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Conclusions and Lessons Learned Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized June 14 – September 14, 2008 Spanish Experience Learning from the TO WATER CHALLENGES PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS © Expo Zaragoza 2008 Acknowledgments This document was prepared by Luis E. García and Milena Gaviria, under the direction of Abel Mejia, with co-authors Diego Rodriguez, Luis Ortega, Fernando Pizarro, Guillermo Donoso, N. Vijay Jagannathan, Rita Cestti, and Meike van Ginneken. The authors also thank Marcus Thadeu Abicalil, Ventura Bengoechea, Guang Z. Chen, Manuel Contijoch, Salah Dargouth, IJsbrand De Jong, Asfaw Dingamo, Matar Fall, Erick Fernandes, Mila Freire, Peter Kolsky, Danny M. Leipziger, Mouhamed Fadel Ndaw, Dilma Pena, Manuel Schiffler, Chongwu Sun, for their valuable contributions. Also acknowledge the WBI, the GDLN and the Water Tribune for providing the forum for this exchange of ideas. Special thanks to the Ministry of Economics and Finance of Spain for the financial support that made this publication possible. Disclaimer The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the World Bank Group or the Government of Spain. The data provided in the tables and figures are not official Bank or Government of Spain data. Permission is granted to reproduce this publication in whole or in part for noncommercial purposes only and with proper attribution to the authors, the Bank, and the Government of Spain. FOREWORD The water challenges and issues faced by Spain are At the request of the Government of Spain, the World unique in Europe but are highly relevant to the rest of Bank provided technical expert assistance for the policy the world. Precipitation is highly variable in space and and technical content of the Water Tribune and time, with regions where it rains more than 2,000 mm identified key representative participants from client per year, while others, such as Almeria, host one of the countries for two Technical Visits and 14 Global few deserts in Europe. This climatic variability has been Development Learning Network (GDLN) sessions overcome by building innovative water infrastructure guided by the World Bank Institute that took place and by establishing highly advanced and specialized throughout the three months of the World Water Expo. Hydrographic Confederations (Confederaciones The inclusion of the two technical visits was considered Hidrográficas), which are the oldest river basin very timely to learn from Spain’s rich water resources management authorities in the world. An example of management experience. In both technical visits, such infrastructure works includes the 2,000-year-old participants toured the Ebro Hydrographic Confederation Cornalvo reservoir, which is still in operation. As for the (CHE), where one of the highlights was to learn about institutions, special mention should be made of the the operation of the Automatic Hydrological Information Irrigation Associations, some of which have existed for System that the CHE has put in place. The Canal de more than a thousand years, and the Hydrographic Isabel II in Madrid, one of the oldest utilities in the world, Confederations, which are the oldest river basin was also visited in one of the tours, providing the management authorities in the world. participants with an array of technological and organizational insights; unlike many utilities, the Canal The city of Zaragoza, located by the Ebro River, was an manages the full water cycle. The second visit allowed ideal setting for Expo Zaragoza 2008, the international the group to see examples of conjunctive use of exhibition organized by the Government of Spain from desalinated water with groundwater in Almeria in June 14 through September 14, 2008. Like no other, southern Spain. Highlights of the visit were the water this 700 million Euro event was fully dedicated to water metering and remote management systems in irrigated and sustainable development and was set to attract areas under greenhouses, the organization of water user about 6 million visitors, 20 percent of whom were associations, and the operation of a desalination plant. expected to be from other countries. In one of its key components, the Water Tribune, relevant world national The “Spanish Model” offers many worthwhile and international water professionals from governments, experiences that are highly relevant and applicable to academia, civil society, and the private sector met to the realities faced by many developing countries. We discuss sustainable initiatives and solutions to the many are thus pleased to present this report, which challenges facing water management around the globe. summarizes relevant aspects of the water knowledge shared by Spanish water experts and those from the Bank’s client countries during the Water Tribune and the technical visits. Abel Mejía María Jesús Fernández Eduardo Mestre Sector Manager General Director of International Financing Director, Water Tribune Water Anchor, World Bank Ministry of Economy and Finance, Spain Expo Zaragoza Contents FOREWORD..............................................................................................................iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................8 I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................13 1.1 Water Resources Management in Spain .......................................13 1.2 Expo Zaragoza 2008 ............................................................................13 1.3 Bank Participation in Expo Zaragoza 2008..................................15 1.4 This Report ................................................................................................16 II. KEY ISSUES IN A COMMON CHALLENGE .........................................17 2.1 A Renewed Commitment to Improved Water Resources Management...................................................17 Water Resources and Development..........................................18 Shared Waters....................................................................................18 Energy ...................................................................................................19 Inter-basin Water Transfers ............................................................21 2.2 Water Supply and Sanitation...............................................................21 2.3 Water Quality and Environment .........................................................24 The Case of China ............................................................................24 Latin America......................................................................................25 2.4 Food Security ...........................................................................................26 2.5 Technology Innovations.........................................................................29 2.6 Communication .......................................................................................31 III. LEARNING FROM THE SPANISH EXPERIENCE: THE TECHNICAL VISITS...............................................................................33 3.1 Adaptation to Changing Climatic Conditions in the Ebro Basin ....................................................................................33 3.2 Water Use in Almería .............................................................................37 The Desalination Plant at Carboneras.......................................39 The Feasibility of Using Desalinated Water ..............................39 3.3 Background to the Ebro Valley and Almaria Visits: Economic and Financial Considerations.......................................41 3.4 Canal de Isabel II: Comprehensive Water Cycle Management...................................43 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED......................................45 4.1 A Common Challenge ..........................................................................45 Water Supply and Sanitation.........................................................45 Energy ...................................................................................................46 Food Security .....................................................................................46 Technology Innovation.....................................................................46 4.2 Highlights of the Spanish Experience .............................................46 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................48 1 BOXES Box 2.1 Principles for a Sustainable Water Resources Strategy .......................................................16 Box 2.2 Water and the Uurban Poor ....................................................26 Box 2.3 Waste Water Collection and Ttreatment in China: Present and Future Challenges .............................................28 Box 2.4 Irrigation around the Globe ......................................................31 Box 2.5 Basic Functions of Agriculture for Development ............33 Box 2.6 Governing Structure of the Irrigation Associations in Spain.................................................................35 Box 3.1 Spain’s Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Measures .................................................................44 FIGURES Figure 2.1 Types of World Bank Water Projects.............................16 Figure 2.2 Growth is Vital
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