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Samir Khan a Džihádistická Propaganda

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Samir Khan a Džihádistická Propaganda MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA V BRNĚ FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra politologie Obor Bezpečnostní a strategická studia Samir Khan a džihádistická propaganda Bakalářská práce Kateřina Plisková Vedoucí práce: doc. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslav Mareš, Ph.D. UČO: 348932 Obor: BSS-SOC Imatrikulační ročník: 2009 Brno, 2012 Prohlášení o autorství práce Prohlašuji, ţe jsem bakalářskou práci na téma Samir Khan a džihádistická propaganda vypracovala samostatně a pouţila jen zdroje uvedené v seznamu literatury. V Brně, 7. 5. 2012 .................................................... Kateřina Plisková 2 Poděkování Ráda bych tímto poděkovala doc. JUDr. PhDr. Miroslavu Marešovi, Ph.D. za vedení této bakalářské práce, cenné rady a připomínky. 3 Anotace Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá aktérem islamistického extremismu a terorismu Samirem Khanem, který se stal výrazným propagátorem dţihádu pod záštitou Al-Káidy na Arabském poloostrově. V teoretické části práce jsou vysvětleny důleţité pojmy související s daným tématem, jedná se především o islamismus, extremismus, terorismus, dţihád a problematiku terorismu tzv. „osamělých vlků“. Praktická část představuje analýzu faktorů ovlivňující vývoj Samira Khana v extremistického aktéra dle modelu extremismu/terorismu od německého sociologa Uweho Kemmesiese. Závěrečná část se zabývá konkrétní dţihádistickou propagandou ve formě magazínu Inspire, jehoţ autorem je z velké časti Samir Khan. Tento časopis se zaměřuje především na motivování „osamělých vlků“, kteří ţijí v nepřátelských zemích. Abstract This bachelor’s thesis focuses on participant of extremism and terrorism Samir Khan, who has became a significant promoter of jihad under the Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. In the theoretical part of the work are explained important concepts of given topic, particularly it is Islamism, extremism, terrorism, jihad and “lone wolf” terrorism. Practical part presents analysis of factors which influenced the development of Samir Khan in extremist participant according to model of extremism/terrorism from German sociologist Uwe Kemmesies. Final part deals with specific jihadist propaganda in the form of magazine Inspire, which was written by Samir Khan. This magazine focuses on motivation of „lone wolves”, who are living in hostile countries. Klíčová slova Samir Khan, dţihádistická propaganda, Al-Káida, islamismus, extremismus, terorismus, „osamělí vlci“, Inspire Key words Samir Khan, jihadist propaganda, Al-Qaeda, Islamism, extremism, terrorism, „lone-wolves“, Inspire 4 Obsah 1. Úvod .................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Definice základních pojmů ................................................................................................. 8 2.1. Islámský fundamentalismus ............................................................................................ 8 2.2. Islamismus ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Islámský extremismus ................................................................................................... 10 2.4. Islámský terorismus ....................................................................................................... 11 2.5. Dţihád ........................................................................................................................... 13 2.6. “Lone wolf terrorism“ - „terorismus osamělých vlků“ ................................................. 15 2.7. Al-Káida na Arabském poloostrově .............................................................................. 16 3. Analýza faktorů vývoje extremistického aktéra dle modelu extremismu/terorismu ........ 19 3.1. Samir Khan .................................................................................................................... 19 3.2. Teoretický model extremismu/terorismu ...................................................................... 19 3.3. Osoba ............................................................................................................................. 22 3.4. Ideologie ........................................................................................................................ 24 3.5. Prostředí ........................................................................................................................ 25 3.5.1. Mikrosystém .............................................................................................................. 25 3.5.2. Mesosystém ............................................................................................................... 27 3.5.3. Exosystém .................................................................................................................. 28 3.5.4. Makrosystém ............................................................................................................. 30 4. Magazín Inspire ................................................................................................................ 32 4.1. Struktura magazínu ....................................................................................................... 33 4.2. Témata magazínu Inspire .............................................................................................. 35 4.3 Názory západních představitelů .................................................................................... 37 4.4 Úspěšnost magazínu Inspire .......................................................................................... 38 5. Závěr ................................................................................................................................. 40 Seznam zkratek: ....................................................................................................................... 42 Pouţitá literatura: ..................................................................................................................... 43 Elektronické zdroje: ................................................................................................................. 44 Přílohy: ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Počet znaků: 71 789 5 1. Úvod V dnešním světě patří terorismus mezi největší bezpečnostní hrozby. Tento fenomén je mezi odborníky, médii, ale i laickou společnostní velice oblíbeným tématem k diskuzi. Uvnitř západní společnosti patří k nejvíce obávanému a nejvíce probíranému typu terorismus islámský - náboţenský terorismus pramenící ve své podstatě z islámu. Za nejznámější islámskou teroristickou organizaci můţeme povaţovat Al-Káidu, která se do povědomí společnosti nejvíce dostala po teroristických útocích 11. září 2001. Tato teroristická organizace má globální charakter a po celém světě existují sítě buněk, které jsou s touto organizací více či méně spjaty. Existence těchto rozvinutých sítí je umoţněna díky velkému rozmachu informačních technologií, které organizaci umoţňují spolupráci na velké vzdálenosti. Tento rychlý technologický vývoj dále umoţňuje podílet se na teroristické činnosti nejen větším buňkám, ale i jednotlivcům tzv. „osamělým vlkům“. Tato práce se zabývá osobou Samira Khana, představitele dţihádistické propagandy, který se od roku 2010 podílel na vydávání časopisu Inspire1 pod záštitou Al-Káidy na Arabském poloostrově. Tento časopis vybízí k dţihádu a válce proti západní společnosti, přičemţ vychází především z vybraných islámských tezí. Právě globální dţihád stojí v popředí ideologického základu Al-Káidy a je jejími představiteli silně propagován. Cílem práce je pomocí teoretického modelu extremismu/terorismu od německého sociologa Uweho Kemmesiese analyzovat faktory, které ovlivnily vývoj Samira Khana v aktéra islámského extremismu, člena Al-Káidy na Arabském poloostrově. To povaţuji za velice zajímavé především z důvodu nízké rozpracovanosti tématu individuální osobnosti jako aktéra terorismu či extremismu. Velké mnoţství prací se zaměřuje na analýzu teroristických skupin jako celků a snaţí se o jejich zařazení dle určitého teoretického konceptu. Naopak rovina jednotlivce dostává prostoru méně, přičemţ fenomén individuální osoby jako aktéra terorismu/extremismu je díky stále větší rozvolněnosti teroristických skupin, vyšší efektivnosti jejich propagandy a vyspělé technice na vzestupu. Dalším cílem práce je analytický popis propagandistického magazínu Inspire, zejména z hlediska jeho náboţenského charakteru, účelů, cílů, úspěšnosti a především z hlediska cílové 1 Inspire je prvním propagandistickým dţihádistickým časopisem vydávaným on-line v anglickém jazyce (Mail Online 2010). 6 skupiny, které je určen. Inspire je dobrým příkladem toho, jak velké přinášejí informační technologie a konkrétně internet, přístupný ve vyspělejších zemích v podstatě komukoliv, výhody samotným teroristům. Ti tak velice jednoduchou a rafinovanou cestou získávají nové přívrţence. Často se jedná o tzv. „lone wolves“ neboli „osamělé vlky“, aktéry terorismu, kteří pracují samostatně, coţ je v dnešním globalizovaném světě poměrně jednoduché. Základem jejich jednání se stává náboţenská ideologie a prostřednictvím magazínu Inspire získávají motivaci k tomu, stát se aktivním dţihádistou. Problematika „osamělých vlků“ začíná být mezi odborníky více zkoumána, ale stále existují poměrně omezené publikace o tomto rozvíjejícím se jevu. Z metodologického hlediska má práce charakter kvalitativního výzkumu. Jedná se o případovou
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