territorial status. The evaluate the validity of these charges. They territory was portrayed as a glorified "min stand, however, as an interesting illustra ing camp" dominated by its corporate own tion of the political atmosphere in which ers. Both Speaker Cannon and Edward the controversies were conducted. Hamilton of Michigan, chairman of the The cause of an autonomous Arizona House Committee on Territories, believed touched a chord in Republican Congress that these interests were "beginning to men from many sections of the country. influence members improperly," while the However, the greatest concentrations of president publicly accused a "mining support came from neighboring western lobby" of using money to defeat the bill. states and from the midwestern states of "We have had to fight all the powers of Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin, which financial villainy in this measure," declared respectively accounted for eighteen and Beveridge.'-" Such allegations were widely fourteen of the forty-two statehood insur- -'' Albert J. Beveridge to James F. Homaday, November 2'William D. Hoard to Henry C. Adams, February 5, 1906, 24, 1905, and Joseph G. Cannon to Beveridge, December Adams Papers. Sec also Lincoln Steffens, "The Reign of 26, 1905, in the Beveridge Papers, Library of Congress; New Public Opinion," proof of article dated February 18, 1906, York Times, January 16,1906. See also Beveridge to Hutchins in the Robert M. La Follette Papers, Library of Congress. Hapgood, October 11, 1905; to Gifford Pinchot, October •''^ Henry C. Adams to William D. Hoard, January 17 and 23, 1905; to Albert Shaw, December 17, 1905; and to Lyman February 8, 1906; and to Robert M. La Follette, December Abbott, December 30, 1905, Beveridge Papers. 6, 1905, Adams Papers; C.R., .59.1, 1579-1:582. 12 »'• »" a, » ••a -4- ^^ ' " **«i*a. fF ««**'«» is «,f ,» ^,g > - , "^'.3 r «. ? 3^ jmM^jwyii'y WHi (A62) 6694 Mining in Morenci, Arizona, about the time statehood was being considered in Congress. gents. It may be that some of the latter were whom voted against joint statehood.'-^'^ It is acting under the persuasion of devoted notable that many of them also voted friends of Arizona such as Joseph Babcock. against the Philippine tariff bill. There was Certainly a number of Republican Con some discussion at the time of an alliance gressmen held investments in Arizona min between the opponents of the two bills.'^" ing projects, including Herman Goebel of Certain individuals, notably Babcock and Ohio and Webster Brown, John Jacob Esch, Adams, were prominent in both move and Edward Minor of Wisconsin, all of ments, and nineteen Republicans voted against both bills. Indeed, some votes can be adequately explained in no other way. ^''James Tawney of Minnesota was another investor in the However, although the association Arizona mines. An early leader of the instirgent faction, between voting on the two measures is Tawney was compelled to follow the party line for fear of quite respectable (Q = .69), they should losing his high position of Chairman of the Appropriations Committee. See Tawney to Esch, March 29, May 6 and November 10, 1905; Brown to Esch, May 6 and September 19, 1906; Edward S. Minor to Esch, November 4, 1905, Esch '" Neu) York Times, jaimary 7, 1906; Alfonso, Theodore Roo Papers. The main roll calls on the statehood bill are to be sevelt and the Philippines, 136; Mayhill, "Speaker Cannon," found in C.R., .59.1, 1.587 and 4122-4123. 137-138. 13 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 probably be regarded as united by coinci sentiment of the House.'"''' Many Republi dence rather than commonality of pur cans, Adams claimed, were "very restless pose.'" under the arbitrary rules of the House machine" and had "made up their minds sooner or later to change the existing order." They would continue to register OTH controversies found their protests until the rules had been B the insurgents placed, amended "so that the House shall again rather reluctantly, in opposition to a pres become its own master as designed by the ident of their own party. A few protested law and in the spirit of a republican democ Roosevelt's supposed interference with racy."^"' "the integrity of the Legislative Branch."'^ John Esch was another insurgent who But most were apologetic about this state expressed himself in favor of rules reform of affairs and, conscious of the president's at this time. So also did Henr}' Cooper, great popularity among Republican voters, who, though not an insurgent on state sought to repudiate any suggestion of a hood or the Philippine tariff, had already wider rift. Adams reassured Hoard that come to the conclusion that, "under the "most of the so-called insurgents are more existing rules, any Speaker is given more warmly in sympathy with the President than power over legislation, and especially over the managers of the House machine." In what should be the independent judgment later letters he carefully itemized the points and vote of Representatives, than ought of agreement between them. Norris, too, ever to be possessed by any man in a free was at pains to deny that he was "fighting country." Both Esch and Cooper proposed the Administration" and insisted that on changes—namely, election of the Rules "all the great and important questions" he Committee by the House and restraints on was fully in accord with its policies.'' the Chair's arbitrary power of recogni The insurgents were more heated in tion—almost identical to those actually their condemnation of the actions of promulgated a few years later. Both, Speaker Cannon and the ''House indeed, were to be numbered among the machine." They objected to the pressures rules insurgents of 1910.'" There is little that they were subjected to over patronage evidence, however, that such views were and legislation and to the tactics, including widespread among their fellow Republi special rules limiting debate and preclud cans. Nor did the "pretty strong revolt" ing amendment, which were used to that Adams claimed to discern survive the "coerce the minority" and "down the real passage of the bills in question or give rise to any broader and more persistent pattern of insurgency. " Yule's Q is a measure of association commonly Both bills passed the House over the employed in legislative roll-call analysis. For an account of opposition of the Republican insurgents its properties, see Duncan MacRae, Jr., Issues and Parties in and, in the case of the statehood bill, the Legislative Voting: Methods of Statistical Analysis (New York, 1970), 41-51. united ranks of the Democratic party. But ^- For examples of protest against the actions of the Exec utive, see the remarks by Herschel M. Hogg and Henry McMorran in C.R., 59.1, 1147, and 1148; Joseph W. Bab « C.R., 59.1, 1503 (Jones) and 4124 (Humphrey). cock, Herman P. Goebel, and Frank Mondell to J. J. Esch, '" Henry C. Adams to Ben Adams, December 18, 1905; to January 22, 1906, Esch Papers. Leslie "R," December 29, 1905; Adams, "Insurgents"; " Henry C. Adams to William D. Hoard, Januar)' 17 and Adams to William D. Hoard, December 16, 1905, and Jan Februarys, 1906; to L. Nieman, March 5 and April 12, 1906; uary 17, 1906, all in the Adams Papers. and to W. L. Hilyard, January 24, 1906, Norris Papers; '"J.J. Esch to A. D. Howard, April 16, 1906, Esch Papers; Richard Lowitt, George Norris: The Making of a Progressive, Henry A. Cooper to Samuel Gompers, n.d. 1906, Cooper /«6i-?972 (Syracuse, 1963), 100-103. Papers. 14 WHi(X.'!)4727.T Joseph W. Babcock's residence in Washington, D. C, March 6, 1905, with the Congressman standing at the comer, just inside the iron fence. in each case the administration achieved hood by a substantial margin.''^ Not until only a pyrrhic victory. The Philippine tariff 1911 did Arizona and New Mexico secure bill died in a Senate committee, which, as admission to the Union, and on that occa Adams suggested, was "a rich joke and a sion it was as separate states. complete vindication of the Insurgents." The statehood bill was amended in the Sen •" Henry C. Adams to Elisha M. Keyes, March 4, 1906, ate to allow the people of Arizona and New Adams Papers. On the later history of the two measures, see Mexico to vote in a referendum on the Abelarde, American Tariff Policy Towards the Philippines, 91- 92; Leopard, "Joint Statehood," 243-247; Wagoner, Ari principle of joint statehood. The Arizona zona Territory, 438-439; and Larson, New Mexico's Quest for electorate proceeded to reject joint state Statehood 238-252. 15 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 ' VEN in the case of the Philip ten through without it. The insurgents E^pin e tariff bill, which seemed came under "tremendous pressure." One to fly so blatantly in the face of the party's of those who capitulated, a freshman mem protectionist tradition, and the statehood ber from Missouri, explained in a letter to bill, which seemed so shamelessly to con his constituents that he had several legis tradict its platform promises of separate lative matters in hand, including "many of admission, most Republicans were reluc great import to Kansas City," and it there tant to break ranks. "We have felt in each fore behooved him to be "tactful" in his instance bound by the result of the confer dealings with the leadership. He evidently ence," wrote Norris, explaining his posi considered these local projects more tion to a constituent.'" He, like Adams, esti important than the admission of a new mated that no more than one in ten of his state, a set of priorities that he assumed his Republican colleagues approved of joint constituents would share.**" statehood, while many condemned it as an Not only did Speaker Cannon, through outrage. Yet only forty-two would vote his control of the distribution of committee against it. As Elisha Keyes warned Adams, places, influence the career prospects of "It is of no use to buck against the Presi individual members; but, equally impor dent and the Speaker, because there are tantly, through his control of the order of enough that will certainly line up with business, he also decided the fate of the those two leaders to prevent anything many private and local bills on which they adverse from the regular party program." believed their chances of re-election Adams himself complained to La Follette depended. Wielding an absolute power of that "an appalling percentage" of his col recognition and dominating the Rules leagues were "unmitigated political cow Committee, which he himself both ards when it [came] to entering into a con appointed and chaired, Cannon was in a test with the powers that be in their own position to determine which measures party."'"' came to the floor and which did not. It was Their reluctance was not altogether sur no wonder that members were loath "to prising, con.sidering the costs of disloyalty. jeopardize their favor ... by going against Adams described how party leaders were the will of the Speaker," and that new "taking men into their private offices and members particularly should feel "that the threatening them with the loss of appro only way in which they can get any standing priation bills, public buildings and all sorts in the House or upon committees was to of disfavor, bulldozing and scaring some of follow the party leaders." It was natural, the timid and using patronage to get some observed Norris, that a member "should of the others." At the same time, a lavish strive to please the man who has the power public buildings bill was held up as a carrot to advance or ruin his political prospects." to inspire loyalty. Adams believed that the Such a pronounced concentration of statehood bill would probably not have got power in the hands of the party leadership ^" Henry C. Adams to A. S. Mitchell, January 14, 1906, '" George Norris to N. M. Ayers, March 16, 1906, Norris Adams Papers; John Jacob Esch to G. W. Fargo,Jr.,January Papers. 12, 1906, Esch Papers; Mayhill, "Speaker Cannon," 139- " Elisha M. Keyes to Henry C. Adams, January 22, 1906; 141 and 149. See also Henry C. Adams to Grant Thomas, to Robert M. La Follette, December 6, 1905; and to William January 15, 1906; to William D. Hoard, January 17 and Feb D. Hoard, January 17, 1906, Adams Papers. Cf New York ruary 8, 1906; and to Elisha M. Keyes, February 17, 1906, Times, March 15,1906. Earlier estimates placed the number Adams Papers; J. J. Esch to Frank H. Farr, March 22; and of insurgents at around sixty-five, which was the number to George W. Smith, April 19, 1906, Esch Papers; New York opposing the bill in caticus. Ibid., December 15, 1905, and Times, January 14, 25, and 27, March 15, 1906; remarks by January 12, 1906; Henry C. Adams to Ben Adams, Decem Arthur P. Murphy, C.R., 59.1, 7501-7502; Steffens, "Reign ber 18, 1905, and January 6, 1906, Adams Papers. of Public Opinion." 16 HARRISON: CONGRESSIONAL INSURGENTS OF 1905 in itself goes a long way to account for the tightness of party disciphne.*' In justification. Republican leaders argued the need for responsible party gov ernment. This required loyalty and disci pline from party members. The chairman of the Appropriations Committee, James Tawney of Minnesota, who had flirted with insurgency on the statehood issue, explained to the House why he had finally resolved to toe the line: "[T]he Govern ment of this country is government by party, and as a member of the party now controlling I bow to the judgment of the majority." Charles Grosvenor of Ohio, a member of the Rules Committee, argued likewise: "[T]here is no member of the Republican party that in his individual capacity knows more about what ought to be done than does the Republican party as an aggregation of statesmen and patriotic men."'*^ They defended the use of what critics called "gag rules" to curtail debate and amendment. Responsible party gov ernment, they argued, required a set of rules and procedures that would enable the majority to govern. According to Gros venor, "the Republican majority of this House should take possession of the House and transact its business on its own hook and in its own way, or else hand over con trol to a Democratic minority, full of the idea of filibustering." John Dalzell, his col league on the Rules Committee, insisted that the majority was "charged with the responsibility for legislation" and conse quently had "the right to prescribe the rules under which legislation shall be had."« ^' Henry C. Adams to William D. Hoard, January 17,1906, Adams Papers; Adams, "Insurgents," 6-8; C.R., 60.1, 60.2, 1056 (Norris). Cf. David W. Brady, Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era (Lawrence, Kansas, 1973); Brady and Althoff, WIIi(X.S)2,^863 "Party Voting," 760-766. « C.R., 59.1, 1503 (Tawney), 963 and 1500 (Gro.svenor). Ceorge W. Norris, 1917, Congres.sman and Senator from Cf. Mayhill, "Speaker Cannon," 42; James E. Watson, As I Nebraska. Knew Them (Indianapolis, 1936), 53 and 120-122. " C.R., 59.1, 7433 (Grosvenor) and 60.1, 8 (Dalzell). See also C.R., .59.1, 1501 (Grosvenor) and 1505 (Dalzell). 17 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 Such statements need not be regarded as ments, subsidies to shipping, land mere special pleading. Senior Republicans reclamation projects, the financing of agri considered party discipline and effective cultural education and research and, above organization essential to coherent and all, tariff protection. The Republican party effective government, a belief that had in this period elected Congressmen from a been forged and hardened in the course of wide variety of sections and types of con the bitter legislative struggles of the 1880's stituency, from almost everywhere but the and 1890's.'**' It is likely that many ordinary South and certain inner-city districts. It was members shared similar convictions. In the not that they shared identical interests, but statehood debate, for example, Charles E. that their constituents' needs could be Fuller of Illinois, a member of only one accommodated within a common program term's service, proclaimed, "By organiza which distributed protection and aid to a tion and concerted action alone can any variety of economic groups. As Lewis Gould party hope to achieve results." He had not observes, "Republicans depicted society as been sent to Washington as a "free lance" a web of interconnected producers" who to set his own "individual judgement" up all benefited from policies which promoted against the "combined wisdom of the prosperity and employment. This notion of Republican party," but "to carry out the a potential "harmony of interests" among principles and decrees of the party whose the various elements in society conferred a representatives we are." The American symbolic unity upon the disparate ele government was based on the principle of ments of the Republican legislative pro "majorit)' rule expressed through political gram, a unity which became increasingly dif parties."'*'' There is every reason to believe ficult to maintain in a period of growing such views to be representative of rank-and- sectional and class divisions.'*' file Republicans. This was an era of strong, deep-rooted party loyalties. George Norris, for example, entered Congress in 1903 as "a bitter Republican partisan. ... I ^URING the next few years believed that all the virtues of government the Republican leaders in were wrapped up in the party of which I D' Congress faced a series of challenges to was a member."'*" Above all else, it was the their authority. President Roosevelt, in the intense partisan loyalties of the period that declining years of his administration, bom made disciplined party organization possi barded the legislature with a succession of ble. messages calling for, among other things, The acceptability of the methods a revised employers' liability law, restric employed to secure the passage of a pro tions on the issue of labor injunctions, fur gram of legislation ultimately depended on ther controls on interstate railroads, and the degree of consensus regarding its mer amendments to the antitrust law. Most of its. Republican party unity at the turn of these proposals congressional leaders the century drew strength from the accep tance of a common program, central to which was a commitment to the use of fed ''^ Lewis L. Gould, Reform and Regulation: American Politics, eral power to promote economic develop 1900-1916 (New York, 1978), 12; TheodoreJ. Lowi, "Amer ment: through river and harbor improve- ican Business, Public Policy, Case Studies, and Political The ory," in World Politics, 16:677-715 (1964); Richard L. McCormick, "The Party Period and Public Policy: An Exploratory Hypothesis," in the Journal of American History, " See, for example, the remarks of Marlin E. Olmsted in 66:279-298 (1979); H.Wayne yior^au, From Hayes to McKin- C.R., 60.2, 579-582; Mavhill, "Speaker Cannon," 12. ley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896 (Syracuse, 1969), 10- « Cft., 59.1,-1581-1.582. 11, 166-170; R. Hal Williams, Years of Decision: American Pol •"^ Norris, Fighting Liberal, 89. itics in the 1890s (New York, 1978), 119-123. 18 HARRISON: CONGRESSIONAL INSURGENTS OE I9O5 received with undisguised contempt. Even with the party leadership over a set of sig though the House Democrats gladly nificant reform issues, including tariff revi endorsed the president's program and sion, railroad regulation, and banking nearly fifty Republicans were thought to be reform. Cannon they condemned for using substantially in favor, the antagonism of the power of his office to prevent the con Cannon and his associates was sufficient to sideration of legislation called for by the block consideration of all but a few token people and by a majority of the House. measures.*** However, while Cannon felt Therefore, insisted Nelson, parliamentary few qualms about blocking measures which reform was fundamental; it was "a condi he did not approve of, many Republican tion precedent to the passage in this House Congressmen were distinctly embarrassed of all popular reforms." Many of the insur by his stance and wondered how they might gents went on to join the National Progres explain to the voters their collective failure sive Republican League and later the Pro to respond to the president's initiatives. gressive party. Thus the intraparty tensions Midwestern Congressmen were troubled that manifested themselves at the close of by the reluctance of the leadership to Teddy Roosevelt's term gave rise to a deep undertake a wholesale revision of the tariff, and lasting division which took several which seemed to lay its burdens dispropor years to heal.*" tionately upon their section. What Carl The rebels included, it is true, men like Crislock calls a profound sense of Esch, Norris, and Asle Gronna of North "regional injury" also led midwesterners to Dakota who had participated in the earlier call for stricter controls on railroads and insurgency. But, even though many of the other "foreign" corporations. Towards the adversaries of joint statehood and the Phil end of the decade, the "harmony of inter ippine tariff bill cluster in what was to be ests" that had validated Republican eco the midwestern heartland of classical nomic policies in the past was conspicu Republican insurgency, the association ously breaking down.'*^ between voting on these measures and on A significant number of Republican issues like rules reform in later Congresses members grew restive under the arbitrary was exceedingly slight.'" To be sure, Wis rule of Speaker Cannon. After the 1908 consin Republicans played a prominent election, a group of Republicans, mostly part in both movements; but with the from the Midwest, organized to work for exceptions of Esch and James H. Davidson parliamentary reform and overthrow of the of Oshkosh, neither of whom played prom Speaker. The same individuals formed the inent roles in the fight for rules reform. core of the insurgent faction, led by George Norris, which succeeded in March of 1910, with Democratic assistance, in '^ C.R., 60.1, 1652. For an account of Republican party achieving substantial modification of the divisions after 1909, see Charles R. Atkinson, The Committee House rules. Most of the insurgents were on Rules and the Overthrow of Speaker Cannon (New York, men who had been consistently at odds 1912); Bolles, Tyrant from Illinois, Kenneth Hechler, Insur gency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era (New York, 1940); James Holt, Congressional Insurgents and the Party Sys tem, 1909-1916 (Cambridge, 1967) 2-80; Lowitt, The Mak * On the content and reception of the messages, see the ing of a Progressive; and George E. Mowry, Theodore Roosevelt New York Times, February 1, March 13 and 22, April 16, 28, and the Progressive Movement (Madison, 1946). and 29 and May 31, 1908; Lewis L. Gould, Reform and Reg •''' Note the very low associations between the statehood ulation: American Politics, 1900-1916 (New York, 1978), 68- vote, and that on the Philippine tariff, and later instances 73; George E. Mowry, The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900- of insurgency. For example, when compared with the vote 1912 (New York, 1958), 220-223; and Bolles, Tyrant from on rules reform at the end of the Sixtieth Congress {C.R., Illinois, 88-105. 60.2, 3572), Q = .40 and .14 respectively; when compared "" Carl H. Chrislock, The Progressive Era in Minnesota, with voting on the ship subsidy bill in the same session 1897-1918 (St. Paul, 1971), 35-36. {C.R., 60.2, 3694), Q = O and -.02 respectively. 19 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 different protagonists were involved. Sadly, argued, not they but the supporters of the Henry C. Adams could play no part in the Philippine tariff bill were the true insur later insurgency, for he had died in July, gents. Joint statehood, too, was con 1906, at age fifty-five. demned by Adams as an "un-Republican Most of the opponents of the Philippine measure" which broke the recent platform tariff bill were regular Republicans who just pledges to admit both states separately and happened to represent beet-sugar and denied the historic destiny of a party which tobacco-growing states, high protectionists had been founded to defend the rights of who considered themselves more faithful the western territories."''*^ The more serious to Republican principles than the leaders division that came a few years later arose of their party—plus royalistes que la roi. Most out of fundamental disagreements over the of the opponents of joint statehood repre applicability of traditional Republican dis sented neighboring constituencies which tributive policies, and the political proce were especially sensitive to the proposed dures that went along with them, to the treatment of Arizona. They, too, included problems of twentieth-century governance. in their ranks several leading conservative By contrast, the insurgency of 1906 was, as Republicans like Tawney, before his apos it were, an insurgency of the right. Its tasy, and Babcock and Mondell. For such objective was to hold the Republican party men, insurgency did not become a habit. to its ancient truths. The insurgents of 1906 were mostly regular Republicans who broke with the leadership precisely because, in important respects, it appeared to deviate from the policies with ''•^ C.R., .59.1, 740 (Fordney) and 1501-1502 (Adams); which the party had been identified in the Henry C. Adams to Ben Adams, January 27, 1906, Adams Papers; Adams, "Insurgents," 6; J. J. Esch to R. B. Gellatt, past. As Joseph Fordney of Michigan February 5, 1906, Esch Papers. Alice E. Smith Fellowship PATRICIA A. LOMMEL, a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Pennsylvania, is the 1990-1991 recipient of the Alice E. Smith Fel lowship. Ms. Lommel is writing a history of technology and social change in two Iowa woodworking communities from 1858 to 1925. THE ALICE E. SMITH FELLOWSHIP, which carries an outright grant of $1,500 for 1990-1991 and $2,000 from 1991-1992 on, honors the for mer director of research at the State Historical Society of Wisconsin who retired in 1965. The Fellowship is awarded by the Society annually to a woman doing research in American history, with preference given to applicants who are doing research in the history of Wisconsin or of the Middle West. Letters of application, describing the applicant's cur rent research, should be addressed to R. David Myers, Stale Historical Society of Wisconsin, 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. The appli cation deadline each year is July 15. 20 On the Road to Tokio: A Sailor's Recollections of the Pacific War By William E. Hayes PART II [Y early February, 1945, we fin rettes in California came in handy, and day B ished our loading at Port Chi by day we gained experience in running cago and were given our sailing orders: our little vessel. some destination in the central Pacific. We sailed past Hawaii without seeing any Since our top speed was only nine knots of it—^we would have liked to stop and see per hour, it was going to take some time to where the great Pacific war had begun, but get there. We left port late in the afternoon the Navy had other plans. The only real and passed under the Golden Gate bridge problem we encountered involved our pro in the dark. I sat on the open deck on the peller shaft bearings, which began to heat fantail with a few off-duty sailors and up as soon as we reached the tropics. In the watched the lights of San Francisco fade in best tradition of "navy forehandedness," the distance. There was not much conver or making do with whatever came to hand, sation. I'm sure we all had the same our engineering officer hit on the idea of thoughts—whether we would see the lights putting terry-cloth towels soaked in seawa- of San Francisco, and our families, again. ter on the bearings to dissipate the heat. After a while, one by one, the fellows stood We had a good supply of towels and a up, said goodnight, and headed for their boundless supply of cool seawater close at bunks, each deep in his own thoughts. I was hand, so as the towels got hot we replaced left alone under the stars with my appre them. This system worked fine, and after hensions until the cool of the evening about three weeks we arrived at our desti finally drove me to my compartment and nation: the Eniwetok atoll in the Marshall reality. Islands. Presumably our Captain and the deck officers were informed about our destina tion, but as supply officer I knew only that we would be traveling a very great distance over a vast ocean before we could expect NIWETOK was a coral atoll we to be resupplied. Although our voyage E'ha d taken from the Japanese proved to be uneventful, we maintained a early in 1944 after a short, fierce battle. It constant state of vigilance, because enemy had been converted into a major floating submarines remained a menace even this supply base by the time we arrived in late late in the war. The radar set that our com February of 1945. This great reef was an munications officer had bought with ciga almost circular string of tiny islets which C^opyrighl © 1992 by The Stale Historical Society of Wisconsin 21 All rights of reproduction in any form reserved. WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OE HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 created a sheltered lagoon twenty miles away as possible. The deadliest danger of wide and twenty-two long. A small deep- an accident with high explosives is that it water entrance to the south was protected generates shock waves that can set off all by a submarine net that was opened to per the high explosives within several miles, mit passage of surface vessels in and out. like a string of firecrackers. (With a sense Hundreds of support ships were anchored of humor for which it is not famous, the in the lagoon. Their function was to resup- U.S. Navy names its ammunition ships after ply and repair the fleet when it returned volcanoes.) You can pretty well guess where from fighting operations in the advanced they had us. "Ammunition row," as we areas. This way, they saved thousands of called it, was the last row of ships in the miles, plus the time required to return to anchorage, the farthest from the head our main supply base at Pearl Harbor and quarters. There, five or six of us were then come back again to the war zone. anchored in a semicircle, about five miles They had every kind of ship, from water apart. At that distance, if an accident barges to great floating drydocks capable occurred, the shock waves would be dissi of overhauling ships as large as destroyers. pated, and the loss would be limited to one To the right of the entrance to Eniwe- ship and one crew. tok's lagoon the bow of a sunken ship After we were anchored, the Captain and greeted all newcomers. I'm sure the sight 1 were directed to report to the headquar of this wreckage raised the Captain's blood ters ship for instructions. I reported to the pressure. He never had much confidence supply officer for directions as to the issue in his ability to handle the Autauga; she was of the refrigerated food we had aboard. He a small, single-screw ship, and much more told me that other ships (our "custom difficult to maneuver than those with twin ers") would take all the fresh apples and screws. (A skilled skipper with twin propel oranges they could get, so in order to have lers could work one against the other to an orderly and fair distribution, I was to control the ship's movement with surpris insist that they also take a proportionate ing delicacy.) As we rather tentatively amount of frozen meat and ham. He approached the entrance, a small boat instructed me to divide my cargo into came out to greet us. As soon as it was twenty equal units—each unit to consist of within earshot, the Captain shouted, one-twentieth of each of the items we had "Where's the pilot?" They came alongside aboard. I could issue fractions of a unit to our ship, never slowed down, and threw a small ships, but the issue always had to be tube of some sort on our deck. They in proportion to a full unit. In this way, he shouted, "Here's your so-and-so pilot." explained, 1 would always have my cargo in The tube contained the chart to the balance; otherwise, he insisted, I would entrance and the anchorage area inside. surely end up with a large quantity of fro We managed to clear the entrance without zen meat and no fruit. mishap and soon located our anchorage. 1 did not understand why he thought I The AK-160 and her crew had completed had to use fresh fruit as bait to get rid of their first assignment. meat; it did not seem to me that I would The ships inside the atoll were spread in have trouble getting rid of food out here, a semicircle around the headquarters ship but he had the experience and he was the which, in turn, was anchored near the boss. In fact this system worked for large headquarters island. The commander was ships like destroyers and destroyer escorts, no dummy—ammunition ships made a but there were problems with smaller ships. great deal of noise and can do a great deal For example, if they wanted a case each of of damage if they go up—and the safest apples and oranges, they would have to place to -be if this should happen is as far take something like six cases of beef and 22 HAYES: ON THE ROAD TO TOKIO four cases of ham. Some did not even have pleased to get the meat that he never even freezer facilities for that much meat. But asked about fresh fruit. We were off the orders were orders. One day a storekeeper hook. And finally, months after the Cap called me out on the deck and asked me to tain had sent his letter to the naval higher- watch the issue to a small patrol craft. As up in San Francisco, he received a short, soon as the apples and oranges hit their curt reply telling us to obey orders and deck, the crew went after them. When the mind our own business. meat came aboard, they pushed it over the My main impression of Eniwetok was one side. This was foolish waste created by a of disappointment. I hadn't really been foolish bureaucrat, so on my own I dreaming of palm trees, moonlight, and changed the basis for issue to small ships. Dorothy Lamour, but still. . . . Eniwetok I gave them each one case of apples and was nothing but ships of all sizes spread all one case of oranges. If they didn't want fro over this huge anchorage, with scruffy, low- zen meat, they didn't take any. 1 thought I lying islands in the background. On the had a good reason for making this change. main island, most of the palm trees had The Headquarters Supply Officer noticed been knocked down in the recent fighting. this change on one of my issue reports and There were a lot of khaki-colored quonset called me over for an explanation. I told huts, a lot ofjeep s and sailors in t-shirts and him that the smaller ships were wasting dungarees, a lot of dust. The effect was meat to get a few apples and oranges. That squalid and depressing. did not matter; he did not like what I was After we had been at Eniwetok a few doing worth a damn. He said I had not fol weeks and sort of gotten the lay of the land, lowed his orders and 1 would be responsi we found some uninhabited reef areas ble. He was almost frantically afraid that I where we could wander about. There was would issue all the fruit and end up with a no recreational area, so the Captain refrigerator full of frozen meat that no one decided to take everyone on an outing. We wanted. I returned to the ship and talked left an unlucky few of the crew on board as to the Captain about the situation. Some guards, and the rest of us went ashore with what to my surprise, he agreed with me so the Captain. He ordered the pharmacist to strongly that he decided to go over the break into the medicinal brandy so we head of the local command and report this would have something to drink, and we foolishness directly to the Commander, took our small boats over to the reef. Weeks Western Sea Frontier, San Francisco. In the before, when we left the States, the Captain meantime, we tried our best to hoard our had issued a bulletin reminding everyone fresh fruit and push the meat. But despite that we were headed for the tropics and our best efforts, we ended up just as the that the tropical sun was much stronger Headquarters Supply Officer had pre than in California. We would have to be dicted: no fresh fruit and a large quantity extra careful not to get sunburned, and of meat. since we had now been warned, anyone I was beginning to worry that this guy careless enough to get sunburned would be knew .something 1 didn't, and I would end put on sickness/misconduct pay status, up in a lot of trouble. But one day not long meaning no pay while they were unable to afterward, having spent most of an after carry out their duties. Apparently our crew noon trying to scrounge up something for took his warning to heart, and the Captain the ship, I climbed back on board and was was the only one who wore shorts for our greeted by a grinning storekeeper who day-long outing. He ended up with the informed me that a troop ship had sent worst case of sunburn I had ever seen. He their boat over and cleaned us out of all was in misery for days, and couldn't even our meat. He said the supply officer was so leave his cabin. I'm sure the crew won- 23 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 dered about the double standard by which after the ship blew up.) He came running sunburn could mean loss of pay for to my office asking for the key to the store enlisted men but not for the Captain, and room; he was impatient and in a hurry, so I don't recall any groundswell of sympathy I gave it to him. As I learned afterward, he for our lobster-red skipper. went below, opened the correct port, and there was the Captain's fishing line. He reached through the port and gave the line a hard tug, then let go. The Captain ^HE Captain was the butt of a thought he had a strike, so he reeled in. T' great many practical jokes He was sure he had missed the fish, so he that he didn't know about. Some of them put his bait back on the same place. (By stemmed directly out of his own eccentric then most of the crew had been alerted to behavior. For example, before we left the what was going on, and those who could States, the Navy allocated us a sum of find a reason to be out on deck enjoyed the money for welfare and recreation equip ensuing game.) Peacock, after a decent ment for the ship's crew. This was for interval, gave the line another tug. The games, athletic equipment, magazines, Captain reeled in again, with a perplexed books, whatever would keep the crew busy look on his face. The crew was in stitches. and happy during their off-duty hours. The This continued for some time, until the Captain surprised me by taking a personal Captain's line fell out of Peacock's reach. interest in what we ordered. He insisted That evening at dinner, we had to keep a that we get a large quantity of fishing equip straight face as the Captain described this ment. I thought this was a good idea too, series of hard strikes he had that afternoon, but at the time I didn't know what he had but for some reason had never .succeeded in mind. When we received it, the Captain in setting the hook. ordered me to put all the fishing gear in Baldwin, one of our steward's mates, was his cabin. He then sorted through it and just about the only other member of the kept most of it for himself. This was of crew who also liked to fish. Baldwin was course unfair, as the equipment was for the small, quiet and the oldest of the steward's enlisted men; but he was the Captain, and mates. When we were at anchor, he fished the lion's share remained in his cabin. continuously. As supply officer, I was Whenever we were at anchor, the Cap responsible for our food, so I received peri tain did a great deal of fishing from the odic reports from the Navy cautioning us flying bridge of the Autauga, a kind of bal to be careful of the fish we ate. We were cony projecting over the water. As a rule warned that many tropical fish were poi his line dangled straight down, alongside sonous, and that in some anchorages, even the ship. One day, 1 recall, his line hap normally edible fish sometimes became pened to drop alongside a porthole in one poisonous because of polluted water cre of our store rooms on a lower deck. Only ated by navy garbage. Whenever Baldwin Gunner's Mate Peacock would have had luck in fishing, he would take his catch noticed this, but he immediately envi up to the Captain for him to admire. The sioned its possibilities for a prank. (Pea Captain, as one fisherman to another, cock was a perennial joker who had come would comment on the catch and then tell to the crew's attention more than once. I Baldwin to cook them up. I had warned the recall him scaring the daylights out of our officers about the possible dangers posed sensitive pharmacist's mate while we were by eating the fish, but I could not convince at Port Chicago by pointing out a greasy the Captain. The fish Baldwin prepared spot on a piece of salvage and telling him was always supplemental to a regular meal, it was all that remained of his counterpart so in the wardroom, after the main meat 24 Gunner's Mate Peacock, the perennial practical joker of the U.S.S. Autauga. All photographs courtesy the author. dish was served, Baldwin would bring out a anything that came from those tropical platter of his fresh-cooked fish and serve waters. the Captain. The Captain did enjoy fish, so Our friend Peacock, the gunner's mate, he generally helped himself to a couple of particularly liked having a bit of fun at the large pieces. Baldwin would then offer it to Captain's expense. The Captain was always the other officers. The others would pass it nervous when he had to maneuver his ship by and wait for the Captain's reaction. If he near anything that might result in a colli enjoyed it, which he always did, and if he sion and damage—and justifiably so, showed no ill effects, which he never did, because the AK-160 was so difficult to con then they too might have a helping the sec trol. One day 1 came out on an open deck ond time around. Whether or not the Cap to see a huge tanker bearing down on us. tain realized he was playing a guinea pig's It looked for a moment as if it would slice role in the wardroom mess, I never knew. us in two, but it was just coming alongside But after all I had read, I would never eat us so we could take on oil. It was customary 25 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 for the smaller ship to do the maneuvering, When Admiral Halsey's flagship, the battle but this was our Captain, and he was on ship Missouri, came into our anchorage, edge. As was his custom, he was on an movies suddenly were in short supply. They exposed area of the bridge where he could said the Admiral spent most of his time see what was going on and everyone could watching them. We learned when he was see him waving his arms, shouting com there not to go near the movie ship—they mands, and loudly cursing. would confiscate our movie for the Admi These tense circumstances perfectly ral, without an exchange. Then, when he suited Gunner's Mate Peacock, who left, we would have trouble because we assumed his station a few feet directly didn't have a movie to trade in for another. behind the Captain. When the Captain The movie was set up on the open deck became excited and started shouting and at the fantail. We had a small, portable waving his arms. Peacock would mock him screen—the kind you see in schoolrooms by waving his arms in unison and mouthing and church basements. There was always a the commands. It was truly a comical center chair, a little higher than everyone sight—these two going through their gyra else's, for the Captain. As soon as it was tions, the Captain red-faced and deadly dark the Captain would come out, be serious. Peacock miming and wearing a seated on his throne, and then the movie grin. Peacock must have had some kind of could start. Each night, as soon as the lead extra sense, because, if the Captain sud ing lady would appear, he would lean over denly turned around. Peacock would be to me and say, "Is that Louise Fazenda?" sober and standing rigidly at attention. To At first I didn't even know who Louise the best of my knowledge, no one, not even Fazenda was, but I would say, "No, Captain, the other officers who surely saw what Pea that's Ann Miller," or "That's Harriet Hil- cock was doing, ever told the Captain about liard." He never seemed satisfied with my it. How could they? answer. Eventually it dawned on me that he was much happier if I just said, "Yes, Cap tain, that's Louise." So from then on, that's what I did. (Louise Fazenda was a really T HAD taken us about ten early movie star; she made her first movie I minutes to figure out that for all in 1913. I was old enough to remember practical purposes, there were no recrea Tom Mix, but not her!) tional facilities at Eniwetok. We were on I guess it's clear that everybody aboard our own. Most of us didn't care for fishing, the Autauga had their little secrets—even and after his sunburn experience, the Cap the ship's supply officer. Besides the true tain did not take us on any more recrea identity of Louise Fazenda, my other secret tional jaunts to the reef. The Senior Offi had to do with fish—pilchards, actually, a cers Club on the main island was out of kind of grown-up sardine. The heat of the bounds, so our only real relaxation was the tropics at times turned the lower living area nightly movie on the fantail. The movie was of the ship into an oven. Sleeping was a real a must, and everyone not on duty was problem, especially in a big anchorage like there. The guy who ran the projector was Eniwetok, since it really didn't cool off at suddenly elevated to a special status. It was night, and this was before the days of air top priority for him to make his daily trip conditioning or even effective fans. Our to the movie ship to exchange last night's crew, however, was ingenious. Using scrap movie for whatever they had on hand. He sheetmetal, they devised air scoops which tried to get one that was new to us, but this projected out from the portholes in their was not always possible. We would watch it sleeping quarters that would catch any anyway, even though we had seen it before. moving air and force it into their sleeping 26 HAYES: ON THE ROAD TO TOKIO compartment belowdeck. The length of some of the uglier attitudes of civilian life their air scoops had something to do with manifested themselves. It must be remem the prestige of the sailors in each compart- bered that the United States Navy of World ment—this was some kind of macho War II officially practiced racial segrega thing—and the deck gang, being the tion and unofficially tolerated a level of meanest and toughest, had the longest air racial discrimination that would be illegal scoop. One hot evening we were served and totally unacceptable today. It was bla canned pilchards for supper. 1 told the tant and it was outrageous, even to me, who stewards not to save the leftovers because had never concerned myself with the so- they would taint all the other food in the called "race problem." refrigerator. About nine o'clock, I began Black sailors could only be stewards' wondering if the stewards had remem mates, meaning officers' servants. They bered, so I went into the wardroom galley took care of the officers' wardroom and and checked. Sure enough, they had for cleaned the officers' rooms. Since on our gotten, and there was a big bowl of over ship the officers ate the same food as the ripe pilchards in our refrigerator. Without crew, the stewards did very little cooking. much thought, except to conclude resign (Actually, they did not have much to do, edly that I could not depend very much on and sometimes they did not do it very well; our stewards in such matters, I took the but then they weren't given much incen bowl out on the open deck and emptied it tive, either.) I was responsible for the stew over the side—I thought into the ocean. ards because the organizational chart put But instead, the whole mess fell into the them under the supply department; except deck gang's air scoop. As it was described for that coincidence, I had no more to do to me the next morning, the resulting tur with them than any of the other officers. moil was something to behold. The out However, it did put me close to their prob raged deck gang had to break out the fire lems. hose to wash the stink out of their air All of our stewards were black. I have scoop. They took it as a personal insult and mentioned Baldwin, the fisherman and the vowed that the perpetrator of this misdeed Captain's friend. Watts was another stew was going to suffer their revenge; there was ard. He was Baldwin's buddy even though even talk that he might disappear over he was much younger and was not a fish board some dark night. I never admitted erman. They were both small, and they my mistake to anyone on the ship. In time, were always together. The officers teased things became normal again. The deck Watts in a friendly manner, and he seemed gang never satisfied their honor on me, but to like the attention. He also played dumb: then I was never sure they knew I did it. he never understood anything about "work," and he got away with it. I discov ered that underneath his act he had a keen IFF aboard ship was not, of sense of humor, and I am sure that he was L-course, an unbroken series of much smarter than he let on. jokes and pranks. Each time we replen We had two other stewards: Reed, a first- ished our deadly cargo from a merchant class who was in charge, and Dinkens. Reed ship fresh from the States it emphasized was tall, well-groomed, and intelligent. He the fact that we had become a permanent was also extremely aware of his suhservient fixture in this backwater of the Pacific. A role, and he resented it. He was aloof and sense of despair and loneliness, mixed with unfriendly; he would do his job, period; he the normal problems of living in close would not accept a white officer as a friend. proximity to one another, sometimes pro I soon learned it was better to have as little duced tension and ill-will. Occasionally to do with him as possible. 27 The supply department of the U.S.S. Autauga with the author kneeling on the left. Dinkens was exactly the opposite. He was had almost the same effect. I knew the crew probably six feet tall, but muscular, with could be merciless, and 1 was sure Dinkens the strength that goes with muscles. He was would hurt someone accidentally if I could friendly, he was alert, he had a good sense not find a way to stop them. Nobody of humor, and he was generally in a good deserved to be deviled this way, so I just mood. He must have learned that if he told everyone in no uncertain words that if wanted to be reasonably happy, he must they didn't leave Dinkens alone, and he accept his lot in life and make the best of hurt anyone, I would personally see to it it. If I was fortunate enough to have him that they were court-martialed. I carried a on a working party, and if I would let him, little weight in this area because one of my he would do all the work and not resent it. collateral duties was to serve as judge advo He just wanted to get along. His one weak cate (prosecuting attorney) for any ship ness was that he was extremely ticklish. The board court-martial. It seemed to do the crew found that if they tickled him, or espe trick. I heard no more about Dinkens' cially if someone goosed him, poor Din problem, and he continued his happy way. kens would lose control of himself and start One of the related problems I encoun beating on anyone or anything in front of tered was that some of our crewmen put up him. To make matters worse, the crew a big stink about the blacks using the same found out thatjust pointing a finger at him shower. We had only one shower room for 28 HAYES: ON THE ROAD TO TOKIO enlisted men, and I certainly did not want and sailors in the working parties from to discourage personal hygiene for the these warships who came to us for food stewards. 1 worked out a compromise seemed preoccupied. They never told us whereby the blacks could use the showers where they were going or what they were at certain hours; the balance of the crew going to do, but we could tell from the type used it at other times. This was about all I of ships and the size of the force that it was could do—but imagine living under cir something big. Some of us thought that cumstances in which you were constantly being on an ammunition ship took cour reminded by such a simple act as taking a age, but we could not help but admire the shower that because you were a different coolness of these men. They seemed to color, you were not as good. Reed and Din have a quiet confidence about themselves kens and the other black sailors wore the despite the fact that they knew what they same uniform as I did, and they were sup were going to be up against. (Many of them posed to be willing to give their lives for a must have been veterans of earlier island country that treated them this way. battles: Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, The next thing that concerned me as the Guam, and the rest.) There was also a sense officer in charge of the ship's stewards was that they were closer together than we were that they had no place to sit down and eat. aboard our ship. They seemed to commu What a hell of a way to treat people—peo nicate and understand each other without ple I was responsible for. After they served much conversation. It gave me a strange the officers, they were forced to eat stand feeling, almost as though 1 was missing ing up in the wardroom galley. Usually, by what war was really all about. And perhaps that time, the officers would have cleared I did. The bickering and petty tyrannies out of the wardroom, so without consulting aboard our ship seemed shameful in the anyone, I told them to take a table for four face of their dedication and apparent will in the corner of the wardroom. But did this ingness to sacrifice. They had a discipline bring on an explosion! The Exec saw them we did not have—discipline with respect. eating at the wardroom table one day, and They did not wear work clothes; they were there was hell to pay. I realized afterwards in uniform. They looked neat and military. that under the prevailing circumstances, I They went about their jobs as though they should not have done this. It only brought knew exactly what they were doing, and as on more humiliation for the stewards, and it turned out, they did. the Exec, being his usual self, made the As soon as we arrived at Eniwetok, we most of his opportunity. The stewards bore had opened our hatches and started issu the brunt of his outrage, and I could only ing our cargo of ammunition to the fight sympathize with them. It was all so stupid ing ships. They would come alongside with and unnecessary. an LCVP (Landing Craft, Vehicle and Per sonnel) or the larger LMC (Landing Craft, Mechanized) and a working party. Our fel lows would generally work the cargo in our ''E WERE still at Eniwetok hold onto wooden pallets, which would be w when part of our invasion hoisted out of the hold and lowered to the fleet, it must have been for the invasion of smaller craft alongside. Their own person Okinawa, came through. We were the sup nel would unload it. We generally had ply force, and I think fortunately for us, not cargo nets hanging alongside the ship to the fighters. These were the guys who did make it easier for the working parties to the shooting and dying. They were going climb aboard our ship if needed. Part of to be in the middle of it, and we could feel our conversion to an auxiliary ammunition their excitement and tension. The officers ship was the installation of special swivel- 29 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 hoist tackle to enable us to hoist ammuni eggs" on the bill of his hats. Before we ever tion in and out of our hold as safely as pos left the States, the Captain had bought his sible. This was our contribution to the new uniform and hat, anticipating his pro island battles that were raging far over the motion. horizon. Our crewmen did a good job right He had also had a series of photographs from the outset, and they got better as time taken. One day he sent a boatswain off to wore on. pick up the proofs, and I happened to see During the day I was generally away from them. In every one those photos, the Cap the ship on some kind of supply or equip tain had his arms crossed so you would be ment mission, so I really did not see much sure to see the three stripes, and his head of the cargo operations. Sometimes I went down so you wouldn't miss the scrambled on what can only be called fool's errands. eggs. However, you couldn't see his face, so Once, for example, the Exec sent me out you really didn't know who you were look in search of a certain kind of hat the Navy ing at. He had eight or ten photographs, flyers wore off-dut)'. They were khaki-col all depicting variations on this pose, but ored and looked like a baseball cap, only every one had this identification problem. with an extra-long bill. He had seen a pic Once we were in the war zone, of course, ture of one of the admirals on a carrier uniforms and gold braid and photographs wearing one of these hats with a faraway were not important to us. We were a work look on his face, and I think he fancied ing ship, and what mattered was our job: himself looking like a modern seadog. It issuing food and ammunition to the fight wasn't easy, finding this admiral-type base ing Navy. The food was not replenishable, ball cap. They were not available at the base but when we ran low on ammunition a mer supply department, and I did not relish the chant ship from the States would come prospect of going aboard an aircraft carrier alongside and fill us up again. Of course, and explaining that I needed an aviator's we could only deal with them during their hat so that my Exec could play admiral. working hours, because their powerful Instead I started down a line of repair ships National Maritime Union would not per and tenders, which seemed to be the best mit their crewmen to lift a finger during source for odds and ends. I didn't have any off-hours. They would not even take our luck at the first few I went aboard, but lines so we could tie up alongside. The mer finally a fellow supply corps officer realized chant seamen did not endear themselves to my predicament and found one for the our crew. Apparently they had not heard Exec—and one for the Captain too. I that familiar expression, "Don't you know didn't dare get something for the Exec there's a war on?" without getting the same thing for the Cap Our contact with these civilian-manned tain. ships sometimes produced another kind of problem. I recall how, after one such replenishment from a merchant ship, one of our crane operators got stinking drunk |UR Captain really liked the and had to be restrained because he had o trappings of rank. Before we run amok and was batting his head against left the States, he had been promoted to a steel mast. We then found out that the Commander—a big step in a Navy career, merchant sailors were selling whiskey to and more important than the previous pro our sailors for thirty dollars a pint. Not sur motions because a Commander is consid prisingly, our Captain was upset, and ered a "senior officer." As a Commander, wanted to make an example of this he would not only have three full stripes on drunken sailor. He put him on report and his sleeve; he would also have "scrambled he ordered a court-martial. Despite my 30 HAYES: ON THE ROAD TO TOKIO ignorance of military law, as the ship's received a civilian aboard with some special judge advocate or prosecutor, I had to draw equipment. He was from Johns Hopkins up the specifications (charges) and read University, young, tall, and thin, with thick them to the accused. In the meantime, the glasses—he looked like your typical sailor had been taken to the Eniwetok research scientist. His mission, we under naval prison on shore. stood, was secret. I was busy, so I didn't pay Now this fellow was a nasty guy, even that much attention to all the secret activ when sober. He was sullen, insolent, and ity. I knew it had to do with five-inch shells contemptuous—and always careful not to because they were always exchanging fuses go so far that you could press charges. But and he had a lot of testing equipment in we really had him now, so the Captain his room. ordered that we throw the book at him. After the war, but while we were still sta Getting at him because of his past record tioned in the Pacific, Life magazine gave was forbidden, but the Captain didn't care. the full story. It explained in detail what I was sent ashore to read the charges. I these top-secret fuses were about. They found the prisoner a changed man. I don't were called proximity fuses, and they rev know what the marine guards did to pris olutionized antiaircraft guns. As I under oners, but he was cowed, his spirit was bro stand it, previous to this development, anti ken. I was an officer he had treated with aircraft fuses were set before the shell was contempt for months aboard ship, and now inserted in the gun. The gunners had to he was begging me to take him back to the estimate the plane's altitude and set the ship. I actually felt sorry for him, and if it fuse accordingly. The gunner then not only had been within my authority, I would have had to aim at the plane, but he had to hope done it. As it was, I promised to explain to his shell would explode at the right alti the Captain that he had had enough of tude. If it didn't, it would take a direct hit prison and that I would return for him as to bring down an enemy plane—practically soon as the Captain would allow it. an impossibility I would think. The prox However, the Captain insisted on pro imity fuses, on the other hand, had a min ceeding with a full-dress court-martial. iature radio sending-and-receiving set in And, as we soon found out, a Navy court- the tip. As soon as the shell was fired, the martial is a complex thing. There was no fuse started sending out radio waves. If railroading sailors for frivolous reasons; in these waves hit a solid object (like the fact, it is tough to hang even a legitimate metallic skin of an airplane) they would violation on them. The report of the trial bounce back to the receiving element in had to be flawless. The slightest procedural the fuse, which would then determine at error, even a misspelled word, and the what point the shell should be detonated. Judge Advocate in Washington could throw The proximity fuse was so deadly, and so the entire case out. So this trial dragged on highly classified, that for much of the war for months between the ship and Washing it was used only at sea, so the enemy could ton. I don't think our crewman ever not recover unexploded shells and learn received formal punishment, although his the secret. This was the high tech of 1944— time in the stockade was not exactly a vaca 1945. tion. If the Captain had given him what was known as a captain's mast (meaning a ship board trial) and a reasonable punishment, it would have been over and done with. FTER the invasion of Okinawa Trying to overdo it with a court-martial was A in April of 1945, the fleet self-defeating. moved closer to Japan, and so did the sup During our long stay at Eniwetok, we ply ships. We were ordered to raise anchor 31 The supply ships at anchor in Ulithi lagoon, 1945. and head westward for Ulithi, an atoll in and by this time most of their aircraft car the Caroline Islands, a thousand miles riers had been sunk. closer to Japan. This vital supply and stag Our orders directed us to leave Eniwetok ing base for the final campaigns of the war in company with two huge tankers. As sen had been quietly acquired by the Navy in ior officer, our Captain was to be in com September of 1944. It lay only 1,500 miles mand of the convoy. We were all set to sail from Japan. Like Eniwetok, Ulithi resem out of the lagoon. The Captain had set the bled a huge, placid lake completely sur time for departure. The only problem was, rounded by coral reefs, except for a small we couldn't get our engine started. I was entrance protected by a submarine net. on the flying bridge with the Captain, the The vast anchorage could hold hundreds officer of the deck, and the helmsman. We of ships. It was another perfect floating sup had been at anchor for months and had ply base as long as we controlled the sea not run our main engine for some time, and air. There was no way submarines or and moisture had evidently condensed in surface vessels could reach the defenseless the fuel line. 1 have no idea why this wasn't supply ships except through the submarine anticipated, but it wasn't. Soon the Captain nets, and this would alert the defense. Of was waving his arms, screaming and holler course, aircraft could get to us, but it was a ing at Don Miller, our mild engineering long way from the nearest Japanese base, officer, and Don was running up and down 32 Rest and recreation on Mogmog, 1945. Recreation officer Hayes is second from the left. the ladder from the engine room to the the officer of the deck gave the order, bridge and back again, each time assuring "Hard right," and our helmsman gave the the Captain that we were about to start. wheel a hard left. The two outside ships Finally the diesel engine turned over, the turned smartly to the right; we went left. ship moved, and the Captain practically The distance between the three ships guar collapsed in his chair with relief. The two anteed that there would be no collision, so tankers were already some distance ahead we were in no danger of sinking. But I of us, but they waited for us to catch up. didn't want to see the effect on the Cap Soon we were steaming in line abreast, a tain's ego, so I left the bridge at once. I considerable distance apart, with the AK- don't know what happened after that, but 160 in the middle and a tanker on each 1 do recall there was not much conversa side. Everything was just fine. Then, for rea tion in the wardroom during the evening sons of his own, the Captain decided to meal. order a kind of zig-zag maneuver used by We did make it to Ulithi, where we actu convoys to confuse submarines. At a given ally found south sea islands with coconut signal, all three ships were to make a smart trees. One of these low-lying sand piles with turn to starboard. The procedure was to be coconut trees was Mogmog, our recreation executed by means of a countdown with a island. It had a few ball fields, horseshoe stopwatch; the Captain counted the time. pits, about sixty acres of solid land where 33 X. Two cans on Mogmog, mix-and-match beer and coke. we could wander, and a few shelters where cold beer and coke. The ration was two hundreds, sometimes thousands of off-duty cans—two beers, two cokes, or one of sailors could just sit and relax in the shade. each—to each sailor. To get back at me for (In a book published long after the war, I not standing a deck watch and for resisting saw Mogmog described as resembling "a his authority, the Exec made me recreadon sandwich discarded near an antheap.") officer. My duty was to chaperon groups of From the island facility, we could also get enlisted men to Mogmog for a day, and 34 Heading for Mogmog on an LCM. more or less be responsible for their behav reation trips to Mogmog would then be sus ior. It was a vexing task. I cannot explain pended, and all enlisted men would be how sailors managed to get roaring drunk restricted to the ship until the Captain fig and unruly on a ration of two beers, but ured they had been adequately punished. they found ways to fiddle the regulations. Booze and sailors had a strange relation We would always be in some kind of trouble ship. Sailors liked it, would do almost any by the time we returned to the ship. Rec thing to get it, and would then get into 35 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OE HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 trouble up to their necks. I was warned by was not averse to having a good time, and my mentor aboard the Antaeus, Bill Gray, on this particular afternoon he was clearly that if there were liquor aboard, the sailors the worse for wear. would find it. (The Antaeus occasionally As our small boat pulled alongside. Ski carried liquor as cargo, generally for an reached for the Chinese ladder and tried overseas officers' club.) If it was locked in to step on one of the rungs at the same a cage of heavy wire mesh, somebody would time. He missed both, fell into the ocean, cut the wire; if it was locked in a storeroom, and went straight down, feet first. I was they would either pick the lock or break it. directly above him, and I could see him This is why I didn't want even the standard going down so far that I became con commissioning allowance of a five-gallon cerned. Suddenly he started up, surpris container of grain alcohol aboard. The ingly fast. When he hit the surface, he shot other officers somehow knew this, too—it about three feet out of the water, grabbed was the reason I could not find anyone to the ladder, and climbed aboard the ship, assume responsibility for it. I was lucky. By cold sober. 1 have rarely seen such aplomb. keeping it a secret and by locking it in the It almost looked as if he had planned it that clothes locker in my room, the crew was way. never able to get at it. Of course, liquor represented a tempta tion for officers as well as enlisted men. At jN ANOTHER occasion. Bill Mogmog there was an officers' club where o Gorski and I shared a no less mixed drinks were available. For many of memorable, but far less congenial, after us it represented the only fun in the Pacific. noon at Ulithi. I had been on some kind of It wasn't unusual to have a few officers mission away from the ship, and when I return to the ship from the island feeling returned, I stepped on board and saluted no pain, but generally this was not a real the officer of the deck, who happened to problem—it was just part of being lonely, be Bill Gorski. (This duty rotated among bored, and far from home. I vividly recall the various officers.) Before I could get my one afternoon when I was on the open bearings. Ski said, "Take over for me for a deck on the fantail where we had a Chinese few minutes," and disappeared. One thing ladder (a rope ladder with wooden rungs) aboard the AK-160 I did not want to be was hanging along the side of the ship down to officer of the deck. The responsibility the water. It was used sometimes by the scared me. I was a supply officer, and 1 crew returning to the ship in our small knew my job pretty well; but I was not really boat. It swayed treacherously when you a sailor. I had only a vague idea of what I climbed it, and I never really mastered the was supposed to do, and no experience knack. Our boat from Mogmog whatsoever. I knew only that the officer of approached the stern of the ship with our the deck was the Captain of the ship while ammunition officer. Bill Gorski, standing he had the duty, and that even our Captain, in the bow. Like my first boss aboard the to overrule the OD, would first have to Antaeus, Ski was a mustang, though he was state, "I relieve you, sir." But there I stood a far better officer and man. While we were on the quarterdeck, wondering what next. stationed in California, Ski's wife and Bette I noticed that there was a big LST (Land had become good friends. Ski was Polish, ing Ship, Tank) tied up on our port side, from Salem, Massachusetts. His ambition taking on cargo. It was unusual to have a was to retire and become a lobster fisher ship that size alongside. Most of our issues man. He was street-smart and he knew his could easily be handled by a small boat. At job, but his English was such that he used the moment I didn't give it any thought. I many picturesque words and phrases. He was more concerned about where Gorski 36 An LST (Landing Ship, Tank) of the same type that caught fire next to was, and when he was coming back to gone off in the hold of the LST, it wouldn't relieve me. Then, just as I was about to find have mattered where I was—the entire ship a messenger to go looking for Gorski, a would have disappeared, just like at Port flash of flames and black smoke shot out of Chicago. the open hold of the LST. Instantly there I found out later that the LST was taking was turmoil, panic, and fear. Crewmen scat on black powder for a battleship. This pow tered. We all had the same thought: This is der came in five-pound silk bags encased in it, we'll all be blown to hell. large aluminum cylinders about two feet in But it didn't happen. In a few moments diameter and five feet tall. The powder was we all seemed to recover a little. I knew I packed in silk bags because silk burns with couldn't do anything to help, so I walked out leaving an ash; hot ash left in the away from the quarterdeck toward the breech of a gun could set off the next stern of the ship. Somewhat irrationally, I charge prematurely. The black powder was felt that the farther I got away from the packed in aluminum rather than steel cyl explosion, and the more steel bulkheads I inders to eliminate possible static charges. put between myself and the LST, the better Our men would put four of these cylinders off I would be. This, of course, was not true. upright on special ammunition pallets and If it had been a high explosive that had lower them to the deck of the LST. The 37 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 crane operator on the LST (I learned later in 1989, no one can say with certainty what it was the other ship's Captain) then picked caused the explosion in the hold of that up these pallets and lowered them into the LST. hold of his ship. Something went wrong, I have no knowledge of how our Captain and a pallet load was dropped. When it hit reacted to our experience. He was proba the bottom, it went off: that was the flame bly in his compartment and never even and black smoke I saw from the quarter knew about the accident until it was over. deck of our ship. We never found out I do know that he was upset, some time whether one, two, three or all four cylin later, when he heard that the skipper of the ders blew. I didn't know at the time—and LST had recommended some of his men I doubt if many on our ship realized—that (including himself) for a medal. I think black powder is not a high explosive. In any that our Captain was mainly troubled case, that did not mean that we were not in because he had not thought of it, for he grave danger. The heat and flames from clearly would have liked to have had a the accident could have set off a mine or medal himself. Personally, I felt the one of the other instruments of war in the enlisted man who had the presence of hold of the LST—and that would have mind to take our fire hose and drop it in meant curtains for all of us. the hold of the LST deserved some special Part of the operational procedure recognition; I also liked the sailor who aboard our ship was to have three-inch fire chopped the LST adrift. Only Bill Gorski hoses at the ready, pumping saltwater full and I ever knew that I was technically in blast over the side as soon as we opened charge of the ship in her supreme moment our cargo hatches. The moment the smoke of peril. erupted, one of our sailors took a fire line Looking back on this incident—it could and dropped it in the hold of the LST. This not have lasted more than twenty cooled down the area of the explosion and minutes—I often tried to find some kind of probably prevented a major disaster— larger meaning in it. Something had gone maybe, maybe not. Another member of wrong; for a brief moment I really believed our crew took a fire ax and started chop that we were going to die. Then it was over, ping the lines holding the LST alongside. and I went back to my shipboard job, keep (I understand that their Captain protested, ing track of uniforms and foodstuffs and claiming he could not get new lines.) Any payroll, just like a Main Street merchant. way, we cut them adrift. We wanted to get There I was, the elite of the Navy's elite: as far away from them as possible. Since we one of ninety midshipmen selected from a were anchored and did not have our class of .3,000 at Columbia ("cream of the engines running, we had to wait for the Navy supply corps," they called us), sent at LST to drift away. By the time they had considerable expense to a special school at drifted a couple of hundred yards, we had Harvard, there to be trained for a year in gathered our wits and taken inventory. No the middle of the war, graduating with hon one was injured on our ship, and there was ors, and finally—while thousands of others no big bang. were manning warships or piloting aircraft We never knew what set off the black or fighting in foxholes all over Europe and powder. Gorski told me later that he had Asia—to end up on a converted cargo ves bulletins indicating that there was evidence sel so lowly it was not even designated an of defective black powder in the .supply ammunition ship! Add to this our loony chain, but I never understood what "defec Captain and his overbearing Exec—there tive" powder meant. To this day, just like was plenty of irony in this, and it gave me the batdeship Iowa which suffered a terri something to ponder during those long, ble black-powder accident in a gun turret hot nights at Ulithi. 38 HAYES: ON THE ROAD TO TOKIO EING responsible for food We were underway only a short time B'aboar d a ship in wartime is a when the Exec, up to his u.sual troublemak- no-win situation, and especially so if it is for ing, began to pressure the cook about the a large group as diverse as our crew. We food. The food preparation equipment had fellows from all parts of the country, and range stove installed on the ship were many accustomed to distinctive diets and reasonably good. However, there was no dishes. Once, after we had been at sea for equipment for baking, so our cook, who a number of weeks, a group of "good old also had to be the baker, improvised and southern boys" came to me and asked if we came up with very good rolls and bread. could have some southern dishes for a The week's menu (bill of fare) was made change. I said it might be possible and up each Monday for the week. The cook asked them what they had in mind. Black- generally prepared it with my help, because eyed peas and ham hocks was their reply. I I could tell him what we had available. One had to explain that black-eyed peas and additional limiting factor was that our fro ham hocks were just not in the Navy's chain zen beef came in units. Out of ten cases of of supplies, but I'm not sure they accepted frozen beef, we had two cases of steaks, four my reason. The men had very fixed ideas cases of hamburger, and four cases of stew about what was edible and what was not. ing and boiling meaL We had to plan our One time, for example, an Australian meals to utilize beef in this percentage or reefer (a refrigeration ship) came into our we would end up with only cases of stewing anchorage and 1 discovered they carried and boiling meat. The weekly bill of fare frozen lamb carcasses. Lamb chops and leg had to be approved, first by the Exec and of lamb roast is a favorite of mine, and I then by the Captain. After it was all set, it thought the crew should enjoy a break was posted on a bulletin board in the mess from frozen beef and ham. I traded for the hall and on the door of the wardroom. Of lamb, which was served at the evening course, having authority over the bill of meal. After dinner, I made a special point fare, the Exec had another opportunity to to ask some of the enlisted men what they work his devilment. The only kind of pota thought of it. They looked at me in a sur toes he liked were mashed, so he would prise and said, "We thought it was goat so change all the spuds to mashed. The Cap we threw it over the side." tain did not favor mashed potatoes; he pre ferred variety, as we originally had them, so No matter what the meat, or the method when the bill of fare reached him, he of preparation, the spices, flavors, or what would change them all back. Time after ever, all meals prepared for 125 men begin time, when food was served, the Exec to taste alike. We were lucky to have as would look at me, jump up, and check the much variety as we did. In the South bill of fare. I knew he was mumbling to Pacific, where it is hot and humid, all we himself when he found the Captain had had was frozen meats, canned meats, overruled him. canned fruits, canned vegetables, and fresh potatoes. (As long as they lasted—then the However, the Exec's constant verbal dehydrated variety.) Just before we left the abuse of the cook led to the cook's gradu States, we had built a rack on the fantail to ally giving up; the food finally got so bad I store potatoes. The wooden crates they had to do something. There was a person came in had open areas that allowed the nel ship in the anchorage, so I paid it a visit air to circulate around the individual pota to see if I could beg another cook. This ship toes. This kept them from spoiling and was a strange setup. It was manned by Coast made it possible to have fresh potatoes Guard officers and crew, but was a Navy long after all the other fresh vegetables and personnel ship. (I thought it must have fruit had disappeared. been a surprise to some patriotic young 39 Bill Hayes (center) with the replacement cook (right) on Mogmog, 1945. American who joined the Coast Guard small waist. Of course, I didn't choose him expecting he would guard the coast and for his looks; I took him because he seemed then ending up six thousand miles away in easy-going and was big enough to maybe Ulithi.) Anyway, an extra cook was in excess intimidate the Exec. The new cook was of our ship's allowance, and I expected to kind of a hillbilly; he could barely read and be turned down. write, and even making out the bill of fare Instead, the people on the personnel was a chore for him. He may have had a ship were very cooperative and even touch of Cajun in him, too, because he offered me a choice. The entire process liked to cook on the spicy-hot side. The reminded me of the way they used to officers and crew who preferred bland food describe slave auctions in history books. I had troubles once in a while. (I came from selected a tall southern boy who reminded central Illinois where hot chili is a favorite, me of Li'l Abner: big shoulders and arms. so no food could be too hot or too spicy 40 HAYES: ON THE ROAD TO TOKIO for me.) The new cook liked his job and Reserve Bank. Like everything else in the was enthusiastic enough to breathe some Navy, it was complicated. (We always new life into our limited menu. The Exec claimed there was a right way, a wrong way, let up, and from then on we managed rea and a Navy way.) I had been issued a stan sonably well. Our old cook could now con dard money box. It was black, about twelve centrate on baking. He liked baking, and inches high, twelve wide, and eighteen he did a good job. His bread was one of the long: plenty large to hold the cash needs few good things about life at Ulithi. of the AK-160. Its top was hinged; it had a Now and then a small patrol craft (PC) lock of some kind; the handle on the would stop by for help of one kind or money box resembled a suitcase handle, another. The Navy sent these small ships with a cord looped through it so that you out on their own, sometimes for weeks, and could twist the cord around your wrist and because they did not have the storage facil have a tight hold on the handle. Anyone ities for such extended trips they would run taking the box from me would have to take out of food, or at least a balance of food. my wrist, hand, and arm as well. When we The one item they all wanted was canned traveled over water, we were required to milk. Without milk, they began to have a have a cord as long as the sea was deep, calcium problem, and their teeth would be with one end attached securely to the han affected. Once in our anchorage, they dle of the box and the other to a float. could get canned milk from a provision (This sounds rather silly, considering the ship, but they didn't know this, so we always depth of the Pacific Ocean, but there had gave them a few cases to help them out been instances where dishonest disbursing until they could find a provision ship. I officers had stolen money, then claimed made it a point to invite the crew of the they lost it overboard. We were encouraged patrol craft aboard. I knew this would be to believe that the Navy prison at Leaven good for our men. Our bread and rolls worth, Kansas, was full of disbursing offi always got to them. They had no baking cers who tried to beat the system.) In addi facilities and no baker. Bread was a special tion to all this, I was required to have an treat. I always saw to it that they were given armed guard. One of my storekeepers huge chunks to eat while talking to our would strap on a belt with a holster and a crew. WTien our men saw them enjoying .45 pistol, if any of them had training with simple chunks of home-baked bread as if it a .45, it was not while they were on the AK- were something special, and found out 160. I took a very negative approach to the what food was like aboard a PC, there .45. I felt getting out of a Navy truck in wasn't as much grousing for a while. front of a bank, carrying a money box with an armed enlisted man, was like advertising to a crook that I would soon be out with a wad of cash. NOTHER hat 1 wore was that of The bank would always give us new A disbursing officer for the AK- money in bundles. It was not practical to 160. As such, I was responsible for paying count so much money bill by bill. We would the officers and men, so there had to be a count a few packages, then check the first way for me to get cash. I had to do this and last serial numbers in the remaining before we left the States. I had blank Treas packages. We never discovered a shortage. ury warrants or checks that were numbered Aboard .ship, at sea, the money would cir and assigned to me, and I had a $100,000 culate. We would pay the crew, and the checking account with the U.S. Treasury. only place they could spend it was in the When I needed money, I would cash a ship's store for candy, toothpaste, ciga check for the amount I needed at a Federal rettes, or clothing and small stores—shirts. 41 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OE HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 underwear, and so forth. In due course we Food was a different situation. We were would receive the money from the two charged for the food that we received. We stores and prepare returns, so then we had could use the food in any way or any com the cash back. The only money I ever with bination that we wanted. However, we had drew from circulation were some bills that a money food allowance for each man— went through our shipboard laundry in something like $1.85 per man per day. If someone's pocket Evidently saltwater and we had a hundred men, our total daily soap caused the green bills to turn allowance would be $185. We were orange—never knew this could happen, expected not to go over this, but at the but it did. same time, not to be under it by much. We made out quarterly returns for all There would be no problem if we could be accountable items—money, ship's store, right on it. Returns were prepared quar clothing and small stores, and food. The terly. returns consisted of all the documents nec After the documents for the returns were essary to prove we had managed all these prepared, each set was tied up as a unit transactions in a legal, businesslike man using a flat cloth red tape about a quarter- ner. When we paid the crew, we received a inch wide (hence the expression "red signed pay chit from each sailor that he tape"). The packet of documents was then had received the amount we reported he boxed and mailed to the Navy Bureau of had. I generally had two storekeepers with Supplies and Accounts in Washington. The me in the pay line; the first would take the Navy gave them a preliminary audit to pay chit and tell me how much was on it. I determine if everything was done accord would count out the cash and give it to the ing to Hoyle. If everything was okay, second storekeeper, and he would recount months after we sent in the returns we the money in the presence of the crew would receive a report stating that our member being paid. We found this proce returns for a given period were settled. dure prevented errors. If, in balancing the However, this was only the Navy's audit. cash, there was a shortage, the regulations The General Accounting Office did not said I personally had to make it up; if there accept the Navy's word; the returns were was an overage, the regulations said I was then forwarded to the GAO for a final to turn it back to the Navy. I never had audit. If you received a notice from the either. GAO, then you knew you were off the The issuing ship or supply depot would hook. charge us on an invoice for all items of ship Mistakes discovered by these auditors clothing and ship's store. These items had were charged directly to the officer to be watched carefully when they were involved. I don't know of any of my class brought aboard. We had to use a working mates having a problem with deficiencies, party to pass each case down to our store but I'm sure it happened. I recall that, rooms. If we didn't have a storekeeper some years after the war. Congress passed watching every inch of the way, it would be a general amnesty so that, unless outright very easy for a case of candy or cigarettes fraud was involved, no military .supply offi or some other desirable item to disappear. cer had to pay back money to the govern The only item we ever lost was a case of 36'' ment. navy shorts. There were only a couple of Aboard ship we had a medium-sized, our fellows who needed that size. I suspect heavy-duty combination safe in the supply that whoever stole the case didn't realize office. I kept all the money, my returns, the he had run off with a large size, and just pay records, and all the other valuable dropped it over the side when he found out papers in this safe. Our instructions were: he couldn't use 144 pairs of size 36 shorts. Don't write the combination down, don't 42 Reluming to (/»e Autauga on an LCM with a load of stores. use your birthday, and above all, don't for who served his food and kept his living get the combination. Imagine not being quarters clean were in my department; all able to pay the crew because you could not these were weapons, and I was surprised at open the safe. Even the destruction of the how effective they could be. It happened ship did not relieve the supply officer of the before we left the States. I went to the Exec responsibility for the money. The first com for a working party to get some fresh food mandment was, don't leave the money from the local Supply Depot. He stalled me aboard the ship. I sometimes wondered by saying he couldn't find any men who whether disbursing officers on those war were available. In frustration, I said, it's ships sunk off Guadalcanal earlier in the okay: we're low on these food items and I'd war had risked their lives saving the payroll like to load up before we leave the States, as seawater rushed into the supply office. but if the men are doing more important One nice thing about all my various things, we'll have to do without—besides, I assignments was that they gave me a way of have some things I need to do in the supply retaliating in my ongoing battle with the office. Within ten minutes the working Exec, if I wanted to take the time and party was in my office, ready to go. The effort. I kept his pay record, I signed his Exec did not become a friend, but he never pay checks, I was responsible for the prep again harassed me about assembling a aration of his food; the stewards' mates working party for food. 43 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 MENTIONED that the small invited guests, not interlopers. The living I boats aboard ship were inade quarters of the ship were spotlessly clean, quate for our traveling around the huge and officers and crew seemed to get along anchorages at Eniwetok and Ulithi. together very well. It surprised me when we Because of our cargo of ammunition, we were given a menu before each meal. We were anchored as far away from the head actually had a choice of a couple of main quarters ship and island as it was possible dishes—much more elegant than the AK- to be. Since I had to run most of the 160. We began to like it where we were and errands for the ship, I was the one most we were in no hurry for the storm to end. affected. We were constantly trying to get We were there for three days, and one of an LCVP or LCM assigned to the ship; the things I remember was their saying they either one of these boxy utility boats would had figured out that they could sit where have suited us, but the boat pool did not they were for 165 years if they didn't have always have one for us. After all, they were to open a hatch—that was how long it landing craft, and if our invasion force would take them to eat up their own cargo. needed them, that's where they were sent. While we rode out the storm, big But I had to have one or the other when I changes occurred aboard the Autauga. Our went to a provision ship for food; our own Captain was transferred to command of a boats were just too small. huge tanker—a ship much more fitting, I went on these trips many times, and I with his three stripes and scrambled egg on recall only once when the weather turned his hat. He was much happier. One day not bad enough to be dangerous. It turned out long after he departed I stopped by for a to be much like our adventure in the fog short visit, and he was like a kid with a new in California. I was out with a working party toy, and more friendly to me than he had of five or six sailors when the wind rose and ever been on the AK-160. My old friend, the sea became disturbed, so we headed for the Exec, then became our new Captain. the nearest ship and tied up to the gang By this time we had hammered out a work way. The squall soon turned into a good- ing arrangement between us: he now had sized storm, and we ended up as uninvited more responsibility, and I had my work to guests for a few days. do. As long as I did it, he had enough sense Our haven was a big, beautiful merchant to leave me alone. In fact, there were times vessel. It looked new, and I think this was when he almost became chummy. He her first mission. It was loaded with dry served as Captain until the war was over stores, canned foods, flour, cereal, any and he was relieved. (He was one of the foods that did not require refrigeration. first officers to have enough points for dis (These are things a supply officer notices.) charge, so he left us.) I remember him They told us they had been sitting there for walking down the gangway to the LCM some time waiting their turn to be an issue which was to whisk him back to civilian life. ship. As soon as one ship was empty, it He had tears in his eyes, but I don't think would be sent back to Pearl Harbor, and all there were many on board who felt the the ships coming into the anchorage would same way about him. Some of the enlisted be assigned to draw food from the next one men commented that they were looking in line. The crew was surprisingly small for forward to a reunion when they could tell such a large vessel, but then the merchant him what they thought. marine operated with far less people A buddy then became our Captain. Jim because their mission was different. I don't Faulkner had an artistic temperament, recall that this ship even had a Navy armed meaning he was interested in all the arts, guard. I ate with the officers in the ward but especially poetry, music, and the thea room, where we were made to feel like ter. He had been the gunnery officer on a 44 V*MW The Executive Officer (farthest forward, facing the camera) departing f/j^ Autauga for good. ship that mounted one 3-inch gun on the help in commanding a ship. However, our fantail, and maybe a couple of 20mm anti new Captain didn't let small things like that aircraft guns, and a few .45 pistols and disturb him. After all, he had a lot of help, rifles. So he really didn't have all that much and the ship had operated okay before he to do. He was qualified because he was the became CO, so he just didn't shake things most senior line officer aboard. This didn't up. mean he had sterling qualifications, but he was probably as well equipped as any other of our officers aboard ship at a fime when the Navy was forced to discharge its most WERE sdll at Ulithi when experienced officers and men. An actor's the war ended. We received temperament was not a qualification for w. the news of the big bomb and the destruc being a naval officer, and it certainly didn't tion of the two Japanese cities with great 45 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 jubilation. To us, it simply meant victory. time: all of this convinced me that central At the time, I did not hear any crew mem Illinois had not prepared my body to fight bers mention the terrible cost in Japanese off the horrible things that lived in tropical lives. The Japanese were our enemies. They oceans. (I did find an ointment that our had started war with the sneak attack on pharmacist gave me that did a good job on Pearl Harbor that alone had cost more the ringworm, but the guys who caughtjun- than three thousand men and a big part of gle rot or developed some exotic fungus in our Pacific Fleet. They were treacherous their ears were in danger of having it all and deserved what they got. We knew that their lives.) our troops were being prepared for the We became impatient sitting there doing invasion of the Japanese home islands. We nothing. Even the recreational delights of knew all about the kamikazes off Okinawa Mogmog began to pall. The war was over, and the fanatical fighting to the death on and we wanted to go home. I'm not so sure every island we had invaded. We were sure that the Navy, knowing what we were the Japanese would be even more suicidal loaded with, was just as glad to leave us in defending their sacred homeland and where we were. But at last word arrived: we their Emperor. The projected toll in Amer were to go to Whidbey Island, off the U.S. ican lives was staggering, so we were greatly coast near Seattle and Everett, Washington. relieved and looked upon the bomb as sav Everyone was galvanized into action; our ing lives, which it did—American lives and crew went below and shored up our cargo Japanese lives, too. in record time. Because we were leaving for Now and then, after the fighting ended the States, we received a few passengers. in mid-August of 1945, a Japanese warship One was a full Commander and a graduate would enter our anchorage. Most were of Annapolis. I was glad he was on board, about the size of a destroyer or smaller. because I knew how hastily we had lashed They all had canvas awnings stretched over things down in the hold, and I figured if their deck areas about three feet high, and any of our lethal cargo broke loose, we we could see sailors squatting under the would need his expertise to survive. As it awnings eating from bowls. Most of us had turned out, the cargo did not break loose, never seen "the enemy" before, so they and the Academy graduate proved quite were objects of curiosity; they didn't look useless in our hour of need. particularly frightening, and they were I'm not sure how many days we were out probably as glad as we were that it was all of Ulithi when we encountered the fringes over. I suppose they had come in to surren of a great typhoon. Strangely, 1 do not der and to get some decent food. We recall any rain with the wind; in fact, much noticed that they didn't wear much cloth of the time it was actually sunny. But I know ing in this heat. Maybe they were smarter that for days we did not dare go out on the than we were. open deck. When I looked out one of the The end of the war meant that we had forward ports, it seemed to me as if we were more time to do nothing. Some fellows constantly climbing a mountain of water. It would swim off the ship; sometimes they was strange: we never seemed to be sliding would use an island beach. I never swam in down into the trough of a wave; we were the ocean. The jellyfish 1 saw floating in the always climbing. We knew we were on the lagoon, sometimes by the hundreds; the verge of serious trouble, but there was queer things Baldwin caught; thejungle rot nothing we could do except maintain I saw on some fellows; plus the fact that my power and keep our bow into the wind. skin was so sensitive I would get ringworm Captain Jim did not inspire confidence on my arms from the saltwater spray caused during the storm. He would sit for hours in by the small boats I was on so much of the the enclosed bridge, staring at the roll 46 HAYES: ON THE ROAD TO TOKIO meter, almost mesmerized by it. Actually, been blown away. Captain Jim took the tat nobody needed a roll meter to realize that tered remains, saying that he was going to the ship was rolling excessively. Sometimes keep it with him the rest of his life. When when I was in my bunk trying to get a little ever he encountered difficult times, he rest, I could feel the ship rolling—slowly, would pull out what was leftof the AK-160's agonizingly, to one side or the other—until flag to remind him what a tough spot really you began to feel that it had gone so far is. over that it couldn't come back. At about All this time we were chugging across the that moment, just as terror was setting in, Pacific, headed for the Strait of Juan de the ship would pause in its roll. You won Fuca, between Vancouver and the north dered what was going to happen next. western tip of the state of Washington, six Then, just as slowly, it would begin rolling thousand miles from Ulithi, or thirty days back to the other side, to give you the very at nine knots per hour. same thrill. (It is hard to believe, but dur ing all this time, our Annapolis graduate slept like a babe.) If any of that stuff in our 'NOWING that we were on our hold had broken loose, I'm sure it would K^way , my wife Bette and Betty have been goodbye AK-160.1 kept thinking Gorski had contacted various Navy offices, of those three tin cans that were lost in a the Red Cross, and other special agencies killer typhoon in the Philippine Sea in set up to help families of returning service December of 1944. The destroyers Hull, men. Our destination, as provided by these Monaghan, and Spence had rolled over so agencies, varied from Alaska to Los Ange far—more than 70 degrees—that the rag les, but our wives finally accepted the idea ing sea poured down their funnels, extin that we were headed for an anchorage off guishing their boilers and shorting out an island in the general vicinity of Seattle. their electrical systems. They had then cap Our time of arrival was uncertain; even we sized with the loss of hundreds of lives. didn't know that. They then recontacted all They were older destroyers, to be sure, but these agencies, leaving with them what they had gone through combat and a great became the most famous and most deal of bad weather in their days, only to repeated message in the history of the AK- founder in the giant typhoon. To make 160. It was simple: "TO BILL AND BILL. matters worse for my stress, I had earlier WE ARE AT THE BEN FRANKLIN. BETTE overheard part of a conversation our engi AND BETTY." As soon as we entered the neering officer had with Captain Jim con Strait of Juan de Fuca, Navy stations started cerning one cylinder of the engine—how flashing this signal at us. The Coast Guard it needed repair and would have to be shut sent out a special boat which came along down to service it. I figured if we lost head side and tossed a scroll aboard. Sure way in this sea, we would suffer the fate of enough, it read: "To Bill and Bill. We are the three destroyers. (What our engineer at the Ben Franklin. Bette and Betty." was actually saying, I learned later, was that he would cut out the one cylinder, keep the As soon as I could get off the ship, I went engine running on the three remaining to the Ben Franklin Hotel. But our long- cylinders, repair the fourth, then cut it delayed reunion did not go exactly as Bette back in again when the repair was done. had planned. To surprise me, she was wait This is what he did, and we finally outran ing at the elevator on the fourth floor, full the typhoon.) of romantic expectations. When the door opened—or so she claims—I was so busy By the time we were able to walk on the trying to make out with the sexy young ele open deck again, all that was left of Old vator operator that I didn't even notice her Glory was the field of stars—the stripes had standing there. In fact, I was simply being 47 Bette and Bill Hayes (Tabbing on Whidbey Island, Washington, late 1945. friendly, as I was able to explain after a few long. In our search for lower-priced hou,s- harrowing hours. ing we found a place called Sunset Beach, It was around Thanksgiving. We had in Langley on Whidbey Island. It consisted been in the tropics for a year and a half, of a number of small cottages by the water's and even the mild Seattle winter was diffi edge, cheaply built of plywood for summer cult to adjust to. In any case, we couldn't rental to tourists and fishermen who didn't afford to stay at the Ben Franklin for very mind roughing it Our "plywood manor" 48 HAYES: ON THE ROAD TO TOKIO was flimsy and a little drafty, but it was ade typhoon on an ammunition ship and was quate for us, and the price was right. Even about to be lost on a ferry boat between at high tide, we could step out the back Mukilteo and Crown Point, Washington! door onto a sandy beach with the gray That ride across the strait was the scariest ocean beyond. hour I have ever spent on water, even This area was the home of the Pacific including the day the LST caught fire crab, and we soon found that we could alongside us. We did finally make our way catch our own. We borrowed hip boots to the slip at Crown Point. Gratefully, eve from the ship and somehow got some long- ryone piled into the bus and drove off; it handled dip nets. When the tide was out, was still a terrible night, but at least we were we would wade out twenty or thirty feet into no longer on water. When I arrived at Free- water up to our knees. At night we had a land where our ship's boat was to be, of light, and by walking from the water toward course, there was no boat. In fact, at first the beach we would be behind the crabs. glance there was nothing but the old, With our light we could spot them on the empty icehouse. I was not anxious to spend bottom. They were quick, and you had just the night in a deserted building, so I one chance with your net. We already had looked around some. On the beach, high our pot of water boiling on the stove, and and dry, was an ancient fishing boat, and as fast as we caught the crabs, we cooked inside was an old duffer with a portable them. We generally made a beach party of light and some kind of a heater to make it it with our friends and neighbors. There comfortable. He invited me to stay with was nothing better than crab dipped in him until daybreak when I expected our melted butter, with crusty bread, maybe a ship's boat. I thanked him, and after listen little green salad, and some ice-cold beer ing to his sea stories for an hour or so, I to wash it down. Many of our crewmen bunked on the floor, using some tattered made our Sunset Beach place a stop-off on old blankets. It was a memorably awful their way back to the ship. night, but the old man's kindness saved it for me. In many respects this was a difficult time. We were out of the war, but still in the As time wore on, more and more of our Navy. Weeks and then months passed and experienced crew members became eligi the Autauga continued to ride at anchor, ble for discharge under the point system the rust stains lengthening on her hull. set up by the Navy. I don't remember the One night I had to return to the ship for details, but the discharge formula was some reason. As I got on the bus, I noticed based on time in service, and something that the wind had begun to pick up. By the like ninety points made you eligible for dis time the bus reached Mukilteo and was charge. For most men, this was auto loaded onto the ferry boat, it was blowing matic—as soon as they had the points, they a gale. The ferry was an old wooden ship were released. If a replacement was not that I was certain had not been built to take available, we had to manage without. We that much weight in that kind of sea. It was lost so many experienced people that we bouncing and bobbing and making unnat began to have trouble operating the ship. urally loud groaning noises. Kids were cry Even Captain Faulkner was discharged, to ing and mothers with frightened looks on be replaced by a genial alcoholic who their faces were clutching their kids in their pretty much left us alone. I had long since arms. At any moment I expected the ferry accumulated enough points to be dis to begin breaking up. Everyone was terri charged, but I was not in the same category fied. It was just too grotesque: I had trav as line officers, who were routinely given eled six thousand miles through a major their discharge orders and were free to 49 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 leave. This was because I had what was beginning of the rainy season in the state termed an accountable job, meaning that I of Washington. continued to be responsible for money that we had aboard, as well as food and ship's stores and clothing and small stores. I had HAD won the war. 1 was a to stay in the service until the Navy found Wccivilia n again, and I was another supply officer relieve me of the going home. I had not earned any medals responsibility for the money and store's or even heard a shot fired in anger, but I items. considered myself a lucky man—luckier by Finally, as I grew ever more tired with far than my brother Charlie, the reluctant this situation, I went to a senior Supply warrior who had been drafted into the Corps officer in the District Office and infantry, and so became a small cog in Gen asked for his help in getting my discharge. eral Patton's Third Army. As a conse He was very understanding, and he wrote quence, Charlie had taken part in one of a letter to someone—I'm not sure if it was the epic campaigns of World War II, a to the district personnel people or to Wash series of what the press liked to call "light ington—and notified them that under law ning thrusts" across France and into the I was entitled to discharge and unless they Nazi heartland. On the night of March 27- assigned me a replacement in thirty days, 28, 1945, Private First Class Charles H. he would have me turn all my money into Hayes was assigned as an engineer guide the District Supply Officer. The Captain of aboard one of a flotilla of tiny assault boats our ship would assume the responsibility launched into the Rhine River at Oppen- for the ship's store, clothing, and food, and heim, just upriver from Mainz, Germany. he would release me. I soon received notice (His company commander later assured that my replacement was on his way. Not Charlie's wife Helen that he was a "willing long thereafter. Ensign Charles E. Boden- and co-operative worker" who had staedt took over the money in my safe: a "stepped forward bravely, thereby giving total of $6,898.78 as of February 23, 1946. confidence to those about him.") Day or Three days later my orders arrived. I was night, even in peacetime, a river crossing is directed by the U.S. Naval Officer Separa a dangerous business; but this one proved tion Center in Seattle to proceed home for well-conceived and brilliantly successful. release from active duty. On March 1, I That night Patton's crack troops breached received $233.22 for transportation mile the German defenses near Mainz in three age from Seattle to the place of my enlist places, and with minimal losses. At Oppen- ment, Scotia, New York. The check was heim, enemy resistance was overcome signed by R. F. McDonald, Lt(SC) USNR, within thirty minutes, and the Americans an old classmate of mine at Harvard. sustained only twenty casualties. But half way across the broad Rhine, Charlie's boat The next day, March 2, 1946, Bette and was raked by a German 20mm antiaircraft I boarded a train for our apartment in gun. Charlie and two other soldiers in his Berkeley, California. It started raining early boat were killed instantly. in the morning and it poured all day, the 50 BOOK REVIEWS God's Empire: William Bell Riley and Midwest liam Jennings Bryan. Inconveniently, it per ern Fundamentalism. By WILLIAM VANCE sists and enjoys sporadic growth. Few mass TROLLINGER, JR. (University of Wisconsin movements in America appear so resilient Press, Madison, 1991. Pp. x, 233. Illustra or inexplicable. Trollinger takes funda tions, notes, bibliography, index. ISBN 0- mentalism seriously in the first comprehen 299-12710-9, $37.50, cloth; ISBN 0-299- sive study of Riley's theological empire. 12714-1, $14.95, paper.) Born on an Indiana farm, Riley matric ulated at Valparaiso University, Hanover William V. Trollinger describes an College, and the Southern Baptist Theo attempt by Unitarian minister L. M. Birk- logical Seminary at Louisville. In 1896 he head and novelist Sinclair Lewis to obtain became minister of the First Baptist an interview with fundamentalist minister Church of Minneapolis and in 1902 he William Bell Riley in order to gather raw founded Northwestern Bible and Mission material for Sinclair's Elmer Gantry. Birk- ary Training School, from which he dis head viewed fundamentalists with the an patched alumni to combat modernism. tipathy of a mongoose toward a cobra. He Feisty, combative, Riley founded the and other liberal theologians kept an open World's Christian Fundamentals Associa mind toward those who agreed with them tion, preached revivals, debated liberals, and considered fundamentalists dunces; and penned several diatribes against mod fundamentalists returned the compliment ernists and Jews. Sternly honest, a crusader by considering liberals infidels. Fundamen against liquor, dancing, gambling, and evo talism has been more frequently carica lution, he was an uncontrite Jew-baiter and tured than described and analyzed by his a believer in a Jewish-Communist conspir torians. Trollinger brings fairness and acy who counted among his allies in the common sense to the study of the funda 1930's Father Charles E. Coughlin, Gerald mentalist-modernist conflict, enlightened B. Winrod, and William Dudley Pelley. by prodigious research. He has written an Northwestern was the gem of his funda engaging account of a significant but ne mentalist empire in the upper Midwest. glected figure in American Protestantism. After Riley's death in 1947 Billy Graham At the end of the 1920's historians pro became president. Northwestern grew, nounced fundamentalism as dead as Wil then split, declined, and closed in 1966. 51 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OE HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 Riley was talented and influential, but also ized quest, translating the Holy Grail into autocratic, bigoted, and intolerant of dis a Pacific trade route. Their actual encoun sident views, feuding not only with mod ter with nature led some of them into a ernists but with fundamentalist allies who humility that recognized the limitations of refused to accept his doctrine or his lead European ways and appreciated the often ership. terrible magnificence of the natural world. God's Empire is more an institutional Their ability to learn from native peoples' study of Riley's work than a biography of adaptations to the environment and to his life; the latter remains a potentially wor affirm the common humanity of Indians thy project. Human interest would be and Europeans marked their attainment of accentuated by more biographical detail harmony. and specific accounts of Riley's tilts with The Lewis and Clark expedition receives modernists, historical perspective by extended treatment as Jeffersonian Amer sharper analysis of the theological issues at ica's moment of fleeting concord with the stake and a description of regional funda wilderness. Barth finds in the language of mentalist variations that would amplify the the explorers' diaries an effort to struggle subtitle. Although this is not the definitive free of limiting categories of perception study of Riley's life, it is the best account to like the "sublime" and "landscape." The date. Social, religious, and midwestern his explorers also treated Indians with more torians will find it enlightening and enjoy compassion and restraint than did Euro able. peans not living on "culture's edge." Finally, Barth sees in nineteenth-century GLEN JEANSONNE park cemeteries, from Mount Auburn in University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Massachusetts to Mountain View in Califor nia, and urban parks, from Central to Golden Gate, still another kind of harmo nization of nature and culture. Like the others, however, these were temporary and Fleeting Moments: Nature and Culture in Amer soon defeated by American greed to pos ican History. By GUNTHER BARTH. (Oxford sess the land. University Press, New York, 1990. Pp. xxii, The accounts of these "fleeting 222. Illustrations, sources, notes, index. moments" are richly detailed. Barth draws ISBN 0-19-506296-5, $29.95.) on many sources, including European writ This essay has a very large subject: "the ers not always accessible to American schol study of the interaction between nature ars. Much of the book's success is due to and culture." Gunther Barth reduces this the effective telling of stories. However, the "awesome task" to more manageable pro interesting details do not always plausibly portions by approaching it through the connect to an argument about American examination of moments of "harmony" nature and culture. The Druidical origin of achieved by Europeans in accommodating the Holy Grail legend is fascinating but their cultural assumptions to the reality of appears here more as testimony to the North American nature. The study opens a author's wide learning than as evidence of path into the larger subject and offers the how Europeans experienced the wilder balancing of nature and culture as "a meas ness. And if a Piranesi print influenced the ure of civilization." design of Pere Lachaise cemetery in Paris, The first of these moments of harmony we do not necessarily learn from this any occurs in the quest for a "wilderness pas thing about the quite different Mount sage" that led conquistadors, voyageurs, and Auburn. fur traders to explore the land mass of Barth's approach is deliberately episodic North America. Europeans were driven and even fragmentary. There are obvious both by greed and by a tradition of ideal conceptual difficulties in using words like 52 BOOK REVIEWS "nature" and "culture," but the author of Indians as humans in "close contact with dismisses the problem of definition. Nei nature," hardly does justice to their diverse ther term has a fixed meaning. He asserts accommodations to nature or the various that, somewhere between destruction of ways they influenced European experi the natural world and surrender to it, there ence. The urban civilization encountered is a quest for harmony that "ought to be by Spain in Meso-America, centered on the recognized as a measure of civilization." great city of Tenochtitlan, gives the lie to He appropriately speaks of the "elusive- any easy categorizing of Indians with ness" of such an ideal. The conceptual nature and Europeans with civilization. It basis for the essay depends upon the cred is a no less disturbing oversimplification ibility of the particular events he describes when applied to North America. and his interpretations of them. This is an interesting and provocative Some of the events touch on Wisconsin's study, always intriguing in its specific sto history. The naming of the land by Euro ries and analyses, never wholly credible or peans was an act of seizure, the imposition precise in its argument. If one cannot easily of culture on nature. This is nicely told in accept an assertion that the "feelings for the very artificial naming of Oregon nature" of the park cemetery founders through a misreading of a French map were "similar to the sentiments of the showing the Wisconsin River, written as Lewis and Clark expedition," the stories "Ouariconsint," hyphenated after "Ouar- Barth tells about both are nonetheless icon," with the last syllable overlooked by engrossing. searchers for a new river in the West. Jean Nicolet and Jonathan Carver also figure in the study, as does Lahontan's Utopian JERROLD C. RODESCH vision of Wisconsin Indians. University of Wisconsin—Green Bay Barth's presentation of the Nicolet story does not add to the book's credibility. He places Nicolet in Green Bay in 1634, searching for the wilderness passage. He Sixty Million Acres: American Veterans and the repeats the well-known but unlikely infer Public Lands Before the Civil War. By JAMES ence that Nicolet's "robe of Chine dam W. OBERLY. (Kent State University Press, ask" is evidence that he expected to Kent, Ohio, 1990. Pp. xii, 222. fllustradons, encounter Chinese, rather than to impress maps, tables, appendixes, notes, bibliogra the Indians to whom he was expressly sent. phy, index. ISBN 0-87338-421-0, $28.00.) The only sources given are the Jesuit Rela tions, which do not date or locate Nicolet's In this well-crafted and engaging book voyage, or mention a commission to find a James Oberly analyzes what he calls the first way to Asia. The school-book version of the federal transfer-payment program: the sys Nicolet story is based on a superstructure tem of bounty land warrants established by of conjecture that Barth does not docu Congress in the 1840's and 1850's to ment or even acknowledge. It is not a reward war veterans with sixty million acres strong foundation for an even more spec of land at practically no immediate cost to ulative interpretation of Nicolet as a exem Uncle Sam. Veterans of "official" wars plar of harmony with nature. against Indians, the British, or Mexico The test for Nicolet as for other explor could receive a warrant entitling them to ers is their understanding of Indians and 40, 80, 120, or 160 acres of public land, acceptance of their common humanity. which sold officially for $1.25 an acre. War This assumes the equation of Indians with rants could be sold to a broker for cash or wilderness, of theircuhure with nature. This applied to the purchase of public land. may be a fair measure of European sensi Most warrantees lived in the East and pre bilities at the time, but Barth's description ferred to cash in their warrants instead of 53 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 moving west. In sum, the warrants com warrant speculators. Furthermore, Ober prised a kind of monetary system that liq ly's examination of warrant sales indicates uidated the government's largest fixed that warrantees by and large acted shrewdly asset at the cost of buying the paper and in choosing when and to whom they would hiring the clerks to administer it. assign their warrants, while land agents in Oberly's research rests largely on a ran the land-boom states of Iowa, Minnesota, dom sample of 2,761 warrants, or .5 per and Wisconsin competed heavily for cus cent of the 550,000-odd warrants issued tomers and for access to suitable parcels. under the 1847, 1850, 1852, and 1855 land Finally, Oberly concludes that the price of warrant acts. The surviving warrant files wheat was a stronger stimulant to demand include rough socioeconomic data on the for land than were either cheaper land warrantees, their families, and their farms. prices under the warrant system or the Oberly uses this sample and a healthy huge supply of available land. range of manuscript sources to reconstruct In the end, Oberly argues, the system the warrant system, from its genesis under successfully implemented Congress's two intense pressure from veterans' lobbies, to main objectives for land policy at midcen- the resulting bounty legislation, through tury: privatizing the public domain and the issuance, sale, assignment, and location encouraging settlement by family farmers. of warrants. Along the way, Oberly exam This is an excellent book, well-researched, ines the larger political, sectional, and eco modest in length and argument, and full nomic significance of the land warrant .sys- of interesting and useful insights into the tem, especially its impact on the history of the public lands and their set distribution of settlers in the Northwest tlers. before the Civil War, the realignment of party platforms on the land question in the PETER KNUPFER 1850's, and the economics of the public Kansas State University land market before the Civil War. The book's great strength is the temper ate, careful judgments it offers. Oberly argues that the land warrant system was an important, but not determining factor in the growing sectional quarrel of the 1850's. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great The movement of settlers into the North West. By WILLIAM CRONON. (W. W. Norton west, which the warrant system encour and Company, New York, 1991. Pp. xxxiii, aged, was part of an established, general 530. Illustrations, maps, graphs, notes, bib population shift away from the South. He liography, index. ISBN 0-393-02921-2, also points out that the warrant system $27.50.) marked a turning point in the evolution of federal land policy, away from relying on William Cronon of Yale University sets the public lands as collateral for the public somewhat ambivalent objectives for his new debt and toward a system of privatizing the book. Nature's Metropolis. He states that it is public domain in response to interest- neither a comprehensive history of Chi group pressures and the demand for cago nor of the Great West. Rather, he resource development. claims to have written an account of the Oberly also disputes the claim of histo relationship between the two in the last rian Paul Gates that the warrant system sub- half of the nineteenth century. He observes sidized speculators who bought up that Chicago played an important role in thousands of warrants from unsuspecting shaping the landscape and economy of the widows and veterans and then sold them at middle of the country and that this circum sky-high prices. The lower price and huge stance cannot be understood without eras supply of nonwarrant land disadvantaged ing false boundaries between city and 54 BOOK REVIEWS country. He takes pains to view the rela party to proclaim Chicago as a great world tionship from a currently politically correct city. environmentalist perspective. Cronon's research is solid. Of special While much of Nature's Metropolis is ren note is his innovative use of Bankrupt Act dered in traditional historical style, some of 1867 records in the National Archives to pretentious phrasing and thought stand illustrate trade patterns. The material out. Thus, meat becomes "animal flesh," obtained from the difficult to research farmers are "Euroamerican farmers," and bankrupt records adds luster to his story. land the "prairie ecosystem." The environ Cronon has also made excellent employ ment is raped and the buffalo are exter ment of the invaluable credit reports for minated in standard fashion: "On the Chicago and the Great West in the Baker farms of Illinois and Iowa, the great tall- Library of Harvard University. Unfortu grass prairies would give way to cornstalks nately, gremlins have sabotaged many oth and wheat fields. The white pines of the erwise useful economic maps. Inside the north woods would become lumber, and cover a map of the American railroad net the forests of the Great Lakes would turn in 1861 clearly shows Kansas City, Kansas, to stumps. The vast herds of bison on which founded more than twenty years later. the Plains Indians had depended for much Some eleven other maps place Kansas City, of their livelihood would die violent deaths Missouri, in Kansas. Such obvious errors and make room for more manageable live should have been caught and corrected. stock." The opening chapter, "Dreaming Taken as a whole, Nature's Metropolis the Metropolis," contains an elementary accomplishes the aims of its author. Cron geography lesson ("Before the city, there on's provocative and innovative study rep was the land"), discounts boosterism resents an important addition to the liter ("Few people read boosters any more"), ature of the urban Midwest. laments the fate of the Indians ("The Poto- watomis finally sold their lands to the LAWRENCE H. LARSEN United States and moved west to prepare University of Missouri, Kansas City for their next encounter with American land hunger"), and attacks frontier histo rian Frederick Jackson Turner who died in 1932 ("Turner averted his own eyes in Medical Malpractice in Nineteenth-Century much the same way when he defined his America: Origins and Legacy. By KENNETH frontier as 'the hither edge of free land.' ALLEN DE VILLE. (New York University The land was not free but taken."). None Press, New York and London, 1990. Pp. xvi, of this adds to what is otherwise a useful 319. Illustrations, appendices, notes, bibli monograph. ography, index. ISBN 0-8147-1832-9, With considerable authority, Cronon $34.95.) delineates the building and shaping of Chi cago's hinterlands in the Great West. He Analyses of contemporary health care shows how Chicago capitalists, after defin frequently invoke the crisis in medical mal ing their goals, used railroads in particular practice litigation. Suits are blamed for the to gain control of truck farming, grain pro rising cost of malpractice insurance, which duction, lumber cutting, and meat pack in turn is blamed for increased physicians' ing. While Cronon appears uncomfortable fees and for driving physicians from prac with the concept of "progress," he dem tice. Moreover, in order to protect them onstrates how Chicago experienced great selves from future suits, it is claimed, phy progress in a short time. In keeping with sicians order unnecessary procedures, also their city's vast success, Chicagoans staged contributing to spiraling costs. Recent a massive celebration, the famous "White attention to the issue has ignored its long City" Exposition, as a sort of coming-out history. 55 WHi(X3) 19867 The Operating room at Dodd Hospital, Ashland, about 1895. De Ville sets out to fill this gap. He views medical writers. For instance, physicians malpractice as a "reflection of social, cul insisted that they were more likely to be tural, and professional trends." In the sued by lower-class and working-class cases he outlines we see examples of patients. De Ville merely accepts the phy patients dissatisfied with their treatments, sicians' contentions. Furthermore, it is intraprofes.sional rivalries played out in the important, as the author does, to point to court room, juries sitting in judgment of the existence of competing medical sects in the town's only physician. De Ville asserts the nineteenth century. But what he does that developments in medical practice, not study carefully is the diversity of social beliefs about the efficacy of contemporary rank, economic class, region, and the like medicrne, and the status of the medical among the so-called "regular" physicians. profession all affected the rate of medical For example, he notes the absence of mal malpractice, as well as gradually shifting practice cases in the South, but never con cultural and community values. Yet, the nects this with the very different style of monograph does not support his theses. medical practice in that region. Also, any Unfortunately De Ville does not place his judicial case involves not just defendants, story in the larger social, cultural, and pro in this case the physician, but also the plain fessional spheres. Nearly all his references tiffs, the lawyers, the judges, the jurists. We are drawn from medical literature and never hear from these people. 56 BOOK REVIEWS The author has uncovered numerous snake (known also as Chainbreaker) lived appellate court cases; and his helpful bib at a crucial point in the Seneca's history. In liography lists 124 of the 216 decisions he a matrilineal society such as the Seneca, the located in the nineteenth century. Yet, of relationship of maternal uncles to nephews these 124, only 29 are from the years 1835 was exceedingly important, and Blacksnake to 1865, the focus of the book. Since the was well connected in that regard. His reader is given no rationale for the selec uncles included Seneca leader Cornplan- tion process, what are we to make of this ter and the prophet Handsome Lake. Too imbalance? young to have been in a position of lead Despite some rich resources, this book is ership during the era of the American Rev a disappointment. Lacking a solid under olution, he was present as an observer or standing of the development of the medi participant in major Seneca diplomatic cal profession and medical practice in the and military actions during the period. nineteenth century and an appreciation of The narrative relates the Seneca's deci their complexities, the analysis is at best sion to join the British during the Ameri incomplete and in places in error. can Revolution, wartime fighting and diplomacy, the Treaty of Fort Stanwix RiMA D. APPLE (1784), and Blacksnake's visit to Philadel University of Wisconsin-Madison phia in 1792 where he met President Wash ington. The memoirs close with his account of the vision of Handsome Lake, which was crucial to the revitalization of the Seneca religion. In the 1830's or Chainbreaker: The Revolutionary War Memoirs 1840's, Blacksnake dictated his memoirs to of Governor Blacksnake As Told to Benjamin Benjamin Williams, a younger Seneca who Williams. Edited by THOMAS S. ABLER. was both bilingual and literate. By provid (University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and ing a first person account of Iroquois and London, 1989. Pp. xvii, 306. Notes, bibli American relations from the Native Amer ography, illustrations, maps, appendices, ican perspective, Blacksnake's story has as irldex. ISBN 0-8032-1446-4, $29.95.) much importance as many other Revolu tionary memoirs that were written with Over 140 years ago, Lyman Draper pur greater fluency. chased the Revolutionary War memoirs of The text left by Williams provides a num Seneca leader Blacksnake for the sum of ber of difficulties. Two variant manuscripts ten dollars, with the promise of another fif survive, both in the Draper Papers, teen when they were finally published. although each contains episodes not found Although Draper eventually paid the addi in the other. After comparing the two texts. tional sum, the text remained unpublished Abler selected the superior copy, com in the Draper Papers at the State Historical bined episodes from the two copies in what Society of Wisconsin. Under the editorship appeared to be proper chronological of anthropologist Thomas S. Abler, the order, and then divided the text into six promise to Blacksnake has finally been chapters. Each chapter is preceded by a kept. lengthy introduction in which Abler pro First-person Native American life vides background and commentary on the accounts are not unusual; at least seven text. Additional information appears in were published by the time Draper footnotes in the back of the volume. acquired the text. As Abler notes. Black- Sample checking of the transcription snake's memoirs are one of the few life his against the original indicates that the work tories in which the amanuensis was also a was done accurately, although there are Native American and a member of the inconsistencies between his statement of same community. Born in 1753, Black editorial method and its execution in the 57 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 use of symbols to denote variant texts. mentary, front matter, footnotes, and ref Abler's rendition of the text follows cur erences. While his comments often provide rent practice in documentary editing by valuable context, they could have been providing a literal transcription of the doc improved by good editing. For instance, ument. In most cases, this approach meets the commentary and footnotes contain gra both the needs of the specialist as well as tuitous comments such as his comparison other researchers. This edition, because of of British subsidization of the Iroquois in the special problems of the text, might the 1770's to jungle fighting in Nicaragua have called for something more. The text and pointless footnotes such as the one is written in what Iroquois scholar Anthony that reads "the Iroquois put on their leg F. C. Wallace calls "very bad reservation gings one leg at a time just like the rest of English." Abler, himself, concedes that the us." narrative is not "elegant or lucid," adding Thomas Abler had a sound idea in ful that "even with the most positive of atti filling Lyman Draper's promise to Black tudes, coping with the text is at times a for snake. It is a pity that an opportunity was midable task." missed to make Blacksnake's words more Given these problems, it is unfortunate accessible. that Abler did not choose a more innova tive editorial method. The memoirs have MICHAEL E. STEVENS been often used by Iroquoian scholars and State Historical Society of Wisconsin have been available in microfilm for many years. Because of the difficult and at times obscure nature of Williams' grammar, spelling, and punctuation, it is unlikely that Campaigning with King: Charles King, Chron anyone but the most dedicated specialists icler of the Old Army. By DON RUSSELL, edited will use this volume. by PAUL L. HEDREN. (University of Indeed, what may have been needed is Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1991. Pp. xiii, 187. something more akin to translation than Illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography. transcription. Using techniques of classi ISBN 0-8032-3877-0, $25.00.) cists, other scholars (such as the editors of the Papers of Woodrow Wilson and the Papers Maj. Gen. Charles King of Milwaukee, of Frederick Douglass) have tried to recover Wisconsin, was an Indian fighter, long-time oral texts that have been mangled by con member of the Wisconsin National Cuard, temporary transcribers. Blacksnake and a distinguished memorialist and nov deserves equal attention from the editor in elist. He played, perhaps, the largest role recovering his original thoughts from Ben of any writer in creating the image of the jamin Williams' clumsy attempt to translate frontier Army for Americans of his own, them into English. Given that the memoirs and through the movies of John Ford, sub take up only 85 of the 293 pages of text. sequent generations. King presents, how Abler could have presented both a mod ever, a major difficulty for any potential ernized version for a larger audience and biographer. He included much autobio a literal transcription as an appendix for graphical material in his novels. The prob the specialist in the same volume. As a lem is how to separate true events from the result, a rare text that has been seen only fiction. The late Don Russell, in a manu by a few scholars might have been made script completed shortly after King's death accessible to a much broader audience. in 1933 but only now published for the first Sufficient room for both versions could time, does not solve this problem success have been made by paring down Abler's fully in what is the first book-length treat lengthy commentary on the text. The 85 ment of King's career. pages of Blacksnake's narrative are dwarfed Russell begins his biography with a beau by Abler's 172 pages of introduction, com tifully evocative scene. Young Charley King 58 BOOK REVIEWS of indeterminate age sits disconsolate in a applaud Hedren's efforts to secure its pub preparatory school for Columbia College lication over forty years after the first of sev- during a geography lesson on the Southern eral rejections by publishers—on the states. By the time Russell finishes, he has grounds of lack of a market rather than brilliantly conveyed a sense of life in ante lack of quality. Hedren has also added a bellum New York and something of the valuable introduction, placing the manu personality and family background of the script in the context of both King's and subject of' this book. Unfortunately, the Russell's lives; a bibliography of King's pub scene is also in some measure a compound lished books; and an essay on King histo of fact and the author's imagination. In a riography since Russell finished the man conversation between Charley's grandfa uscript. Hopefully, Campaigning with King ther and Bvt. Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott, Scott will stimulate a careful scholar to attempt a muses that perhaps the boy should join Dr. full-scale life. Myer stringing telegraph wires in the West, The University of Nebraska Press while Army surgeon Albert J. Myer did deserves high praise for the quality of this conduct signaling experiments in New volume. Mexico beginning in 1860, he used wigwag flags not the telegraph. Myer did not seek EDGAR F. RAINES, JR. to introduce a field telegraph until the fall U. S. Army Center of Military History of 1861, by which time Scott was in Wash Washington, D. C. ington, D.C., and Charles King, no longer a schoolboy, was serving as volunteer orderly to his father, the first commander of the Iron Brigade. Russell's willingness to so freely mix imaginative reconstruction America's Welfare State: From Roosevelt to Rea with fact of necessity casts a pall over the gan. By EDWARD D. BERKOWITZ. (The authenticity of the remainder of the vol Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, ume. 1991. Pp. xix, 216. Note on the sources, This result is unfortunate because the index. ISBN 0-8018-4127-5, $38.95, cloth; book has many strengths. Russell knew ISBN 0-8018-4128-3, $11.95, paper.) King personally and interviewed at length many of his immediate family members Over the years, scholars and students of and associates from the Indian-fighting American social welfare history have come Army. As a consequence. King comes alive to expect good things of Edward Berkowitz. as a personality in a way that the subjects An astute and prolific writer, he has of more scholarly studies often do not. As authored or co-authored several excellent already suggested, Russell can write. He books and numerous articles on the sub describes specific incidents in what can ject, most notably on the role of the private only be characterized as word pictures. sector in forging the American welfare Moreover, he deals with all phases of King's state, on American policies and programs career at some length, although a more for the disabled, and on various aspects of contemporary biographer would probably health insurance and health care delivery give even more emphasis to King's work systems. In this work, a brief interpretive with the National Guard and his role as a account of American social welfare history writer. In many ways Russell's discussion of since the passage of the Social Security Act King the novelist prefigures the whole in 1935, one which draws on his previous genre of the West as symbol and myth. work as well as that of numerous other 'While I cannot wholly agree with editor scholars, he does not disappoint us. It not Paul L. Hedren that Russell's volume is "an only is crammed with useful information eminently reliable and readable life," still and insights but makes a highly compli its merits outweigh its deficiencies, and I cated and controversial topic readily 59 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 understandable to the uninformed as well based, it is surprising that Berkowitz omits as to the more knowledgeable. discussion of the fnatter, at least explicitly. The book is divided into three major sec Readers also may be a bit surprised to dis tions. The first deals with the origins and cover that he is quite sympathetic to history of the Social Security Act and the Richard Nixon's very controversial and ill- many controversies and financial problems fated Family Assistance Plan, blaming its that have plagued it over the years. The sec defeat largely on liberal nit-pickers who did ond delves into the emphasis in America not want Nixon to get credit for good wel on the rehabilitative, as opposed to the pre fare reform. ventive—or the service rather than the This, of course, in no way detracts from income—approach to curing poverty, over the book. On the contrary, it suggests that which there was (and remains) a virtual although this is a slender work on what now consensus despite its obvious failure. And is a widely written-about subject, the author the third part is devoted to questions of takes a fresh look at the material and cer health policy over the past half-century, tainly lets the reader know where he stands especially the passage of Medicare and the on most of the more important issues. lack of universal public health insurance in Whether or not one agrees with him, Amer America, another very heated and pressing ica's Welfare State is a useful work not only matter. In the end, the author draws con for citizens concerned with what continues clusions from the three sections in an to be referred to as the "welfare mess," but attempt to explain why, despite years of for all students of American social welfare effort, so many Americans remain poverty- history and of policymaking in general. stricken and in poor health. Two of the more important themes WALTER I. TRATTNER throughout the work deserve special men University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee tion in this all-too-brief review, for they not only will spark debate but their implica tions go well beyond this work. The first is that more often than not major social wel fare policies, including the Social Security "Half Brother, Half Son:" The Letters of Louis Act and the so-called War on Poverty, were D. Brandeis to Felix Frankfurter. Edited by the work of impartial experts not politi MELVIN I. UROFSKY and DAVID W. LEVY. cians or lawmakers pressured by the public (University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, or by the corporate elite. And the second 1991. Pp. 659. Abbreviations, notes, index. is that expectations and outcomes often ISBN 0-8061-2303-6, .$55.00.) differed; frequently things did not turn out as planned, due, however, not to any con This handsome volume reproduces 671 spiracy but rather the inability of the the letters written by Louis D. Brandeis to Felix oreticians to anticipate many of the Frankfurter between 1910 and 1941. These changes that took place in American life, were culled from the approximately 1,500 whether it be the massive black exodus such letters and notes in the Frankfurter from the South, the increased birthrate, Papers in the Library of Congress. Two the development of the gray lobby, the hundred and thirty-two of the letters were growth of the feminist movement, or what previously published in the editors' five-vol ever. ume Letters of Louis D. Brandeis (1971- Speaking of the latter, given the recent 1978). Virtually all the letters written after literature by feminist scholars, especially January 1, 1930, were not previously avail Linda Gordon's Women, the State, and Wel able; these constitute 271 of the whole. fare (1990), which argues, often convinc Three hundred and seventy-four letters, or ingly, that the Social Security Act, and per over half the total, were written in the haps the entire welfare state, was gender 1920's. As the subdtle of the book indi- 60 BOOK REVU;WS cates, the collection is one-sided: the edi tion about Brandeis' behind-the-scenes tors believe that Frankfurter removed most activities, suggestions for government and of his letters from the Brandeis Papers in law school appointments, and ideas for arti the early 1940's and destroyed them. cles in the press (notably The New Republic). The editors, Melvin I. Urofsky and David Additionally, there are evaluations of fellow W. Levy, are well-equipped for this under Justices (such as William Howard Taft, taking. In addition to their earlier editorial Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, work on Brandeis, both are specialists on Benjamin Cardozo, and Oliver Wendell American progressivism, and Urofsky has Holmes, Jr.), and of Presidents (particu also written books on Brandeis and on larly of interest, Herbert Hoover and American Zionism. Franklin Roosevelt). Moreover, given Bran For the most part, the letters themselves deis' connection to the La Follette family, are not profound. They appear largely to and his daughter Elizabeth's work at the have been dashed off, many consisting University of Wisconsin, there are com essentially of brief enumerated sentences ments on Wisconsin affairs throughout the on disparate subjects. Overall, three broad volume. In 1925 he observed that "It would topics predominate: the state of progres take a ver)' few Wisconsins to make any sive reform, the Zionist movement, and thing hopeful, possible in politics." legal and judicial affairs. Familiar Brandei- The letters are followed by explanatory sian themes are evidenced again and again, editorial notes, some of them quite such as the emphasis on state and local lengthy. It is no derogation of the editors' activity, and the focus on the "curse of big massive labors to point out that a number ness." There is little here that would sur of factual mistakes crept in, most of them prise a historian specializing in the 1920's minor, some perhaps typographical. Such or the New Deal era. Still, there are occa errors appear in notes regarding James sionally some aptly expressed observations Couzens, Glenn Frank, Ramsay MacDon- reflective of the times. In 1924, for exam ald, Herbert Lehman, Douglas MacArthur, ple, Brandeis found it highly discouraging Daniel Roper, Charles Poletti, and W. Aver- "that youth has its eye on the main ell Harriman. chance, ... to the exclusion of other These minor flaws notwithstanding, the things." In 1926 he lamented the sharp volume stands as a tribute to the remarka "retreat in social, political, economic pro ble and multifaceted career ofJustic e Bran gress. ..." With the deepening of the deis—and to the painstaking and dedi Great Depression in 1931, however, he was cated efforts of the editors. hopeful that "Our leaders of business are beginning 'to get theirs.'" THEODORE ROSENOFF The letters also contain much informa Mercy College Book Reviews Abler, Editor, Chainl>reaker: The Revolutionary War Memoirs of Dc Ville, Medical Malpractice in Nineteenth-Century America: Origins Cjovemor Btaclisnake As Tot/i to Benjamin Williams, reviewed by and Legacy, reviewed by Rima Apple 55 Michael E. Stevens .57 Oberly, One Million Acres: American Veterans and the Public Lands Barth, Fleeting Moment.^: Nature and Culture in American History. Before the Civil War, reviewed by Peter Knupfer 53 reviewed by Jerrold C. Rodesch ,52 Russell, Campaigning with King: Charles King, Chronicler of the Old Berkowitz, America's Welfare State: From Roosejiett to Reagan, reviewed Army, reviewed by Edgar F. Raines, Jr ,58 by Walter I. Trattner ,59 Trollinger, Jr., Ciod 's Empire: William Bell Riley and Midwestern Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the (Weat West, reviewed by Fundamentalism, reviewed by Glen Jeansonne ,51 Lawrence H. Larsen 54 Urofsky and Levy, editors, "Half Brother, Half Son:'' The Letters of Louis D. Brandeis to Felix Franlifurter, reviewed by Theodore Rosenof 60 61 Accessions accounts of Indian atrocities collected from survivors of the Mankato Massacre; a Services for microfilming, xeroxing, and photostat photocopied Richards genealogy, 1600- ing all but certain items in its manuscript collections 1902; and other genealogical papers. Col are provided by the Society. lected by Martin V. B. Richards (1840- 1922). Presented by Katherine Smith, Glendale, Ohio. Area Research Center Collections Photocopy of a typescript memoir by Ruth L. Weigel about her lay work in the Eau Claire: Records, 1890-1898, of the Med- First Congregational Church, United ford Brewing Company, Medford, including Church of Christ, La Crosse, ca. 1920- incorporation meeting minutes, stockhold 1983, but mainly 1946-1983. The memoir ers' meeting minutes, articles of incorpo discusses the role of women in the church, ration, and fragmentary financial records; campus ministries, and fundamentalism, presented with records of Taylor County. and includes supplementary correspon Charles C. Spaeth family papers, ca. dence and church documents. Presented 1878-1991, compiled by Grace Spaeth Schnei by Mrs. Weigel, La Crosse. der (1907—) and titled "Memories of a Logging Era," consisting primarily of love Milwaukee: Beth El Congregation booklet letters written by Spaeth to his fiancee, commemorating the building of a new syn 1903-1906, while he worked for a logging agogue titled "Dedication and 20th Anni operation in Owen. He comments on his versary Celebration, 1944-1964." Included work, the effects of alcohol, and social life are photographs of members and a brief in camp and town. Clippings and photo history of the congregation. Presented by graphs accompany the letters. Presented by Nathan A. Barack, Sheboygan. Mrs. Schneider, Junction City, Oregon. Papers, 1933-1976 (mainly 1952-1969), of Hyman Chester, an officer of the Jewish Green Bay: Typescript personal journal, War Veterans of the U.S.A., and an editor 1883-1906, oiAzriel Kanter (1859-1917), a and columnist for the Milwaukee Journal; rabbi who emigrated from Russia in 1892 consisting of membership lists, minutes, and settled in Green Bay, in 1894 where he correspondence, press releases, printed helped found Congregation Guesses Israel. materials, and photographs pertaining to Translated from Yiddish, the journal con the Jewish War Veterans, plus professional tains detailed descriptions of marriage and correspondence and articles, a personal family life, work, religious practices, Rus scrapbook, and certificates and awards. sian anti-Semitism, Ranter's experiences Presented by Ruth Chester, Milwaukee. immigrating to the U.S., and his life in Records, 1934—1937, of the Citizens Law Green Bay. Also included are photocopied and Order League of Milwaukee County, a con photographs and maps, and reminiscences servative anti-communist organization about the Kanter family and Green Bay's founded in 1934 largely in reaction to labor Jewish community by Joe Kanter, grand unrest In addition to pressuring public son, and Dorothy Bein, daughter of Azriel officials to uphold and enforce the laws, and Rose Kanter. Presented by Marion Mil this non-partisan group also urged its mem ler, Green Bay. bership to support anti-sedition legislation and attempted to expose and counter local La Crosse: Family materials, 1600-1982, on Communist organizations and their activi the descendants of Thomas Richards of ties. Included are circular letters, a pam Connecticut including a diary from Martin phlet, a newsletter ('' Calling All Citizens''), Richards' service with the 25th Regiment and a reprint of an article about organized Wisconsin Infantry, 1862-1863, in the labor and violence. Presented by Darryl Sioux wars in Wisconsin and Minnesota; Holter, Milwaukee. 62 ACCESSIONS Records, 1857-1977 (mainly 1910- memorabilia; transferred from the State 1965), of Grand Avenue Congregational Archives. Church, a Milwaukee church founded as the Photocopied scrapbooks, 1921-1988, of Free Congregational Church, later known Howard Weinshel, a leader of the Perhift as the Spring Street Congregational Players (Peretz Hirshbein Folk Theatre), a Church, then, after 1881, as the Grand Ave Yiddish theater company formed in Mil nue Congregational Church. Included are waukee in 1920 as the Young Literary and published histories; newsclippings and Dramatics Society, which in 1931 became photographs; minutes of congregational the Yiddish Drama League, containing pro meetings, the church council, and many grams, clippings, letters, photographs, and governing boards and committees; finan minutes documenting Weinshel's perform cial records; incomplete membership ances and activities with the Perhift Players, records; annual reports; newsletters; bul the Milwaukee Players, and the Center letins; records from church women's Players of the Jewish Community Center of groups and other societies; and informa Milwaukee. Some clippings in Yiddish. Pre tion about participation in area ecumeni sented by Howard Weinshel, Milwaukee. cal activities. Presented by the church via Paul Sprunger. Oshkosh: A genealogy on the descendants, Records, 1916, 1951-1970, of the Inde 1795-1900, of Samuel and Mary Perry who pendent Fruit Dealer's Union Mutual Loan migrated to Dodge County, Wisconsin in Association, Milwaukee, a mutual aid society, 18.58. Included are histories of Burnett and including a 1916 certificate of incorpora Beaver Dam, a genealogy chart, photo tion, a list of shareholders, a ledger noting graphs, and an essay on William Vorhees receipts, disbursements, and loans (1951- Perry, inventor of the Perry Safety Car Cou 1958, 1966-1967), promissory notes pler for freight trains; collected by Earlene (1961-1970), and several member account May Bale Presented by Earlene May Bale, booklets (1959-1965). Many members Bremerton, Washington. were Jewish and this collection forms part of the Wisconsin Jewish Archives. Pre Platteville: Photocopy of a letter written by sented by the Wisconsin Society for Jewish Hugh McNeill of Mmera.1 Point, on February Learning. 19, 1855, to a friend in Kentucky describing Papers, 1952-1985, oiJoseph Shoquist, the his arrival in Wisconsin, farming condi managing editor of the Milwaukee Journal tions, crops (especially wheat), and prices; including some papers of his predecessor, presented by Beverly Worthington, Clin Arville Schaleben, consisting of memo ton, Maryland. randa and correspondence, speeches, and Gravestone inscriptions copied by files concerning news department opera Frances H. Matl from the White Family Cem tions and policies as well as Shoquist's par etery, Monticello Township, Lafayette ticipation in several professional organiza County, including the family names Eddy, tions. Presented by Mr. Shoquist and the Roggenthien, and White. Presented by Milwaukee Journal. Frances H. Matl, Shullsburg. Papers oi Felix T. Smith including a diary Records, 1896-1902, of Modem Woodmen (1931, 1935, 1937-1938) begun while a of America, Sugar River Camp No. 1022 teenager in Milwaukee, describing school (Albany), a fraternal insurance organization and leisure activities, with later entries not that provided social opportunities and ing his work and travels as a merchant sea financial aid to members in need, includ man; letters to family and friends about his ing minutes, preliminary applications for work and feelings; postcards, some show membership, a resolution, and an appeal ing ships on which he served; two letters to for aid; source unknown. his mother from a friend in England, 1940, Photocopy of a transcription of an 1849 mentioning wartime conditions; and work letter from Matthew Willis, a Quaker emi- 63 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OE HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 grant from England with antislavery senti Marion E. Hawkins (1916—), an English ments, who settled near Linden, written to professor at the University of Wisconsin- his nephew Thomas Willis of England. The River Falls, containing personal correspon letter mentions the difficulty of bringing dence; photographs; information on Grace English books into the U.S., problems with Pilgrim Bloom, the oldest graduate of the outgoing mail, American views on slavery, university; lectures given at National Tai the severity of Wisconsin winters, and wan Normal University; and extensive aspects of agriculture in Wisconsin. Also travel journals from trips to Europe and included is a photocopy of the original let Taiwan, 1969-1984; presented by Dr. Haw ter and a map. Presented by Penny Ward, kins, St. Paul, Minnesota. (Restricted: Lit San Diego, California, 1991. erary rights to a portion of the collection are retained.) RiverFalls: Records, 193.5-1990, of the River Bound, translated copy of the journal of Falls Branch of the American Association of Uni Nets Jenson, 1874—1887. The translation is a versity Women, an educational and civic corrected copy of the original translation. organization, including minutes, bulletins, Presented by Nancy Hawkinson, Hudson. correspondence, clippings, programs, pho Papers, 1915-1970, of Arthur N. Johnson tographs, membership records, and other (1890-1973), a dairy and animal hus records; documenting work with local bandry professor at Wisconsin State Col schools, bringing prominent speakers to lege, River Falls, consisting of personal the community, scholarships, and other papers, course notes and lectures, papers activities; presented by Helen Wyman, Shir from his local civic activities, family papers, ley Bouvin, Kay Montgomery, and Dagmar and photographs, including some of agri Frye. cultural scenes; presented by Gary Kirking, Photocopy of a 175-page genealogy on n.p., and by Eugene Dodge, Spring Valley. the descendants (1846-1977) of John Addidons to the records, 1967-1978, of Henry Simon, born in Iowa in 1851, and the League of Women Voters of Pierce-St. Croix his wife Marian Ungrue, born in Hanover, Counties, including newsletters, press Germany in 1846; compiled hy Flossie Cook releases, clippings, brief correspondence, Beisch, a granddaughter. Surnames men and miscellany; source unknown. tioned are Cook, Kelly, Lee, Sheridan, and Letters, 1876-1877, written to Abner Swank. Presented by Mrs. Fred Hansen, Morse (1819-1881), lawyer, newspaperman, Turtle Lake. and prominent citizen of River Falls, Annual reports, 1975-1979, and other mainly concerning Republican politics and additions to the records of the Ezekiel his campaign for probate judge in Pierce Lutheran Church, River Falls; presented via County. A few letters pertain to business the Rev. Jule F. Berndt, River Falls. and the collection includes other bio Additional records, 1869-1978, of the graphical information. Source unknown. First Methodist Episcopal Church, River Falls, Additions, 1967-1985, to the records of including board of directors minutes, the Pierce County Democratic Party consisting 1891-1916; photographs; yearbooks, 1962- of financial records, minutes, membership 1966; and other records; presented by the lists, campaign materials, and other congregation. records; presented by the party via Kay Scrapbooks, 1972-1982, of the Four Cor Abbott and Peter Muto. ners Homemakers Club, a member club of the Minutes, occasional treasurer's reports, Pierce County Extension Homemakers, and miscellaneous correspondence of the including awards, correspondence, news- Pierce-St. Croix County Bankers Association •send clippings, photographs, and programs; its predecessor, the St. Croix County Bank presented by the club through Marion Elli ers Development Association, in north ott, River Falls. western Wisconsin. In addition to concerns Addidons to the papers, 1944—1984, of directly related to banking, the collection 64 ACCESSIONS reflects the members' involvement with related to activities, announcements, pro their communities, particularly the agricul grams, correspondence, financial reports, tural community, and reveals the associa and ephemera; presented by Helen tion as a social as well as business organi Wyman, River Falls. zation. Presented by the association via Records, 1896-1978, of 5^. Paul's Episco John E. Larson, Glenwood City. pal Church, Hudson, including annual Records, 1921-1947, of the Prescott Bridge reports, treasurers' reports, records of con Company, formed to build and operate a gregation women's groups and of vestry public toll bridge over Lake St. Croix meetings, and other records; source between Prescott, and Point Douglas, Min unknown. nesota; including articles of incorporation, Additional records, 1923-1990, of the minutes of the board, financial records, Schwalen Settlement Cemetery Association, con stockholder lists, contracts, and deeds; pre sisting of photocopied minutes and finan sented by lona Hamman, Prescott. cial records; presented by Grace Schwalen, Genealogical information, 1570-1970, River Falls. on descendants of Thomas Rivard of Ige, Perche, France, whose grandson Nicholas Stevens Point: Two essays: a family history, came to Quebec Province, Canada, before 1865-1975, by Carmen Barnes, titled "Early 1651 and whose descendants include the Danes to Waupaca," retelling experiences Rivard family in Somerset, Wisconsin; com of the author's great-grandparents, Karen piled hy John T. Rivard (1911—); presented and Carl Edouard Hagendahl, who came by Francis Rivard, River Falls. to Waupaca from Copenhagen in 1865; Records, 1938-1975, of the River Falls and "History—^Autobiography of Martha City Hospital Guild, an organization formed Cecilia Jensen," Barnes' grandmother, to gather local support for the hospital and describing the rural schools at which she to help meet the needs of the hospital, taught, difficulties and rewards, and pop staff, and patients, including minutes, ular activities of the period, 1876-1885. membership material, newspaper clip Presented by Carmen Barnes, Waupaca. pings, correspondence, and miscellany; presented by Ceorgia Hoberg, River Falls. Stout: Pedigree charts compiled by Diane Records, 1890-1950, of SL Bridget's Cath T. Cowing showing the Norwegian ances olic Church, River Falls, the first Catholic try, 1742-1964, of Martin M. Iverson and of church in the area, consisting primarily of Alba Belinda Bjomson, his wife, of Colfax. financial records and of cemetery burial Presented by Diane T. Cowing, Leaven permits (1932-1950); source unknown. worth, Kansas. Records, 1966-1977, of St. Joseph's Home Gravestone inscriptions, 1810-1986, and Hospital Women's Auxiliary, an organi copied by Judy Schultz from the Fall City zation formed to promote and advance the Cemetery, Town of Springbrook, Dunn welfare of St. Joseph's Home and Hospital County. Presented by Judy Schult?., Hud in River Falls, including bylaws, clippings son. 65 Wisconsin History price listed. Available from authors, 202 Checklist South Segoe Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53705.) Recently published and currently available Wiscon- Erickson, Rolf H. Hans Gulbrandsen Sorum: siana added to the Society's Library are listed below. Norwegian Immigrant, Wisconsin Farmer The compilers, Gerald R. Eggleston, Acquisitions and Civil War Veteran. (Evanston, Illinois, Librarian, and Susan Dorst, Assistant Acquistions Librarian, are interested in obtaining information 1992. 23, [13] leaves. Illus. No price abotit (or copies of) items that are not widely adver listed. Available from author, 1116 Davis tised, such as publications of local historical socie Street, Evanston, Illinois 60201.) ties, family histories and genealogies, privately printed works, and histories of churches, institti- tions, or organizations. Authors and ptiblishcrs wish A Guide to Historic Preservation Resources in ing to reach a wider audience and also to perform a Wisconsin. (Merrill, Wisconsin, 1991. 1 valuable bibliographic service are urged to inform vol., various pagings. $10.00. Available the compilers of their publications, including the from Wisconsin Trust for Historic Pres following information: author, title, location and name of publisher, date of publication, price, pagi ervation, Lincoln House, 120 South Mill nation and address of supplier. Write Susan Dorst, Street PO. Box 825, Merrill, Wisconsin Acquisitions Section. 54452.) Heath, James. General Index, Jackson County, Wisconsin Probate Records, 1860-1979. Ashman, Joyce Lee Wellington. Nonvegien (Black River Falls, Wisconsin, cl992. Pp. [sic] Heritage of John J. Blaine, Gov. of [65]. $20.00 plus $2.50 postage and Wis.—1920/1926, U.S. Sen. from Wis.— handling. Wisconsin residents add 5 1/ 1926/1932. (Mount Horeb, Wisconsin, 2% state and county sales tax. Available 1990. ix, 43 leaves. Illus. No price listed. from Jackson County, WI Footprints, Available from author, 375 Drammen Route 1, Box 253, Black River Falls, Wis Valley Road, Mount Horeb, Wisconsin consin 54615.) 53572.) Historic Hatfield. (Hatfield, Wisconsin, Hat Barton, Ruth Ann. Blue Spring Lake (Eighth field Fire Department and Hatfield Wonder of the World). (Palmyra, Wiscon Chamber of Commerce, cl992. Pp. 240. sin, 1992. Pp. 12. Illus. $2.00. Available Illus. $20.00 plus $3.00 postage and han from Dorothy Johnson, Treasurer, Pal dling. Available from Just Printables, 28 myra Historical Society, 226 West Main Main Street, Black River Falls, Wisconsin Street, Palmyra, Wisconsin 53156.) 54615.) Curry, Ross. Ross' Reminiscences: Tales from Jackson County, Wisconsin Cemeteries, Volume Early Dells Area History. (Wisconsin Dells, II, Cleveland, Curran, Garfield, Garden Wisconsin, 1992. Second edition. Pp. 72. Valley, Northfield Cemeteries. (Black River Illus. $10.00 plus $2.00 postage and han Falls?, Wisconsin, cl992. Pp. [7], 112. dling. Available from author, S-947 Clara $15.00 plus $2.50 postage and handling. Avenue, Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin Wisconsin residents add 5 1/2% state 53965.) and county tax. Available from Jackson County Wisconsin Footprints (Geneal Duxbury, Donald E., and Duxbury, Ruth A. ogy Club), W11770 Cty Trk P, Black Duxbury Family History: Ancestors and River Falls, Wisconsin 54615-5926.) Descendants of Luke and Jane (Pickles) Dux bury, Lancashire, England to Rhode Island Jackson County, Wisconsin Cemeteries, Volume and Wisconsin (1696-1991), Vol. 1. (Mad III: Townships of Adams, Alma, Komensky. ison, Wisconsin, cl992. Pp. 474. Illus. No (Black River Falls, Wisconsin, cl992. Pp. 66 WISCONSIN HISTORY CHECKLIST [9], 84. $15.00 plus $2.50 postage and $3.00 postage and handling. Available handling. Wisconsin residents add 5 1/ from Kenosha Public Museum, 5608 2% sales tax. Available from Jackson Tenth Avenue, Kenosha, Wisconsin County Wisconsin Footprints (Geneal 53140.) ogy Club), W11770 Cty Trk P, Black River Falls, Wisconsin 54615-5926.) Seitz, Beatrice West. From Norway to the U.S.A. (Janesville, Wisconsin, cl992. Pp. Jackson County, Wisconsin Marriage Index, 158. fllus. $45.00 plus $2.10 postage and 1884-1907, Volume in. (Black River Falls, handling. Wisconsin residents add $2.25 Wisconsin, 1992? Pp. 49, 49. $10.00 plus sales tax. Available from author, 214 $2.50 postage and handling. Wisconsin West Van Buren, Janesville, Wisconsin residents add 5 1/2% state and county 53545-3829.) sales tax. Available from Jackson County, WI Footprints (Genealogy Club), Sopa, Adeline M. The Ancestors and Descen W11770 Cty Rd P, Black River Falls, Wis dants of John Copa/Sopa and Elizabeth consin 54615-5926.) Trzebiatowska. (Green Bay, Wisconsin, cl990. Pp. vi, 435. Illus. No price listed. Janesville Wisconsin Gazette Death Index, Vol Available from author, 2711 Danbar ume I, 1845-1889. (Janesville, Wisconsin, Drive, Green Bay, Wisconsin 54313.) 1991. Pp. 142. Illus. $18.00 plus $ .75 postage and handling.) Steiner, Francis C Recollections of a Country Kid. (Granton, Wisconsin, 1990. Pp. 196. Janesville Wisconsin Gazette Death Index, Vol Illus. No price listed. Available from ume II, 1890-1907. (Janesville, Wiscon author, Granton, Wisconsin 54436.) sin, 1991. Pp. 178. Illus. $18.00 plus $ .75 Reminiscences of the author, who spent postage and handling.) The above two his childhood in Mauston and was a voca publications are available from Rock tional agriculture instructor at Granton County Genealogical Society, Inc., P.O. High School for thirty-nine years. Box 711, Janesville, Wisconsin 53547- 0711. Sturm, John, Jr. Stretching Waters, an Johnson, Augusta J. Everybody Knew Your Historical Guide to the Chain O 'Lakes, Wau Name, New Richmond, the City Beautiful, paca, Wisconsin. (Manawa?, Wisconsin, 1935-1941, edited by Mary Sather. (New 1992. Pp. vi, 200. Illus. No price listed. Richmond, Wisconsin, 1990. Pp. 50. Available from author, P.O. Box 89, Illus. No price listed. Available from The Manawa, Wisconsin 54949.) New Richmond Preservation Society, Inc., New Richmond, Wisconsin 54017.) Trachte, William D. The History of Marshall, Wisconsin. (Marshall?, Wisconsin, 1992? 1 Radish, Kris. Run, Bambi, Run. (Secaucus, vol. Illus. No price listed. Available from New Jersey, Birch Lane Press, 1992. Pp. author, 226 Hubbell Street, Marshall, xi, 291. Illus. $18.95. Available from Wisconsin 53559.) Carol Publishing Group, 120 Enterprise Avenue, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094.) Unto the Sixth Generation: the Descendants of Biography of Lawrencia Bembenek who Derk and Cynthia Bruins, 1865-1990, was convicted of killing her husband's edited by Elton J. Bruins. (Holland, ex-wife. Michigan, Hope College, 1990. Pp.161. Illus. $10.00 plus $2.00 postage and han Sander, Phil. Kenosha Ramblings: History, dling. Available from Dr. Elton J. Bruins, Adventure & Recollections. (Kenosha?, Wis 633 Appletree Drive, Holland, Michigan consin, 1991. Pp. 71. Illus. $5.95 plus 49423.) 67 WISCONSIN MACiAZlNE OE HISTORY AUTUMN,1992 VandeBerg, Gale L. Beyond the Horizon. Moffat Scotland: 700 Years of His Ancestors (Madison?, Wisconsin, cl992. Pp. 394. and Descendants in Scotland and America. Illus. $17.00 plus $3.00 for sales tax, post (La Mirada, California, 1990. Pp. vii, 228. age and handling. Available from Illus. No price listed. Available from Beyond the Horizon, P.O. Box 5174, author, 13104 B Avenida Santa Tecla, La Madison, Wisconsin 53705-0174.) Mirada, California 90638-3272.) VandeBerg, a retired University of Wis consin professor, was also state director Wendel, C H. 150 Years of J. I. Case (Sara and dean of the Wisconsin Cooperative sota, Florida, Crestline Publishing, Extension Service. cl991. Pp. 336. fllus. $29.95. Available from Intertec Publishing Corporation, Wagner, Betty Daley. The Peetz-Kinzler Gene P.O. Box 12901, Overland Park, Kansas alogy and Related Families. (Carmel, Indi 66212.) ana, 1990. Pp. ix, 305. Illus. No price listed. Available from author, 781 Dayton Wisconsin Holstein History, 1890-1990. (Bar- Drive, Carmel, Indiana 46032.) aboo, Wisconsin, 1990. Pp. x, 486. Illus. $25.00 plus $3.00 postage and handling. Weigel, Ruth L. The Story of Franz Xavier Wei Available from Wisconsin Holstein Asso- gel (Weigl) and Genealogy of Franz Xavier ciadon, P.O. Box 10, 902 Eighth Avenue, Weigel (Weigl). (La Crosse, Wisconsin, Baraboo, Wisconsin 53913.) 1990. 78 leaves. Illus. No price listed. Available from author, N1904 Wedge- Wolter, Ryan H. Ferdinand Gustav Wolter wood Drive, La Crosse, Wisconsin Family Tree (Antigo?, Wisconsin, 1991. 54601.) Pp. [14]. Illus. No price listed. Available from author, W8519 Neffswitch Road, Welch, Glorya Murray. Nathaniel Murray of Antigo, Wisconsin 54409.) The William Best Hesseltine Award THE TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL William Best Hesseltine Award for the best article to be published in the Wiscon.sin Magazine of History during 1990-1991 has been given to Catherine B. Cleary for her article "Lav- inia Goodell, First Woman Lawyer in Wisconsin," which appeared in the Summer, 1991, issue of the Magazine. Established in memory of the past president of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin and distinguished University of Wisconsin profes sor, The William Best Hes.seltine Award consists of $100. There is no deadline for submissions, and manuscripts may relate to the history of Wisconsin and the Middle West or to themes of larger national interest. A retrospective on Professor Hesseltine appeared in the Winter, 1981-1983, issue of the Magazine 68 Proceedings of the One Hundred and Forty-sixth Annual Business Meeting of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1990-1991 IMinutes of the Annual IVIeeting 'HE 146th annual business Elected to three-year terms expiring in June, T' meeting was called to order by 1995: the president. Dr. Fannie E. Hicklin, at 4:45 P.M. in Ballroom A, Pioneer Inn and Representative David E. Clarenbach, Marina, Oshkosh, on June 12, 1992. Fifty- Madiwn two members and guests attended. Mr. David Jankoski, Stanley President Hicklin opened the meeting by reminding those present that the State Mr. Viste, treasurer, reported on the Historical Society is a society of the mem financial activities of the Society for the bers, by the members, and for the mem current fiscal year. bers, and thanked those present for partic ipating in this phase of the Annual The General Purpose Revenue Budget Meeting. of the State Historical Society for the cur It was voted that the minutes of the June rent fiscal year which ends June 30, 1992 is 21, 1991, meeting, published in the $7.6 million. This is a decrease of .9 per Autumn, 1991, issue of the Wisconsin Mag cent from the previous fiscal year which azine of History be approved. resulted from three and a half positions not Mrs. Webster, chair, nominating com funded (temporarily lapsed) this year and mittee, reported that 1,643 members voted a number of one-time funded items in the recent Board of Curators election. included in the previous year. The aggre No names had been submitted by petition. gate of the one-time items was $260,000; the unfunded positions totaled $105,200. In addition to the General Purpose Rev Re-elected to three-year terms expiring in June, enue, the Society has four program reve 1995: nue sources: gifts and donations; interest and dividends earned on its endowment; Mr. Glenn R. Coates, Racine federal funds; and income from the sale of Mr. Harry F. Franke, Milwaukee goods and .services. Including Circus World Mr. Gregg Guthrie, Lac du Flambeau Museum, state funding provides about 63 Mrs. Bette Hayes, De Pere per cent of the operating budget. Dr. Fannie E. Hicklin, Madison Gifts and Donations of $436,050 received Mr. Jerry Phillips, Hayward during the first eleven months of this fiscal 69 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OE HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 year increased 66 per cent over the same are part of history and can be proud period during the previous year. Although together. the 1990-1991 gifts and donations had There was no old business to come decreased 9 per cent from 1989-1990, this before the membership. is a very satisfactory increase. Dr. Hicklin said that four years ago, it was The Society's endowment, which by stat recognized by several individuals the ute is managed by the State Investment importance of teaching history to fourth- Board, earned $344,305 in the first eleven grade students in public and private months, an increase of $42,105. Reahzed schools. On April 13 that dream came true capital gains were $266,000 versus $14,420 with the passage of AB 403, the bill creating last year. The Society's endowment was an Office of School Services. One individ $4.1 million as of the end of the 1991 fiscal ual, in particular, communicated with a year and the total return is roughly 15 to variety of people and organizations 16 per cent. (I do not have a current report throughout the state seeking support for from the Investment board and, therefore, the bill. Dr. Hicklin commended Sharon cannot give you an actual return.) $1.4 mil Leair for her tireless, driving force to bring lion of the endowment is unrestricted, and the effort to fruition. Mrs. Gwin also the income can be used for the general offered a testimonial to Mrs. Leair's efforts. purposes of the Society. President Hicklin quoted a portion of a Federal funds received in the current fi.s- letter received from Mrs. Leair: cal year to date are $622,400 compared to $408,800 for the same period last year. Income from the sale of goods and serv On behalf of the THIPPS Committee ices has risen 5.1 per cent over last year, an of the Wisconsin Council for Local History, I would like to express my sin increase of $124,700. The major part of this cere appreciation to the Board of increase has occurred in the Archives, Curators for their ongoing support of Library, and Museum divisions. The His my committee's activities and Assem toric Sites Division earned income is bly Bill 403, and to the administration unchanged from the previous year. and staff of the Society for their assis The Society's accounts are audited tance and advice over the last several annually by the Legislative Audit Bureau. months. The audit for fiscal year 1990-1991 was In the months and years ahead, the made in December, and the Society Office of School Services will begin to received the report this week. The bureau provide the updated Wisconsin his did not discover any financial or manage tory resource materials for which teachers and librarians have been ment problems. clamoring. The children of Wiscon.sin A financial report for the entire fiscal will benefit from those of you who year will be provided to the Board of Cura helped make improved history edu tors at their fall meeting, and pie charts cation a priority and a reality. based on it are printed in this issue of the Wisconsin Magazine of History. It was voted that an appropriate resolu The Director, Dr. H. Nicholas Muller III, tion recognizing Mrs. Leair's efforts be pre presented his annual report, and it will pared. appear in the Annual Report published in Mr. Schuppe said the passage of AB 403 the December-January, 1992-1993, issue of is a godsend. Young people are interested Columns. in history, and it is important that it be President Hicklin indicated that Dr. Mul- taught in private and public institutions. ler's report was exciting and contained President Hicklin reported that an ad hoc good news, and recognized that all of us committee will be appointed to research 70 PROCEEDINGS, I99I-I992 how Wisconsin residents can be better edu ted to and continue to promote the mis cated about the State Historical Society and sion of the State Historical Society. what it can offer the public. The members President Hicklin recognized Mrs. also can become involved in their respec Lynne Webster, the Oshkosh community, tive communities. Any suggestions for the and the local historical societies who par committee as it begins its assignment can ticipated in making the 1992 Annual Meet be sent to Dr. Muller's office at the head ing a real success. The meeting adjourned quarters building. at 5:40 P.M. President Hicklin expressed apprecia tion to the membership throughout the Respectfully submitted. state for their support. She also com mended a hardworking, enthusiastic staff, who are experienced and have expertise, and perform well beyond the call of duty. The same evaluation applies to the Board H. NICHOLAS MULLER III of Curators and officers who are commit Secretary Digest of Board Actions At Middleton, November 1, 1991 At Middleton, February 15, 1992 • Approved the minutes of the Board of • Approved the minutes of the November Curators meetings at Ashland on June 1, 1991, Board of Curators meeting; 21, 1990, at Madison on August 24, 1990, • Approved the applications for affiliation and at Eau Claire on June 20, 1991; of the Albany Historical Society (Green • Approved two fee adjustments at the his County) and the West Salem Historical toric sites: to redefine children as ages 6 Society (La Crosse County); through 12 for general admission; and • Approved the requests for continuance elimination of the family admission dis of affiliation (end of probationary count ticket, as recommended by the period) of the Saukville Area Historical Executive Committee; Society (Ozaukee County) and the Wis • Approved the application for affiliation consin Black Historical Society/Museum for the Rhinelander Historical Society (Milwaukee County); (Oneida County) and the Winchester • Accepted the 1991 Calendar Year Collec Area Historical Society (Winnebago tions Report from the Division of His County); toric Sites and the 1991 Calendar Year • Approved the requests for continuation Collections Report from the Division of of affiliation (end of probationary Museums; period) of the Cottage Grove Area • Approved the Social Action Collections Historical Society (Dane County) and Policy; the Dodge Centre Historical Society • Approved a Confidential State Govern (Dodge County); ment Records Policy; • Approved the deaccession of a 1918 air • Adopted the Statement of Purpose as plane engine and its sale in accordance recommended by the Development with state surplus property regulations. Committee; 71 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OE HISTORY AUTUMN, 1992 • Accepted transfer of the title to the Full Authorized the Society to accept and mer Properties at Circus World Museum administer covenants on archaeological from Historic Sites Foundation, Inc.; sites within a modified standard format; • Re-elected Mr. Fred Pfening, Mr. Harry Agreed to the terms of a gift from Wil Franke, Mr. James Kieffer, and Ms. Carol fred J. Harris to establish the Ruth Ket- Skornicka as directors. Historic Sites terer Harris Costume and Textiles Lab Foundation, Inc., for terms expiring oratory in the memory of his wife; December 31, 1993, or until their suc Approved the establishment of an unclas cessors shall be named; sified Archival Fellow project position; • Resolved that the Board of Curators of Approved the application for affiliation the State Historical Society expresses its of the Stratford Area Historical Society deep appreciation to the Division of (Marathon County); Facilities Development for the continu Approved the requests for continuance ing support of the facilities of the Soci of affiliation (end of probationary ety, the sensitivity to historical buildings period) for the Bangor and Area used in programs, and high level of pro Historical Society (La Crosse County); fessional service of staff; Hartland Historical Society (Waukesha • Resolved that the Board of Curators of County); Marion Area Historical Society the State Historical Society has appreci (Waupaca County); Markesan Historical ated the cooperation, assistance, and Society (Green Lake County); Northern contributions of the Department of Cor Wisconsin Interpretive Center (Ashland rections to the Society and its facilities County); and Wakely Inn Preservation, and programs; Inc. (Wood County); • Expressed concern and sent greetings Approved Wisconsin Council for Local and best wishes for a speedy recovery to History bylaw amendments as described former Board member Mr. Wilfred J. in Mr. Ethun'sjune 1, 1992, memoran Harris. dum; Expressed appreciation to retiring Cura At Oshkosh, June 11, 1992 tors, Mr. Ben Logan (1989-1992), and Mrs. Edna Gwin (1979-1992), for their • Approved the minutes of the February loyal and dedicated service as members 15, 1992, Board of Curators meeting; of the Board of Curators. John C. Geilfuss Fellowship REGINA LEE BLASZCZYK, a doctoral candidate in history at the Univer sity of Delaware, is the 1991-1992 recipient of the John C. Geilfuss Fellowship. Ms. Blaszczyk is writing a history of product design and development of a number of firms in the ceramics industry, including the Kohler Company. The John C. Geilfuss Fellowship carries an outright grant of $5,000. The Fellowship will be awarded by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, in conjunction with the Wisconsin History' Foundation, in 1993 to a scholar at the graduate level and beyond who is doing research in Milwaukee or Wisconsin business and economic history. A current resume and a two-page letter of application describing the applicant's background and current research, and a description of the project, should be addressed to State Historian, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1488. The applica tion deadline each year is February 1. 72 Statement of Ownership, Management and ^ Circulation (Required by 39 U.S.C. 36851 lA, Title of Publication IB. PUBLICATION NO. 2. Date of Filing Wisconsin Magazine of History 0 0 4 3 9 9 9 8 9/21/92 3. Ffequoncy ot Issue 3A. No. of Issues Publisfied 3B, Annual Subscription Price Annually quarterly 4 25.00 4. Complete Mailing Address of Known Office of Publication (Street. Ciiy. County. Stare and ZlP + 4 Code} (Nat primers) 816 State Street - Madison - WI - 53706 5. Complete Mailing Address of the Meadquarters of General Business Offices of the Publisher (Noi priitier) 816 State Street - Madison - WI - 53706 6. Full Names and Complete Matling Address of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor (7fti\ item MUST NO I be blank) Publisher (Nittne and Compleie Mailing Aildrcss) State Historical Society of Wisconsin - 816 State Street-Madison WI 53706 Tditor (Name aiulCoi'ipU'te MailiiiK'Address] " "" ~ ~~~~ ~— —- Paul H. Hass same as above Manacjing Editor (Name and Complete Mailing AJdrcssj 1. Owner (// owned hv a corponiiion. its name and address mits! he slated and also imrnrdiaiely thereunder the luimes and addresses of siockholders owning; or holding; I percent or more of total amaiini of .itock. If no! owned hy a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must he ^iven If owned hy a parinei.ship oi other tiniiuorporated firtn. its name and uildrcss. as well as that of each individual must he given. Jf the puhiication is pubti'^hed hy a nonprofit organization, its name and address must he stated.) litem must he completed.) Full Name Complete Mailing Address State Historical Society of Wis. 816 State Street Madison WI 53706 8. Known Bondfiolders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages or Other Securities (If there are ntme. so state) Full Name Complete Mailing Address none 9. For Completion by Nonprofit Organizations Authoriied To Mail at Special Rates (D,\1M Section 424.12 only) The purpose, function, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes (Check onel (2) 1 hlfis Not Changed During Has Changed During (If changed, puhlisher iniisi suhmit c.xpUiiiaiinn of y Preceding 12 Months • Preceding'l2 Months change with this statement.) 10 Extent and Nature of Circulation Average No. Copies Each Issue During Actual No. Copies of Single Issue (See insiruciions on reverse side) Preceding 12 Months Published Nearest to Filing Date A Total No, Copies (Net Press Run) 6,700 6,700 B. Paid and/or Requested Circulation 1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales 2. Mail Subscription (Paid and/or requested) 4,943 4,943 C Total Paid and/or Requested Circufation (Sum of lOni ami lOPI) 4,943 4,943 D. Free Distribution by Mail, Carrier or Other Means Samples, Complimentary, end Other Free Copies 634 634 E. Total Distribution (Sum of C and D) 5,577 5,577 F. Copies Not Distributed 1. Office use, left over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing 1 ,123 1 ,123 2, Return from News Agents G. TOTAL (Sum of E, F! and 2—shotdd equal net press run sht)\i\i^ . [6,700 6,700 1 1, if ^^B^ij PubJ^hjr, Business Manager, or Owner 1 certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete ft» PS Form 3526, J.inuary 1991 73 Wisconsin History Foundation STABLISHED in 1954 as a private, non E profit corporation, the Wisconsin History Foundation has the sole purpose of assisting the State Historical Society in ways mutually agreed upon by the Foundation's Board and the Society's Board of Curators. This assistance supports a wide range of activities for which no public or unbudgeted private funds are availa ble, including research projects, television pro grams, publications, professional education of staff, and building construction at our historic sites. The Board of the Foundation includes mem bers of the Society's Board of Curators as well as other distinguished citizens interested in the history of Wisconsin and in the objectives of the Society. The Foundation derives its chief source of income from gifts and grants. Donations to the Foundation are tax-deductible. Officers ROBERT S. ZIGMAN, President H. NICHOLAS MULLER III, Secretary THOMAS H, BARLAND, 1st Vice-President MRS. JOHN E. DUCKLOW, Assistant Secretary RocKNE G. FLOWERS, 2nd Vice-President W. PHARIS HORTON, Assistant Secretary JOHN C. GEILFUSS, Treasurer SoNDRA SHAW, Assistant Secretary W. PHARIS HORTON, Assistant Treasurer Board of Directors Term Expires 1992 Term Expires 1993 Term Expires 1994 THOMAS H. BARLAND MRS. IRA L. BALDWIN GLENN R, COATES Eau Claire Madison Racine COLLINS H. FERRIS BRUCE BLOCK W. PHARIS HORTON Madison Milwaukee Madison JOHN C. GEILFUSS ROCKNE G. FLOWERS MRS. PETER D. HUMLEKER, JR. Milwaukee Madison Fond du Lac DON R. HERRLING GEORGE L. N. MEYER, JR. ROY C. LABUDDE Appleton Milwaukee Milwaukee GEORGE H. MILLER RHONA VOGEL ROBERT B. L. MURPHY Ripon Milwaukee Madison GERALD D. VISTE ROBERT S. ZIGMAN ALLEN M. TAYLOR Wausau Milwaukee Milwaukee MRS. CAROL TOUSSAINT Madison Ex Officio DR. FANNIE E. HICKLIN, Madison, President, State Historical Society of Wisconsin 74 Historic Sites Foundation n 1960 the Historic Sites Foundation was I established as a private, non-profit corpo ration for the sole purpose of assisting the State Historical Society's historic sites program at Baraboo. It currently serves as the management corporation, for the Society, of the Circus World Museum in Baraboo. The Foundation's Board includes members of the Society's Board of Curators as well as distinguished citizens with an interest in circus history and in the Society itself. Its sources of income are Circus World Museum admissions and related revenue, gifts, and grants. Gifts to the Foundation are tax- deductible. Officers JOHN C. GOODALL, JR., President HARRY F. FRANKE, Secretary FRED A. RISSER, Vice-President JAMES L. KIEFFER, Treasurer Board of Directors Term Expires 1992 Term Expires 1993 JOHN C. GOODALL, JR. HARRY F. FRANKE Northbrook, Illinois Milwaukee FRED A. RISSER JAMES L. KIEFFER Madison Baraboo WAYNE MCGOWN FRED D. PFENING III Madison Columbus, Ohio JAMES R. UNDERKOFLER CAROL SKORNICKA Middleton Madison C. P. FOX+ + Baraboo MAYOR DENNIS THUROW Baraboo MELVIN M. ROSE Hillpoint Ex Officio H. NICHOLAS MULLER III Madison Director, State Historical Society of Wisconsin ^ * Serves at pleasure of Governor 75 1991-1992 Revenues (Actual) Total $12,059,399 arncd Income State §2,982,087 Appropriations $7,446,515 Federal Grants and Contracts $736,708 Gifts, Donations, Endowments $894,089 Expenditures (Actual) Total $11,912,156 I lisloric Sites Li bran' $2,688,275 $1,590,444 .Vlicrofilrn Lab Historic $221,071 I'rescn'ation Executive Office $1,482,167 $317,536 Archives Slate Relations $937,707 ,S491,078 Debt Sen'ice $712,267 Museum .Physical Plant $1,792,711 $350,842 Editorial and Research $347,789 Ad mi nisi rati vc Services Management Support Sci"viccs $469,996 $510,273 76 1992-1993 Revenues (Budgeted) Total $11,957,700 Earned Income State $2,655,600 Appropriations $8,076,000 Federal Grants and Contracts $568,400 Gifts, Donations, Endowments $657,700 Expenditures (Budgeted) Total: $11,957,700 ' Llistoric Sites $2,611,200 Library $1,778,300 Microfilm Lab $255,800 I listoric Presei"valiori E X e c u ti ve O f(i c e $1,317,100 $273,800 State Relations $548,200 Debt Sendee $693,800 Archives $1,071,600 Physical Plant $444,400 Museum $1,613,400 Editorial and Research $469,500 Management Support Services Administrative Services $424,800 $485,800 77 Corporate Sponsors AAL MARQUETTE ELECTRONICS FOUNDATION Appleton Milwaukee ADMANCO, INC. MARSHALL ERDMAN AND ASSOCIATES, INC, Ripon Madison THE ALEXANDER COMPANIES MENASHA CORPORATION FOUNDATION Madison Neenah AMERICAN FAMILY INSURANCE GROUP MILLER BREWING COMPANY Madison Milwaukee APPLETON MILLS FOUNDATION NELSON INDUSTRIES, INC. Appleton Stoughton ARTHUR ANDERSEN AND CO. NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY Milwaukee Milwaukee BANTA CORPORATION FOUNDATION, INC. OSCAR MAYER FOODS CORPORATION Menasha Madison THE BUSINESS FORUM, INC, PARKER PEN U.SA LIMITED Madison Janesville J. I, CASE PLEASANT COMPANY Racine Middleton CONSOLinATED PAPERS FOUNDATION, INC, RACINE FEDERATED, INC, Wisconsin Rapids Racine CREATIVE FORMING, INC. RAYOVAC CORPORATION Ripon Madison J, P. CULLEN AND SONS, INC. RIPON FOODS, INC, Janesville Ripon CuNA MUTUAL INSURANCE GROUP FOUNDATION W. T. ROGERS COMPANY Madison Madison CARL AND ELISABETH EBERBACH FOUNDATION RURAL INSURANCE COMPANIES Milwaukee Madison FIRST WISCONSIN NATIONAL BANK OF MADISON RYAN BROTHERS CCJMPANY Madison Janesville FIRST WISCONSIN NATIONAL BANK OF MILWAUKEE C. G, SCHMIDT, INC, Milwaukee Milwaukee GIDDINGS & LEWIS SYCOM, INC, Fond du Lac Madison GOLDEN STATE WARRIORS TRAPPERS TURN GOLF COURSE Oakland, California Wisconsin Dells GOODMAN'S, INC, TWIN DISC, iNCORPOR-iiTED Madison Racine GTE NORTH INCORPORATED VALLEY BANK Sun Prairie Madison HARLEY-DAVIDSON, INC. WALGREENS Milwaukee Madison HEARTLAND ADVISORS, INC. WEBCRAFTERS-FR,AUTSCHI FOUNDATION , INC Milwaukee Madison THE HOUSE ON THE ROCK THE WEST BEND (COMPANY Spring Green West Bend INTREPID CORPORATION WESTERN PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC, Milwaukee Racine S. C, JOHNSON WAX THE WINDWAY FOUNDATION, INC, Racine Sheboygan JOHNSON CONTROLS FOUND.ATION WISCONSIN BELL Milwaukee Milwaukee JUPITER TRANSPORTATION COMPANY WISCONSIN ENERGY CORPORATION FOUNDATION, INC, Kenosha Milwaukee KOHLER COMPANY WISCONSIN NATURAL GAS COMPANY Kohler Racine LAB SAFETY SUPPLY WISCONSIN PHYSICIANS SERVICE Janesville Madison MADISON GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY WISCONSIN POWER & LIGHT COMPANY Madison Madison MADISON NEWSPAPERS, INC. Madison 78 Patrons JANET BALDING MRS, K, W, JACOBS, JR, Mequon Hartford OSCAR AND PATRICIA BOLDT THOMAS MOUATJEFFRIS II Appleton Janesville BOB AND ANNE BOLZ JOHN P. KAMINSKI Madison Madison GERALDINE DRISGOLL RUTH DE YOUNC; KOHLER Winneconne Kohler TERRY HALLER GERALD AND MARION VISTE Madison Wausau ROBERT H, IRRMANN JOHN AND BARBARA WINN Madison Madison Fellows VERNON CARSTENSEN MERLE CURTI Washington Madison RICHARD N, CURRENT ROBERT C, NESBIT Massachusetts Washington Curators Emeritus JOHN C. GEILFUSS HOWARD W. MEAD Milwaukee Madison JANET HARTZELL ROBERT B. L, MURPHY Grantsburg Madison NATHAN S, HEFFERNAN LOUIS C, SMITH Madison Cassville ROBERT H, IRRMANN PHYLLIS SMYTHE Madison Milwaukee HELEN JONES MiLO K. SWANTON Fort Atkinson Madison Life Members EDWARD P, AI.EXANDER ARTHUR C, HANSEN J, R, AMACKER WILLIAM K HARDING EMMELINE ANDRUSKE:VICZ THOMAS E, HAYES HELEN C, ANDRUSKEVICZ JOSEPH F, HEIL, SR, MR, AND MRS, T, FRED BAKER ANDREW HERTEL MR. AND MRS, IRA L. BALDWIN CARL J, HOLCOMB LUCY'ANN GREIM BESS EARI.E HOLMAN MR, AND MRS, ROBERT E, BILLINGS GERALD E, HOLZMAN E, N, BLONIF.N MRS, PETER D. HUMLEKER, JR, PAUL L, BRENNER LEON E, ISAKSEN LOUIS H, BURBEY VIRGIL GEORGE JACKSON THOMAS E. CAESTECKER MRS. CHARLES B, JACKSON CHARLOTTE D, CHAPMAN RICHARD L, JONES MRS, FRANCIS J, CONWAY F, M, KiLGORE JOHN H, COOK MRS, HARVEY B, KREBS LOUISE H, ELSER PETER LAMAL MR, AND MRS, JOHN E, FORE,STER JOHN I, LAUN MR, AND MRS. WALTER A, FRAUTSCHI ALFRED A, LAUN III PAUL W. GATES C, LUKE LEITERMANN ANITA J, GLIENKE M, FRED LOCHEMES 79 C, L, MARQUETTE MARY TUOHY RYAN ANNABEL DouciLAs MCARTHUR S, N, SCHAFER MARTHA B, MERREI.I. MR, AND MRS, LEWTS A, SIBERZ F, O, MINTZLAFF MRS, CIJ\US SPORCK MR, AND MRS, JOHN H. MURPHY JOHN STEINER JOHN T, MURPHY IRENE T, STEMPER MR, AND MRS, ROBERT B. L, MURPHY FRED J, STRONG MR. AND MRS, G, P, NF.VITT MR, AND MRS, MILO K, SWANTON DR. AND MRS, E,J, NORDBY MRS, WILLIAM D. VOGEL RALPH W, OWEN WALTER L, VOGL MRS, A, J, PEEKE WALTER J, VOLI.RATH MR, AND MRS, LLOYD H, PETTIT MR, AND MRS, FRANCIS H, WENDT JOHN J, PHILIPPSEN THEODORE WIESEMAN MRS, JOHN W, POLLOCK JOHN WYNGAARD Contributors V l'/' ROBERT HARRISON was born in the north WILLIAM E. HAYES sketched his early life of England but now lives in Wales. Hav and career in his reminiscence begun in ing taken a first degree at the University the previous issue. After the war he of Cambridge, he went on to do graduate moved to the Green Bay area of Wiscon work at Cambridge and the University of sin, specifically De Pere, where he joined Pennsylvania. His doctoral dissertation the family business, the Steen-Macek was on Pennsylvania pohtics in the late Paper Company. He was first a salesman, nineteenth century. He has taught at the then CEO, and is now a retired consult universities of Cambridge and Bradford ant to the firm. He is also a retired lieu and is now Lecturer in American History tenant commander in the Navy Supply at the University of Wales, Aberstwyth, Corps. His wife Bette is active in local the where he is chairman of the board of atrical groups and in both the state and American Studies. He has published local historical societies. essays and articles on late-nineteenth- century American poUtics and has just completed a book on the subject of Con gress and progressive reform, which is the source of his interest in Wisconsin history. 80 THE BOARD OF CURATORS THOMAS H. BARLAND DAVID JANKOSKI Eau Claire Stanley JANE BERNHARDT THOMAS MOUATJEFFRIS II Cassville Janesville PATRICIA BOGE RASMUS B, A, KALNES La Crosse Eagle ELBERT S. BOHLIN ERROL R, KINDSCHY Mineral Point West Salem DAVID E. CLARENBACH RUTH DE YOUNG KOHLER Madison Kohler GLENN R. COATES VIRGINIA MACNEIL Racine Bayside JOHN M. COOPER GEORGE H. MILLER Madison Ripon HARRY F, FRANKE JAMES A. OGILVIE Milwaukee Washburn PAUL C, GARTZKE JERRY PHILLIPS Madison Bayfield LYNNE GOLDSTEIN MARY CONNOR PIERCE Whitefish Bay Wisconsin Rapids GREGG GUTHRIE FRED A. RISSER Lac du Flambeau Madison VIVIAN GUZNICZAK PEGGY A. ROSENZWEIG Franklin Wauwatosa BETTE HAYES BRIAN D. RUDE De Pare Coon Valley FANNIE E, HICKLIN GERALD D, VISTE Madison Wausau RICHARD H, HOI.SCHER LYNNE WEBSTER Milwaukee Oshkosh MRS, PETER D, HUMLEKER, JR, Fond du Lac STEPHEN R, PORTCH, Associate Vice-President, Academic Affairs, ROBERT S. ZIGMAN, President of the Wisconsin History Foun University of Wisconsin dation NANCY ALLEN, President, Friends of the State Historical Society ROLF ETHUN, President of the Wisconsin Council for Local of Wisconsin History Board of the Friends of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin NANCY ALLEN West Bend ANITA BAERG, Waukesha F^esident Secretary THEODORE E. CRABB, Madison PATRICIA FRITSCHEL, Madison First Vice-President Treasurer LA VONNE SENN, Madison THEODORE E, CRABB, Madison Second Vice-President Past President THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY SHALL promote a wider appreciation of the American heritage with particular emphasis on the collection, advancement and dissemination of knowledge of the history of Wisconsin and of the West. —Wisconsin Statutes, Chapter 44 WHi(X3)4b431 The Menominee River Hospital, Marinette, in the late nineteenth century. Dr. John E. Boren, superintendent, and his family are next to'the bicycle. The boy to the left is J. W., the boy to the right is C. A. (both later doctors), the girl is Anna (later Mrs. Byquist), the baby is Esther, and the woman in the dark dress next to the baby is Mrs. John E. Bcrren. ^^NTE HISTo^ fsbs oC>0 TJ lK4ri '•f-. ^ ^ OF WIS<--