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ESA and the Moon Bernard H. FOING Chief Scientist & Senior Research Coordinator ESA RSSD/ ESTEC

http://sci.esa.int/smart-1/ www.esa.int BHF 2008

Cassini- C O 04 S M I C ExoMars V Smart 1 I S

Solar I Chang’E1 Orbiter O Chandrayaan-1 > 2015 N 05 BepiColombo 2013 BHF 2008 SMART-1 latest results for future lunar exploration Bernard H. FOING & SMART-1 team

http://sci.esa.int/smart-1/ www.esa.int BHF 2008 SMART-1 Mission (http://sci.esa.int/smart-1/)

• ESA SMART Programme: Small Missions for Advanced Research in – & payload technology demonstration for future cornerstone missions – Management: faster, smarter, better (& harder) – Early for

SMART-1 Solar Electric Propulsion to the Moon – Test for Bepi Colombo/ – Mission approved and payload selected 99 – 19 kg payload (delivered August 02) – 370 kg spacecraft – launched on 27 Sept 03, Kourou – 110 M Eu including launch

BHF 2008 Europe to the Moon: spacecraft, launch, operations (ESA+ industry) Instruments PIs + TIs from 5 countries Co-Is from 13 ESA + 6 non European countries

BHF 2008 Solar Electric Primary Propulsion: 7 g thrust, 60 liters Xenon to the Moon

BHF 2008 SMART-1: With Sun power to the Moon on 60 liters of fuel

De la Terre à la Lune (Jules Verne) BHF 2008 Solar Electric Propulsion to the Moon – Launched 27 Sept 2003 as Auxiliary passenger on Ariane 5 into Geostationary Transfer Orbit – Spiral out cruise (13.5 month): – lunar capture 15 November 2004, spiral down – arrival 15 March 05 science (450 -2900 km): commissioned spacecraft/instruments at Moon, nominal science mission March-July 05 – reboosting 2 aug-15 Sept 05 to increase orbit lifetime for extension phase until 3 Sept 2006

BHF 2008 Moon Phase & Mission Extension

MISSION EXTENSION

Apolune

Perilune

Moon Radius

BHF 2008 Smart-1 Impact

LEARNING TO LAND: SMART-1 IMPACT ON THE MOON

Courtesy of Mark R Rosiek USGS Astrogeology Team, Planetary Geomatics Group and Dr Anthony C.Cook, School of Computer Science and IT,University of Nottingham,

BHF 2008 Our last Moon travelling shot

BHF 2008 Technical achievements: Innovative on Smart-1

Sun SMART-1

Reflected Sun light

KA-band antenna Triple junction cells Multicolor microcamera

Laser Link

Communication X-Ray Spectrometer On-board computer

Lithium batteries Infrared Spectrometer OBAN Platform Autonomy Technologies Miniaturisation

BHF 2008 What shapes rocky planets?

Polar regions cratering Bombard ment chronolog y

SMART-1 impact Tectonic wrinkles volcanism Prospector H map BHF 2008 SMART-1 view of Hadley Rille (giant lava tube) near Apollo 15 landing site

100 km field

BHF 2008 Coupling between impacts and volcanism - Humorum: Multiringed impact basin - Procellarum: Irregular basin - Tectonics of mascon loading

Peters et al 2007, 2008

BHF 2008 SMART-1

Clementine

From imagination to reality Jules Verne crater: Volcanism in

South Pole-Aitken Basin BHF 2008 BHF 2008 SMART-1 results and feed forward (poster session) Despan et al High resolution maps with AMIE /SMART-1

Peters S. et al Future Robotic study of Lunar Basins

Borst,Bexkens, Foing Geological and Geochemical study of SPA Basin

BHF 2008 50 km

SMART-1 Mosaic of North polar region

Mapping support to future lunar exploration: landers, rovers and

North Pole human bases BHF 2008 Hermite North Pole

Rozhdestvenskiy 3D View Reconstruction

Plaskett

BHF 2008 Lunar South Pole

20 km

Shackleton crater Shoemaker deGerlache

Amundsen crater (84.5º S, 82.8º E) ZOOM Faustini crater

BHF 2008 10 km

Amundsen crater

BHF 2008 Shackleton crater

BHF 2008 Shackleton rim

SMART-1 Peak of Light

BHF 2008 SMART-1 Peak of Light

BHF 2008 BHF 2008 • ESA contribution to Chang’E1 – ESA support to mission – Ground station, control and data reception – SRE, LEX, OPS

• ESA contribution to Chandrayaan-1 – SIR2, C1XS, SARA instruments – lessons learned from SMART-1 – ESA support to mission –SRE

BHF 2008 LES3 study • station element – Technology survival, operations – Geophysical network – Life /environment • Rover element – Close range mobility 50 m: nanorover – Regional mobility 1-10 km: Exomoon rover – Vertical mobility (penetrating sensors, moles, drill)

• Lunar Robotic Challenge • Communication/navigation/survey infrastructure: – Small orbiter with stereo camera and data relay – Exchange/support other international orbiters/landers

BHF 2008 Lunar Polar Lander Concept

1) Precise Landing on the Moon 2) Preparation of future exploration & sample fetcher 3) Geochemical study of polar regions 4) Ice Search/ characterisation

¾ Lander station element ¾ Rover element ¾ Robotic challenge ¾ Orbiter and relay infrastructures

¾ Opportunities for Students, education, outreach, cultural, artistic experiments

¾ Part of global robotic village with Chang-E2, Selene 2,

and supporting International Lunar Network… BHF 2008 Conceptual design for lunar regional ExoMoon rover inherited from ExoMars

BHF 2008 Instruments for Moon landers (100-180 kg): • ELP European Lunar Geophysics package: 15-20 kg – Seismometer, Geodesy and laser , Heat flux, Magnetometer (coordinated with Intl Lunar Network) • Lander instruments: 10 kg – Cameras: Descent, Cam, Stereo, SRC – Local sample analysis (GCMS), • Life science/environment experiments : 7 kg – Radiation/ environment/planetary protection studies – Melissa bacteria precursor, plants on the Moon • Close proximity Rover: 5 kg – Neutron spectrometer, APX , Close up camera – Electromagnetic sounder, Ground penetrating radar • ExoMoon Regional rover : 120 kg – Navigation and hazards avoidance, inspection cam, – Robotic arm (PAW like), drill and mole , Active seismic, – LIBS, Fluorescence, Thermal IR fluorescence – Dust lifting measurement device, QCM or cube piezo • Lunar robotic challenge to access ice in dark: 15 kg . nanorover, harpoon, impactor, … BHF 2008 Tethered small rovers 4-10 kg

BHF 2008 Rock Corer Hong Kong Polytechniq Mössbauer Spectrometer Microscope University of Switzerland, Stereo Mainz, Germany MPEA Germany Camera MSSL, UK Stereo Camera

X-Ray Spectrometer Sampling University of Mole Leicester, UK DLR, Germany

BHF 2008 PAW Courtesy M. Sims Leicester U. NEXT call for ideas: lunar • Lunar Robotic Sample Return • Materially Self-sufficient Production for a Lunar Colony • Integrated Lunar Demonstration Mission with Landing Science Package (Moon Farside Explorer) • Lunar Sample Return • A European Lunar Scientific and Robotic Lander Mission • Lunar Dust Observatory • Lunar Sample Return Entry and Aerocapture Demonstration Mission (LEAD) • Lunar Sample Return Missions • Direct Lunar Sample Return Mission • Lunar Exploration Lander • Surface Navigation Services • Active Seismic Survey for Planetary Drilling • Teleoperated Lunar Drilling – Exploiting Synergies with the Oil and Gas Exploration Sector • ISRU Demonstration Facility on Lunar Surface • MoonSailor • Lunar Infrastructure For Exploration - Astronomy & Space Science Mission • MoonTwin • Exploration of Lunar Craters at the Moon's South Pole • Landing of an Astrobiological Habitat at the Moon's South Pole • Landing of an Astrobiological Habitat and a Micro-Rover at the Moon's South Pople • Lunar Sample Return

BHF 2008 Robotic precursors, Technology developments Defining the path for human return to the Moon

Carpenter et al Moon-NEXT mission

Visentin, et al ESA’s Lunar Robotics Challenge

Walker R. et al European Student Moon Orbiter

Hovland S. ESA preparation for Human Exploration

Boche-Sauvan et al Constraints on Pre-Design of Minimal Human Lunar Outpost

Hufenbach et al NASA-ESA comparative architecture assessment

Mongrard et al European architecture for Lunar Exploration

Wills, Foing Astrobiology and exposure experiments from the Lunar surface

BHF 2008 BHF 2008 European Roadmap (updated from 2001)

NEXT Techno Demo

2013 2015 2020 2025 2035

Mars Sample Return

BHF 2008