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The Anarchist Peril: Industrial Violence and the Propaganda of Fear in Turn of the Century America, 1886-1908

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The Anarchist Peril: Industrial Violence and the Propaganda of Fear in Turn of the Century America, 1886-1908 The Anarchist Peril: Industrial Violence and the Propaganda of Fear in Turn of the Century America, 1886-1908 by Benjamin Wray Pottruff A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto © Copyright by Benjamin Wray Pottruff 2015 The Anarchist Peril: Industrial Violence and the Propaganda of Fear in Turn of the Century America, 1886-1908 Benjamin Wray Pottruff Doctor of Philosophy Department of History University of Toronto 2015 Abstract Between 1886 and 1908, in the crossover between the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, people all across America felt the growing pains wrought by the second industrial revolution. Overproduction, exploitative working conditions, labor shortages, and increased rural and foreign immigration all made the country ripe for civil unrest to burst through the cracks of the Gilded Age. In particular, assassinations and bombings followed by murmurs of anarchist conspiracies within the labor movement gave social elites cause to fear for the stability of their nation-building project. The Anarchist Peril examines five sets of violent outbursts that disrupted the status quo: the 1886 Haymarket bombing, the 1892 assault on Henry Clay Frick, President William McKinley’s assassination in 1901, the assassination of Frank Steunenberg in 1905, and the 1908 anarchist scare. In reaction to these events, journalists, police officers, court officials, and state and federal legislators, who feared the effects of the anarchist tactic of Propaganda by Deed, used their powers to shape public opinion against anarchy. These acts of violence, which were endorsed by a minority within radical circles, took on greater significance when emerging ranks of middle-class professionals reshaped the meaning of anarchists’ deeds to legitimize their own competing claims to power. Since they placed so little value on anarchism’s political critique, social elites ignored the class implications of anarchists’ words and deeds and instead examined their bodies for signs to marginalize their actions, silenced them in the courtroom, and legislated against further acts of violence. While this approach did disrupt the propaganda of their deeds, it did not deter further acts of violence. ii Acknowledgments It seems somewhat ironic that a dissertation about fear and violence would not have been possible without a deep well of love, support, and community. In particular I would like to thank the following contributors without whom this dissertation would not have been possible. To my mentors at the University of Toronto: Rick Halpern, who both refined my historical thinking and modeled how a historical skill set can be put to much broader use; Elspeth Brown for putting humanity back into the humanities; and Russ Kazal for his keen editorial eye and patient grounding of some of my more outlandish arguments. I would also like to thank Ken Bartlett, Dan Bender, Franca Iacovetta, Steve Penfold, Ian Radforth, and Michael Wayne for their encouragement and constructive criticisms. To my graduate student cohort: Camille Begin, Christine Berkowitz, Nancy Catton, Nathan Cardon, Kathryn-Della Britta, Tony Dunn, Nadia Jones-Gailani, Holly Karibo, Paul Lawrie, Rebecca O’Neill, Peter Mersereau, Ian Rocksborough-Smith, Jared Toney, and Patrick Vitale. Amigos in the archives, coursework/comprehensive exam conspirators and teaching teammates; the road may have been rocky but I’m fortunate not to have travelled it alone. Also a tip of the hat to Dylan Cyr and Robert Hall whose friendship began in my undergraduate years and has withstood the test of time. To the academic community who provided feedback on this project at conference proceedings: audiences at the 26th Annual North American Labor History Conference in Detroit in October 2004, the 31st Annual Social Science History Association in Minneapolis in November 2006, the 101st Annual meeting of the Organization of American Historians in New York in March 2008, and the 40th Annual Pacific Northwest Labour History Association in Vancouver in June 2008. In particular, conversations with Candace Falk, Donna Gabaccia, Gary Gerstle, James Green, Richard Greenwald, Jennifer Guglielmo, Sal Salerno, Eric Rauchway, Laura Wexler, and Kenyon Zimmer helped to shape and refine the trajectory of this project. To the generous financial support from: Ontario Graduate Scholarship, University of Toronto Fellowship, Patricia and Alan Marchment Graduate Student Travel Awards in History, Craig Brown Traveling Fellowship, SSHA-Rockefeller Graduate Student Award, UTSC Research Grant in the Americas, Associates of the University of Toronto Award for Study of the United States, and Graduate Research Grant in American Studies from the Centre for the Study of the United States. To archivists who made the research easier: Michael J. Dabrishus at the University of Pittsburgh Archives Services Centre, Patricia Virgil at the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, and Laura Lowell at the Massachusetts Historical Society, as well as the countless and courteous staff at the Library of Congress in Washington and National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in College Park. I would also like to thank the staff at the Boston Public Library, Hillman Library at the University of Pittsburgh, Dana Porter Library at the University of Waterloo, as well as the citadel of iii my graduate years: Robarts Library (Fort Book) at the University of Toronto. And the Internet. To the students in American Studies/History senior seminar course “Taking Shots at the Man: Assassination and the American Presidency” in the fall 2010, spring 2012, spring 2013, spring 2014, and spring 2015 terms, I thank you for teaching me to continue to look a sources with fresh eyes and new questions, but mostly for the reminder that it was a love of learning that set me on this path. To my co-workers in countless settings: Grand River Hospital, Centre for the Study of the United States, Teaching Assistants’ Training Program, Centre for Teaching Support & Innovation, and finally the University of Toronto Scarborough’s Department of Political Science, Department of Human Geography, and the Centre for Critical Development Studies. Admittedly, anarchist assassins make for odd anecdotes, but hopefully some of you at least got a smile from the story about Jumbo the elephant. Finally, this dissertation is dedicated to four women whose influence on my past, present and future cannot be understated. For my daughters, Eleanore and Audrey, who were children at the beginning of this project but have grown into free-thinking women that continue to be a source of hope and inspiration; your creativity and cunning will undoubtedly make our world a better place. For my partner, Sandy Carpenter, who provided shelter when the storms of uncertainly and despair loomed large, but nonetheless sent me right back to the library as soon as the sun was shining again. Finally, for my grandmother, Marie Pottruff, who would undoubtedly disagree with both the choice of topic and my interpretations. However, you taught me the importance of studying the past as well as ensuring that my generation would be the first in our family pursue post-secondary education. Your life’s sacrifices became my opportunity, and for this I owe you this final dedication and so much more. You may be gone, but you are not forgotten. iv Table of Contents Introduction Cultures of Fear………………………………………………………………………... 1 Chapter One Shots Fired in the Class War: Violent Deeds from a Violent Time………………..… 15 Chapter Two Unseeing Eyes: Searching for Conspiracy ………………………………..…………. 54 Chapter Three Ordering Chaos: Legal and Legislative Responses to Anarchism………………..… 120 Chapter Four Rituals of Mourning, Spectacles of Death……………………………….………… 182 Conclusion Reverberations of the Anarchist Project of Propaganda by Deed……………….… 238 Bibliography……………………………………………………….………...……. 250 v Table of Images Image 1: Czolgosz in prison, Leslie’s Weekly (September 9, 1901)…………………… 87 Image 2: Czolgosz’s mug shot, September 1901 (Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society)……………………………………………………………………... 87 Image 3: Orchard’s mug shot, January 1906, from: Harry Orchard, “The Confession and Autobiography of Harry Orchard,” McClure’s Magazine (July 1907), 298…….. 101 Image 4: Orchard’s portrait, May 1907, from: Harry Orchard, “The Confession and Autobiography of Harry Orchard,” McClure’s Magazine (July 1907), 299…….. 102 Image 5: Averbuch posed, March 1908 (Chicago Daily News, Chicago Historical Society)…………………………………………………………………… 109 vi Introduction Cultures of Fear In February of 1885, noted economist and reformer Richard T. Ely warned readers of Harper’s Monthly Magazine that a new era of labor relations was beginning; and it would involve “dynamite bombs and revolutionary murmurings.”1 Elaborating on this theme in his 1886 book-length investigation, The Labor Movement in America, Ely began the work with the troubling assertion that “a marvellous war is now being waged in the heart of modern civilization.”2 As a warning of the impending eruptions of anarchist violence in America, Ely wrote about a growing transnational class war: While the European practices of the revolutionaries have not yet been adapted in America, they themselves claim that our respite is a short one, since they are waiting for the opportune moment to begin the tactics of violence, and the favorable time is expected in a very near future.3 This near future turned out to be Ely’s present. As The Labor Movement in America was en route to the publisher, on May 4th, 1886, a bomb exploded amongst ranks of policemen who were attempting to break up an outdoor meeting in Chicago. After this event, revolutionary violence could no longer be viewed as the scourge of a distant Europe and authorities in Chicago attributed the bombing to a conspiracy amongst radical anarchist activists in the labor movement. Attempting to fit this act of terrorism into the conclusion of his book, Ely commented with concern that: “to-day there is a sympathy among workingmen for the Chicago Anarchists on trial for a brutal massacre of the authorities, which would have been inconceivable six months since.
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