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THE LAND QUESTION in ZIMBABWE Sam Moyo March 1994 Institute of Development Studies Not for Quotation Without Explicit Permission from Sam Moyo

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THE LAND QUESTION in ZIMBABWE Sam Moyo March 1994 Institute of Development Studies Not for Quotation Without Explicit Permission from Sam Moyo THE LAND QUESTION IN ZIMBABWE Sam Moyo March 1994 Institute of Development Studies Not for Quotation Without Explicit Permission from Sam Moyo PUBLISHER: SAPES TRUST - HARARE - i - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: ZIMBABWE'S EMERGING LAND QUESTION ...................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1 ECONOMIC NATIONALISM AND THE LAND QUESTION .................................................................... 4 From Radical To Liberal Land Reform Measures ............................................................................. 12 THE POLITICAL RATIONALE OF LAND REDISTRIBUTION .................................................................. 20 THE STUDY CONTEXT AND FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................... 24 THE STUDY LAYOUT ......................................................................................................................... 42 CHAPTER TWO: PERSPECTIVES ON ZIMBABWE'S LAND AND AGRARIAN REFORM RESEARCH ........................................................................................... 45 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 African Agrarian Reform How Unique is Zimbabwe's Land Reform? ................................................................................................................................. 45 International Perspectives on Land Reform, Environmental Sustainability and Development ........................................................................................... 53 Social Reproduction of Peasant Households and Nature .................................................................................................................................................. 68 Current Approaches to Land Reform and Agrarian Change in Zimbabwe .......................................................................................................................... 71 Agrarian Differentiation, Social Reproduction and Environmental Degradation in Communal Areas ............................................................................... 80 Land Reform, Environmental Pressure and Governance ................................................................................................................................................... 85 Conclusion 94 CHAPTER THREE: ZIMBABWE'S LAND REFORM EXPERIENCE . 97 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Land Reform and the Zimbabwe Experience .................................................................................................................................................................... 98 Changing Perceptions of Zimbabwe's Land Problem ...................................................................................................................................................... 103 The Structure of Land Control and Access ...................................................................................................................................................................... 106 The Land Reform Debates .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 120 State Controlled Land Transfer ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 120 The Land Use and Productivity Debate .......................................................................................................................................................................... 122 CHAPTER FOUR: THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF LAND REFORM: 1980-1989 ................. 132 The Lancaster House Compromise ................................................................................................................................................................................. 132 Market Restrictions on Land Acquisition ........................................................................................................................................................................ 135 Land Taxation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 138 Land Policy and Legislation ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 143 Land Redistribution in the 1980s ................................................................................................................................................................................... 148 Land Acquisition, Settler Placement and Production ...................................................................................................................................................... 151 Conclusion . 160 CHAPTER FIVE: THE COMMUNAL AREAS' LAND PROBLEM ........................................ 160 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 160 The Communal Areas as Regional and Economic Sub-Sector .......................................................................................................................................... 161 The Economic Position of Communal Areas ................................................................................................................................................................... 164 Household Land Holdings, Land Use and Reproduction.................................................................................................................................................. 167 Household Land Resources and their Maintenance ........................................................................................................................................................ 170 Household Livestock Resources ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 176 Farm Technologies and Labour Management Practises .................................................................................................................................................. 179 Land Grievances and Conflicts in Communal Areas ........................................................................................................................................................ 201 Conclusion 203 - ii - CHAPTER SIX: THE LAND QUESTION AT THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE CASE OF MHEZI WARD ............................................................................................... 205 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 205 Conceptualising the land Problem at the Local Level ...................................................................................................................................................... 206 The Mhezi Natural Resource Base and Socio-Demography ............................................................................................................................................. 208 The Local Land Problem ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 225 Household Land Demand and Use in Mhezi ................................................................................................................................................................... 237 Conclusion . 245 CHAPTER SEVEN: LOCAL POLITICS OF RESETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES ......................................................................................... 261 Land Access in Resettlement Schemes and Commercial Farming Areas .......................................................................................................................... 261 The Local Politics of Land Conflict Mediation ................................................................................................................................................................. 280 Conclusion 296 CHAPTER EIGHT: UNDERSTANDING NEW NATIONAL LAND POLICY DIRECTIONS .......................................................................... 298 Towards A New Liberal Land Policy: 1990-1993 .............................................................................................................................................................. 298 Land Policy Rationale ....................................................................................................................................................................................................
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