Complete Text of Mild and Mad Day Hikes

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Complete Text of Mild and Mad Day Hikes MILD AND MAD DAY HIKES AROUND THIMPHU Piet van der Poel Rogier Gruys OVERVIEW CONTENTS CONTENTS About this Booklet .................................................................................................................. 7 How to use this Booklet? ....................................................................................................... 9 Glossary of Bhutanese terms .................................................................................... 13 Books ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Maps and GPS....................................................................................................................... 17 1 Chagri (Cherri) goenpa and Dolam Kencho ........................................................ 21 1.1 Chagri goenpa ...................................................................................................... 21 1.2 Dolam Kencho ...................................................................................................... 21 Overview Map 2 Tango goenpa ............................................................................................................. 25 2.1 Tango goenpa ........................................................................................................ 25 overview.ai 2.2 Tango and Drolay goenpa loop .......................................................................... 26 2.3 Tango Dzongkha .................................................................................................. 26 2.4 Tango Jongkha (4111 m peak) ............................................................................ 27 2.5 Tango Jongkha to Drolay goenpa loop.............................................................. 27 3 Drolay goenpa ........................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Drolay goenpa ...................................................................................................... 31 3.2 Drolay goenpa loop ............................................................................................. 31 3.3 Dechhenchho’ling via Sinchula ......................................................................... 33 3.4 Dobchula Pass and Yangchenphu High School (YHS) ................................... 34 4 Begana to Dechhenchho’ling .................................................................................. 35 4.1 Begana to Dechhenchho’ling .............................................................................. 35 5 Dechhenchho’ling to Sinchula ridge/Taba ........................................................... 37 5.1 Karbisa Loop......................................................................................................... 37 5.2 Taba ........................................................................................................................ 38 5.3 Sinchula ................................................................................................................. 38 5.4 Punakha (Map 5.2) ............................................................................................... 38 6 Taba to Sinchula ridge ............................................................................................. 40 6.1 Dechhenchho’ling via Dechhenchho’ling forest road .................................... 40 6.2 Dechhenchho’ling via Sinchula ......................................................................... 40 6.3 Hontsho via Dobchula ........................................................................................ 41 6.4 YHS via Telecom reflector (Map 12) .................................................................. 41 7 Dechhenphu valley ................................................................................................... 43 7.1 Dechhenphu lhakhang ........................................................................................ 43 7.2 River-left bank of Chang Chhu ......................................................................... 43 7.3 River-right bank of Chang Chhu ....................................................................... 44 7.4 Dui goenpa via Sanama Chhu ............................................................................ 44 7.5 Jomkerim pass ...................................................................................................... 44 7.6 Dui goenpa via Jomkerim pass .......................................................................... 45 8 Dogtendrag (Dorjidra) goenpa ............................................................................... 46 8.1 Dogtendrag goenpa ............................................................................................. 46 8.2 Dui goenpa ............................................................................................................ 47 9 Dechhenphodrang Monastic school to Wangditse goenpa ............................... 49 9.1 Wangditse goenpa ................................................................................................ 49 10 Radio Tower to Phajodhing .................................................................................... 50 CONTENTS CONTENTS 10.1 Wangditse goenpa .............................................................................................. 50 22 Gida valley-Bemri lhakhang ................................................................................... 99 10.2 Chhokhortse goenpa via Wangditse............................................................... 50 22.1 Bemri lhakhang .................................................................................................. 99 10.3 Phajodhing .......................................................................................................... 51 22.2 Dongka lhakhang ............................................................................................... 99 10.4 Phajodhing to Pumola ....................................................................................... 52 23 Gida marble mine to Bemri lhakhang and Kharbi .......................................... 101 10.5 Thujedrag goenpa .............................................................................................. 52 23.1 Bemri lhakhang ................................................................................................ 101 10.6 The chorten on the ridge, Skeleton Mountain (aerial burial ground) and 24 Karphu valley and Dongka lhakhang ................................................................. 102 the lakes (Map 10) ...................................................................................................... 53 24.1 Karphu valley logging road ........................................................................... 102 10.7 Bimelang Tsho .................................................................................................... 55 24.2 Dongka lhakhang ............................................................................................. 102 11 Youth Centre to Phajodhing and Pumola ............................................................. 57 24.3 Bemri lhakhang and Gidakom valley ........................................................... 103 11.1 Phajodhing ......................................................................................................... 57 25 Kunzangdechhen goenpa ...................................................................................... 105 11.2 Pumola ................................................................................................................. 57 25.1 Sisina to Kunzangdechhen goenpa ............................................................... 105 11.3 Pumola to Phajodhing ....................................................................................... 59 26 Geynikha valley ...................................................................................................... 107 11.4 Picnic spot with rock outcrops and views ...................................................... 60 26.1 Chhochhekha .................................................................................................... 107 11.5 Thaptsa peak....................................................................................................... 60 26.2 Talela pass (Map 26.2) ...................................................................................... 107 11.6 Thaptsa Peak to Thimphu Hospital................................................................ 62 26.3 Pagalabtsa pass ................................................................................................. 109 11.7 Pumola to Tshelung nang ................................................................................. 64 27 Chhuzom to Paga goenpa ...................................................................................... 111 11.8 Paro via Tshelung nang: punishment trail ..................................................... 64 27.1 Paga goenpa ...................................................................................................... 111 12 YHS to Thadranang goenpa/telecom reflector .................................................... 69 28 Druk Nature Club nature walks .......................................................................... 112 12.1 Yangchenphu goenpa ........................................................................................ 69 12.2 Thadranang goenpa ..........................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • On Bhutanese and Tibetan Dzongs **
    ON BHUTANESE AND TIBETAN DZONGS ** Ingun Bruskeland Amundsen** “Seen from without, it´s a rocky escarpment! Seen from within, it´s all gold and treasure!”1 There used to be impressive dzong complexes in Tibet and areas of the Himalayas with Tibetan influence. Today most of them are lost or in ruins, a few are restored as museums, and it is only in Bhutan that we find the dzongs still alive today as administration centers and monasteries. This paper reviews some of what is known about the historical developments of the dzong type of buildings in Tibet and Bhutan, and I shall thus discuss towers, khars (mkhar) and dzongs (rdzong). The first two are included in this context as they are important in the broad picture of understanding the historical background and typological developments of the later dzongs. The etymological background for the term dzong is also to be elaborated. Backdrop What we call dzongs today have a long history of development through centuries of varying religious and socio-economic conditions. Bhutanese and Tibetan histories describe periods verging on civil and religious war while others were more peaceful. The living conditions were tough, even in peaceful times. Whatever wealth one possessed had to be very well protected, whether one was a layman or a lama, since warfare and strife appear to have been endemic. Security measures * Paper presented at the workshop "The Lhasa valley: History, Conservation and Modernisation of Tibetan Architecture" at CNRS in Paris Nov. 1997, and submitted for publication in 1999. ** Ingun B. Amundsen, architect MNAL, lived and worked in Bhutan from 1987 until 1998.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Dzongs of Bhutan - Architecture and Significance of These Fortresses
    6 Dzongs of Bhutan - Architecture and Significance of These Fortresses Nestled in the great Himalayas, Bhutan has long been the significance of happiness and peace. The first things that come to one's mind when talking about Bhutan are probably the architectures, the closeness to nature and its strong association with the Buddhist culture. And it is just to say that a huge part of the country's architecture has a strong Buddhist influence. One such distinctive architecture that you will see all around Bhutan are the Dzongs, they are beautiful and hold a very important religious position in the country. Let's talk more about the Dzongs in Bhutan. What are the Bhutanese Dzongs? Wangdue Phodrang Dzong in Bhutan (Source) Dzongs can be literally translated to fortress and they represent the majestic fortresses that adorn every corner of Bhutan. Dzong are generally a representation of victory and power when they were built in ancient times to represent the stronghold of Buddhism. They also represent the principal seat for Buddhist school responsible for propagating the ideas of the religion. Importance of Dzongs in Bhutan Rinpung Dzong in Paro, home to the government administrative offices and monastic body of the district (Source) The dzongs in Bhutan serve several purposes. The two main purposes that these dzongs serve are administrative and religious purposes. A part of the building is dedicated for the administrative purposes and a part of the building to the monks for religious purposes. Generally, this distinction is made within the same room from where both administrative and religious activities are conducted.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey Report on the Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Kingdom of Bhutan
    Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage 2009 International Cooperation Survey Survey Report on the Protection of Cultural Heritage in the Kingdom of Bhutan March 2011 Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage 報告書(英文)110701最終版_島田.indd 0001 2011/07/25 15:46:01 Contents Introduction 1 Forward 2 Preface 1.Overview of the Survey 5 (1)Purpose and members of the Survey 6 (2)Reasons for survey in Bhutan 7 (3)Cultural Heritage in Bhutan ① Uniqueness of Bhutan from the Viewpoint of Cultural Heritage ② Types of Cultural Heritage in Bhutan 10 (4)Survey Method 2.Overview of the Cultural Heritages Sites Visited 12 (1) Temples 16 (2) Dzongs 28 (3) Other Structures 28 (4) A Bhutanese Festival (Intangible Cultural Heritage) 3.Discussion 37 (1) Summary of Field Survey 45 (2) Potential for Cooperation in the Field of Cultural Heritage Protection 49 (3) Conclusion 4.Survey Records 53 (1) List of Interviewees 54 (2) Record of Action 59 (3) Notes from Interviews 76 (4) Survey Photos 報告書(英文)110701最終版_島田.indd 001 2011/07/25 15:46:01 Introduction Forward The present report is the result of a survey conducted in Bhutan by the Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as “the JCIC”) as part of its research on partner countries for international cooperation. The surveys, which are among the primary activities of the JCIC, are for the purpose of collecting basic data in order to determine potential fi elds of cooperation, and their feasibility, in partner countries, thus contributing to the promotion of international cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sarpang Dzong Construction Project
    Dzong Construction Project, Sarpang Sarpang Dzong Construction Project Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites Department of Culture Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs. Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites, Department of Culture. Page 1 Dzong Construction Project, Sarpang Location: Sarpang Tar, Sarpang Main Objectives of the Project: To construct a new Dzong with facilities and services to function as centre of Dzongkhag Administration and to house the Dzongkhag Rabdhey for Sarpang Dzongkhag. Main activities of the Project: 1. Preparation of Design and Drawings (Architectural, Structural, Plumbing, Electrical & Fire hydrant) 2. Preparation of BoQ and Estimates 3. Construction of the Dzong including furnishing and fixtures. 4. Construction of Tendrelthang complex 5. Construction of Neykhang complex 6. Landscaping and Site Developments Funding Agency: Government of India. Total allocated budget in 11thFYP (July 2014-June 2018) Nu. 200 Million Executive Agency of the Project: The Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs is the main executing agency of the Project. Under the chairmanship of the Secretary of the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs, Dzong Construction Project, Saprang Steering Committee is responsible for discharging administrative, technical, financial and organizational duties of the project. The members of the project steering committee are: 1. Secretary, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs 2. Dzongdag, Sarpang Dzongkhag 3. Lam Neten, Sarpang Rabdey 4. Director General, Department of Culture 5. Head, PPD / AFD, MoHCA 6. Representative, GNHC 7. Representative, Ministry of Finance 8. Representative, Dept. of Forest & Park Services 9. Representative, NRDCL Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites, Department of Culture. Page 2 Dzong Construction Project, Sarpang 10. Head, DCHS, Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • Itinerary Land of the Thunder Dragon Paro – Thimpu – Punakha – Paro Tour Code – CT SPDY 6 Nights – 07 Days
    Itinerary Land of the Thunder Dragon Paro – Thimpu – Punakha – Paro Tour Code – CT SPDY 6 nights – 07 days The work of J. R. R. Tolkiens is world famous as a fictional account of magical lands, mystical black mountains, dragons & Kings. Very few know that there is a land where such things are very much real and a part of everyday life. A land whose people call it “Druk – yul” or Land of the Thunder Dragon, a kingdom ruled by a Dragon King, who wears a raven crown. A land of mystical valleys resounding with magic, tranquility and happiness, complete with black mountains and sacred peaks which touch the skies. We invite you to a magical experience in this land, where even in this modern world happiness is given more importance, a world which moves with its own unique pace towards a better and more serene existence. We invite you to visit the Kingdom of Bhutan Creative Travel | [email protected] | page 1 Day 1: Arrive Paro – Thimpu Arrive at Paro International Airport. Welcome on arrival & Transfer to Thimpu. Afternoon visit King’s memorial Chorten and Trashichhoedzong Stay Overnight at the hotel Arrive at Paro International Airport. Our representative will introduce to the vehicle for an interesting 1 ½ hrs drive through scenic Himalayan countryside to your hotel in Thimphu, the modern capital of the Kingdom. Welcome to the Kingdom of Bhutan! Many eastern classics and books of wisdom have referred to the Himalayas as the abode of gods and home to the immortals, resulting in visits to this country by a great many saints, mystics, scholars and pilgrimswho blessed this land and its people with an invaluable spiritual and cultural legacy that has shaped every facet of Bhutanese lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Dragon Kingdom
    EXPLORING THE DRAGON KINGDOM The Essence of Bhutan 13 Nights and 14 Days No treks but plenty of good day hikes Day 1 BANGKOK TO PARO (8000 feet) Today is your flight to Bhutan. As we near Bhutan (and if the weather is clear), we can see the massive peaks of the eastern Himalaya, including Kanchenchunga (third highest mountain in the world) and Bhutan's holy mountain, Chomolhari. Once we’ve completed visa formalities we proceed through customs and immigration and meet our Bhutanese tour leader and drivers in the arrival gate. We drive for about 20 minutes to Zhiwaling Hotel where will be received with a Chipdrel Ceremony (an elaborate Traditional welcome procession). After settling into our comfortable hotel, we’ll drive a short distance up the valley to Drukyel Dzong, the ruined fortress that protected the Paro Valley from Tibetan armies during the 18th century. If the weather is clear, we might have a glimpse of the white pyramid of Chomolhari, rising over the end of the valley. Today being our first day, we will undergo this gentle 30 minutes hike around the ruined Dzong to acclimatize before we return to our hotel. By early evening we return to our hotel for a welcome dinner and a brief trip orientation session. Zhiwaling Hotel Day 2 PARO We have a full day to explore the Paro Valley. Our first stop in Paro is the Ta Dzong (National Museum), a circular fortress that once protected this valley from Tibetan invasion. The impressive watchtower can be seen above Paro Rimpung Dzong, and it commands sweeping views of the valley below.
    [Show full text]
  • Postal Himal
    Postal Himal QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE NEPAL AND TIBET PHILATELIC STUDY CIRCLE NTPSC Homepage (courtesy of Rainer Fuchs) http://fuchs-online.com/ntpsc In Memory of all who died or were injured in the Earthquakes in Nepal and Tibet Saturday April 25, 2015 Tuesday May 12, 2015 Number 162 2rd Quarter 2015 Postal Himal No. 162 1 2rd Quarter 2015 American Philatelic Society Affiliate #122 British Philatelic Federation Affiliate #435 Membership subscriptions run from January through December of each year. Dues should be paid in local currency at the prevailing exchange rate to the Society representative in your area. Area One Year Three Years Lifetime USA/Canada $20.00 $50.00 N/A PayPal for USA/Canada $21.20 $53.00 All Others £18.00 or €22,00 £45.00 or €55,00 N/A PayPal for All Others £19.08 or €23,32 £47.70 or €58,30 Email anywhere $10.00 or £6.00 or €7,50 $25.00 or £15.00 or €18,75 N/A PayPal for Email anywhere $10.60 or £6.36 or €7,95 $26.50 or £15.90 or €19,88 Secretary: Mr. Colin T. Hepper, 12 Charnwood Close, Peterborough, Cambs. PE2 9BZ , UK Phone 01733-349403 email: [email protected] Editor: Mr. Richard M. Hanchett, 6 Rainbow Court, Warwick, RI 02889-1118, USA Phone (401) 738 0466 email: [email protected] The Board of Directors: President: Mr. Colin T. Hepper Vice President: Danny Kin Chi Wong Secretary: Mr. Colin T. Hepper Treasurer: Mr. Colin T. Hepper Members at large: Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasa Tashithongmoen Dzong Conservation Project
    Gasa Tashithongmoen Dzong Conservation Project Gasa Tashithongmoen Dzong Conservation Project Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites Department of Culture Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs. Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites, Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs Page 1 Gasa Tashithongmoen Dzong Conservation Project Name of the Project: Gasa Tashithongmoen Dzong Conservation Project Location: Gasa Project Duration: March 2014- June 2018 Main Objectives of the Project: To conserve and rehabilitate Gasa Dzong as a significant heritage site in the country To consolidate and rehabilitate the Dzong structure while maintaining the authentic values associated with this important heritage site To create better living standard for the Dzong residents To build new Drasha for the monks , as the Dzong significantly lacks the capacity to accommodate the growing number of monks. Main activities of the Project: Historical research and documentation of the Dzong Conservation and rehabilitation of the existing Dzong structure Overall site development of the Dzong complex including renovation of courtyard, footpath, walls and entrance gate New construction of Tshokhang and Drasha- five blocks with RCC toilets Installation of firefighting system Publication of the Gasa Dzong Conservation Project Funding Agency: Government of India- For the renovation of Dzong Structure Royal Government of Bhutan- For New Construction of Drasha Total allocated budget in 11thFYP (March 24, 2014- June 2018) Nu. 100 million- from GoI Nu. 66.75 million (as per the estimate)- Royal Government of Bhutan Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites, Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs Page 2 Gasa Tashithongmoen Dzong Conservation Project Executing Agency of the Project: The Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs is the main executing agency of the Project.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Brochure
    1 Culture Bhutan has a profound cultural diversity. With more than 80 percent of the country being Buddhists, the ways of the Buddhist practice has had a huge impact on the Bhutanese culture. The influence of Buddhism is very visible in the everyday life of the Bhutanese people. The country boasts of thousands of monasteries and the landscape is dotted with stupas, prayer wheels, prayer flags and many other insignias celebrating the Buddhist religion. The preservation of culture has always been accorded the highest of priorities and it was outlined as one of the four main pillars of the country’s unique development philosophy of Gross National Happiness. 2 © Ricardo Viana © Ricardo 3 is a religious festival that begins on the 10th day of the Tshechu Bhutanese calendar. During the festival, monks and laymen dances, folk dances, receive blessings and perform mask dances over a stretch socialize. Besides the religious dances and of three to five days in a temple or songs, atsaras are a major attraction during the monastery. The mask dances are tshechu. Atsaras usually don hilarious looking performed to commemorate the life of masks with large protruding noses and often Guru Padmasambhava and other great with a phallus dangling from the head. They Buddhist masters. signify enlightened wisdom and their acts are intended to cleanse the collective sin of Tshechus customarily conclude with the people gathered to witness the religious the unfurling of a Thongdrel (large dances. scroll painting) of Lord Buddha, Guru Rinpoche, Zhabdrung and other The festival is also an occasion for people to enlightened beings.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Technical Report on the Results of the UNESCO/Korean Funds-In
    UNESCO/Republic of Korea Funds-in-Trust Final Technical Report on the results of the UNESCO/Korean Funds-in-Trust Project: Support for the Preparation for the World Heritage Serial Nomination of the Silk Roads in South Asia, 2013- 2016 2016 Final Technical Report on the results of the UNESCO/Korean Funds-in-Trust project: Support for the Preparation for the World Heritage Serial Nomination of the Silk Roads in South Asia, 2013-2016 Executing Agency: • UNESCO World Heritage Centre, in collaboration with UNESCO Field Offices in Kathmandu and New Delhi Implementing partners: • National Commissions for UNESCO of Bhutan, China, India, and Nepal • Department of Archaeology of Nepal (DoA) • Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) • Division for Conservation of Heritage Sites, Department of Culture, Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs, Royal Government of Bhutan • State Administration of Cultural Heritage of China • ICOMOS International • ICOMOS International Conservation Centre – Xi’an (IICC-X) • University College London, UK Written & compiled by: Tim Williams (Institute of Archaeology, University College London) Edited by: Tim Williams, Roland Lin Chih-Hung (Asia and the Pacific Unit, World Heritage Centre, UNESCO) and Gai Jorayev (Institute of Archaeology, University College London) Prepared for publication by Gai Jorayev at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology ISBN: 978-0-9956132-0-1 Creative commons licence: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International. Share, copy and redistribute this publication in any medium or format under the following terms: Attribution — You must give appropriate credit and indicate if changes were made. NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal University of Bhutan, College of Natural Resources, Bhutan and Punakha, Lobesa
    Exchange Report from studies in Bhutan Jonathan Sigvant Royal University of Bhutan, College of Natural Resources, Bhutan and Punakha, Lobesa Jonathan Sigvant, [email protected] In any inquiries regarding studying in Bhutan, please feel free to contact me. Jonathansigvant.wordpress.com Exchange period Swedish autumn semester (HT 2016). I had completed three years at Uppsala University before going abroad to Bhutan. What subject area/s did you study during your exchange? Courses at College of Natural Resources: fulltime 1. Environmental Governance & Sustainable Land Management 2. Community based Natural Resources Management & Ecotourism 3. Global and Regional Climate Change 4. Global Health 5. Bhutanese Society and Culture Courses of interest for W: Yes both engineering courses in other colleges in Bhutan but also in College of Natural Resources which I studied. The College of Natural Resources Exchange Report from studies in Bhutan Jonathan Sigvant Studies My experience of College of Natural Resources was extraordinary in many ways. I did take five courses (fulltime) but comparing Natural Resources, Bhutan with engineering in Uppsala, is a bit unfair, rather SLU would be a proper match. I thought the quality of the material, and teachers was good, may not be as good as in Uppsala. Many of the teachers have been studying abroad, like India or England, and the assignments may differ from teacher to teacher. The language in school is always English, no matter which college you choose in Bhutan, the language skill in school was very good. My intention of studying in Bhutan was as much about the courses as of the culture and meeting the Bhutanese and learning about Gross National Happiness.
    [Show full text]
  • Bhutan Sample Itinerary
    P a g e | 1 BHUTAN - A KINGDOM OF HAPPINESS New Delhi - Thimphu - Punakha - Paro - Gurgaon 10 Days / 9 Nights 2 Persons Date of Issue: 13 January 2020 Click here to view your Digital Itinerary P a g e | 2 Introduction Accommodation Destination Basis Room Type Duration The Oberoi New Delhi New Delhi B&B 1x Double Room 2 Nights Six Senses Thimphu Thimphu B&B 1x Double Room 2 Nights Six Senses Punakha Punakha B&B 1x Double Room 2 Nights Six Senses Paro Paro B&B 1x Double Room 2 Nights The Oberoi Gurgaon Gurgaon B&B 1x Double Room 1 Night Key B&B: Bed and Breakfast P a g e | 3 Day 1: The Oberoi New Delhi, New Delhi India’s largest city, Delhi, has been one of the country’s commercial and economic hubs for centuries and, as a result, is incredibly rich in culture and history. Made up of the ancient walled city of Old Delhi and the more modern sector, New Delhi, the city encompasses a staggering array of beautiful architecture, notable monuments and age-old temples, including three UNESCO World Heritage Sites – the Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Humayun's Tomb. Other key attractions include the 17th century Chandni Chowk marketplace – still one of the city’s most popular retail centres today, particularly for jewellery and traditional Indian saris; the iconic Bahà’i Lotus Temple – an award-winning architectural gem; and the Jama Masjid, India’s largest mosque. Day Itinerary Our representative will meet you in the arrival area of the airport after you clear all immigration and custom formalities.
    [Show full text]