DOCSLIB.ORG

Neuropharmacological and Cognitive Effects of Bacopa Monnieri (L.) Wettst – a Review on Its Mechanistic Aspects

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neuropharmacological and Cognitive Effects of Bacopa Monnieri (L.) Wettst – a Review on Its Mechanistic Aspects Complementary Therapies in Medicine 44 (2019) 68–82 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Complementary Therapies in Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ctim Neuropharmacological and cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst – A review on its mechanistic aspects T ⁎ Nimisha Pulikkal Sukumaran, Augustine Amalraj, Sreeraj Gopi R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd, Kolenchery, Cochin 682 311, Kerala, India ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Bacopa monnieri (L.) – (BM) is a perennial, creeping herb which is widely used in traditional ayurvedic medicine Brahmi as a neural tonic to improve intelligence and memory. Research into the biological effects of this plant has Bacopa monnieri burgeoned in recent years, promising its neuroprotective and memory boosting ability among others. In this Bacosides context, an extensive literature survey allows an insight into the participation of numerous signaling pathways Cognitive health and oxidative mechanism involved in the mitigation of oxidative stress, along with other indirect mechanisms Neuroprotection modulated by bioactive molecules of BM to improve the cognitive action by their synergistic potential and Memory booster cellular multiplicity mechanism. This multi-faceted review describes the novel mechanisms that underlie the unfounded but long flaunted promises of BM and thereby direct a way to harness this acquired knowledge to develop innovative approaches to manipulate its intracellular pathways. 1. Introduction hypercholesterolemic effect,29 anti-emetic30 and antiulcer31 activities. Preliminary animal studies of BM whole plant or alcohol extracts have Bacopa monnieri (L.) – (BM) (Common names: Brahmi, Bacopa, reported cognition-enhancing effects, including a decrease in walking Waterhyssop), renowned as a nootropic plant; belonging to the family errors,32 enhanced learning ability, increased memory retrieval and Scrophulariaceae, is a well-known ayurvedic medicinal plant used in prevented dendritic atrophy following hypoxic exposure in rats.33 India, as a neural tonic to improve intelligence and memory, increase Beneficial effects of the plant may be attributed to its vast range of – brain function and promote longevity.1 3 Being mainly of complex closely related saponins, which differs slightly in structure. Some of the formulations rather than a single bioactive compound, ayurvedic earlier work in this regard, reported the effects of BM on cognitive system of medicine contains several individual components that have a function.34,35 Hence, its effects on cognitive performance, holds a great synergic interaction among phytochemicals, that mutually enhance promise for the amelioration of age-related cognitive decline as well as their efficacy and allows them to act on multiple targets to control cognitive enhancement in the young.33 A controlled study has been complex molecular recognition sites.4 Encouragingly, recently there is a done by Roodenrys et al.36 with various memory functions and the le- growing support for the ‘black-box’ approach – a whole-system ap- vels of anxiety measured, demonstrated the significance of BM on the proach considering the entire compounds rather than individual active retention of new information. Later, Peth-Nui et al.37 verified the effect compounds, for the reason that they can contribute to the synergistic of BM on boosted attention and cognitive processing skill together with action of various molecules to achieve a physiological or pharmacolo- improved working memory and cholinergic function. gical effect.5 Several in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the pharmacological Of the most noticeable therapeutic influences of BM, researchers properties of BM have been published and have especially highlighted generally pointed at the neuroprotection against dementia,6 amnesia,7 its neuroprotective ability which is attributed to its antioxidative, anti- memory dysfunction,8,9 Parkinson's disease (PD),10 Alzheimer's disease apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties. Herein, not just blue-sky (AD),11 epileptic seizures12 and schizophrenia.13 Nevertheless, BM is thinking, but to decipher the molecular pathways that are already being reported to possess sedative,14 antimicrobial,15 anti-inflammatory,16 used to guide systematic procedures and algorithms for neurochemical/ calcium antagonistic,17 anticonvulsant,18 anti-aging,19 cognitive en- biological properties of BM, suggesting its protection against neurotoxic – hancive,20 22 antinociceptive,23 broncho-vasodilatory,24 anticancer,25 and memory enhancing ability are revised. Moreover, in this review, we hepatoprotective,26 anti-allergic,27 antidepressant,28 anti- evaluate the ways in which BM contributes to cognitive health beyond ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Gopi). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.016 Received 2 February 2019; Received in revised form 23 March 2019; Accepted 25 March 2019 Available online 30 March 2019 0965-2299/ © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. N.P. Sukumaran, et al. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 44 (2019) 68–82 Fig. 1. Chemical structure of Bacoside A. the known mechanisms of its action and to explore the molecular L-arabinofuranosy(1→2)]-Ob-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] jujubogenin by crosstalk between these mechanisms and other related pathways in cell chemical and spectral analyses. Along with another bacogenin A4, survival, neuroprotection, and cognitive enhancing capabilities that are which was identified as ebelin lactone pseudojujubogenin and a minor critical to its underlying molecular mechanism to formulate therapeutic saponin bacoside A1 was isolated and characterized as 3-O-[a-L-arabi- 42 43 interventions. nofuranoyl(1→3)-β-L-arabinopyranosyl] jujubogenin. Garay et al. isolated three dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins: bacopasaponins fi 2. Active constituents of BM A, B and C, which was identi ed as 3-O-a-L-arabinopyranosyl-20-O-a-L- arabinopyranosyl-jujubogenin, 3-O-[a-L-arabinofuranosyl (I→2) a-L- β → The characteristic bioactive constituents of BM responsible for its arabinopyranosyl]pseudojujubogenin and 3-O-[ -D-glucopyranosyl(1 → cognitive effects are saponins called bacosides.38 The active ingredients 3){a-L-arabinofuranosyl(1 2)}a-Larabinopyranosyl]. Along with a specifically bacosides A (Fig. 1) and B (Fig. 2) are believed to underlie dammarane-type pseudojujubogenin glycoside, bacopasaponin D was fi α → β the memory-enhancing effects of BM.33 Bacosides, comprise a family of also isolated and de ned as 3-O-[ -Larabinofuranosyl (I 2) -D-glu- 12 known analogs, is a dammarane type of triterpenoid saponin with copiranosyl] pseudojujubogenin. Four cucurbitacins, bacobitacin A, B, jujubogenin, or pseudo-jujubogenin moieties (glycone units). The most C and D and a known cytotoxic, cucurbitacin E, together with three studied constituent bacoside A (3-(a-L-arabinopyranosyl)-O-b-D-gluco- known phenylethanoid glycosides viz. monnieraside I, III and plantio- 44 pyranoside-10,20-dihydroxy-16-keto-dammar-24-ene) is a mixture of side B were isolated from aerial parts of BM. A triterpene bacosine four triglycosidic saponins, namely bacoside A3, bacopaside II, baco- (3alpha)-3-Hydroxylup-20(29)-en-27-oic acid), was also isolated and fi 45,46 pasaponin C and the jujubogenin isomer of bacosaponin C (bacopaside identi ed from aerial parts of BM. – X),39 whereas bacoside B consists of bacopaside N1, bacopaside N2, Recently, novel saponins called bacopasides I XII have been iden- fi 39 ff bacopaside IV, and bacopaside V.40 ti ed by Le et al., in a study to clarify the anti-dementia e ects of BM. Levorotatory bacoside A, a mixture of compounds co-occurs usually Other medicinally important chemical entities include alkaloids with dextrorotatory bacoside B.41 Rastogi et al.42 demonstrated tri- (brahmine and herpestine), saponins (D-mannitol and hersaponin), terpenoid saponin, bacoside A3 (3-b-[O-b-Dglucopyranosyl (1–3)-O-[a- monnierin, betulic acid, stigmastarol, beta-sitosterol, wogonin, Fig. 2. Chemical structure of Bacoside B. 69 N.P. Sukumaran, et al. Table 1 Major active constituents of BM. Compound IUPAC name Biological activity Molecular formula References Bacoside A3 3-β-[(O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→3)-O-(α-L-arabinofuranosyl(1→2)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl) oxy)jujubogenin Anti-depression activity, Hepatoprotective C47H76O18 26,28,47 Bacopaside II 3-O-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl] pseudojujubogenin Anti-depression activity, Hepatoprotective C47H76O18 26,28,47 Bascopasaponin C 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl] pseudojujubogenin Anti-depression activity, Hepatoprotective C46H74O17 26,28,47 Bacopaside X 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl] jujubogenin Hepatoprotective C46H74O17 26,47 Bacopaside N2 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl] pseudojujubogenin Cognitive enhancive, antinociceptive C42H68O14 22,23,47 Bacopaside N1 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl] jujubogenin Cognitive enhancive, anticonvulsant C42H68O14 18,20,47 Bacopaside IV 3-O-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→2)-[6-O-sulfo-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-L-arabinopyranosyl] pseudojujubogenin Cognitive enhancive, anti-aging C46H74O20S 19,22,47 Bacopaside V 3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-a-Larabinofuranosyl pseudojujubogenin Cognitive enhancive, anticancer C41H66O13 25,48 70 by Babita etinduced al. motor skill abnormalities onneurotoxicant mouse model studied MPTP was studied (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sutera Cordata C.E.O. Kuntze Bacopa (Chaenostoma Cordatum, Bacopa Cordata, Sutera Diffusa)
    Sutera cordata C.E.O. Kuntze Bacopa (Chaenostoma cordatum, Bacopa cordata, Sutera diffusa) Other Common Names: Sutera. Family: Scrophulariaceae. Cold Hardiness: Cold tolerant and used as a winter annual or perennial in USDA zones 9(8b) through 11; often used as a transition or summer annual in cooler climates. Foliage: Evergreen; opposite; simple; rhombic-ovate to nearly cordate; small, dO to eO(¾O) long, and thickish; tips acute; margins distally dentate-serrate; palmately veined, faintly impressed above and lightly raised beneath; base cuneate, rounded, or nearly cordate; the blade is medium to dark green; petioles are ¼O to ½Olong, green, and sometimes winged with tiny glandular pubescence. Flower: Perfect; terminal; five-petals fused at the base into a narrow throat and recurved distally to form a flattened small five-lobed white flower; the corolla is surrounded by a five-lobed green calyx; additional colors in the blue, pink, and lavender range are being developed via hybridization with other species. Fruit: Tiny capsules; not ornamental; deadheading is not required. 1 Stem / Bark: Stems — stiff; mostly prostrate; green with tiny glandular pubescence; Buds — tiny, /32O or less in length; foliose; green; Bark — not applicable in our region. Habit: Bacopa forms a flat spreading semi-evergreen rounded herbaceous mat of trailing stems and under cultivation in our region plants are only 2O to 4O(8O) tall with a 2N to 4N spread; in its native land it may develop into a woody subshrub mounding to 24O tall with an indefinite spread; the overall texture is fine. Cultural Requirements: Morning sun and afternoon shade is best, but plants can tolerate full sun to partial shade if a steady moisture supply is available; plants frequently tend to slump or succumb to the heat of our summers, but if they survive, they may return to flower in autumn; plants require a moist well drained fertile soil and are not particularly drought tolerant; recovery from severe drought stress is poor.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Issn 0976-4550 Comparative Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Investigation of Two Plant Species Valued As Medhya Rasayanas
    Volume: 2: Issue-3: July-Sept -2011 ISSN 0976-4550 COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO PLANT SPECIES VALUED AS MEDHYA RASAYANAS. 1Trivedi Manisha N*, 2Khemani Archana, 3Vachhani Urmila D. 4Shah Charmi P. 5Santani D.D. 1 3,4 and 5ROFEL, Shri G M Bilakhia College of Pharmacy. Vapi. 396191. Gujarat. INDIA. 2The Zandu Pharmaceutical Works Ltd. (Now Emami Limited). Vapi. 396195. Gujarat. India. ABSTRACT : Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri widely known as Brahmi are considered as ‘Medhya rasayanas’ in Ayurveda meaning brain tonic. However, these plants are distinctly different. The name Brahmi, Jala-brahmi or water-brahmi is assigned to Bacopa monnieri whereas "mandukaparni", often confused with Brahmi, refers to Centella asiatica. A detailed investigation of whole plant and roots of both the crude drugs was carried out. The diagnostic characteristics includes presence of stomata, vessels with spiral thickening, rosette crystals of calcium oxalate in Centella asiatica and xylem vessels with reticulate thickening, glandular hairs, simple, round and oval starch grains, measuring 4-14 μ in diameter in Bacopa monnieri. Various physicochemical parameters were also established. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of many therapeutically important classes of phytoconstituents such as glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, protiens and carbohydrates. The present work was undertaken to generate information regarding relevant pharmacognostical, phytochemical and physicochemical data needed for proper identification and authentification of two crude drugs belonging to two different families, mainly focusing and exploring the aspects leading to common effect of improving memory. Key words: Brahmi, Mandukaparni , Medhya rasayanas, memory, tonic INTRODUCTION In India, Bacopa monnieri, known as "Brahmi", is revered in the indigenous system of medicine as a nerve tonic.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnomedicinal Profile of Flora of District Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
    ISSN: 2717-8161 RESEARCH ARTICLE New Trend Med Sci 2020; 1(2): 65-83. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ntms Ethnomedicinal Profile of Flora of District Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Fozia Noreen1*, Mishal Choudri2, Shazia Noureen3, Muhammad Adil4, Madeeha Yaqoob4, Asma Kiran4, Fizza Cheema4, Faiza Sajjad4, Usman Muhaq4 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan 2Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan 3Governament Degree College for Women, Malakwal, District Mandi Bahauddin, Punjab, Pakistan 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Gujrat Sialkot Subcampus, Punjab, Pakistan Article History Abstract: An ethnomedicinal profile of 112 species of remedial Received 30 May 2020 herbs, shrubs, and trees of 61 families with significant Accepted 01 June 2020 Published Online 30 Sep 2020 gastrointestinal, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, herpetological, renal, dermatological, hormonal, analgesic and antipyretic applications *Corresponding Author have been explored systematically by circulating semi-structured Fozia Noreen and unstructured questionnaires and open ended interviews from 40- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, 74 years old mature local medicine men having considerable University of Sialkot, professional experience of 10-50 years in all the four geographically Punjab, Pakistan diversified subdivisions i.e. Sialkot, Daska, Sambrial and Pasrur of E-mail: [email protected] district Sialkot with a total area of 3106 square kilometres with ORCID:http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6096-2568 population density of 1259/km2, in order to unveil botanical flora for world. Family Fabaceae is found to be the most frequent and dominant family of the region. © 2020 NTMS.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Practices of Sacred Natural Sites: a Socio-Religious Approach for Successful Implementation of Primary
    Medicinal practices of sacred natural sites: a socio-religious approach for successful implementation of primary healthcare services Rajasri Ray and Avik Ray Review Correspondence Abstract Rajasri Ray*, Avik Ray Centre for studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity and Background: Sacred groves are model systems that Sustainability (CEiBa), Malda - 732103, West have the potential to contribute to rural healthcare Bengal, India owing to their medicinal floral diversity and strong social acceptance. *Corresponding Author: Rajasri Ray; [email protected] Methods: We examined this idea employing ethnomedicinal plants and their application Ethnobotany Research & Applications documented from sacred groves across India. A total 20:34 (2020) of 65 published documents were shortlisted for the Key words: AYUSH; Ethnomedicine; Medicinal plant; preparation of database and statistical analysis. Sacred grove; Spatial fidelity; Tropical diseases Standard ethnobotanical indices and mapping were used to capture the current trend. Background Results: A total of 1247 species from 152 families Human-nature interaction has been long entwined in has been documented for use against eighteen the history of humanity. Apart from deriving natural categories of diseases common in tropical and sub- resources, humans have a deep rooted tradition of tropical landscapes. Though the reported species venerating nature which is extensively observed are clustered around a few widely distributed across continents (Verschuuren 2010). The tradition families, 71% of them are uniquely represented from has attracted attention of researchers and policy- any single biogeographic region. The use of multiple makers for its impact on local ecological and socio- species in treating an ailment, high use value of the economic dynamics. Ethnomedicine that emanated popular plants, and cross-community similarity in from this tradition, deals health issues with nature- disease treatment reflects rich community wisdom to derived resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Aspect of Bacopa Monnieri: a Review
    Vol 4, Issue 3, 2016 ISSN- 2321-6824 Review Article PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECT OF BACOPA MONNIERI: A REVIEW PUSHPENDRA KUMAR JAIN1, DEBAJYOTI DAS2, PUNEET JAIN3*, PRACHI JAIN4 1Department of Pharmacy, Naraina Vidyapeeth Group of Institutions, Panki-Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. 3Maharana Pratap Education Center, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. 4Dr. Virendra Swarup Education Centre, Panki, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 25 April 2016, Revised and Accepted: 29 April 2016 ABSTRACT It is said that the use of Bacopa monnieri (BM) for memory enhancement goes back 3000 years or more in India, when it was cited for its medicinal properties, especially the memory enhancing capacity, in the vedic texts “Athar-Ved Samhila” (3:1) of 800 BC and in Ayurveda. In the folklore of Indian medicine, several herbs have been used traditionally as brain or nerve tonics. One of the most popular of these neurotonics is BM, a well-known memory booster. Brahmi has been administered at religious institutions to help students to enhance their memory for learning ancient, religious hymns. It is also used as cardio-tonic, tranquilizer and sedative, improves the process of learning, restores memory, and enhances power of speech and imagination, diuretic and nervine tonic, antistress, for nervous and mental strain, use in insanity, epilepsy, hysteria, esthenia, nervous breakdown. It is a small, creeping succulent herb. The leaf and flower bearing stems are 10-30 cm long and arise from creeping stems that form roots at the nodes with pale blue or pinkish white flowers belonging to family Scrophulariaceae grown nearly banks of freshwater streams and ponds, paddy fields, and other damp places.
    [Show full text]
  • Nature Conservation
    J. Nat. Conserv. 11, – (2003) Journal for © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/jnc Nature Conservation Constructing Red Numbers for setting conservation priorities of endangered plant species: Israeli flora as a test case Yuval Sapir1*, Avi Shmida1 & Ori Fragman1,2 1 Rotem – Israel Plant Information Center, Dept. of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology,The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Present address: Botanical Garden,The Hebrew University, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel Abstract A common problem in conservation policy is to define the priority of a certain species to invest conservation efforts when resources are limited. We suggest a method of constructing red numbers for plant species, in order to set priorities in con- servation policy. The red number is an additive index, summarising values of four parameters: 1. Rarity – The number of sites (1 km2) where the species is present. A rare species is defined when present in 0.5% of the area or less. 2. Declining rate and habitat vulnerability – Evaluate the decreasing rate in the number of sites and/or the destruction probability of the habitat. 3. Attractivity – the flower size and the probability of cutting or exploitation of the plant. 4. Distribution type – scoring endemic species and peripheral populations. The plant species of Israel were scored for the parameters of the red number. Three hundred and seventy (370) species, 16.15% of the Israeli flora entered into the “Red List” received red numbers above 6. “Post Mortem” analysis for the 34 extinct species of Israel revealed an average red number of 8.7, significantly higher than the average of the current red list.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Resolving Lamiales Relationships
    Schäferhoff et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:352 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/352 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences Bastian Schäferhoff1*, Andreas Fleischmann2, Eberhard Fischer3, Dirk C Albach4, Thomas Borsch5, Günther Heubl2, Kai F Müller1 Abstract Background: In the large angiosperm order Lamiales, a diverse array of highly specialized life strategies such as carnivory, parasitism, epiphytism, and desiccation tolerance occur, and some lineages possess drastically accelerated DNA substitutional rates or miniaturized genomes. However, understanding the evolution of these phenomena in the order, and clarifying borders of and relationships among lamialean families, has been hindered by largely unresolved trees in the past. Results: Our analysis of the rapidly evolving trnK/matK, trnL-F and rps16 chloroplast regions enabled us to infer more precise phylogenetic hypotheses for the Lamiales. Relationships among the nine first-branching families in the Lamiales tree are now resolved with very strong support. Subsequent to Plocospermataceae, a clade consisting of Carlemanniaceae plus Oleaceae branches, followed by Tetrachondraceae and a newly inferred clade composed of Gesneriaceae plus Calceolariaceae, which is also supported by morphological characters. Plantaginaceae (incl. Gratioleae) and Scrophulariaceae are well separated in the backbone grade; Lamiaceae and Verbenaceae appear in distant clades, while the recently described Linderniaceae are confirmed to be monophyletic and in an isolated position. Conclusions: Confidence about deep nodes of the Lamiales tree is an important step towards understanding the evolutionary diversification of a major clade of flowering plants. The degree of resolution obtained here now provides a first opportunity to discuss the evolution of morphological and biochemical traits in Lamiales.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Medicinal Plants Against Alzheimer's Disease
    International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine Review Article Open Access Role of medicinal plants against Alzheimer’s disease Abstract Volume 11 Issue 4 - 2018 Alzheimer’s is an irreversible and dynamic neurodegenerative ailment which Arpita Roy associated with the age and characterized by serious loss of memory, personality Delhi Technological University, India changes, uncommon behaviour and decrease in intellectual capacity. Till now no countermeasure available for Alzheimer’s, however symptomatic treatment may Correspondence: Arpita Roy, Delhi Technological University, enhance memory and other issues related to this disease. Products from natural resources New Delhi-110042, India, Email [email protected] such as medicinal plants have been utilized for the treatment of various memory disorders like amnesia, dementia, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson since long time. Various Received: April 20, 2018 | Published: July 12, 2018 studies depicted the utilization of therapeutic plants for treatment of Alzheimer’s. In spite of that exact mode of their action is yet indistinct. Phytochemical investigations of various plant parts have demonstrated presence of numerous bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids and sterols. These compounds demonstrate an extensive variety of pharmacological activities which includes anticholinesterase, antiinflammatory, antiamyloidogenic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. This review provides the description of different medicinal plants against Alzheimer’s disease. Keywords: medicinal plants, Alzheimer’s disease, phytocompounds Introduction Products that are derived from plants are carefully standardized, and their safety and efficacy for a particular application have been Neurodegenerative ailments are heterogeneous group of genetic tested.4 Herbal medicine is indigenous to India and in Ayurveda disorders that are indicated by loss of neuronal structure, function and several preparations of medicine have been developed for various generally lead to neuronal loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Shoot and Root Tissue of Bacopa
    Jeena et al. BMC Genomics (2017) 18:490 DOI 10.1186/s12864-017-3865-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri identifies potential genes related to triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis Gajendra Singh Jeena, Shahnoor Fatima†, Pragya Tripathi†, Swati Upadhyay† and Rakesh Kumar Shukla* Abstract Background: Bacopa monnieri commonly known as Brahmi is utilized in Ayurveda to improve memory and many other human health benefits. Bacosides enriched standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri is being marketed as a memory enhancing agent. In spite of its well known pharmacological properties it is not much studied in terms of transcripts involved in biosynthetic pathway and its regulation that controls the secondary metabolic pathway in this plant. The aim of this study was to identify the potential transcripts and provide a framework of identified transcripts involved in bacosides production through transcriptome assembly. Results: We performed comparative transcriptome analysis of shoot and root tissue of Bacopa monnieri in two independent biological replicate and obtained 22.48 million and 22.0 million high quality processed reads in shoot and root respectively. After de novo assembly and quantitative assessment total 26,412 genes got annotated in root and 18,500 genes annotated in shoot sample. Quality of raw reads was determined by using SeqQC-V2.2. Assembled sequences were annotated using BLASTX against public database such as NR or UniProt. Searching against the KEGG pathway database indicated that 37,918 unigenes from root and 35,130 unigenes from shoot were mapped to 133 KEGG pathways. Based on the DGE data we found that most of the transcript related to CYP450s and UDP-glucosyltransferases were specifically upregulated in shoot tissue as compared to root tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Experimental and Clinical Evaluation of Nootropic Activity of Bacopa Monniera Linn
    Ann Natl Acad Med Sci (India), 50(1&2):20-33, 2014 Experimental and Clinical Evaluation of Nootropic Activity of Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi) B.N. Dhawan Ex-Director Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow SUMMARY Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi) is an annual creeper belonging to family Scrophulariaceae and growing all over the Indian sub-continent in marshy areas. It is a major Medhya Rasayana used in Ayurveda for treatment of memory disorders. Large number of saponins and glycosides has been isolated from the plant. Most of the experimental and clinical studies have been done with crude extracts or standardized preparation of the two active saponins Bacosides A and B. Extracts or saponin mixture facilitate learning, improve consolidation of learned behavior and delay extinction in several models of learnt behavior in normal rats and mice as well as in chemically induced or transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease. They also prevent or reverse amnesia produced by drugs, stress or ischemic hypoxia. Other CNS effects include anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant and analgesic activity. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the mechanism of these CNS effects. Extracts as well as the bacoside preparation have been found safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers in single dose or chronic administration for several weeks in a number of double blind placebo controlled studies in India and abroad. Chronic administration significantly improved information processing, learning and memory consolidation. It was found more effective than caffeine in a comparative study. Double blind placebo controlled studies with bacoside preparation have demonstrated beneficial effects and safety in elderly patients with Age Related Memory Impairment and in children with Attention Deficit Memory Disorder.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacopa Monniera
    Monograph Bacopa monniera Bacopa monniera Introduction Bacopa monniera, also referred to as Bacopa monnieri, Herpestis monniera, water hyssop, and “Brahmi,” has been used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for centuries. Traditionally, it was used as a brain tonic to enhance memory development, learning, and concentration,1 and to provide relief to patients with anxiety or epileptic disorders.2 The plant has also been used in India and Pakistan as a cardiac tonic, digestive aid, and to improve respiratory function in cases of bronchoconstriction.3 Recent research has focused primarily on Bacopa’s cognitive-enhancing effects, specifically memory, learning, and concentra- tion, and results support the traditional Ayurvedic claims. Research on anxiety, epilepsy, bronchitis and asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, and gastric ulcers also supports the Ayurvedic uses of Bacopa. Bacopa’s antioxidant properties may offer protection from free radical damage in cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. Bacoside A OH O H HOH2C HO O H H HO H H OH O O H H HO H OH H H O H CH2OH Description Bacopa monniera, a member of the Scrophulariaceae family, is a small, creeping herb with numer- ous branches, small oblong leaves, and light purple flowers. In India and the tropics it grows naturally in wet soil, shallow water, and marshes. The herb can be found at elevations from sea level to altitudes of 4,400 feet, and is easily cultivated if adequate water is available. Flowers and fruit appear in summer and the entire plant is used medicinally.2,4 Alternative Medicine Review ◆ Volume 9, Number 1 ◆ 2004 Page 79 Copyright©2004 Thorne Research, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • (Bacopa Monnieri Linn.) and Mandukaparni (Centella Asiatica
    The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2015; 4(1): 1-5 Online at: www.phytopharmajournal.com Research Article Comparative pharmacognosy of two medhya dravyas, ISSN 2230-480X Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri Linn.) and Mandukaparni JPHYTO 2015; 4(1): 1-5 January- February (Centella asiatica Linn.) © 2015, All rights reserved Aparna V, Mallya Suma V, Srikanth P, Sunil Kumar KN* Abstract Aparna V PG Scholar, Department of PG Background: Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) and Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica) are the two important distinct Studies in Dravyaguna, SDM Medhya (Nootropic) drugs mentioned in Indian systems of medicine. Lack of morphological description and College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady, attribution of similar properties led towards confusion in identity of these two sources. Pharmacopoeias suggest Udupi, Karnataka-574118, India macro-microscopic characterization and chemical profiling of botanical material forms a pilot step in drug Mallya Suma V standardization. Hence the detailed macro-microscopic records, along with phytochemical documentation of Associate professor, Department of these two plants were planned in the present investigation. Methodology: Matured, authenticated plants were PG Studies in Dravyaguna, SDM collected from its natural habitat. Macro-microscopic and preliminary phytochemical studies were carried out. College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady, Results: Transverse section of Bacopa monnieri passing through midrib is isobilateral in histology whereas Udupi, Karnataka-574118, India that of Centella asiatica is dorsiventral. Striated cuticle and few layered spongy parenchyma are the features of Centella asiatica. Plenty of air cavities with stomatal opening are specific to Bacopa monnieri. Phytochemical Srikanth P analysis of these two drugs has revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins. In addition Professor, Department of PG to this Centella asiatica has shown the presence of flavanoids.
    [Show full text]