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Occupational Stress and Cognitive Appraisal: a Study with Security Forces

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Occupational Stress and Cognitive Appraisal: a Study with Security Forces Stress ocupacional e avaliação cognitiva: um estudo com forças de segurança Occupational stress and cognitive appraisal: a study with security forces Anabela Esteves Resumo Mestre em Psicologia pela Escola de Psicologia da Universidade do Minho. Este estudo analisa a experiência de stress labo- Endereço: Universidade do Minho, Escola de Psicologia, Campus ral numa amostra de profissionais de segurança de Gualtar, CEP 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. pública, observando igualmente a importância E-mail: [email protected] dos processos de avaliação cognitiva do modelo A. Rui Gomes transacional (Lazarus, 1991, 2000) no ajustamento Doutor em Psicologia. Professor Auxiliar. Escola de Psicologia da aos contextos de trabalho. Foram incluídos 196 pro- Universidade do Minho. fissionais de segurança pública, que responderam Endereço: Universidade do Minho, Escola de Psicologia, Campus de Gualtar, CEP 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. a um protocolo de avaliação sobre stress ocupa- E-mail: [email protected] cional, avaliação cognitiva primária e secundária, burnout e sintomatologia depressiva. Os resultados apontaram experiências laborais mais negativas nos profissionais casados, nos que não praticavam exercício físico, nos que exerciam maioritariamente funções no exterior das instalações de trabalho, nos que trabalhavam mais horas por semana e nos que possuíam categorias profissionais mais baixas. Os processos de avaliação cognitiva foram deter- minantes na explicação da experiência de stress ocupacional, burnout e sintomatologia depressiva. O stress ocupacional e a avaliação cognitiva foram variáveis importantes na predição do burnout. Em conclusão, os resultados evidenciaram a importân- cia das variáveis pessoais e profissionais na experi- ência de stress laboral, bem como a adaptabilidade do modelo transacional no estudo do stress laboral nesta classe de profissionais. Palavras-chave: Stress; Avaliação cognitiva; Bur- nout; Sintomatologia depressiva. Saúde Soc. São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.701-713, 2013 701 Abstract Introdução This study analyzes the occupational stress in a O mundo laboral tem sofrido inúmeras transforma- sample of security forces, also observing the impor- ções. Num mercado global cada vez mais competi- tance of cognitive appraisals of the transactional tivo, as empresas e outras entidades empregadoras model (Lazarus, 1991, 2000) in adjustment to work solicitam aos trabalhadores desempenhos e dispo- contexts. The study included 196 police officers who nibilidades que podem afetar a sua qualidade de responded to the following measures: sources of pro- vida. Notáveis exemplos desta situação, são a flexi- fessional stress, primary and secondary cognitive bilidade dos horários, a mobilidade profissional e a appraisals, burnout, and depressive symptomatolo- polivalência no trabalho. Não se estranha então que gy. The results indicated more negative professional o stress laboral seja cada vez mais encarado como experiences in participants who were married, who um fenômeno endêmico ao trabalhador e ao mundo did not engage in physical activities, performed do trabalho (Isles, 2005; Dewe e col., 2010). their jobs mainly outside the workplace, worked hi- Se o impacto do stress pode ter consequências gher numbers of hours per week, and had the lowest positivas e fazer parte da condição humana, é tam- professional categories. The processes of cognitive bém verdade que o seu nível excessivo pode afetar appraisal were determinant in the explanation of negativamente a saúde física e psicológica dos indi- occupational stress, burnout, and depressive symp- víduos. De fato, o stress ocupacional está implicado tomatology. The occupational stress and cognitive na adoção de comportamentos de risco e associa-se a appraisal dimensions were predictors of burnout. condutas como o absentismo, o baixo envolvimento e The results highlighted the importance of personal o abandono do trabalho, tendo como consequências and professional variables in the explanation of psicológicas os sentimentos de ansiedade, o burnout the participants’ professional experiences and the e a depressão (Goetzel e col., 2004; Cooper e Dewe, usefulness of the transactional model in studying 2008). Desta forma, o stress ocupacional tem recebi- occupational stress. do cada vez mais importância junto da comunidade Keywords: Stress; Cognitive Appraisal; Stress; Bur- científica, devido aos elevados custos e efeitos sobre nout; Depressive Symptomatology. os indivíduos e respectivas organizações (Bevan, 2003; Crompton e Lyonette, 2007). Embora todas as profissões sejam geradoras de algum grau de stress, algumas merecem maior atenção, dado os níveis mais acentuados de pressão que revelam. Neste caso, encontramos as forças de segurança, sendo apontada como uma das ocupa- ções de maior risco em termos de stress ocupacional (Richardsen e col., 2006) mas, curiosamente, são ainda insuficientes as investigações efetuadas nesta população (Maslach-Pines e Keinan, 2006). Por isso, justifica-se a realização de estudos que procurem compreender as condições de exercício laboral nesta classe profissional. Neste sentido, este trabalho foi realizado com profissionais das forças de segurança da região Norte de Portugal, procurando responder a duas questões principais. Em primeiro lugar, observou-se a experiência profissional dos participantes ao nível do stress, burnout (esgotamento) e sintomatologia depressiva. A escolha destas variáveis procurou, por 702 Saúde Soc. São Paulo, v.22, n.3, p.701-713, 2013 um lado, possibilitar o conhecimento dos fatores de stress. Para tal, deveremos ter em atenção os proces- pressão inerentes a esta atividade profissional e, por sos de avaliação cognitiva secundária, que indicam outro lado, observar as possíveis consequências psi- aquilo que poderá ser feito para lidar com a situação cológicas, ao nível do burnout e da sintomatologia em causa. A este nível, a pessoa efetua uma análise depressiva. De fato, a investigação tem demonstrado dos recursos ou competências específicas que julga que a exposição ao stress ocupacional pode predis- possuir para lidar com a situação. Como referimos, por ao aparecimento de problemas na saúde e no apesar da difusão e aceitação deste modelo, é curio- bem-estar dos profissionais. Duas das possíveis so verificar que poucos estudos existem acerca da consequências desta multiplicidade de exigências sua aplicabilidade ao estudo do stress ocupacional. laborais são o surgimento do burnout e da depressão Isto mesmo é confirmado por Dewe e colaboradores que, por sua vez, provocam prejuízos, quer para o in- (2010) ao constatarem que o modelo é bastante acei- divíduo quer para a organização (ex: desmotivação, to no estudo do stress em geral, mas pouco se sabe absentismo, redução da eficácia profissional e baixo sobre a sua aplicação à explicação do confronto com desempenho) (Abdollahi, 2002; Burke e Mikkelsen, o stress laboral. Neste sentido, incluimos neste tra- 2006; Maslach-Pines e Keinan, 2006). balho uma medida acerca dos processos de avaliação Em segundo lugar, este estudo procurou obser- cognitiva primária e secundária. var qual a importância dos processos de avaliação De um modo mais específico, este estudo procu- cognitiva na experiência de stress, burnout e sin- rou atingir os seguintes objetivos: tomatologia depressiva. Esta análise foi efetuada i) Analisar os níveis globais de stress e os fatores de a partir do modelo transacional de Lazarus (2000), stress, bem como os índices de burnout e de sinto- que representa uma das propostas mais difundidas matologia depressiva; acerca da adaptação humana em diferentes contex- tos de funcionamento. De acordo com o modelo, a ii) Analisar as diferenças na experiência de stress, experiência de stress surge sempre que o indivíduo na avaliação cognitiva, no burnout e na sintoma- avalia as exigências colocadas pela situação como tologia depressiva em função de um conjunto de excedendo os seus recursos pessoais para lidar com características pessoais e profissionais da amostra; ela (Lazarus e Folkman, 1984). Assim, mais impor- iii) Analisar as diferenças na experiência de stress, tante do que identificar as possíveis fontes de stress burnout e sintomatologia depressiva em função ou as consequências possíveis sobre o indivíduo, dos processos de avaliação cognitiva primária e importa observar os processos que interligam a secundária; situação de stress e o modo como cada indivíduo iv) Analisar as associações entre a avaliação cogni- avalia essa situação e que significado lhe atribui. tiva primária e secundária; e Esta “transação” entre a situação (ou ambiente) v) Observar as variáveis preditoras da experiência de stress e o indivíduo implica considerar dois pro- de burnout. cessos fundamentais de avaliação cognitiva (Laza- rus, 2001). A avaliação cognitiva primária, que ocor- re quando o indivíduo avalia e atribui um significado Método pessoal à situação, analisando o que poderá estar em causa em termos do seu bem-estar. O resultado final Participantes desta avaliação poderá ser um sentimento de desafio Este estudo foi realizado com uma amostra de conve- (caso a pessoa sinta que pode lidar eficazmente com niência, assumindo uma natureza transversal e des- a situação), ou uma experiência negativa marcada critiva. Participaram neste estudo 196 profissionais por sentimentos de ameaça ou dano (caso a pessoa das forças de segurança, que pertenciam à Guarda sinta que terá dificuldades em lidar eficazmente Nacional Republicana, que conjuntamente com a com a situação). Apesar da importância da avalia-
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