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Safety Performance of Bicycle Infrastructure in Canada (Past APPENDICES Safety Performance of Bicycle Infrastructure in Canada November 2020 Safety Performance of Bicycle Infrastructure in Canada DISCLAIMER This document is not intended to be used as a basis for establishing civil liability. The material presented in this text was carefully researched and presented. However, no warranty expressed or implied is made on the accuracy of the contents or their extraction from reference to publications; nor shall the fact of distribution constitute responsibility by TAC or any researchers or contributors for omissions, errors or possible misrepresentations that may result from use or interpretation of the material contained herein. Information within this report should be considered in the context of local legislation, regulation and policy. © 2020 Transportation Association of Canada 401-1111 Prince of Wales Drive Ottawa, ON | K2C 3T2 Tel. (613) 736-1350 | Fax (613) 736-1395 www.tac-atc.ca ISBN 978-1-55187-704-4 (Main Publication) Safety Performance of Bicycle Infrastructure in Canada Table of contents Appendix A : Literature review .......................................................................................................... A-1 A.1 Safety and perceived safety of bicycle infrastructure .............................................................................. A-1 A.2 Additional considerations of bicycle safety ............................................................................................ A-36 A.3 Works cited ............................................................................................................................................ A-44 A.4 Photo credits .......................................................................................................................................... A-48 Appendix B : End user surveys ........................................................................................................... B-1 B.1 Mature end user survey methodology ..................................................................................................... B-1 B.2 Mature end user respondent characteristics ........................................................................................... B-3 B.3 Mature end user survey analysis and discussion ................................................................................... B-11 B.4 Mature end user survey questionnaire .................................................................................................. B-28 B.5 Youth end user survey methodology ..................................................................................................... B-36 B.6 Youth end user survey analysis and discussion ...................................................................................... B-37 B.7 Youth end user survey questionnaire .................................................................................................... B-44 B.8 Photo credits .......................................................................................................................................... B-47 Appendix C : Jurisdiction survey ........................................................................................................ C-1 C.1 Jurisdiction survey questionnaire ............................................................................................................ C-1 Appendix D : Canadian and international case studies ...................................................................... D-1 D.1 Canadian case studies .............................................................................................................................. D-3 D.2 International case studies ...................................................................................................................... D-54 Appendix E : Canadian academic survey ............................................................................................ E-1 E.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. E-1 E.2 Survey findings ......................................................................................................................................... E-3 November 2020 i Appendix A: Literature review Appendix A: Literature review The primary objective of the literature review is to understand the safety performance of bicycle infrastructure (including both bicycle facilities along roadways and bicycle intersection treatments) in terms of both actual safety and perceived safety. Specifically, the review attempts to understand: (1) best practices for measuring safety performance of bicycle facilities; (2) related data requirements and safety performance heuristics; (3) bicycle crash trends; and (4) the actual and perceived safety performance of bicycle infrastructure. This section outlines the scope and approach of the literature review. The Transportation Research Information Database (TRID) was used to conduct a comprehensive search for relevant literature published internationally in the last 10 years. TRID is a database of research and studies that includes the Transportation Research Information Services (TRIS) Database and the Office of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Joint Transport Research Centre’s International Transport Research Documentation (ITRD) Database. TRID contains over one million records of transportation research worldwide. Results from this search identified approximately 438 documents using broad search criteria. These documents are sourced from: (1) engineering and scientific periodicals and journals; (2) conference proceedings; and (3) readily available government and industry reports. The abstracts of the initial 438 search documents were reviewed for relevancy and 153 were selected for further review and potential inclusion in this literature review summary document. Almost three quarters of the literature were published in per-review journals while others were typically conference proceedings and reports. Almost half of the literature were conducted in the U.S., over one-quarter were conducted in Canada and over 10% were conducted in Europe. A.1 Safety and perceived safety of bicycle infrastructure This section presents literature findings on the safety and perceived safety of bicycle infrastructure. In general, bicycle infrastructure is implemented to improve bicyclist safety and addresses one or more of the following (DiGioia et al., 2017): • Increasing separation between bicycles and vehicles in separation along routes and timing at intersections where conflict points are unavoidable • Increasing conspicuity or visibility of bicyclists • Improving site lines of all roadway users to improve expectancy and reaction times • Reducing conflicts (e.g. reduction of vehicle traffic volumes) and conflict points (e.g. reduction of driveways) between bicycles, vehicles and pedestrians • Reducing vehicle speeds This section summarizes safety and safety perception research specific to each bicycle facility and bicycle intersection treatment identified in the scope (Section 1.5). November 2020 A-1 Safety Performance of Bicycle Infrastructure in Canada: Appendices A.1.1 Bicycle facilities A.1.1.1 Off-road bicycle pathway These are off-road bicycle pathways that are physically separated from motor vehicles and provide sufficient width and supporting facilities to be used for bicycling only. These pathways can be paved with concrete, asphalt or may be surfaced with stone, dust, fine limestone or gravel screenings. Key findings from the literature regarding the safety performance of off-road bicycle pathways are presented in Table A-1. Overall, the literature indicates that off-road bicycle pathways reduce both severe and less severe crashes with bicyclists compared to no facility and they reduce the risk of bicyclist injury when compared to off-road multi-use pathways and major streets with parked cars and no bicycle infrastructure, but the results are not statistically significant. Table A-1: Key safety findings for off-road bicycle pathways Study Safety data Safety Safety Key literature findings method source measure outcome * Kaplan et al. (2015) developed a multivariate Poisson- Regression Police Crash lognormal model based on a sample of 5,349 cross- records frequency bicyclist/motorist crashes that occurred in Copenhagen section and between 2009 and 2013. Bicycle pathways were found to severity reduce both more severe and less severe crashes. Thus, the design of bicycle infrastructure should not only consider bicycle lanes but focus on bicycle pathways where the number of conflicts and the stress of sharing the road are highly reduced. Teschke et al. (2012) found that paved off-road bicycle Case- Hospital Injury rate pathways reduce the risk of injury for bicyclists (OR = 0.54; crossover records 95% CI = 0.20, 1.45; n = 21) compared to major streets with parked cars and no bicycle infrastructure, but the difference was not significant. Teschke et al. (2012) found that off-road multi-use Case- Hospital Injury rate pathways (adjusted OR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.43, 1.48) present crossover records a higher risk of bicyclist injury than off-road bicycle pathways (adjusted OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.20, 1.76) but the difference is not significant. Daniels et al. (2009) analyzed 90 roundabouts in Flanders, Before Government Injury rate Belgium consisting of four types of bicycle facilities that and after database include sharrows,
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