Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.T65

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Index

Abel, 20 air pump, 203 Abraham, 98, 116, 117, 120 Alcala,´ University of, 68 Academie´ Royale des Sciences, 183 alchemy, 18, 116, 126, 127, 129, 168–9, 185, 234 Accademia delCimento, 183, 252 Alexander of Hales, 42 Accademia della Tracia, 183 Alexander the Great, 115 accommodation, 137 Alfonsi, Peter, 163 active life, 11, 58, 61 Alsted, Johann, 91–2, 134 Adam, 3, 4, 11, 13, 17, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, Amerpoel, Johannes, 123 39, 52, 57, 58, 60, 61, 67, 70, 72, 82, 83, 88, Ammonius Saccas, 23 93, 99, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 122, 124, 127, Anabaptists, 126 140, 141, 142, 145–6, 150, 218, 245–6, 248 anatomy, 86, 151–2 a microcosm, 156, 159 ‘ancient philosophy’ 75, 98, 115–16, 117, 119, a physician, 164–5, 166 157 as a public person, 147–8, 227 angels, 33, 224 as first monarch, 145, 146, 227–8 animalspirits, 162 as the first philosopher, 1, 57, 107, 117, 211 Antichrist, 187 encyclopaedic knowledge of, 1, 2, 6, 11, 13, 17, Apocalypse of Moses, 20 18, 23, 25, 57, 74, 82, 86, 92, 94, 96, 98, 107, Apollo, 115 114, 120, 122, 127, 128, 129, 138, 141, 149, Aquinas, see Thomas Aquinas, St 155–6, 184, 192, 202, 208 Archimedes, 137 fall of, 1, 3, 4, 5, 15, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 47, 50, Aristobulus of Paneus, 34 57, 58, 60, 70, 74, 80, 82, 87, 91, 99, 103, Aristotelianism, 4, 15, 41, 42, 46, 64, 76, 81, 84, 115, 127, 128, 129, 137, 141, 142, 144, 149, 150, 85, 90–2, 106, 116, 154, 183, 191–2, 198, 201, 151, 152, 155–9, 161, 162, 163–4, 180, 185, 202, 216 204, 206, 234, 243 and human nature, 7, 153, 204 as representing reason, 23, 24–5, 33 and scientific method, 14, 95, 101, 109, 184, 241 immortality of, 163–6, 170 anthropocentrism of, 182 language of, 176, 192, 194, 206–7, 209, 210, logic, 41, 91, 92, 172, 173 211, 213 naturaland violentmotion, 182 longevity of, 163–5, 167 Aristotle, 41–9, 50, 55, 56, 59, 63, 88, 90, 91, 92, names beasts, 17, 19, 23, 26, 60, 128, 132, 157, 93, 95, 108, 109, 115, 128, 137, 165, 172, 215, 192, 212, 215, 224 230 naturaland supernaturalgifts, 43, 81, 158, 170, conception of science, 88, 95, 101, 109, 138, 171, 211 204, 252 originaldominion of, 14, 26, 27, 57, 70, 86, condemnation of, 42 129, 139, 145, 156, 178 De Interpretatione, 213 perfect stature of, 25, 57, 156, 162–3, 165, 168 Metaphysics, 44 sensory abilities, 6, 24, 57, 96, 174–5, 202–3 moralphilosophy, 55–6, 256 ‘type’ of Christ, 25, 114 Nicomachean Ethics, 55, 56 Agrippa von Nettesheim, Henricus political theory, 50, 51 Cornelius, 73–5, 79, 116, 194 Politics, 50, 51, 139

292

Index 293

Posterior Analytics, 46, 109 Bacon, Roger, 115, 116, 165 theory of knowledge, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49–50, Baker, George, 134 54, 136, 153, 154, 250 Baker, Thomas, 214 Arnauld, Angelique,´ 69, 70, 72 Barclay, Robert, 125–6 Arnauld, Antoine, 7, 53, 69, 70–1 Barker, Peter, 104 Asclepius, 115 Baronius, CardinalCaesar, 112 astrology, 18, 101, 127 Barrough, Philip, 169 astronomy, 36, 96, 98, 113, 246 Barrow, Isaac, 135, 191 and hypothesis, 89 Battenhouse, Roy, 83 and mathematics, 94, 97, 100, 104–6 Baxter, Richard, 142, 162 distinct from naturalphilosophy, 104 beatific vision, 49, 171 Athanasius, 30, 105–6, 235 Behmenists, 126, 128, 210 Atlas, 115 Beinecke Library, 17 atomic philosophy, 123, 191, 216 Bellarmine, Robert, 67, 133, 146, 171 Augsburg Confession, 98 on ‘pure nature’ 67 Augustine of Hippo, 3, 28, 34, 35–6, 37, 41, 42, Ben-David, Joseph, 184 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 55, 59, 60, 67, Benedict, St, Rule of, 72 68, 69, 77, 97, 102, 104, 140, 181, 193, 248, Berkeley, George, 40 254–5, 258 Bible, 16, 36, 45, 55, 57, 74, 93, 98, 99, 128, 129, epistemology of, 8, 32, 39–40; see also 130, 147, 160, 227, 249 illumination, divine as source of scientific knowledge, 16, 75, 88, on curiosity, 34, 35–6, 70 89, 92, 107–25, 137, 208 on originalsin, 8, 15, 26, 31–4, 46, 53, 65, 147, authority of, 3, 74, 79, 95, 108, 112, 114, 125, 232, 255 129 on the heavens, 95 literal and allegorical senses of, 15, 23, 89, 130, political theory, 50–1, 102, 160, 179 137, 163 Augustinianism, 7, 11, 16, 29, 42, 43, 44, 46, 49, typological interpretation of, 25–6 52–4, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 142, 230, 249, 254 Bobbio, Norberto, 160 Augustinus Triumphus, 51 Boehme, Jakob, 126, 127–8, 131, 191, 195, 196, 209 Ayloffe, William, 161 Boethius, 41 Bonaventure, 27, 42, 45, 47–8 Babel, Tower of, 168, 176, 193, 196, 206–7, 210, Bonde, William, 132 215 book of nature, 15, 92, 127, 176, 192 Bacon, Anne, 172 Bostocke, Richard, 91 Bacon, Anthony, 172 Boyle, Robert, 7, 14, 16, 134, 135, 190, 191, 199, Bacon, Francis, 7, 14, 27, 48, 65, 72, 86, 87, 119, 203, 205, 216–20, 241, 242, 243, 251, 253 121, 122, 131, 133, 143, 149, 153, 167, 172–85, and voluntarism, 220 190, 194, 195, 200, 206, 207, 216, 222, 232, on Adamic knowledge, 218–19 234 on limits of reason, 217–20, 240, 241 and Calvinism, 7, 172 on sources of error, 217–18, 219–20 division of the sciences, 154 on the Fall, 141 idols of the mind, 174, 206, 218 British Library, 18 influence of, 183–5, 186–7, 197, 198, 199, 210, Browne, Sir Thomas, 152–3, 161, 194, 195 233 Brucker, Johann, 89, 130 on ancient mythology, 119–20, 121 Bruno, Giordano, 116 on dominion over nature, 27, 119, 158, 173, 192 Buffon, Louis, 137 on error, 4, 173, 174, 178 Burches, George, 162 on longevity, 168, 169, 170, 171 Burdach, Konrad, 83 on naturalphilosophicalmethod, 72, 81, 138, Burnet, Thomas, 89, 123 171, 178–9, 197, 234, 238, 242 Burthogge, Richard, 126 on reform of naturalphilosophy, 1, 16, 90, Burton, Robert, 151, 180 172, 197 Butterfield, Herbert, 186 on the Fall, 1, 4, 27, 139, 158, 181, 205 ‘Solomon’s House’ 122, 168, 175, 179, 190, 199 Cabbalism, 18, 117, 126, 193–4, 196, 208, 210 utilitarianism of, 63, 197 Cain, 20

294 Index

Calvin, John, 28, 29, 52, 59–64, 74, 83, 87, 90, on Adamic language, 211 97, 108, 109, 133, 141 Daneau, Lambert, 16, 107, 108–9, 130 on depravity, 59–60 Daniel, 120 on predestination, 59 Daniel, book of, 186, 187, 188, 189 on the Fall, 59, 83, 140, 158 Daniel, Roger, 209 on vocation, 62–3, 158 de Bay [Baius], Michel, 67–8 Calvinism, 52, 54, 64, 65, 69, 72–3, 79, 81, 125, Dear, Peter, 236 141, 172, 188, 215, 231, 241, 249, 252–3 Dee, John, 181 and originalsin, 3, 147, 240 Delphic Oracle, 139, 140, 152 English, 53, 99 Democritus, 115, 123 Cambridge, University of, 91, 172, 188, 191 depravity, doctrine of, 7, 49, 59, 88, 144 Cambridge Platonists, 142, 144, 145, 202 Descartes, Rene,´ 5, 10, 70–1, 73, 118, 122–3, Cardano, Girolamo, 126 135–6, 137, 152, 160, 168, 191, 207, 217, 233, Cartesianism, 4, 8, 125, 251 243, 247, 253 Casaubon, Isaac, 116 and Augustine, 8, 34, 38, 41, 53, 54, 70, 71 Casaubon, Meric, 136 and rationalism, 9, 242 Cassirer, Ernst, 83 and Thomas Aquinas, 7 Catholicism, 7, 8 cosmogony of, 123 Cavendish, Margaret, 182 Discourse on the Method, 167 Charleton, Walter, 135, 165 epistemology of, 86, 97, 125, 238, 255 Charron, Pierre, 79–80 Meditations, 9, 10, 48, 70, 135, 152 chemistry, 134, 152 on bodily health, 167 Chinese on error, 4–5 as originallanguage, 194–5, 207 on longevity, 169–70 Chrysostom, John, 26, 80 on naturallight, 6, 65, 250 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 77 on revelation, 9 Clement of Alexandria, 29, 34, 35 on the passions, 161 Cohen, I. Bernard, 237 reviver of ancient philosophy, 122–3 Comenius, Jan Amos, 92–3, 130, 188, 189, 190, voluntarism of, 12, 220 197 vortex theory of, 123 common notions, 99 design, argument from, see physico-theology commonplace books, 176 Digby, Sir Kenelm, 131, 170, 191 conﬂagration of the world, 123 Dominicans, 67 confusion of tongues, 23; see also Babel, Tower of dominion over nature, 19, 26–7, 57, 58, 158, 159, contemplative life, 58, 61 161, 183, 184, 188, 194 Copernicanism, 87, 106, 121, 124, 205, 208 Donne, John, 183 Copernicus, Nicholas, 89, 90, 104, 105, 134 Dort, Synod of, 69 Cordemoy, Gerauld´ de, 123 Doyle, William, 257 corpuscular hypothesis, 123, 131 Druids, 117, 119 cosmology, 89, 112 Du Bartas, Guillaume, 113 Councilof Orange, 40, 66 Dunn, John, 227 Councilof Trent, 66–7, 78 Duns Scotus, John, 48–9, 61 on originalsin, 66, 69, 141 Dury, John, 133, 189 Counter-Reformation, 10, 64–5, 66, 78–9, 84, 85 covenantaltheology, see federaltheology Eden, garden of, 13, 18, 19, 34, 61, 164, 166, 183, creation, doctrine of, 12, 28 192, 194, 202, 218, 246 Creationism, 137 education Crooke, Helkiah, 151–2 as palliative for the Fall, 102, 148–50, 190, Cudworth, Ralph, 142 229–31 Culverwell, Nathaniel, 142, 143 reform of, 190, 191, 198, 208 curiosity, 34, 35–6, 40, 63, 70, 71, 79, 111, 151 Edwards, John, 166 Cyprian, St, 180 Ellistone, J., 196 empiricism, 6, 9, 12, 136, 224; see also Dagens, Jean, 53 experimentalnaturalphilosophy d’Alembert, Jean le Rond, 217, 233 and rationalism, 9, 242–3 Dalgarno, George, 157, 196, 209, 210, 211–13 British, 9

Index 295

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 18 Fox, George, 128 Enlightenment, the, 9, 231, 232, 233–4, 253, 257, Francis of Assisi, 27 258 Franciscans, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 49, 54, 61 Enoch, 113, 117 Ent, George, 191 Gailhard, Jean, 149, 230 enthusiasm, 89, 126 Galen, 128 in naturalphilosophy, 126, 127, 130, 136 Galileo Galilei, 67, 76, 96, 106, 110, 112, 121, 134, Epicureanism, 22, 82, 85 135, 190, 191, 203, 207, 251–2 Epicurus, 123, 124 Garasse, Franc¸ois, 79 Erasmus, Desiderius, 77, 78, 159 Gassendi, Pierre, 84, 123, 131, 152 Ernaldus of Bonneval, 164 Gaukroger, Stephen, 179 error, 11, 22, 24, 28–34, 162 Genesis, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 35, 57, 94, 113, 116, and early modern epistemology, 3–5, 173 123, 143, 163, 164, 227, 255 attributed to sin, 3, 34, 71, 153, 161, 162, 171, 189 Geneva, University of, 108 Euclid, 137 geometry, 103, 106, 113 Eve, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31, 99, 161, 163 Gerard, John, 134 as representing the senses, 23, 24–5, 33, 161, Gilbert, William, 252 202 Gill, Alexander, 155, 163 prelapsarian abilities of, 57, 94, 103 Glanvill, Joseph, 120, 201–5 Evelyn, John, 205 on the Fall, 4, 201–2 Everard, John, 133 on use of instruments, 203 evil, problem of, 33–4 Glisson, Francis, 191 evolution, theory of, 247 gnosticism, 29 evolutionary epistemology, 247 God, 17, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 45, 49, 50, 59, 60, 74, experiment 76, 85, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 103, 110, 117, 122, as synonym for experience, 131 125, 127, 129, 133, 134–5, 144, 145, 159, 167, different justiﬁcations for, 251–2 197, 213, 217, 240, 247, 255; see also image of experimentalknowledge, 131–3, 147 God experimentalnaturalphilosophy, 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, and creation, 12, 17, 76, 95, 106, 194, 215, 223 13–14, 16, 48, 51, 58, 65, 66, 133, 136, 190, as divine lawgiver, 101, 103 191, 198, 200, 201, 217, 234, 240, 249–50, as epistemic guarantor, 9, 88, 135–6, 138, 250 253 as mathematician, 38, 102–3, 104, 106, 250 and Augustinianism, 8 goodness of, 33, 228 and mathematics, 237–8 knowledge of, 122, 125, 141, 157, 232 as probabilistic, 138, 204, 219, 252 voluntarist conceptions of, 12–13, 220, 239 as redressing the Fall, 205 Goldstein, Bernard, 104 as a science, 14, 222–3, 242, 252 Goodwin, Thomas, 133 contrasted with speculative knowledge, 147, Gregory, David, 124 204, 233, 242–3, 251 Gregory Nazianzus, 29 linked to theological anthropology, 220, 248, Gregory of Nyssa, 26 249 Grene, Donald, 53 methods of, 15, 16, 51, 88, 175, 223, 236–8 Grew, Nehemiah, 155, 166 experimental philosophy club, the, 191 Grosseteste, Robert, 46–7 experimentalreligion, 132–3 Grotius, Hugo, 146

Fall, see Adam, fallof;originalsin Hakewill, George, 166, 168, 180 Farley, Robert, 157 Hall, Joseph, 175 Faust, 74 Hartcliffe, John, 124, 125, 155, 157 federaltheology, 147–8 Hartlib, Samuel, 133, 188–90, 196, 197, 209 Ferguson, Robert, 141 Harvey, Gideon, 117, 119, 163, 165, 181 Ficino, Marsilio, 106, 116 Harvey, William, 191 Filmer, Robert, 146–7, 227–8 heavens Fischer, Kuno, 9 incorruptibility of, 95, 96, 100, 181 Flood, the, 23, 123, 164, 167, 246 Heber, 113 rendered earth less fertile, 166 Hebrew, 194, 207, 213 Fludd, Robert, 90, 117, 126, 130, 131, 191, 196, 209 as originallanguage, 193–4

296 Index

Heerbrand, Jacob, 103 Job, 112, 114 Hegel, G. W. F., 9 Joseph, 98 Heidegger, Martin, 257 Josephus, Flavius, 17, 20, 35, 112, 164, 246 Helmontians, 131, 134, 135, 191 justification, doctrine of, 7, 56, 59, 69 Heraclitus, 178 Justin Martyr, 30, 34, 35 Herborn, University of, 91 Hermes, 115 Kant, Immanuel, 9, 101 Hermes Trismegistus, 116, 117, 121, 122, Kassell, Lauren, 169 130 Keckermann, Bartholomaus,¨ 134 hermetic literature, 116 Kepler, Johannes, 16, 90, 102, 103–6, 107, 110, 250 hermeticism, 119, 121, 126, 136, 185 Kircher, Athanasius, 195 Hervet, Gentian, 78 Hesiod, 117 La Fleche,` 79 hieroglyphics, 195, 207, 216 language Hildegard of Bingen, 163, 174 limitations of, 176 Hobbes, Thomas, 146, 148, 160–1, 225, original, 176, 192–6, 206, 207 257 language schemes, 157, 176–8, 196, 209–16 Holland, Henry, 165 Latitudinarians, 143–4, 202, 215, 226 Homer, 117 Le Fevre de la Boderie, Gui, 113 Hooke, Robert, 5, 199–201, 203, 205, 232 Le Grand, Antoine, 123 Micrographia, 5, 186, 201 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 53, 211, 242–3, 253 on experimentalphilosophy, 5, 199–201 Leiden, University of, 108 on use of instruments, 200–1 Lemarie de Belges, Jean, 113 Huff, Toby, 249 Leucippus, 123 humanism, Renaissance, 83, 97 Levellers, 209 Hume, David, 243–4 light of nature, see ‘naturallight’ Locke, John, 7, 16, 72, 82, 136, 145, 148, 216–17, Ignatius of Antioch, 171 221–33, 253 Iliffe, Rob, 236 on Adamic knowledge, 223–4, 232 illumination, divine, 39–40, 42, 46, 47 on corruption of human nature, 227, 230 image of God, 29–30, 37, 38, 43, 46, 60, 65, 79, on education, 229–31 82, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 128, on human incapacity, 220, 223, 232–3, 240, 241 155, 250 on originalsin, 228, 229, 231 effaced by the Fall, 6, 30, 98, 149, 151, 157, on political power, 225, 227, 232 159 on sources of error, 222 implicit faith, 133 on the Fall, 226, 227–9, 231–2, 235 innate ideas, 6, 142–3, 230 Lodwick, Francis, 210 Inquisition, 112 Louvain, University of, 67, 68 inspiration, divine, 6, 74, 93, 195–6 Lowde, James, 145 as source of scientific knowledge, 16, 88, 93, logic, 41, 88, 91, 92, 100, 231 125–37, 185 longevity, 168–71 instrumentalism, 76 of Adam, 164 Invisible College, the, 205 of the Patriarchs, 164–5, 169–70 Irenaeus of Lyon, 29, 30 Lorenz, Konrad, 247, 248 Isaac, 120 Losonsky, Michael, 240 Lucretius, 124 Jackson, Thomas, 141, 142, 144, 145–6, 147 Lull, Raymond, 92, 176 Jacob, 120 Luther, Martin, 52, 54, 59, 64, 66, 67, 68, 74, James I of England, 190 77, 78, 87, 90, 94, 97, 100, 109, 114, 118, 155, Janowski, Zbigniew, 53 167, 198, 255 Jansen, Cornelius, 68–9, 82 on Adam’s perfections, 96, 174 Jansenism, 7, 40, 53, 54, 65, 68–71, 72–3, 79, 80, on astronomy, 94 81, 225–6, 256, 257–8 on justification, 55–6, 59, 66 Jerome, 27 on knowledge of nature, 93–7 Jesuits, see Society of Jesus on the Fall, 56, 57–8, 59, 140, 158

Index 297

on vocation, 58, 62–3, 101, 158 naturaland supernaturalgifts, 43, 44, 58, 60, 61, political philosophy, 102, 160 67, 88, 98, 99, 149, 155, 158 theological anthropology, 7 naturalhistory, 36, 65, 72, 113, 201 Lutheranism, 64, 73, 79, 81, 93, 231 ‘naturallight’ 6, 16, 45, 54, 57, 64, 65, 84, 88, 102, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 125, 127, 250 McGuire, J. E., 124 and the Fall, 6, 43, 56, 61, 65, 104, 126 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 256 naturalphilosophy, 42, 49, 64, 76, 85, 91, 98, 99, magic, 116, 126, 184 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117–18, 123, Malebranche, Nicolas, 135, 136, 145, 250 126, 127, 137, 140, 145, 179, 185, 215, 220, 222 and Augustine, 8, 34, 40, 53 corruption of, 121 on Adamic knowledge, 5 Greek, 34, 36, 121 on error, 5 methods of, 7, 152, 201, 251 Mandeville, Bernard, 254–5 reform of, 1, 51, 88, 89–90, 91, 92, 109, 118, 188 Manichaeism, 33, 36, 37, 40 relation to mathematical sciences, 104, 106, Marshall, John, 226, 254 250 mathematics, 36, 63, 64, 88, 94, 97, 100, 103, relation to moral philosophy, 102, 204 113, 137, 138, 191 utilitarian justiﬁcations of, 192 certainty of, 104, 105, 106, 138, 236, 252 naturaltheology, 46 distinct from naturalphilosophy, 104–5, 106, Nature, 95, 200, 214 237–8, 250 and grace, 43 Mede, Joseph, 187 fallen condition of, 12, 26, 60–1, 95, 100, 111, medicine, 91, 101, 169, 171, 191 159, 180–1, 183, 241 Galenic, 91 resistant to investigation, 180, 203 Paracelsian, 129 Neoplatonism, 33, 36–7, 116 Melanchthon, Philipp, 16, 52, 82, 91, 97–103, Neto, Jose,´ 53 105, 113, 181, 194 Newton, Isaac, 16, 118, 123–4, 135, 137, 173, 199, on mathematicalastronomy, 100–1, 102, 107 233–40, 242 on naturallight, 64, 99–100, 102, 107 and ancient philosophy, 124 on the Fall, 97, 98–9, 151 and voluntarism, 239 memory, 38, 157, 174, 176, 178, 200, 201, 203, on naturalphilosophicalmethod, 234, 236–8, 210, 212 239–41, 242, 250–1 Menn, Stephen, 112 on originalsin, 235–6, 241 Methuen, Charlotte, 102 theological views of, 234, 238–9 microscope, 96, 175, 200, 203, 210 Nicole, Pierre, 69, 72, 225–6, 254 Milbank, John, 258 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 257 millenarianism, 13, 92 Noah, 17, 18, 98, 113, 117, 120, 164, 195 Milton, John, 149–50, 190, 206 Nourse, Timothy, 183 Minucius Felix, 35 Nuovo, Victor, 233 miracles, 135 Molinism, 82 Oldenburg, Henry, 201, 243 Montaigne, Michelde, 75–6, 79, 84, 85, 139 Origen, 27, 28, 30, 31, 34 Apology for Raymond Sebonde, 10, 75, 77 on the Fall, 27 morallaw, 31, 101 originalsin, 3, 6, 9, 15, 16, 28, 53, 54, 66, 69, 73, moralphilosophy, 35, 56, 101, 108, 133, 140, 152 97, 98, 141, 142, 144, 150, 151, 229, 230–1, moralpsychology, 3, 86, 145, 178 234, 235 More, Henry, 122, 142, 143, 191 and sociobiology, 248, 257 Morton, Thomas, 156, 157, 175 noetic affects of, 6, 32, 52, 57, 59, 60, 61, 74, Mosaic philosophy, 89, 108, 112, 114, 115, 116–17, 95, 136–7, 144, 156–8, 186, 202, 216, 241 130, 137 physicalconsequences of, 162 Moses, 91, 107, 108, 111, 114–15, 116, 117, 120, 122, Osiander, Andreas, 89, 105, 134 123, 130, 196 Owen, Richard, 245 see also Mosaic philosophy Oxford, University of, 48, 91, 191, 201, 205 Mulhall, Stephen, 257 Museum of NaturalHistory, London, 245 Paracelsianism, 127, 128–9, 131, 134, 135, 168, 210 music, 113 Paracelsus, 90, 92–3, 126, 196

298 Index

Pare,´ Ambroise, 128 Prometheus, 83, 115, 119 Paris, University of, 42, 74 Protestant scholasticism, 7, 64 Parker, Samuel, 145 Protestant work ethic, 59 Parkinson, John, 17 Protestantism, 8, 10 Pascal, Blaise, 7, 65, 71, 72, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, Prudentius, 206 203, 226 Ptolemy, Claudius, 105 and Jansenism, 53, 69 Pufendorf, Samuel, 148 criticisms of Descartes, 5, 71 Pugliense, Patri, 199 on the Fall, 5, 82 Puritanism, 73, 133, 143, 172, 202, on the limits of reason, 71 224–5 passions, 24, 71, 79, 151, 159–62, 178, 204, 218, and educationalreform, 150, 230 226, 230 and science, 13, 240 affected by the Fall, 6, 25, 26, 27, 32, 144, 150, millenarian aspects of, 2, 13, 184, 186–8, 197, 155, 159, 178, 202 198, 240, 242 Patrick, Simon, 144 Pyrrho of Elis, 10, 77 Paul, St, 25, 26, 29, 35, 55, 59, 68, 73, 111 Pyrrhonism, 10 Peasants’ War, 98, 198 Pythagoras, 116, 123, 124 Pecham, John, 41, 42, 54 Pelagianism, 66, 80, 81 quadrivium, 113 Pelagius, 32, 40 Quakers, 125, 128 Pentecost, 196 Petty, William, 191, 205 ‘R. B.’ 128 Philo of Alexandria, 23–5, 26, 30, 32, 35, 161, 202 Ramus, Peter, 92, 107, 176 philosophers’ stone, 168 rationalism, 6, 9, 104, 250, 257 philosophes, 233, 249, 258 and empiricism, 9, 242–3 Philosophical Transactions, 201 Rattansi, P. M., 124 philosophy, 9, 72, 82, 83, 91, 115 Rawley, William, 172 as epistemology, 86 Ray, John, 191, 210, 214, 215, 216, 221 goalof, 85–6, 160, 170, 179, 214 reason, 6, 12, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 37, 47, 60, 61, 70, modern, 88 88, 92, 93, 127, 130, 141, 147, 154, 174, 200; pagan, 31, 35, 36, 37, 45, 46, 57, 63, 82, 83, 90, see also ‘naturallight’ 91, 97, 108, 109, 111, 130, 137, 140, 154 and faith, 9 physico-theology, 112, 241, 242 and revelation, 130 physiognomy, 193 and the passions, 6, 26, 27, 160, 161 physiology, 86 as ‘candle of the Lord’ 143 Pinker, Steven, 248 as masculine, 24, 33 plagiarism thesis, 34–5, 115, 117, 120 as naturalgift, 43 Plato, 21, 24, 27, 28, 34, 76, 107, 115, 116, 117, contrasted with experiment, 237 121, 124, 130, 141 fall of, 2, 4, 27, 33, 44, 56, 57, 61, 71, 141, 143, Cratylus, 23 159, 161, 231, 256 Phaedrus, 35 as foundation of modern science, 249–50 Statesman, 22 as image of God, 46, 104, 250 The Republic, 159 limits of, 222 Timaeus, 35 reliability of, 7, 44, 56, 71, 109, 142–4 Platonism, 21, 28, 33, 40, 44, 85, 250 weakness of, 2, 4, 5, 37, 59, 60, 65, 71, 74, 78, and the Fall, 21–5, 27 88, 111, 127, 130, 191, 256, 258 Renaissance, 90, 106 Reformation,Catholic,see Counter-Reformation Plotinus, 22–3, 27, 32, 39 Reformation, Protestant, 7, 10, 11, 12, 15, 49, 52, Popkin, Richard, 10, 11, 64, 84–7 54, 64–5, 66, 83, 85, 87, 89–90, 118, 198, Port-Royal, 69, 71, 72 207, 248–9, 250 Power, Henry, 154, 220–1 Renaissance, the, 65, 83, 110, 114 predestination, 59, 67, 69 Reuchlin, Johannes, 194 printing press, 203 revelation, 6, 9, 48, 74, 75, 79, 88, 91, 107, 110, prisca sapientia, see ‘ancient philosophy’ 138, 185, 197, 256 private property, 3 and reason, 130 problem of evil, see theodicy private, 125, 127, 129, 134

Index 299

Revelation, book of, 187 Sepher Raziel, 18, 112, 194 Reynolds, Edward, 147, 157, 160 Sergeant, John, 4, 136–7, 186 Rheticus, Georg Joachim, 110 Seth, 20–1, 113, 117, 164 right reason, 125, 257 Seth’s pillars, 17, 20–1, 112, 113, 204, Robbins, Lionel, 256 246 Roberts, Jon, 249 Sextus Empiricus, 77, 78 Rogers, Thomas, 150 Shapin, Steven, 14, 50, 251 Rosicrucianism, 196 Sheldonian Theatre, 2 Ross, Alexander, 167 Shem, 98 Royal College of Physicians, 13, 152 signatures, doctrine of, 165, 192–3, 195 RoyalSociety of London, the, 2, 4, 5, 13, 16, Smith, Adam, 255 134, 141, 155, 175, 182, 184, 191, 198–9, 201, Smith, George, 237 203, 204, 205, 208, 210, 215, 220, 236, 243, Smith, John, 142 252 Society of Jesus, 67, 69, 73, 82, 257 Socinianism, 241 sacraments, 171 sociobiology, 247–8 sacred physics, see Mosaic philosophy Socrates, 34, 76, 139 Sahlins, Marshall, 255 Solomon, 18, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, 194, Saint-Cyran, Abbe´ de, 68–9, 80 196, 221; see also Bacon, Francis, ‘Solomon’s Salamanca, University of, 68 House’ salvation, doctrine of, 32 lost works of, 112–13 sapientia, 47 ‘Solomonic scepticism’ 184, 222 Satan, 30, 111, 127, 149, 151, 191, 234, 235 South, Robert, 1, 2, 72, 80, 155, 156, 157, 163, saving the phenomena, 105, 106 166 scepticism, 7, 9, 15, 41, 64, 65, 73, 79–87 Southern, Robert, 47 Academic, 37, 76–7, 82 Spellman, W. M., 53, 198, 231 ancient, 10–11, 75, 76 Spinoza, Benedict, 242, 243 as a way of life, 77 Sprat, Thomas, 2, 118, 121, 184, 199, 205, 237 mitigated, 7, 73, 184 Stark, Rodney, 249 Pyrrhonic, 77 Sterry, Peter, 142 Schaffer, Simon, 14, 50 Stillingﬂeet, Edward, 144, 156 scholasticism, 9, 15, 49, 54, 56, 57, 58, 61, 97, Stoicism, 22, 31, 82, 85 109, 128, 131, 153, 158, 201, 204, 223 logos doctrine, 30 science, 131 Stukeley, William, 124 and certainty, 6, 7, 14, 40, 82, 88, 109–11, Suarez,´ Francisco, 146 138 Swift, Jonathan, 215 and demonstration, 14, 94, 97, 109–10, 138 perfectability of, 7, 101, 138 Taylor, Jeremy, 142, 162 see also experimentalnaturalphilosophy; telescope, 96, 175, 200, 203, 210 naturalphilosophy Tempier, Stephen, 42 scientia, 40, 45, 47 Ten Commandments, 108 scripture, see Bible Tertullian, 30 secularisation, 258–9 Thales of Miletus, 124 self-knowledge, 72, 99, 139, 141–54, 156 theodicy, 33, 54, 143 Senault, Jean Franc¸oise, 161 theological anthropology, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, senses, 6, 22, 33, 36, 37, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48–9, 50, 56, 65, 66, 73, 80, 86, 99, 149 60, 81, 92, 130, 138, 155, 174, 179, 224, Augustinian, 3, 51, 53, 54, 66, 81, 85 228 Luther’s, 57 as sources of error, 24, 40, 71, 140, 153, 159, Thomas Aquinas, St, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 49, 50, 174, 178, 200, 204, 221, 240 55, 61, 67, 105, 110, 131, 143, 163, 170, 171, augmented by instruments, 175, 200–1, 203, 216, 230 210 on ‘naturallight’ 43 compared to reason, 24, 28, 145 political theory, 51 represented by Eve, 23, 24 theory of knowledge, 42–6, 57, 250 weakened by the Fall, 6, 51, 57, 96, 168, 175, Thomism, 49, 170 202–3 and human nature, 7

300 Index

Tillotson, John, 144 Webster, John, 131, 191–3, 195, 196, 197, 208, Topsell, Edward, 122 209, 210 Traherne, Thomas, 183 Westminster Confession, 107, 125, 148 Tubingen,¨ University of, 103 Whately, Richard, 245–6 Twyne, Thomas, 107 Whichcote, Benjamin, 83, 142 typology, 25 Whiston, William, 118, 121 White, Andrew Dickson, 87 Urban VIII, Pope, 76 Wilkins, John, 144, 148, 162, 191, 196, 205–8, 209–10, 212, 221, 223 van Helmont, Jan Baptista, 126, 131, 134, 196 on the Fall, 205 van Limborch, Philip, 229 philosophical language, 196, 205, 209, 210, Veron,´ François, 79 211, 213–16, 217 vestigia trinitatis, 38, 97, 104 William of Conches, 163 Vita Adae et Evae, 20 Willis, Thomas, 191 Voetius, Gisbert, 253 Willis, Timothy, 129 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, 217, 226, Willoughby, Francis, 210 233 wisdom, 76 voluntarism, 76 wisdom literature, 35, 38 and science, 11–13 witchcraft, 108, 111 Wittenburg, University of, 97, 110, 151 Walker, George, 155, 156 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 257 Walker, Obadiah, 149 Wittich, Christopher, 123 Wallis, John, 120, 190, 191, 205, 209 Wojcik, Jan, 217 Ward, Seth, 191, 208–9 Wren, Christopher, 2, 205 Warfield, Benjamin Breckinridge, 52, 54 Wright, Thomas, 150 Waterhouse, Alfred, 245 Wyclif, John, 51 Watts, Gilbert, 153–4 Watts, Isaac, 231 Younge, Richard, 133 Webb, John, 195 Webster, Charles, 13, 186, 242 Zoroaster, 115