Structure and Mechanical Properties of Selected Protective Systems in Marine Organisms
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Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Dactylopodites of the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir Sinensis)
applied sciences Article Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Dactylopodites of the Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Ying Wang 1, Xiujuan Li 1,* ID , Jianqiao Li 1 and Feng Qiu 2 ID 1 Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.:+86-431-8509-5760 Received: 1 April 2018; Accepted: 21 April 2018; Published: 26 April 2018 Abstract: The dactylopodites of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) have evolved extraordinary resistance to wear and impact loading after direct contact with rough surfaces or clashing with hard materials. In this study, the microstructure, components, and mechanical properties of the dactylopodites of the Chinese mitten crab were investigated. Images from a scanning electron microscope show that the dactylopodites’ exoskeleton was multilayered, with an epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle. Cross sections and longitudinal sections of the endocuticle revealed a Bouligand structure, which contributes to the dactylopodites’ mechanical properties. The main organic constituents of the exoskeleton were chitin and protein, and the major inorganic compound was CaCO3, crystallized as calcite. Dry and wet dactylopodites were brittle and ductile, respectively, characteristics that are closely related to their mechanical structure and composition. The findings of this study can be a reference for the bionic design of strong and durable structural materials. Keywords: dactylopodite; microstructure; composition; mechanical properties 1. Introduction After hundreds of millions of years of evolution, the functional properties of parts of organisms tend to have optimal structural and material characteristics, as well as excellent adaptability and longevity [1,2]. -
Mechanics of Composite Elasmoid Fish Scale Assemblies and Their
journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 19 (2013) 75–86 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/jmbbm Mechanics of composite elasmoid fish scale assemblies and their bioinspired analogues Ashley Browninga, Christine Ortizb,n, Mary C. Boycea,n aDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA bDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA article info abstract Article history: Inspired by the overlapping scales found on teleost fish, a new composite architecture Received 28 July 2012 explores the mechanics of materials to accommodate both flexibility and protection. These Received in revised form biological structures consist of overlapping mineralized plates embedded in a compliant 5 November 2012 tissue to form a natural flexible armor which protects underlying soft tissue and vital Accepted 11 November 2012 organs. Here, the functional performance of such armors is investigated, in which the Available online 24 November 2012 composition, spatial arrangement, and morphometry of the scales provide locally tailored Keywords: functionality. Fabricated macroscale prototypes and finite element based micromechanical Biomimetic models are employed to measure mechanical response to blunt and penetrating indentation Composite loading. Deformation mechanisms of scale bending, scale rotation, tissue shear, and tissue Natural armor constraint were found to govern the ability of the composite to protect the underlying Fish scale substrate. These deformation mechanisms, the resistance to deformation, and the resulting work of deformation can all be tailored by structural parameters including architectural arrangement (angle of the scales, degree of scale overlap), composition (volume fraction of the scales), morphometry (aspect ratio of the scales), and material properties (tissue modulus and scale modulus). -
Multi-Scale Analysis of Habitat Association in a Guild of Blennioid Fishes
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 125: 31-43.1995 Published September 14 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Multi-scale analysis of habitat association in a guild of blennioid fishes Craig Syms* University of Auckland Marine Laboratory, PO Box 349, Warkworth, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The degree to which reef fish are associated with parhcular reef characteristics has been the subject of much debate. It is increasingly clear that the strength of the relationship between reef fish and their habitat may be dependent on the scales at which the reef habitat is categorised. Conse- quently, scale must be explicitly incorporated into any investigation of fish and habitat association. I addressed the problem of scale by examining changes in the composition of a guild of blennioid fishes (comprising 13 species in the families Tripterygiidae and Blenniidae) relative to the scale at which their habitat was defined. Correspondence Analysis was used to display differences in guild structure At large, geographical scales, characteristic blenniold assemblages could be detected. Changes in gulld structure were due partly to differences in numerical dominance of a set of generalist species and, to a lesser extent, species composition. At broad scales, the blennioid assemblage displayed species- specific depth patterns and association with macroalgal cover. A core group of species was found at all depths, while others were restricted in depth and biogenic habitat type. The degree of shelter provided by topographic features characterised the blennioid assemblage at fine scales, and habitat specialisa- tion became apparent at this scale The patterns detected in this survey indicate scales at which ques- tions about processes generating these patterns may be profitably addressed. -
The Role of Collagen in the Dermal Armor of the Boxfish
j m a t e r r e s t e c h n o l . 2 0 2 0;9(xx):13825–13841 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com https://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-materials-research-and-technology Original Article The role of collagen in the dermal armor of the boxfish a,∗ b c b Sean N. Garner , Steven E. Naleway , Maryam S. Hosseini , Claire Acevedo , d e a e c Bernd Gludovatz , Eric Schaible , Jae-Young Jung , Robert O. Ritchie , Pablo Zavattieri , f Joanna McKittrick a Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093–0411, USA b Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA c Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA d School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia e Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA f Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093–0411, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: This research aims to further the understanding of the structure and mechanical properties Received 1 June 2020 of the dermal armor of the boxfish (Lactoria cornuta). Structural differences between colla- Accepted 24 September 2020 gen regions underlying the hexagonal scutes were observed with confocal microscopy and Available online 5 October 2020 microcomputed tomography (-CT). -CT revealed a tapering of the mineral plate from the center of the scute to the interface between scutes, suggesting the structure allows for more Keywords: flexibility at the interface. -
Scale Surface Structure of Mugil Cephalus (Teleostei; Mugilidae)
Biological Forum – An International Journal 7(1): 1845-1848(2015) ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130 ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3239 Scale surface structure of Mugil cephalus (Teleostei; Mugilidae) using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Humera Zahid*, Nagina Bano*, Zubia Masood*, Musarrat Ul-Ain**, Rehana Yasmeen Farooq** and Wajeeha Razaq* *Department of Zoology, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. **Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. (Corresponding author: Zubia Masood) (Received 17 April, 2015, Accepted 27 May, 2015) (Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net) ABSTRACT: As fish scale contain numerous microstructures that could be helpful for fish identification such as, ctenii, position of focus, circuli, annuli and radii. Therefore, in the present study, a traditional approach was made for studying in detail the structures of scales from a mullet species, Mugil cephalus (family Mugilidae). Samples were purchased from market of joint road, Quetta, Balochistan. During the study period extends from August 2014 to December 2014, total length of all collected specimens was ranged from 12.5- 17.5 cm, respectively. From each fish, scales were taken from the three different body regions i.e., HS (head scales), CS (caudal scales) and TRS (transverse row scales) in order to analyzed the variation in the microstructures on the scales. The scales have been subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the study of microstructures of scales in detail. Thus, from the result of the present study, it had been proved that in addition to external morphological characters of fish, some microstructures of scale could be helpful in systematic classification of any fish species. -
Training Manual Series No.15/2018
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CMFRI Digital Repository DBTR-H D Indian Council of Agricultural Research Ministry of Science and Technology Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Department of Biotechnology CMFRI Training Manual Series No.15/2018 Training Manual In the frame work of the project: DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals 2015-18 Training Manual In the frame work of the project: DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals 2015-18 Training Manual This is a limited edition of the CMFRI Training Manual provided to participants of the “DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals” organized by the Marine Biotechnology Division of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), from 2nd February 2015 - 31st March 2018. Principal Investigator Dr. P. Vijayagopal Compiled & Edited by Dr. P. Vijayagopal Dr. Reynold Peter Assisted by Aditya Prabhakar Swetha Dhamodharan P V ISBN 978-93-82263-24-1 CMFRI Training Manual Series No.15/2018 Published by Dr A Gopalakrishnan Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI) Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute PB.No:1603, Ernakulam North P.O, Kochi-682018, India. 2 Foreword Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Kochi along with CIFE, Mumbai and CIFA, Bhubaneswar within the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and Department of Biotechnology of Government of India organized a series of training programs entitled “DBT sponsored Three Months National Training in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for Fisheries Professionals”. -
A Sinusoidally-Architected Helicoidal Biocomposite
Submitted to A Sinusoidally-Architected Helicoidal Biocomposite N.A. Yaraghi, N. Guarín-Zapata, L.K. Grunenfelder, E. Hintsala, S. Bhowmick, J.M. Hiller, M. Betts, E.L. Principe, Jae-Young Jung, J. McKittrick, R. Wuhrer, P.D. Zavattieri, D. Kisailus Abstract A fibrous herringbone-modified helicoidal architecture is identified within the exocuticle of an impact-resistant crustacean appendage. This previously unreported composite microstructure, which features highly textured apatite mineral templated by an alpha-chitin matrix, provides enhanced stress redistribution and energy absorption over the traditional helicoidal design under compressive loading. Nanoscale toughening mechanisms are also identified using high load nanoindentation and in-situ TEM picoindentation. Keywords: Composites, Toughness, Impact, Biomineral, Ultrastructure DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600786 Graphical Abstract 1 Submitted to DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600786 A Sinusoidally-Architected Helicoidal Biocomposite By Nicholas A. Yaraghi, Nicolás Guarín-Zapata, Lessa K. Grunenfelder, Eric Hintsala, Sanjit Bhowmick, Jon M. Hiller, Mark Betts, Edward L. Principe, Jae-Young Jung, Leigh Sheppard, Richard Wuhrer, Joanna McKittrick, Pablo D. Zavattieri and David Kisailus* * Prof. D. Kisailus, Nicholas A. Yaraghi Materials Science and Engineering Program University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA 92521 (USA) E-mail: [email protected] Nicolás Guarín-Zapata, Prof. P.D. Zavattieri Lyles School of Civil Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA) Dr. L.K. Grunenfelder, Prof. D. Kisailus Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of California Riverside, CA 92521 (USA) Dr. E. Hintsala Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA) Dr. S. Bhowmick Hysitron Inc. Minneapolis, MN 55344 (USA) Jon M. -
18 Morphology of Scales in Three Teleost Species from Godavari River Basin in Parts of Maharashtra, India
International Journal of Zoology Studies International Journal of Zoology Studies ISSN: 2455-7269; Impact Factor: RJIF 5.14 www.zoologyjournals.com Volume 1; Issue 6; September 2016; Page No. 18-22 Morphology of scales in three teleost species from Godavari river basin in parts of Maharashtra, India Sumayya Ansari, * Shivaji Chavan, Sharda Padghane Fisheries Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra, India Abstract Scale surface morphology provides new and useful information on fish taxonomy. Several characters of scales are established and being used as a taxonomic tool. Scales in three teleosts species were observed and measured from eight regions of fish body that represented different size, shape and characters. From the results, it was concluded that scale morphology and its surface patterns can be valuable tools to investigate systematic relationship among the fish species, scale structure is also useful to recognize food chain in aquatic ecosystem which will be helpful to maintain and conserve different components in freshwater food chain. Keywords: Fish Scale, Morphology, Teleosts, Godavari river 1. Introduction the age of fish in years. The impressions and surface pattern of Fishes are one of the widely distributed and diverse group of circulii on scale served as a blue print for some physiological animals in the world. Due to overfishing & habitat destruction studies. Besides this there is role of scales in fish biology having this diversity is decreasing. Taxonomic identification of fishes numerous hidden details in their two or three dimensional design is essential to conserve them and to understand their role in the that helps effectively to identify and classify the fishes. -
2019 Shengyin Bouligand JM
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 131 (2019) 204–220 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmps Hyperelastic phase-field fracture mechanics modeling of the toughening induced by Bouligand structures in natural materials Sheng Yin a, Wen Yang b, Junpyo Kwon c, Amy Wat a, Marc A. Meyers b,d, ∗ Robert O. Ritchie a,e, a Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA b Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA c Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA d Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA e Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Bouligand structures are widely observed in natural materials; elasmoid fish scales and the Received 17 January 2019 exoskeleton of arthropods, such as lobsters, crabs, mantis shrimp and insects, are prime Revised 16 April 2019 examples. In fish scales, such as those of the Arapaima gigas , the tough inner core be- Accepted 2 July 2019 neath the harder surface of the scale displays a Bouligand structure comprising a layered Available online 2 July 2019 arrangement of collagen fibrils with an orthogonal or twisted staircase (or plywood) ar- Keywords: chitecture. A much rarer variation of this structure, the double-twisted Bouligand struc- Bouligand structure ture, has been discovered in the primitive elasmoid scales of the coelacanth fish; this ar- Phase-field fracture mechanics chitecture is quite distinct from “modern” elasmoid fish scales yet provides extraordinary Toughening mechanisms resistance to deformation and fracture. -
Shear Wave Filtering in Naturally-Occurring Bouligand Structures Nicolás Guarín-Zapata1, Juan Gomez2, Nick Yaraghi3, David Kisailus3, 4, Pablo D
Shear Wave Filtering in Naturally-Occurring Bouligand Structures Nicolás Guarín-Zapata1, Juan Gomez2, Nick Yaraghi3, David Kisailus3, 4, Pablo D. Zavattieri1,* 1Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA 2Civil Engineering Department, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, 050022, Colombia 3Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. 4Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA Abstract: Wave propagation was investigated in the Bouligand-like structure from within the dactyl club of the Stomatopod, a crustacean that is known to smash their heavily shelled preys with high accelerations. We incorporate the layered nature in a unitary material cell through the propagator matrix formalism while the periodic nature of the material is considered via Bloch boundary conditions as applied in the theory of solid state physics. Our results show that these materials exhibit bandgaps at frequencies related to the stress pulse generated by the impact of the dactyl club to its prey, and therefore exhibiting wave filtering in addition to the already known mechanisms of macroscopic isotropic behavior and toughness. 1. Introduction Many biological organisms are known for their ability to produce hierarchically arranged materials from simple components, resulting in structures that provide mechanical support, protection and mobility. These structures are used to perform a wide variety of functions ranging from structural support and protection to mobility and other basic life functions. All of this is done using only the minimum quantities of a limited selection of constituent materials [1–3], synthesized under mild conditions. The diversity and multifunctionality identified in these materials, combined with their robust mechanical properties [2] make them a rich source of inspiration for the design of new materials. -
Teleost Fish Scales Amongst the Toughest Collagenous Materials
journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 52 (2015) 95–107 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com www.elsevier.com/locate/jmbbm Research Paper Teleost fish scales amongst the toughest collagenous materials A. Khayer Dastjerdi, F. Barthelatn Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada article info abstract Article history: Fish scales from modern teleost fish are high-performance materials made of cross-plies of Received 27 May 2014 collagen type I fibrils reinforced with hydroxyapatite. Recent studies on this material have Received in revised form demonstrated the remarkable performance of this material in tension and against sharp 23 September 2014 puncture. Although it is known that teleost fish scales are extremely tough, actual Accepted 27 September 2014 measurements of fracture toughness have so far not been reported because it is simply Available online 6 October 2014 not possible to propagate a crack in this material using standard fracture testing fi Keywords: con gurations. Here we present a new fracture test setup where the scale is clamped Fish scales between two pairs of miniature steel plates. The plates transmit the load uniformly, Collagen prevent warping of the scale and ensure a controlled crack propagation. We report a À2 Toughness toughness of 15 to 18 kJ m (depending on the direction of crack propagation), which fi fi Process zone con rms teleost sh scales as one of the toughest biological material known. We also Crack bridging tested the individual bony layers, which we found was about four times less tough than the Bio-inspired materials collagen layer because of its higher mineralization. -
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Hyperelastic phase-field fracture mechanics modeling of the toughening induced by Bouligand structures in natural materials Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rw956dp Journal Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 131 ISSN 0022-5096 Authors Yin, Sheng Yang, Wen Kwon, Junpyo et al. Publication Date 2019-10-01 DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2019.07.001 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California S. Yin, W. Yang, J. Kwon, A. Wat, M. A. Meyers, R. O. Ritchie, Hyperelastic phase-field fracture mechanics modeling of the toughening induced by Bouligand structures in natural materials”, J. Mechanics & Physics of Solids, vol. 131, 2019, pp. 204-20. Hyperelastic Phase-Field Fracture Mechanics Modeling of the Toughening Induced by Bouligand Structures in Natural Materials Sheng Yin1, Wen Yang2, Junpyo Kwon3, Amy Wat1 Marc A. Meyers2,4 and Robert O. Ritchie1,5 1Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA 2Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA 4Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA 5Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA Abstract Bouligand structures are widely observed in natural materials; elasmoid fish scales and the exoskeleton of arthropods, such as lobsters, crabs, mantis shrimp and insects, are prime examples. In fish scales, such as those of the Arapaima gigas, the tough inner core beneath the harder surface of the scale displays a Bouligand structure comprising a layered arrangement of collagen fibrils with an orthogonal or twisted staircase (or plywood) architecture.