Analyse Des Structures Spatiales Des Données De Distribution Phytogéographique Des Acanthaceae En Afrique Centrale

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Analyse Des Structures Spatiales Des Données De Distribution Phytogéographique Des Acanthaceae En Afrique Centrale FACULTE DES SCIENCES ECOLE INTERFACULTAIRE DE BIOINGENIEURS SERVICE D’ECOLOGIE DU PAYSAGE ET SYSTEMES DE PRODUCTION VÉGÉTALE Analyse des structures spatiales des données de distribution phytogéographique des Acanthaceae en Afrique centrale Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme de Docteur en Sciences Par KOFFI Kouao Jean Directeur de thèse: Professeur Jan BOGAERT Composition du jury: Prof. Dr. Charles DE CANNIÈRE (Président) Prof. Dr. Farid DAHDOUH-GUEBAS (Secrétaire) Prof. Dr. Jan BOGAERT (Promoteur) Prof. Dr. Jean LEJOLY (ULB) Prof. Dr. Reinhart CEULEMANS (Université d’Anvers) Prof. Dr. Roeland SAMSON (Université d’Anvers) Prof. Dr. Elmar ROBBRECHT (Université d’Anvers et Jardin Botanique National de Belgique) Juillet 2008 Remerciements ______________________________________________________________________________ REMERCIEMENTS Le présent travail est le fruit de cinq années de formation et de travail, au cours desquelles j'ai pu bénéficier des conseils, des analyses critiques, des suggestions et des encouragements de nombreuses personnes. Qu'elles trouvent ici le témoignage de notre profonde gratitude. Ces cinq années de séjour en Belgique ont été possible grâce à l’appui du gouvernement de la Côte d’Ivoire qui nous a accordé les moyens nécessaires. Nous lui exprimons notre profonde gratitude et à travers lui à tout le peuple Ivoirien. Nos remerciements et notre profonde considération s’adressent au Professeur Jan Bogaert, Chargé de cours, Directeur du Service d’Ecologie du Paysage et Systèmes de Production Végétale, Promoteur de cette thèse, qui a dirigé et soutenu ce travail et nous a permis de bénéficier de tout le support logistique nécessaire à cette étude. Il nous a orienté vers cette nouvelle discipline qui est l’Ecologie du Paysage. Ses conseils judicieux, ses critiques, sa rigueur scientifique, son intérêt pour le sujet et sa constante disponibilité nous ont été des stimulants très précieux dans la réalisation de ce travail. Son apport et son amour pour l’Afrique et les africains, sa grande ouverture scientifique a rencontré notre souhait d’apprentissage et nous a donné l’opportunité d’élargir nos limites scientifiques. Nous tenons aussi à remercier le Professeur Jean Lejoly, Chef de Service, Directeur du Service de Botanique systématique et de phytosociologie, qui a bien voulu accepter notre inscription et qui a voulu proposer le thème de notre étude; ses critiques et ses suggestions scientifiques, son aide et son sens d’humanité nous ont été d’une grande utilité pour la réalisation du présent travail; nous voulons lui exprimer notre profonde gratitude et notre très haute considération. Nos remerciements et notre profonde considération s’adressent aussi au Professeur Charles De Cannière, qui a dirigé cette thèse en tant que Président du comité d’accompagnement. Ses conseils, sa rigueur scientifique et sa disponibilité nous ont été d’une grande utilité. Nous remercions le Professeur Elmar Robbrecht, Chef du département des plantes supérieures au Jardin Botanique National de Belgique (BR) à Meise, pour avoir fait, du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique à Meise, un second laboratoire d’accueil pour nous, mais, surtout, pour sa grande disponibilité, ses conseils et ses critiques scientifiques. Nous exprimons notre sincère gratitude à Madame Dominique Champluvier, Spécialiste des Acanthaceae au Jardin Botanique National de Belgique (BR) à Meise, qui nous a initié à l’encodage des échantillons et à la description des espèces. Nos remerciements et notre profonde considération s’adressent au Professeur Traoré Dossahoua, au Professeur Mianda Bungi Ndjele, au Professeur Mweru Mate, au Professeur Marjolein Visser, au Professeur M. El Bana, au Professeur R. Rousseau, au Professeur B. Habonimana, au Docteur Nicolas Barbier, au Docteur Danho Fursy Rodelec Neuba, à Vincent Deblauwe, à Bamba Issouf, à Serge Sibomana, à Boyemba à Faustin, à Jean Pierre Kabulu Djibu pour avoir contribué aux réalisations de nos manuscrits. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ K. J. Koffi Remerciements ______________________________________________________________________________ Aux membres du Personnel du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique et particulièrement à ceux du service informatique, nous disons également merci pour leur appui. Nous remercions également tous les membres jury pour avoir accepté de participer à ce jury de thèse. Nous voudrions, par la même occasion, remercier tout le corps professoral de la faculté des Sciences de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles et de l’UFR Biosciences de l’Université de Cocody- Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) de nous avoir fait bénéficier de leur connaissance. Que tous les professeurs et les encadreurs des travaux pratiques qui ont contribué à notre formation trouvent ici l’expression de notre reconnaissance. Aux Docteur Ingrid Parmentier et Elias Bizuru pour leur disponibilité, leur aide, leur franche collaboration et leur complicité dans le travail, nous disons merci. Nous remercions aussi tous nos collègues et amis du Service de Botanique Systématique et Phytosociologie et du Service d’Ecologie du Paysage et Systèmes de Production Végétale pour leur soutien moral, pour l’ambiance fraternelle, leur disponibilité et leurs conseils pertinents pour enrichir notre formation. Particulièrement, nous remercions les doctorants Barima Yao Sadaiou Sabas, Valérie Maluma, Joseph Bigirimana, Clay-Archange Boupoya-Mapikou, Ndayishimiye Joël, Kasalwe Denise, Iyongo Léon, et tous les mémorants et stagiaires. Nous ne pouvons pas passer non plus sous silence le Département des Relations Internationales et le Conseil d’Administration du Fonds David & Alice Van Buuren présidé par Baron Jaumotte, pour l’appui financier à ma formation, qu’ils trouvent ici l’expression de notre reconnaissance. A tous ceux, qui de près ou de loin, ont contribué à la réalisation de cette thèse ; qu’ils trouvent, ici, l’expression de nos sincères remerciements. Enfin, nous aimerions remercier tous nos parents, notre épouse Akossoua Faustine Kouassi et tous nos amis qui sont en Afrique et, ici, en Europe pour leur soutien moral et spirituel. Leur apport nous a permis d’arriver jusqu’au bout de ce travail. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ K. J. Koffi Sommaire __________________________________________________________________________________________ SOMMAIRE Liste des Figures.......................................................................................................................VI Liste des Tableaux................................................................................................................. VIII Résumé.....................................................................................................................................IX Lexique……………………………………………………………………………………….XI CHAPITRE 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION GENERALE................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Ecologie du paysage............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Paysage: définition et éléments......................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Emergence d’une nouvelle discipline dans l'histoire de l'écologie ................................... 6 1.1.2.1 Histoire de l’écologie de son origine aux années 1970.................................................. 6 1.1.2.2 Emergence de l’écologie du paysage ............................................................................. 6 1.1.3 Relation entre l’homme et son environnement ............................................................... 12 1.1.4 Analyse des structures des structures spatiales ............................................................... 13 1.2 Phytogéographie ................................................................................................................ 14 1.2.1 Définition et méthodes traditionnelles de la phytogéographie........................................ 14 1.2.2 Divisions chorologiques.................................................................................................. 15 1.2.3 Théories phytogéographiques en Afrique centrale.......................................................... 16 1.2.3.1 Modèle de Robyns (1948)............................................................................................ 16 1.2.3.2 Modèle de White (1979, 1986) .................................................................................... 17 1.2.3.3 Modèle de Ndjele (1988).............................................................................................. 19 1.2.3.4 Ressemblance et dissemblance des territoires phytogéographiques: Robyns (1948), White (1979, 1986) et Ndjele (1988) ....................................................................................... 21 1.3 Famille des Acanthaceae.................................................................................................... 22 1.3.1 Choix de la famille des Acanthaceae .............................................................................. 22 1.3.2 Historique........................................................................................................................ 22 1.3.3 Position systématique.....................................................................................................
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