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The Course and Canon of Left Nationalism in English Canada, 1968-1979

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The Course and Canon of Left Nationalism in English Canada, 1968-1979 The Course and Canon of Left Nationalism in English Canada, 1968-1979 by Michael Cesare Chiarello A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History with Specialization in Political Economy Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2020, Michael Cesare Chiarello ii Abstract This dissertation is an inquiry into the political and intellectual currents of English Canadian left nationalism from the late 1960s through the 1970s. It investigates the reasons why left nationalism emerged as a major force in English Canadian left politics and explores the evolution of a neo-Marxist critique of both Canadian capitalism and Canada's relationship with the United States. Left nationalism represented a distinctive perspective and political agenda. Its vision was of a Canada divorced from the American-led capitalist world system. English Canadian left nationalism had a political manifestation in the Waffle movement and an intellectual manifestation in the New Canadian Political Economy. The dissertation demonstrates that the left nationalist interpretation of Canadian- American relations was not rooted in anti-Americanism, but in a radical politics of democratic socialism and anti-imperialism. Left nationalism was primarily the product of neo-Marxist thought, rather than a reaction to problems in American politics, society, and foreign policy. English Canadian left nationalists were disruptors who, unlike their New Nationalist contemporaries, did not advance a program of capitalist or social democratic reform. The left nationalists were determined to replace capitalism with democratic socialism; without socialism, there could be no Canadian independence. Left nationalists sought to end Canada’s colonial status in the declining American empire, viewed the preservation of Canada’s resources as imperative to the country’s long-term prosperity, and advanced neo-Marxism in the academy and in the universities. The dissertation iii interrogates internal debates within the New Democratic Party over how to respond to the problem of American dependency; the rise and fall of the Waffle movement; the left nationalist response to crises in Canadian-American relations during the late 1960s and early 1970s; and the establishment of the New Canadian Political Economy, left nationalism’s most enduring legacy. iv Acknowledgments Writing a dissertation is a long, complicated, at times frustrating, but ultimately rewarding experience. I spent over 7 years as a graduate student at the Department of History at Carleton University and I will be eternally grateful for all the help and support I received. Special thanks goes out to Joan White, the Department’s graduate administrator, who has been crucial in guiding me through all the intricacies of administrative paperwork, deadlines, and applications. Her patience, expertise, and dedication was greatly appreciated. To Dr. Nick Hyrnyk, who as a fellow student, and then graduate, helped guide me through the process of the comprehensive exam and the research and writing of a dissertation. His friendship, and success as an academic, is my inspiration. To my other close friend, Chase Ferguson, thank you for always being there with me during the good and the bad. Alana Toulin, Erin Gurski, Anna Kuntz, Oli Anderson, Matt Hintermann, and Kathleen Burns, thank you for your support and encouragement. Professor Dominque Marshall, a devoted teacher, first introduced me to the subjects that would form my research project, and as an examiner showed me there is much more to be done. Professor Paul Litt taught me the importance of political history and his vigorous examination of my dissertation challenged me to think of my work in new ways. Thank you to Professor Wallace Clement, whose personal insight into my research project was extremely helpful and enlightening during the defence. And to Professor Dimitry Anastakis: thank you for serving as my external examiner, your v insight, praise, and criticism were much appreciated and inspired me to continue to improve my work and expand my outlook. I would not be writing these acknowledgements if were not for my supervisors Professor Norman Hillmer, CM, and Professor Stephen Azzi. Thank you for putting up with me as I navigated the trials and tribulations of writing a dissertation. To Stephen Azzi: your dedication to your work as a supervisor was admirable and you always knew how to find the right words and thoughts when I was ready to give up all hope. To Norman Hillmer: my close friend and confidant, I am immensely grateful for your support and dedication over the years, you were there for me during the highs and lows of both graduate school and life. I will always cherish the time we spent together in the classroom, on walks, drives, at antique and book stores, and most of all at lunch and dinner, they were the highlight of my time as a graduate student. To my family, thank you to my mom and dad, Vincenza and Augusto, for believing in me all my life and supporting me in my long academic journey, words cannot describe my gratitude. To my sister Vanessa, you always insisted I follow my dreams. Finally, to my grandparents Vittorio and Gina, while you passed away before I was able to finish my PhD, I have comfort knowing that you would be proud of me. To my Nonno Cesare, you were always a big part of my life even though I never got to meet you. And to my Nonna Rosa, you have always been there for me, and your life journey is my inspiration. Successfully completing a PhD requires a lot of effort and sacrifice, and my grandparents who upended their lives to move to Canada have been my role models. It is to them that I dedicate this thesis. vi Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledments…………………………………………………………………………………………..........iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………...vi Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1 Chapter 1: The New Democratic Party and the Rise of the Waffle, 1968-1969 ........... 34 Chapter 2: The Waffle's Populist Aspirations and Anti-Imperialist Agenda, 1969- 1974 .............................................................................................................................................................. 78 Chapter 3: Confronting American Dependency and Decline, 1970-1974 .................... 134 Chapter 4: The Politics of Energy, Ecological Independence, and the "End of Canada," 1970-1975 ............................................................................................................................................... 179 Chapter 5: Left Nationalists, Neo-Marxists, and the New Canadian Political Economy, 1968-1979 ............................................................................................................................................... 218 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 265 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 278 1 Introduction In the late 1960s and through the 1970s, left nationalism flourished in English Canada. This dissertation is an inquiry into the political and intellectual currents of that call for action. It investigates the reasons why left nationalism emerged as a major force in English Canadian left politics and explores the evolution of a neo-Marxist critique of both Canadian capitalism and Canada's relationship with the United States.1 English Canadian left nationalism had a political manifestation in the Waffle movement and an intellectual manifestation in the New Canadian Political Economy. It represented a distinctive perspective and political agenda. Its vision was of a Canada divorced from the American-led capitalist world system. The dissertation demonstrates that the left-nationalist interpretation of Canadian-American relations was rooted not in anti-Americanism, but in a radical politics of democratic socialism and anti-imperialism. Left nationalism was primarily the product of neo-Marxist thought, rather than a reaction to problems in American politics, society, and foreign policy. English Canadian left nationalists were disruptors who, unlike their New Nationalist contemporaries, did not advance a program of capitalist or social democratic reform. The left nationalists were determined to replace capitalism with democratic socialism; without socialism, there could be no Canadian independence. Left nationalists sought to end Canada’s colonial status in the declining American empire, viewed the preservation of 1 In contrast to classical Marxists, neo-Marxists were primarily concerned with political and social relations, rather than class and economics. Neo-Marxism was an extension of the New Left. Neo- Marxist theorists were concerned with the paradox of Marxism: its failure in the developed world, but its success in underdeveloped countries. 2 Canada’s resources as imperative to the country’s long-term prosperity, and advanced neo-Marxism in the academy. The dissertation interrogates internal debates within the New Democratic Party over how to respond to the problem of American dependency; the rise and fall of the Waffle movement; the left nationalist response
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