Bacopa Monnieri, Water Hyssop

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T164168A17722668

Bacopa monnieri, Water Hyssop

Assessment by: Lansdown, R.V., Knees, S.G. & Patzelt, A.

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Citation: Lansdown, R.V., Knees, S.G. & Patzelt, A. 2013. Bacopa monnieri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T164168A17722668. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- 1.RLTS.T164168A17722668.en

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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Plantae Tracheophyta Magnoliopsida Scrophulariales Scrophulariaceae

Taxon Name: Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.

Regional Assessments: • Mediterranean

Common Name(s): • English: Water Hyssop Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1

Year Published: 2013

Date Assessed: April 23, 2012

Justification: This species is assessed as Least Concern as it is widespread with stable populations and does not face any major threats.

Previously Published Red List Assessments 2013 – Least Concern (LC)

Geographic Range

Range Description: Bacopa monnieri is distributed in tropics and subtropics of the world: in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, China, Taiwan, Viet Nam and Pakistan. It is also found in Florida, Hawaii and southern states of USA and the Meditearranean Basin.

In India it is found in Andaman, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Kerala, Karnataka, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.

In the Arabian Peninsula, this species has been recorded from Bahrain, Kuwait, northern and southern Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia and Yemen including Socotra. It occurs throughout the southern and western Peninsula.

Country Occurrence: Native: Argentina; Australia; Bahamas; Bahrain; Barbados; Belize; Bhutan; Bolivia, Plurinational States of; Brazil; Cambodia; Chile; China; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; French Guiana; Grenada; Guadeloupe; Guatemala; Haiti; Honduras; India (Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh,

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bacopa monnieri – published in 2013. 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164168A17722668.en Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal); Indonesia; Jamaica; Kuwait; Lao People's Democratic Republic; Madagascar; Malaysia; Martinique; Mexico; Mozambique; Nepal; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Oman; Pakistan; Panama; Peru; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Saint Lucia; Saudi Arabia; Somalia; South Africa; Sri Lanka; Swaziland; Taiwan, Province of China; Thailand; Trinidad and Tobago; United Arab Emirates; United States (Florida, Hawaiian Is.); Viet Nam; Virgin Islands, British; Virgin Islands, U.S.; Yemen (North Yemen, Socotra, South Yemen)

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bacopa monnieri – published in 2013. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164168A17722668.en Population There is no information available on population trends in this species. However, the populations are generally healthy and the species is widespread. Current Population Trend: Stable

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) Bacopa monnieri is a perennial or sometimes annual. It grows gregariously and often forms dense mats in marshy places, the banks of pools and along streams and ditches. It can tolerate brackish water. It is mostly found in rice fields. Propagation is often achieved through cuttings. Bacopa monnieri is known to grow under varying soil and climatic conditions. The plant performs exceptionally well in poorly drained soils and waterlogged areas under subtropical conditions.

In the Arabian Peninsula, this species is described as fringing mountain pools and some wadis. If the water supply is continuous, it often colonizes small irrigated fields beneath date palms (Western 1989). In Oman, it is often found in wet, damp or moist places, sometimes inundated with changing water level, by streams, wadis, and pools.

Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater

Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information) Bacopa monnieri has been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for centuries. It is used in the treatment of a number of disorders, particularly those involving anxiety, intellect and poor memory. Traditionally, it was used as a brain tonic to enhance memory development, learning, and concentration. It is also sold for aquaria.

There is no evidence that this species is used in the Arabian Peninsula. Threats

On the Arabian Peninsula, there are no known significant past, ongoing or future threats to this species.

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) There are no conservation measures in place and none needed. Credits

Assessor(s): Lansdown, R.V., Knees, S.G. & Patzelt, A.

Reviewer(s): Ravikumar, K., Narasimhan, D., Juffe Bignoli, D. & García, N.

Contributor(s): Molur, S., Rhazi, L., Grillas, P., Rhazi, M., Flanagan, D. & Rehel, S.

Cook, C.D.K. 1996. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of India. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

IUCN. 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2013.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 12 June 2013).

Miller, A.G. and Morris, M. 2004. Ethnoflora of the Soqotra Archipelago. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh.

Western, A.R. 1989. The flora of the United Arab Emirates: An introduction. United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain.

Citation Lansdown, R.V., Knees, S.G. & Patzelt, A. 2013. Bacopa monnieri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T164168A17722668. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013- 1.RLTS.T164168A17722668.en

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Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major Season Suitability Habitat Importance? 5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.2. Wetlands (inland) - - Suitable Yes Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.4. Wetlands (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, - Suitable Yes Fens, Peatlands

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.7. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater - Suitable Yes Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.9. Wetlands (inland) - Freshwater Springs and - Suitable Yes Oases

15. Artificial/Aquatic & Marine -> 15.9. Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and - Suitable No Drainage Channels, Ditches

Use and Trade (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

End Use Local National International Medicine - human & veterinary Yes Yes No

Pets/display animals, horticulture No No No

Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning

Action Recovery plan: No

Systematic monitoring scheme: No

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range

Occur in at least one PA: Unknown

Area based regional management plan: No

Invasive species control or prevention: No

In-Place Species Management

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bacopa monnieri – published in 2013. 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164168A17722668.en Conservation Actions in Place Harvest management plan: No

Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No

Subject to ex-situ conservation: No

In-Place Education

Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No

Included in international legislation: No

Subject to any international management/trade controls: No

Additional Data Fields

Distribution Lower elevation limit (m): 0

Upper elevation limit (m): 1500

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bacopa monnieri – published in 2013. 7 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T164168A17722668.en The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T164168A17722668

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