DOCSLIB.ORG

Stress, Coping, and Appraisal in an Hiv-Seropositive Rural

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stress, Coping, and Appraisal in an Hiv-Seropositive Rural STRESS, COPING, AND APPRAISAL IN AN HIV-SEROPOSITIVE RURAL SAMPLE: A TEST OF THE GOODNESS-OF-FIT HYPOTHESIS A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Dana Mitchell August 2004 This thesis entitled STRESS, COPING, AND APPRAISAL IN AN HIV-SEROPOSITIVE RURAL SAMPLE: A TEST OF THE GOODNESS-OF-FIT HYPOTHESIS BY DANA MITCHELL has been approved for the Department of Psychology and the College of Arts and Sciences by Timothy G. Heckman Associate Professor of Psychology Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences MITCHELL, DANA. M.S. AUGUST 2004. Psychology Stress, Coping, and Appraisal in an HIV-seropositive Rural Sample: A Test of the Goodness-of-Fit Hypothesis (120pp.) Director of Thesis: Timothy G. Heckman This present study tested two theories from Lazarus and Folkman’s (1984) Transaction Model of Stress and Coping. Utilizing a sample of adults living with HIV/AIDS in rural communities of the United States, this secondary data analysis examined the interaction between cognitive appraisals of stressful life events, methods of coping, and depressive symptomology. This study was designed to investigate the proposals that coping strategies tend to match the appraised controllability of a stressor (matching hypothesis) and that the effectiveness of varying coping strategies is dependent on the appraised controllability of a stressful event (goodness-of-fit hypothesis). Self- reported data obtained from 304 HIV-seropositive adults living in non-metropolitan areas indicated that high levels of appraised control significantly predicted use of problem- focused coping. However, no support was found for the goodness-of-fit hypothesis. Study limitations and future directions are proposed. Approved: Timothy G. Heckman Associate Professor of Psychology Acknowledgements This thesis is dedicated to my family and loved ones for their support through my academic and professional endeavors. I would also like to thank Dr. Timothy G. Heckman for his guidance and mentoring, as well as my committee members, Dr. John Garske and Dr. Kenneth Holroyd. 5 Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................4 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................7 List of Figures......................................................................................................................8 Overview of Current Study..................................................................................................9 Review of the Literature ....................................................................................................12 HIV/AIDS in Rural America .................................................................................12 Transactional Model of Stress, Appraisal, and Coping .........................................17 Empirical Findings on the Goodness-of-Fit Hypothesis........................................20 Critiques of Prior Goodness-of-Fit Research.........................................................26 The Development of Alternative Coping Measures ..............................................28 Considerations when Testing the Transactional Model.........................................31 Association of Coping to Physical & Psychological Health Outcomes ................35 Psychological Distress Associated with HIV Infection.........................................38 Living with HIV in Urban vs. Rural Communities................................................39 Associations of Coping & Health in HIV-seropositive Samples...........................41 Testing the Goodness-of-Fit in HIV-seropositive Samples...................................44 The Present Study ..............................................................................................................44 Objectives, Hypotheses, and Rationales ................................................................46 Method ...............................................................................................................................47 Project Connect......................................................................................................47 6 Assessment Instruments.........................................................................................51 Statistical Analyses ................................................................................................59 Results ................................................................................................................................60 Data Screening and Preparation.............................................................................60 Descriptive Statistics and Frequencies...................................................................64 Depressive Symptomology in Rural Persons Living with HIV/AIDS ..................65 Differential Stressors among the Sample...............................................................68 Scoring of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire ......................................................70 Hierarchical Regression Modeling .......................................................................71 The Matching Hypothesis......................................................................................72 Goodness-of-Fit Hypothesis ..................................................................................73 Analyses using Mean Item Scores .........................................................................74 Analyses using Relative Percentage Scores...........................................................77 Analyses using Ratio Scores ................................................................................81 Analyses using Standardized Factor Scores ..........................................................85 Analysis with Selected Sample..............................................................................89 Analyses using Varying Outcome Measures .........................................................93 Altering the Order of the Hierarchical Regression Model ....................................94 Discussion..........................................................................................................................96 Summary of Findings.............................................................................................97 Limitations of the Study.......................................................................................101 Future Directions.................................................................................................107 References........................................................................................................................111 7 Tables Table 1. Association of Coping to Health Outcomes: Penley et al. (2002).....................37 Table 2. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Sample ..................................................50 Table 3. Final Factor Loadings for Ways of Coping Questionnaire ...............................55 Table 4. Reliability Coefficients for all Scales and Subscales ........................................61 Table 5. Intercorrelations among Selected Variables .....................................................63 Table 6. Descriptive Statistics for Continuous Variables ...............................................65 Table 7. Psychological indices among HIV+ rural adults ..............................................66 Table 8. Summary of most Frequently Reported Stressors ............................................69 Table 9. Predictors in Hierarchical Regression Analyses ...............................................72 Table 10. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis (mean item) .................................75 Table 11. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis (relative scores) ..........................79 Table 12. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis (ratio scores) ...............................83 Table 13. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis (standardized scores) ..................87 Table 14. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis (gay/bisexual males) ...................91 Table 15. Predictors in Altered Hierarchical Regression Analysis ..................................94 Table 16. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analysis (altered order) .............................96 8 Figures Figure 1. Expected Goodness-of-Fit Interactions ............................................................46 Figure 2. Ways of Coping Principal Components Screeplot ..........................................54 Figure 3. Emotion-focused Coping x Appraisal Interaction (mean item) .......................76 Figure 4. Problem-focused Coping x Appraisal Interaction (mean item) ......................77 Figure 5. Emotion-focused Coping x Appraisal Interaction (relative scores) .................80 Figure 6. Problem-focused Coping x Appraisal Interaction (relative scores) ................81 Figure 7. Emotion-focused Coping x Appraisal Interaction (ratio scores) .....................84 Figure 8. Problem-focused Coping x Appraisal Interaction (ratio scores) .....................85 Figure 9. Emotion-focused Coping x Appraisal Interaction (standardized
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Influence of Stress, Cognitive Appraisal, Resilience, and Social
    INFLUENCE OF STRESS, COGNITIVE APPRAISAL, RESILIENCE, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON COPING OF OLDER WOMEN WHOSE SPOUSES HAVE UNDERGONE CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY by Suzanne K. Mamocha A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2003 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFLUENCE OF STRESS, COGNITIVE APPRAISAL, RESILIENCE, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON COPING OF OLDER WOMEN WHOSE SPOUSES HAVE UNDERGONE CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY by Suzanne K. Mamocha A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2003 ibr Professor Date Date 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT INFLUENCE OF STRESS, COGNITIVE APPRAISAL, RESILIENCE, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON COPING OF OLDER WOMEN WHOSE SPOUSES HAVE UNDERGONE CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS SURGERY by Suzanne K. Mamocha The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2003 Under the Supervision of Professor Jane Leske, PhD, RN Purpose: To describe the influence of stress, cognitive appraisal, resilience and social support on coping of older women in relation to the coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) of their spouse. Many older men are having coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and as the population ages these numbers are anticipated to increase. Surgery is a stressful experience and how the spouse of the patient appraises the surgical event may enhance her coping. Additionally, it is anticipated that resilience and social support will impact spousal coping.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do Children Cope with Global Climate Change? Coping Strategies, Engagement, and Well-Being
    Journal of Environmental Psychology 32 (2012) 225e233 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Environmental Psychology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep How do children cope with global climate change? Coping strategies, engagement, and well-being Maria Ojala a,b,* a Department of Education, Box 2136, Uppsala University, 750 02 Uppsala, Sweden b Youth & Society, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden article info abstract Article history: The aim of this questionnaire study was to explore how Swedish 12-year-olds (n ¼ 293) cope with Available online 8 March 2012 climate change, and how different coping strategies relate to environmental engagement and well-being. Three coping strategies were identified: problem-focused coping, de-emphasizing the seriousness of Keywords: climate change, and meaning-focused coping. Problem-focused and meaning-focused coping had posi- Climate change skepticism tive associations with measures of environmental engagement, while de-emphasizing the threat had Problem-focused coping negative associations with engagement. Problem-focused coping was positively related to general Meaning-focused coping negative affect, which was explained by the tendency for highly problem-focused children to worry more Optimism Negative affect about climate change. In contrast, the more meaning-focused coping the children used the less they Pro-environmental behavior experienced negative affect, and the more they experienced life satisfaction, general positive affect, purpose, and optimism. Finally, moderation analyses revealed that for children high on problem-focused coping; meaning-focused coping, purpose, and optimism worked as buffers against negative affect. The importance of positive emotions for constructive coping is discussed. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Goals, Affect and Appraisal Within the Stressful Transaction Stacey
    GOALS, AFFECT AND APPRAISAL WITHIN THE STRESSFUL TRANSACTION STACEY LEIBOWITZ-LEVY A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 2008 ii DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own, unaided work. It is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination in any other university. Stacey Leibowitz-Levy __________________________ Date ________________ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the following people: • Professor Gill Eagle, my supervisor, for her friendship, patience, care, kindness and excellent supervision. • Mike Greyling for his valued statistical input. • Nicky Israel and Gillian Fincheliscu for providing feedback on the ANOVA analyses. • Professor Norman Duncan for his understanding. • Kate for her interest and support. • Nina for her encouragement, understanding and moral support. • Hayley for helping me both through kind words and deeds. • Mum for her love and encouragement. • Pnina and Eli for their tremendous support especially in taking care of the kids. • My kids who stoically tolerated the fallout from the Perfectly Horrible Document. • My one and only Love… For all you are and all you do for me. iv ABSTRACT This study explored how personal strivings constructs of Goal Conflict and Complementarity and primary appraisal dimensions of Motivational Relevance and Congruence (separately and in combination), related across time to immediate and long-term effects of a stressful transaction. The study was located within the transactional model of stress and integrated aspects of motivational theory, focusing on the theoretical position that within the stressful transaction the relationship between motivational factors and the individual response to an event is mediated by cognitive processes, including appraisal.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Therapy: Current Status and Future Directions
    ME62CH28-Beck ARI 4 December 2010 14:36 Cognitive Therapy: Current Status and Future Directions Aaron T. Beck1 and David J.A. Dozois2 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; email: [email protected] 2Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Med. 2011. 62:397–409 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on cognitive vulnerability, psychotherapy, treatment outcome, cognitive Annu. Rev. Med. 2011.62:397-409. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org August 3, 2010 behavior therapy The Annual Review of Medicine is online at med.annualreviews.org Access provided by University of Puerto Rico - Rio Piedras on 10/29/20. For personal use only. Abstract This article’s doi: Cognitive therapy is a system of psychotherapy with a powerful theoret- 10.1146/annurev-med-052209-100032 ical infrastructure, which has received extensive empirical support, and Copyright c 2011 by Annual Reviews. a large body of research attesting to its efficacy for a wide range of psy- All rights reserved chiatric and medical problems. This article provides a brief overview 0066-4219/11/0218-0397$20.00 of the conceptual and practical components of cognitive therapy and highlights some of the empirical evidence regarding its efficacy. Cog- nitive therapy (often labeled generically as cognitive behavior therapy) is efficacious either alone or as an adjunct to medication and provides a prophylaxis against relapse and recurrence. 397 ME62CH28-Beck ARI 4 December 2010 14:36 OVERVIEW coordinated, goal-oriented strategies (e.g., From its inception more than 45 years ago approaching pleasure, avoiding pain) (13, 14).
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Patterns and Coping Mechanisms in the Context of Internet Use
    applied sciences Article Cognitive Patterns and Coping Mechanisms in the Context of Internet Use 1 1 1 2,3, 4 Cristina Costescu , Iulia Chelba , Adrian Ros, an , Attila Kovari * and Jozsef Katona 1 Special Education Department, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Sindicatelor Street no 7, 400029 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (I.C.); [email protected] (A.R.) 2 Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Protection, Institute of Engineering, University of Dunaujvaros, Tancsics M 1/A, 2400 Dunaujvaros, Hungary 3 Alba Regia Technical Faculty, Obuda University, Budai u 45., 8000 Szekesfehervar, Hungary 4 Institute of Computer Engineering, University of Dunaujvaros, Tancsics M 1/A, 2400 Dunaujvaros, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-25-551-635 Abstract: Recent research indicates there are different cognitive patterns and coping mechanisms related to increased levels of Internet use and emotional distress in adolescents. This study aims to investigate the relationship between coping mechanisms, dysfunctional negative emotions, and Internet use. A total of 54 participants aged between 14 and 19 years old completed a questionnaire containing several measures and demographics information. We measured participants’ coping strategies, emotional distress, social and emotional loneliness, and their online behavior and Internet addiction using self-report questionnaires. In order to identify the relation between the investigated variables, we used correlation analysis and regression, and we tested one mediation model. The results showed that maladaptive coping strategies and Internet use were significant predictors of dysfunctional negative emotions. Moreover, passive wishful thinking, as a pattern of thinking, was Citation: Costescu, C.; Chelba, I.; associated with anxious and depressed feelings.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Wellness Statement Coping Cards
    Mental Wellness Coping Statement Cards Coping Statements for Anxiety Coping Statements for Fear Coping Statements for Feeling Overwhelmed Coping Statements for Phobias Coping Statements for Panic Coping Statements for Pain Management Coping Statements for Disordered Eating Coping Statements for Anger Management Source: Lee, J. (n.d.). Use Coping Cards and Coping Statements to Improve Mental Health. Retrieved March 7, 2016, from http://www.choosehelp.com/topics/mental-health/rehab-for-patients-with-mental-health-challenges Coping Statements for Anxiety • Fighting this doesn’t help – so I’ll just relax and breathe deeply and let it float away. • This feeling isn’t comfortable, but I can handle it. • By relaxing through these feelings I learn to face my fears. • I can feel anxious and still deal with this situation. • This is not a real emergency. I can slow down and think about what I need to do. • This feeling will go away.1 • By staying present and focused on my task my anxiety will decrease. • These are just thoughts – not reality. • Anxiety won’t hurt me. • Feeling tense is natural. It tells me it’s time to use coping strategies. • Things are not as bad I am making them out to be. • Don’t discount the positives.2 Coping Statements for Fear • I’ve done this before so I can do it again. • I’ll be glad I did it when this is over.3 • I’ll feel better when I am actually in the situation. • I’ll just do the best I can. • By facing my fears I can overcome them.
    [Show full text]
  • Trauma-2020.Pdf
    © Mind 2020 Trauma Explains what trauma is and how it affects your mental health, including how you can help yourself, what treatments are available and how to overcome barriers to getting the right support. Also includes tips for people who want to support someone who has gone through trauma. If you require this information in Word document format for compatibility with screen readers, please email: [email protected] Contents What is trauma? ................................................................................................................... 2 How could trauma affect me? .............................................................................................. 4 How can I cope right now? .................................................................................................. 8 How can I cope in the long term? ....................................................................................... 10 What treatments could help? ............................................................................................... 14 How can I overcome barriers? ............................................................................................ 17 How can other people help? ............................................................................................... 19 Useful contacts ................................................................................................................... 23 1 © Mind 2020 What is trauma? Going through very stressful, frightening or distressing events is sometimes
    [Show full text]
  • Springfield College Library Manuscript Thesis
    SPRINGFIELD COLLEGE LIBRARY MANUSCRIPT THESIS The manuscript copies of master’s theses and doctoral dissertations deposited in the Library of Springfield College are available for appropriate usage. If passages are copied, proper credit must be given to the author in any written or published work. Extensive copying or publication of materials should be done only with the con¬ sent of the Director of the School of Graduate Studies. William N. Miller This thesis or dissertation by has been used accordingly by the persons listed below. (Librarians are asked to secure the signature of each user.) Name and Address College Date SPRINGFIELD COLLEGE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES December, 1997 Dissertation We Recommend that the prepared under our direction by William N. Miller ATHLETIC INJURY: MOOD DISTURBANCES AND HARDINESS entitled OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETES be accepted as fulfilling the research requirement for the degree of Doctor of Physical Education ATHLETIC INJURY: MOOD DISTURBANCES AND HARDINESS OF INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETES A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Springfield College In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Physical Education by William N. Miller December 1997 IX DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my mother, Barbara N. Connolly, whose inspiration and encouragement instilled in me the desire to always pursue my goals and dreams in life. /I'D m iwi up- 3 Ill ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee for all of their help and guidance: Dr. Mimi Murray, Chairperson, Dr. Mary Ann Coughlin, and Dr. William Sullivan.
    [Show full text]
  • Applying Appraisal Theories of Emotion to the Concept of Emotional Labor
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Louisiana State University Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 Applying appraisal theories of emotion to the concept of emotional labor Erin Michele Richard Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Richard, Erin Michele, "Applying appraisal theories of emotion to the concept of emotional labor" (2006). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2268. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2268 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. APPLYING APPRAISAL THEORIES OF EMOTION TO THE CONCEPT OF EMOTIONAL LABOR A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Psychology by Erin Michele Richard B.S., Louisiana State University, 2000 M.A., Louisiana State University, 2003 May 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all of those who helped make this project a success. I offer special thanks to my husband and to my parents for their patience and support. I am extremely grateful to Jim Diefendorff for agreeing to supervise the project from afar---a commitment that required a great deal of extra time and effort on his part.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Coping-Skills Therapy for Alcohol Dependence
    Cognitive-Behavioral Coping-Skills Therapy for Alcohol Dependence Current Status and Future Directions Richard Longabaugh, Ed.D., and Jon Morgenstern, Ph.D. Cognitive-behavioral coping-skills training (CBST) is an alcoholism treatment approach aimed at improving the patients’ cognitive and behavioral skills for changing their drinking behavior. CBST encompasses a variety of approaches that despite their core similarities differ in duration, modality, content, and treatment setting. Numerous studies and reviews have ranked CBST among the most effective approaches for treating alcoholic patients. Nevertheless, a recent analysis of nine studies failed to identify specific CBST components that could account for the treatment’s effectiveness. Furthermore, a similar analysis of 26 studies suggested that CBST’s superior effectiveness was limited to specific treatment contexts (i.e., when delivered as part of a comprehensive treatment program) and to specific patient subgroups (e.g., patients with less severe alcohol dependence). Several measures may help broaden CBST’s focus and effectiveness, such as incorporating components of other treatment approaches. KEY WORDS: cognitive therapy; behavior therapy; coping skills; AODU (alcohol and other drug use) treatment method; AOD (alcohol and other drug) use behavior; treatment outcome; patient-treatment matching; aftercare; combined modality therapy; motivational interviewing; drug therapy; literature review he term “cognitive-behavioral and by analyzing the mechanisms through coping-skills therapy”
    [Show full text]
  • Coping Strategies and Psychological Well-Being Among
    COPING STRATEGIES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG BHUTANESE REFUGEES RESETTLED IN OTTAWA, CANADA by Anita Subedi A thesis submitted to the School of Nursing in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (September, 2016) Copyright © Anita Subedi, 2016 Abstract Since 2008, more than 6000 Bhutanese refugees have been resettled in over 21 communities across Canada, with nearly 300 individuals residing in Ottawa. This resettling process is associated with physical and psychological stress, as individuals acclimatize to a new country. A lack of understanding of the impact of this transition exists. This study assessed the relationship between coping strategies and psychological well-being of Bhutanese refugees resettled in Ottawa. A cross sectional survey of a representative sample of Bhutanese adults (n = 110) was conducted between November and December 2015. Coping strategies and psychological well-being were measured using the Brief COPE and General Well-being (GWB) scales. The total GWB mean score of 69.04 ± 12.09 suggests that respondents were in moderate distress. GWB did not significantly differ by sex, marital status, religion, employment, part time or full time job, or length of stay in Canada. Using multiple linear regression, significant independent variables from univariate analysis with GWB (age, education, positive reframing, self-blame and venting) were modeled to determine the best predictors of general well-being (GWB, F (11, 96) = 3.61, p < .001, R² = 21.2%). Higher levels of education and positive reframing were associated with greater GWB scores while self-blame and ages 41-50 were inversely associated with general well-being.
    [Show full text]
  • Cognitive Appraisal and Depression in Patients with Coeliac Disease
    Cognitive Appraisal and Depression in Patients with Coeliac Disease Thesis by Michaela Konigova Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Psychology State University of New York Empire State College 2016 Reader: Ronnie Mather, Ph.D. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my mentor Ronnie Mather, Ph.D. for his guidance and continuous support and help during my research. Also, I would like to thank Mrs. Jitka Dlabalova, director of Spolecnost pro bezlepkovou dietu (Association for gluten-free diet), for her guidance, consultation, as well as support with participants’ outreach. Furthermore, I would like to thank my family, especially to my life partner Milan, who always supported me in my studies, and our beloved son David. Special thanks belong to my parents, Zdenek and Libuse, who were there for me whenever I need them most, and without their help and babysitting, I would not be able to complete it. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 6 2 Literature Review 9 2.1 Coeliac Disease 9 2.1.1 Impacts of the Coeliac Disease on Psychological Problems 11 2.1.2 Biological Explanations for Psychological Disturbances in Patients with Coeliac Disease 12 2.2 Cognitive Appraisal 14 2.2.1 Types of Cognitive Appraisal 15 2.2.2 Measures of Cognitive Appraisal 16 2.2.3 The Cognitive Appraisal of Health Scale 17 2.3 Depression 18 2.3.1 Types of Depression 19 2.3.2 Factors of Depression 21 2.3.3 Measures of Depression 22 2.3.4 The Beck Depression Inventory II 23 2.4 Cognitive Appraisals and Depression 24 2.4.1 Cognitive Appraisals and Depression in Patients with Coeliac Disease 24 2.5 Model Used in the Current Research 26 2.6 Hypotheses 27 2.7 Theoretical Assumptions 28 3.
    [Show full text]