Comic Book Heroes Superhelden Zwischen Comic Und Fernsehen

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Comic Book Heroes Superhelden Zwischen Comic Und Fernsehen ARNO METELING Comic Book Heroes Superhelden zwischen Comic und Fernsehen Am 25. September 2006 startet die Fernsehserie HEROES1 in den USA auf dem Kanal der National Broadcasting Company (NBC) und ist seit dem 10. Okto- ber 2007 in Deutschland auf RTL 2 zu sehen. Mit 14,4 Millionen Zuschauern und damit einem Zuschaueranteil von 6,4 % war die erste Folge von HEROES die erfolg- reichste Serienpremiere von NBC seit fünf Jahren.2 Bislang wurden drei Volumes von HEROES ausgestrahlt: die erste Staffel, Volume 1 (Genesis) mit 23 Folgen, eine zweite Staffel, Volume 2 (Generations) mit 11 Folgen,3 sowie eine dritte Halbstaffel, Volume 3 (Villains) mit 13 Folgen. Als zweite Hälfte der dritten Staffel läuft Volu- me 4 ab Februar 2009 unter dem Titel Fugitives mit 12 Folgen.4 HEROES weist Aspekte verschiedener Seriengenres wie Mystery oder Science Fic- tion auf, ist aber eindeutig dem Superheldengenre zuzuordnen. Es geht um Men- schen, die entdecken, dass sie Superkräfte besitzen, damit in Schwierigkeiten gera- ten, sich zeitweilig zu Gruppen zusammenschließen oder zu Feinden werden und letztlich die übermenschliche Verantwortung tragen, die Welt zu retten. Als Fern- sehserie über Superhelden steht HEROES dabei nicht nur in einer langen Tradition seriellen Erzählens, die spätestens seit der populären Fortsetzungsliteratur des 19. Jahrhunderts einsetzt. Sie muss sich auch mit Regeln und Konventionen ausei- nander setzen, die vom paradigmatischen Medium der Gattung aufgestellt worden sind: dem Superhelden-Comic. Im Folgenden soll an einigen Aspekten gezeigt wer- den, wie die Fernsehserie HEROES das Superheldengenre adaptiert und in welchem 1 HEROES, USA 2006-, C: Tim Kring. 2 In Deutschland brachte es die Folge auf 1,72 Millionen Zuschauer, was einem Zuschaueranteil von 9,8 % entspricht. 3 Bedingt sind die kurzen Laufzeiten der Volumes durch den Autorenstreik 2008, der viele ameri- kanische Film- und Fernsehserienproduktionen beeinflusst hat. Als Nebeneffekt hat sich dadurch die teilweise Aufteilung der Staffeln von HEROES in so genannte ‚Volumes‘ etabliert. Der Begriff ‚Volume‘ verweist allerdings schon seit der ersten Folge auf die Tradition, Heftromane und beson- ders Comic-Hefte in Sammelbänden zusammen zu binden. (Häufig in Trade Paperbacks, preis- günstigen Taschenbüchern mit Klebebindung, seltener gebunden als Hardcover.) In jüngerer Zeit entsprechen diese Comic-Sammelbände den story arcs der jeweiligen Serie und können deshalb zur Volume-Nummer noch mit einem aussagekräftigen Volume-Titel versehen werden. 4 Inzwischen hat HEROES unter starken Zuschauereinbußen zu leiden, und auch die Autoren, nicht zuletzt Creator und Showrunner Tim Kring, geraten zunehmend in die Kritik. Die beiden Auto- ren Jeph Loeb und Jesse Alexander werden als Reaktion darauf nach Volume 3 entlassen. Die Frage nach dem anfänglichen Erfolg und dem derzeitigen Missstand könnte vielleicht auch mit dem ganz speziellen Verhältnis zusammenhängen, das HEROES zum Superheldengenre und damit latent zum Medium Comic unterhält, so zum Beispiel bezüglich der Entscheidungen, was man vom Quellmedium übernehmen kann und was nicht. FF4835-Meteling.indd4835-Meteling.indd 157157 220.04.100.04.10 008:038:03 158 ARNO METELING Maße sie sich damit auch an Muster des Comics anschmiegt. Nach einer Betrach- tung der Comic-Referenzen in HEROES sollen die literarische Vorgeschichte des Su- perhelden, das Thema ihrer Normalität sowie die Verhandlung von Zeit und die intermediale Übersetzung zwischen Comic und Fernsehserie diskutiert werden.5 1. Helden in Serie Das Setting von HEROES ist denkbar groß: Global und bedingt durch die Zeitreise- fähigkeit der beiden Helden Hiro Nakamura und Peter Petrelli agieren die Helden in Gegenwart, Vergangenheit und Zukunft mit- und gegeneinander. Auch die Grö- ße des Heldenensembles mit über einem Dutzend Hauptfi guren ist allenfalls mit der Fernsehserie LOST, aber vor allem mit den mäandernden Familienverzweigun- gen von Soap Operas – oder dem Personal eines Comic-Universums – vergleichbar und ebenso komplex. Denn die Figuren sind auch auf vielschichtige Weise mitein- ander verbunden. In einer weitschweifi gen Zopfstruktur eröffnet HEROES nach und nach die geheimen Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse zwischen den Figuren oder ihre Verbindungen über die Experimente ihrer Eltern beziehungsweise Adoptiveltern. Gemäß dem Titel von Volume 2 geht es um Generationen übergreifende Probleme, die sich aus den Aktionen der geheimnisvollen Organisation „The Company“ erge- ben, die Menschen mit Superkräften auf jede mögliche Weise biopolitisch zu kont- rollieren sucht: Sie rekrutiert Superhelden oder macht sie unschädlich, setzt sie ge- fangen, nimmt Experimente an ihnen vor oder entwickelt künstliche Superkräfte, wie die Flugkräfte von Nathan Petrelli, die Superstärke von Niki Sanders oder die Vereisungskräfte ihrer Drillingsschwester Tracy Strauss.6 Die Organisation nimmt wiederum selbst Hilfe von Menschen mit Superkräften in Anspruch, beispielsweise den ‚Haitian‘, der Superkräfte anderer blockieren und die Erinnerungen von Men- schen löschen kann, oder Elle Bishop, die Elektrizität beherrscht. Die zunächst latente und möglicherweise schicksalhafte Vernetzung zwischen den Figuren, und zwar solcher mit Kräften als auch ohne, manifestiert sich im Verlauf der Serie aber auch dadurch, dass die Helden unweigerlich und unter den unwahrscheinlichsten Umständen – auch jenseits einer möglichen Comic-Logik – immer wieder aufeinander treffen oder unwissend einander schon getroffen haben. So nimmt Mohinder Suresh, der indische Genetiker auf den Spuren seines toten 5 Zu Referenzen in HEROES zwischen Comic und Film siehe auch Andreas Rauscher: Helden des Comic-Alltags. Transmedia Storytelling in der Serie Heroes, in: Sascha Seiler (Hg.): Was bisher ge- schah – Serielles Erzählen im zeitgenössischen amerikanischen Fernsehen, Köln 2008, S. 11-22. 6 Grafisch fungiert als Emblem oder besser: als Kollektivsymbol der Fernsehserie HEROES, das alle Zugänge zum Phänomen des Superheldentums vereint und damit auch alle Erzählstränge der Serie verbindet, die stilisierte Helixform eines DNS-Strangs. Sie taucht nicht nur auf dem Titel- bild des Buches Activating Evolution auf, in dem der verstorbene Genetiker Chandra Suresh alle wichtigen Erkenntnisse über die genetische Heldenevolution gesammelt hat, sondern auch als Tätowierung oder als blutiges Zeichen auf Fotos sowie auf dem Griff des Schwertes von Takezo Kensei, eines vermeintlich japanischen Volkshelden aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, der, wie sich in Volume 2 herausstellt, der unsterbliche englische Superschurke Adam Monroe ist. FF4835-Meteling.indd4835-Meteling.indd 158158 220.04.100.04.10 008:038:03.
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