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Interactions Among Freshwater Macrophytes and Physical-Chemical-Biological Processes in Lake Chini, Malaysia

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Interactions Among Freshwater Macrophytes and Physical-Chemical-Biological Processes in Lake Chini, Malaysia Interactions among freshwater macrophytes and physical-chemical-biological processes in Lake Chini, Malaysia Zati Sharip, B. Chem. Eng. (Hons.) & M.Sc. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia This thesis is submitted in fulfilments of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia School of Environmental Systems Engineering School of Plant Biology December 2011 ii Abstract Aquatic vascular plants that grow within the littoral and pelagic environment are an important element of shallow lake and wetland ecosystems. Alteration of the natural environment, mostly human-induced, is rapidly changing the natural ecological processes and altering biotic factors including aquatic plant community composition in wetlands all over the world. This thesis examined the macrophyte communities in Lake Chini, a shallow floodplain wetland in Malaysia: specifically how physical-chemical and biological processes were related to plant community dynamics and changes of macrophyte dominance, from the native floating-leaved species (Nelumbo nucifera) to non-native submerged macrophytes (Cabomba furcata). Whole-lake vegetation surveys and statistical models were used to analyse spatially and temporally the macrophyte community composition and the environmental variables that influence their structure. The lake can be divided into distinct quasi- independent sub-basins. Temperature and dissolved oxygen measurements were conducted in benthic chambers and free water at two separate sub-basins and mathematical calculations were employed to describe (1) the influence of convective circulation, driven by horizontal temperature gradient and thermal structure on the nutrient transport in the system, and (2) oxygen dynamics and differences in primary production among habitat and macrophyte communities. Overall, this study found that the macrophyte community in Lake Chini is highly dynamic with possible alternate states dominated by floating-leaved and submerged species. The flood regime has a strong effect in controlling the variation in plant community dominance. Spatial variation in plant community composition was influenced by total depth, nutrient concentration and substrate. C. furcata appears adapted to annual floods, and its invasion affected the diversity and plant community composition in this wetland. Additionally, both floating-leaved and submerged vegetation contributed to thermal structure and water exchange dynamics in the system. Weak density-driven flow was induced by the differential temperature gradient between the open water and the littoral areas dominated by floating-leaved plants. Additionally, depth variation between the near littoral zone and the open pelagic region induced physical circulation that could improve nutrient delivery to the submerged C. furcata bed. In addition to the effects of the macrophyte, lake physical characteristics such as shape and surrounding topography iii influenced the variation of thermal stratification and mixing dynamics between the lake segments at different water levels. Oxygen dynamics differed between the two plant communities. Gross primary production rates and biomass accumulation were higher in C. furcata sites and ecosystem production contributed to increased carbon fixation in the system. High consumption of DO by sediment communities and microflora associated with C. furcata beds increased respiratory activities. An increase in abundance of the invasive submergent C. furcata throughout the pelagic zone affected net ecosystem production and biomass accumulation. The potential for shifts in macrophyte dominance from floating-leaved to submergent species has important implications for the overall dynamics of the lake. iv Statement of originality The research presented in this thesis is an original contribution to the field of limnology, invasion and vegetation ecology. I hereby declare that all materials presented in this thesis are original except where due acknowledgement has been given, and have not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma. The body of this thesis (Chapter 2-4) is presented as a series of papers for journal publication, and some repetition of the literature review, details of study area and methodology have therefore been necessary. As the author of all material within this thesis, I am completely responsible for all data analysis and mathematical calculation, presentation and written text contained herein. In addition, I performed all vegetation surveys, field experimentation and secondary data collection. My supervisors have been included as authors as they provided supervision and reviewed all manuscripts preparation. The first manuscript has been reviewed and revised, so the material presented herein incorporates some of the reviewers‟ suggestions. Shon Schooler also contributed in the conceptual design of the vegetation survey and participated in the first fieldwork in September 2009. Justin Brookes from University of Adelaide contributed in the configuration, calibration and deployment of the benthic chamber experiments in April 2010. Matthew Hipsey also contributed in the calibration of sensors and participated in the field experiments in April 2010. v vi Acknowledgements In the name of Allah the most gracious the most merciful. All praise is due to Allah for giving me the inspiration to start this PhD journey and providing His blessings and guidance by bestowing all the strength that I need to persevere and finish this thesis. First and foremost, I am grateful to Malaysian Ministry of Natural Resources (MoNRE) and Environment and Public Service Department of Malaysia for providing me the opportunity to do this PhD through the MoNRE PhD and Masters Program Scholarship. I would like to thank National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) for their full support and funding for all my fieldworks. Thanks to NAHRIM for permitting me to use their data. I would like to thank Dr. Shon Schooler, Dr. Matt Hipsey and Prof. Richard Hobbs for their willingness to accept me as their student and continuously supported me by reviewing all my work. It was a privilege to learn from experts in their respective fields and to be able to reconcile both worlds of limnology and ecology. I sincerely appreciate their trust in me by allowing me a large degree of freedom to define and undertake my research. I thank Dr. Shon Schooler, who not only provided valuable supervision but gave me the first insight on invasive species and provided indispensable suggestion concerning the biological analysis and statistical validity of my research work. I thank Dr. Matthew Hipsey and Prof. Richard Hobbs, who not only served as coordinating supervisors and managing my academic supervision arrangements but provided invaluable guidance and direction on my thesis. I would like to acknowledge the continuous and unconditional support, love and prayers I received from my dad and mum, Sharip Mamat and Tejah Husop. Thank you for providing the moral support and taught me about faith, patience and perseverance during the difficult periods of my candidature. Thanks to my sister for being a constant reader of my work. Also thanks to my brother for all his help. I am grateful to Ir. Dr Salmah Zakaria who has encouraged, inspired and given me the opportunity to continue my PhD. Also thanks to Juhaimi Jusoh for his personal support and Ir. Ahmad Jamalluddin Shaaban who has continuously supported my work. vii I would like to thank the Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister‟s Department of Malaysia and Pahang State Government for providing me the permission to conduct this research in Lake Chini, Malaysia. I want to acknowledge the technical support team of National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, particularly Ahmad Taqiyuddin Ahmad Zaki for all his coordination and assistances in the field. Also, the personal effort, in relation to field data collection, by Shon Schooler, Matthew Hipsey, Juhaimi Jusoh, Justin Brookes, Brendan Busch, Bashirah Mohd Fazli, Fadhil Mohd Kassim, Farhan, Ab Hadi, Haffiz and Jeyaprakash is highly appreciated. I am grateful to Prof. Marti J. Anderson for her statistical advise and Prof. Bob Clarke & Ray Gorley for providing the multivariate statistic workshop using PRIMER- PERMANOVA which forms the analysis for the first paper. I thank Dr. Joanne Edmonston and Dr. Krystyna Haq for their invaluable feedback on the academic writing of the introduction and conclusion chapters. I am thankful for many useful discussions with Sutomo, Revalin Herdianto, Zhenlin Zhang, and Ana Ruibal regarding various statistical analysis and MATLAB simulation. Thanks to all those students whom I shared office, and for their friendship and interesting conversation. Thanks also go to the Centre for Ecohydrology for the administration of my study. Special thanks to Ecological Restoration and Intervention Ecology Group (ERIE) led by Prof. Richard Hobbs for all the interesting discussion and presentation on the research and management challenges in dealing with restoration ecology and invasive species. Appreciation also goes to every individual, who has helped and supported me, either through provision of papers, data and ideas. viii Dedication This work is dedicated to my dad and mum, Sharip Mamat and Tejah Husop, whose trust, love and support throughout the years have been unbounded. ix x Preface The main body of this thesis is comprised of three chapters, (Chapter 2-5) each of which is a paper written with the intention to be suitable for publication
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