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©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd western Bhutan 97-9, 101, 165, prayer flags 224 288 248, 250 protective deities 221, 223 Black-necked crane Festival 21, 101 rebirth 217 Black-necked crane information schools 218 centre 99 teachings 218 black-necked cranes 21, 97-9, 101, Wheel of Life 237-8 113, 143, 248-51 bukhari 254 blue poppy 159, 243 Bumthang cultural Trek 166-7, 166 blue sheep 32, 155-8, 161, 168, 174-5, 249 Bumthang Dzonkhag 24, 112-26, 24 bodhisattvas 222-3, 222-3 Bumthang microbrewery 119 Bodo groups 204 Bumthang valley 116 Bon 216 Bunakha 102 a Bondey 85 bus travel 270 acclimatisation 277 books 181, 183, 230 bushwalking, see trekking accommodation 254-5, see also birds 250 business hours 256 individual locations Buddhism 215, 216 activities 19-21, 255-6, see also culture 206 archery, sports C geology 241 calendar, lunar 262 acute Mountain sickness 276-7 history 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, camping 155 air travel 200-2, 205 car travel 15, 271 Himalaya scenery 268 painting 226 cash 260 to/from Bhutan 266-8 plants 243, 244 cell phones 15, 263 within Bhutan 270 Bomdeling Wildlife sanctuary 143, central Bhutan 41, 106-27, 107 altitude illnesses 16, 276-7 249 accommodation 106 animals 246-51, see also individual border crossings 145-6, climate 14, 106 animals 268-70 highlights 106-7 archery 5, 53, 213, 5 British in Bhutan 194-8 itineraries 24, architecture 233-40, 187, see also Bogle, George 195 24 c hakhar Lhakhang 121 chortens, dzongs, goembas, East india company 194-5 lhakhangs, traditional houses Eden, ashley 196-7 chakkar 114-19, 115 aris, Michael 183, 194, 196, 200, 201 Hamilton, alexander 196 cham 231-2 art galleries, see museums ronaldshay, Earl of 72, 194, 196, chamgang 152 arts 18, 226-32 see also architecture, 198 chana Dorje 222 handicrafts, music, painting Treaty of punakha 201 changangkha Lhakhang 53 assam Duars 198-9, 242 Turner, samuel 196 changlimithang stadium & aTMs 260 White, John claude 197-8 archery Ground 53 autsho 134 Brokpa 178 chapcha 101 Buddha, the 221-2 chazam 137 B Buddha Viewpoint 54 chebisa 160 bargaining 260 Buddhism 206-7, 215-25, see also cheli La 85 bars 61, 118, 137, 256 deities, Guardians of the Four chendebji 109 Barshong 157 Directions, Guru rinpoche, prayer chenresig 87, 94, 218, 221-2 wheels bathrooms 263 cheri Goemba 66-8 Bhutanese 188, 206-7, baths, hot-stone 255 chest infections 274 215-25 bears 168, 248-50 chhoeten Lhakhang 76 bodhisattvas 222-3, 222-3 beer 259 chhukha 102 books 215, 216 bharals 32, 155-8, 161, 168, 174-5, chhukha Dzongkhag 100-5 249 Buddha, the 221-2 chhundu Lhakhang 89 bicycle travel, see cycling concepts 216-17 chhuzom 85-6, 101 birds 250-1, see also black-necked courses 99 children, travel with 256-7 cranes domestic rituals 220-1 chillies 180, 207, 258 bird-watching 32, 250-1, 255 Eight Manifestations of Guru chimi Lhakhang 91 rinpoche 186-8 central Bhutan 113, 249 chir pine 136, 141, 170, 176, 243, eastern Bhutan 128, 131, 136, 143, Eight-Fold path 217 249 249, 250 Four noble Truths 216-17 chokhor valley 119-23, 120 history 188, 215-16 chortens 239-40, 239, see karma 217 also dzongs, goembas, lhakhangs Map pages p000 monks 209, 218-20, 8, 12 chendebji 109 image pages p000 painting 6, 227, 228-9, 6 chorten karpo 165 chorten kora 142-6 Dolam kencho 157 e chorten Lhakhang 110-11 doma 209, 259 earthquakes 289 khamsum Yuelley namgyal Domkhar 113 1897 47, 73, 93, 110, 125, 161, 200 93-4 dotsho 255 2009 76 national Memorial chorten 48 Dragon kings loss of documents 184 christianity 216 fifth 205 eastern Bhutan 41, 128-46, 129 cinema 105, 181 first 53, 76, 93, 111-2, 116, 120-1, accommodation 128 climate 257, 257, see also individual 197-201 climate 14, 128 i regions ndex fourth 203-5 highlights 128-9 climate change 266 second 112, 201-2 itineraries 25, 25 colds 274 third 47, 48, 54, 109, 202-3 economy 181-2, see also Gross conservation, see environmental driglam namzha 212 national Happiness issues drinks 259 education 208 consulates 257-8 driving, see car travel Eight Manifestations of Guru costs 14-15, 26-7, see also money driving licences 271 rinpoche 186-8, 232 courses 99, 260 Drolma (Tara) 222-3 Eight-Fold path 217 credit cards 260 Druk choeding 76, 189 electricity 257 culture 206-14, see also arts, Drukgyel Dzong 84-5, 153, 158 email services 259-60 Buddhism, women in Bhutan Drukpa 182 embassies 257-8 names & titles 210-11 Drukpa kagyu 45, 75, 188-90, 219, emergencies 15, 282 rural life 207-8 232 environmental issues 241, 244-5, urban life 207 Drukpa kunley 90, 92, 176, 189, 250-2, see also climate change, Wheel of Life 210-11, 237-8 224, 247 poaching currency 15 Druk path 148-51, 149 etiquette 180, 219, see also driglam customs regulations 257 Duar Wars 198-200 namzha cycling 255-6, 270 duars 198-9, 242 Eundu chholing 112 Bhutan Bicycle club 54-5 Duer Hot springs Trek 167-8, 166 events 19-21, see also festivals, punakha 94 Duksum 85, 229 tsechus, individual events Dumtse Lhakhang 76 exchange rates 15 d Dungdung nyelsa 98 Dagala Thousand Lakes Trek 151-2, Dungkhar 135 f 149 dzoe 208 festivals 19-21, see also tsechus, Dagana 151-2, 193 Dzongkha language 130, 279-84 individual festivals dakinis 82, 113, 125, 141, 189-90 dzongs 73, 235-6, 235 see Black-necked crane Festival 21, Dalai Lama 93, 150, 191-2 also chortens, 101 Damji 94, 163 goembas, lhakhangs chorten kora 19, 142 dance 231-2, see also cham, tsechus Domkhar Trashi chholing Gom kora 19 113 dangers, see safety Jampey Lhakhang Drup 21, 121 Drukgyel 84-5, 153, 158 Dankala 126 Losar 19 Gasa 163 Darkila 134 ngang Lhakhang shey 21, 122 Jakar 114-16 daygo 214 nomad’s Festival 21 Jili 150 Dechen chholing Goemba 126 punakha Domchoe 19, 94 Lhuentse 134-5 Dechen phodrang 53 rangjung Woesel chholing Drup Mongar 132-3 139 Deer park Thimphu 55 paro 8, 73-6, shingkhar romney 126 deities 8 Tamshing phala choepa 20 chenresig 87, 94, 218, 221-2 punakha 6, 91-3, 6, 189 Ura Yakchoe 20, 126 protective 221, 223 rinpung 8, 73-6, 8 films 181, 213 shelging karpo 121-2, 185-6 shongar 130-1 fires delogs 220 simtokha 68 campfires 38 democracy 205 singye 134-5 Trashi chhoe 45-8 in dzongs 47, 57, 131, 145, 184, Deothang Goemba 122 236, 238 Trashi Yangtse 142-3 departure taxes 268 fishing 255 Trashigang 138 diarrhoea 276 Folk Heritage Museum 49 Trongsa 10, 110, 10 disabilities, travellers with 263 food 207-8, 258-9, see also chillies, Tshenkarla 142-6 Divine Madman 90, 92, 176, 189, doma, momos Wangchulo 87 224, 247 language 281-2 Do Zam 122 Wangdue phodrang 12, 96, 5, 12 Four Friends 6, 212, 228 Dochu La 89-90 Yugyel 161 Four noble Truths 216-17 Dodina 68, 157 Zuri 76 G Thowadrak 125 hot-stone baths 255 290 galleries, see museums Tiger’s nest 4, 82-4, 4 houses, traditional Bhutanese 233-5, Gampo, king songtsen 80, 82-3, 119, Tingchok 82 187, 234 170, 184, 230 Trashigang 67, 89 Gangchhenta 157, 161-2 Wangditse 66 i Gangkhar puensum 90, 125, 130-1, Yangtho 88 immigration 89, 266 167, 241 Yongla 145 immunisations 272-3 Gangla karchung La 173 Zangto pelri Lhakhang 144-5 indian nationals 28, 264, 269, 270-1 i ndex Gangte 34, 98 golf 54, 255 influenza 275 Gangte Goemba 98-9 Gom kora 141 insurance 259, 272 Gangte Trek 164-5, 165 government 180-1 internet access 259-65 Gasa 163 Goyul 160 internet resources Gasa Hot spring Trek 164, 160 Gross national Happiness 7, 181, arts 229 203-4 Gasa tsachhu 164 conservation 241 Guardians of the Four Directions gay travellers 259 handicrafts 226 187, 238 Gedu 102 health 273 guides, trekking 36 Gelephu 127 history 184 geography 241-3 Gur 152 itineraries 22-5, 22-5 ghos 62, 212, 7, 17 Guru rinpoche 185-90, 220, 223, , see also terma, tsechus Bumthang 24, 24 goembas 237-9, , see also 223 237 eastern Bhutan 25, chortens, dzongs, lhakhangs birthday 20 25 cheri 66-8 burial place 121 Dalay 90-1 Eight Manifestations 186-8, 232 J Dechen chholing 126 fights with demons 82-5, 87, 122 Jakar 114-19, 115 Dechen phodrang 53 relics 113, 120, 136, 141, 165, 177 Jakar Dzong 114-16 Deothang 122 rock paintings 66, 122, 145 Jampa 222 Drametse 136-7 statues 54, 81, 93, 103, 112, 116, Jampey Lhakhang 83, 119-20 121-3, 134, 187 Dranjo 82 Jampelyang 222 thondrol 73, 96 Drolay 66 Japanese B encephalitis 275 visit to Bhutan 92, 108, 119, 121-3, Drubthob 93 Jangchhu Lakha 150 125, 135, 168 Gangte 98-9 Jangothang 153, 155-6 Gyalpo, Thangtong 86 Haa Dratshang 88 Jhomolhari 38, 85, 87, 98, 150, 153-7 kharbandi 103 Jhomolhari Trek 153-7, 153, 5 khuruthang 91 h Jhomolhari Trek 2 157-9, 153 kunzangdrak 124 Haa 87-8 Jigme Dorji national park 248 Lamey 116 Haa Dratshang 88 Jigme singye Wangchuck national Lungchuzekha 66-7 Haa Dzongkhag 86-9 park 248 namkhe nyingpo 116 handicrafts 18, 54, 111, 113, 144, 226, Jili Dzong 150 see also ghos, kiras, weaving, nimalung 114 Jimilang Tsho 150 yathras pelseling 116 Jumja 102-3 health 210-11, 272-8, see also Juneydrak 88 phajoding 67, 12 immunisations, individual phokpey 169 illnesses prakhar 113-14 hepatitis 274 K rangjung Woesel chholing 139 hiking, see trekking, walking kagyupa 188 Taktshang 4, 82-4, 4 Himalaya 241-4, see also individual kanglung 144 Talakha 67, 152 mountains karma 217 Talo 90 Himalayan black bear 248-50 karma Drubdey nunnery 112 Tamshing 122-3, 8 Hinduism 216 kayaking 256 Tango 66-8 history 183-205, see also wars khaine Lhakhang 170 Thadranang 66 books 193, 194, 196, 197, 198, khaling 144 200-2, 205 Thakcho kunzang choeden anim kharung La 144 British in Bhutan 194-8 140 khoma 135 Buddhism 188, 215-16 Thangbi 122 khuru 214 internet resources 184 Tharpaling 113, 116 khuruthang 91, 91-5 Treaty of punakha 201 kila nunnery 87 HiV 274 kings, see also Dragon kings, Map pages
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  • Development and Its Impacts on Traditional Dispute Resolution in Bhutan

    Development and Its Impacts on Traditional Dispute Resolution in Bhutan

    Washington University Journal of Law & Policy Volume 63 New Directions in Domestic and International Dispute Resolution 2020 Formalizing the Informal: Development and its Impacts on Traditional Dispute Resolution in Bhutan Stephan Sonnenberg Seoul National University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons Recommended Citation Stephan Sonnenberg, Formalizing the Informal: Development and its Impacts on Traditional Dispute Resolution in Bhutan, 63 WASH. U. J. L. & POL’Y 143 (2020), https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol63/iss1/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Journal of Law & Policy by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FORMALIZING THE INFORMAL: DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACTS ON TRADITIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN BHUTAN Stephan Sonnenberg* INTRODUCTION Bhutan is a small landlocked country with less than a million inhabitants, wedged between the two most populous nations on earth, India and China.1 It is known for its stunning Himalayan mountain ranges and its national development philosophy of pursuing “Gross National Happiness” (GNH).2 This paper argues, however, that Bhutan should also be known for its rich heritage of traditional dispute resolution. That system kept the peace in Bhutanese villages for centuries: the product of Bhutan’s unique history and its deep (primarily Buddhist) spiritual heritage. Sadly, these traditions are today at risk of extinction, victims—it is argued below—of Bhutan’s extraordinary process of modernization.