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German - Vietnam Afforestation Project

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German - Vietnam Afforestation Project Page 1 of 13 German - Vietnam Afforestation Project in Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri Province PLANTATION OF BROADLEAVES-INDIGENOUS SPECIES IN PROJECT AREAS OF HA TINH, QUANG BINH, QUANG TRI PROVINCES Nguyen Luyen Hanoi, February 1998 LIST OF CONTENTS 0 Summary 1 Brief introduction of project area 2 Targets and objects of project 3 General afforestation situation and plantation of indigenous species in Vietnam and in 3 project provinces 4 Relevant factors affecting the afforestation of broadleaves indigenous species on bare land and denuded hills 4.1 Tree sources 4.2 Soil and environment 4.3 Seed, nursery techniques 4.4 Plantation techniques 4.5 Requirements 5 Recommendations 6 References SUMMARY Afforestation sites in Vietnam mainly are bare land and denuded hills with a very large area and some parts on coastal - sandy soil. Until Page 2 of 13 now, major species to be planted and given results are Eucalyptus, Acacia spp, Pinus massoniana and Casuarina equisetifolia. All of them are exotic tree species. The only suitable indigenous species is Pinus merkusii. Besides, in some areas the Pinus kesya is also planted. Plantation of broadleaves species has been applied for some decades. Main sites are forestland-characterized soils. Two major species with large planting percentage are Manglietia glauca and Styrax Tonkinensis. Other species are planted scatterly in many ecological zones, accounting for small or tiny percentage. In general, broadleaves tree species are much less in comparison with exotic tree species. Afforestation project is being executed on sandy soil and bare land, denuded hills of 3 provinces: Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri. Project aims at improving ecological situation, developing a sustainable ecological environment, achieving social-economic efficiency both at present and in the long future. In order to obtain those objectives, it is highly recommended to have a specific part for broadleaves tree species in the tree composition and these species should be treated favourably. Natural conditions of project area as well as features concerning the plantation of broadleaves tree species are mentioned in recommendations. 1. Brief outlines of project area Project is being executed in a natural geological region that prolong from 16 0 12' to 18 0 46' north latitude, from eastern coastal area to western inland and located in 10 districts of Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri provinces in the North of Central Vietnam. This area is inside the affecting region of monsoon system. Northeast monsoon, which is so-called cold - dry wind, blows from September till March. This is strong wind, sometimes reaches level 6th or 7th. It is also rainy season during this time. High speed of wind strongly affects to move sand in to inland, fields and villages. West-south monsoon blows from April to August. This wind is hot and dry. Because of bowshaped topography, this wind is split in to 2 currents. The first is turning along the seacoast and change the direction into east-south wind, blowing from the sea into inland, bringing moisture. This wind has favorable influence towards plants and it prevails during April and May. From June to August the main wind is west-south wind (so-called Laotian wind), blowing through Lao's inland. Therefore this wind is both dry and hot, having unfavorable influence towards plants. It is noted that in some year, the west-south winds last until late of August and beginning of September. Annual rainfall is about 2.000 - 2.500 mm but with unequal distribution. In September, October and beginning of November, the rainfall is biggest, accounting for 65-70% of total annual rainfall. Annual average temperature is 23 - 25 0 C, coldest temperature is always above 12 0 C. In hot, dry month (June - August) the average temperature comes up 34 35' C, sometimes reaches 38 - 40 0 C. It lasts for a long time and moisture often goes down even under 75% (average moisture is about 85%). All the above factors are affecting the tending and management of seedlings in the nurseries, particularly watering and shading, on other hand they also create unfavorable influence against newly planted trees on plantation sites. Therefore main planting season in this area is autumn -winter in order to give more shading, cooling time for the newly planted trees. Morphology Project area can be divided in to 02 scenery zones: a) Coastal sandy area, clearly visible in Vinh Linh and Gio Linh Districts (Quang Tri). In the parts that are very close to the sea, there is recently transgressed sand with various dead remains of animals, high moisture therefore trees are much more survival and fast growing. Deeper in to inland, sandy soil is worse, some parts only sillice. The difference is reflected through the growth of Casuarina. This species is better growing on outer sandy soil than the inner sandy soil. Vegetation on sandy soil is mainly grass. On low sandy soil and tiny valley, there are Scirpus juncoides and Panicum repens species. On moving sand dunes, there are Fimbrystilis sericeae, Fimbristylis sphataceae, shrubs and bushes. This kind of vegetation can not prevent the sand moving. In summer, the temperature on sand facet reaches 65 0 C and increase the water evaporation. This leads to the lack of water source in the higher layer and makes difficulty to tree growth. b) Scenery in hills This scenery is popular in all project districts, to be from 10 m to 400 m above sea level. Most project sites are on slope from 5 0 to 10 0 C. These are forestry land area but without present forest. Soil has yellow-red color originated from Argillaceous parent rocks. Land is strongly or weakly degraded in different areas. The ground soil layer is thin, less than 50 cm and is suffering quick erosion. Vegetation mainly is grass and shrub. These hills are important water preservation area such as in Quang Trach, Bo Trach (Quang Binh), Huong Son, Duc Tho (Ha Tinh). It is requested to plant trees with long rotation and deep root system in order to increase the water keeping effect. There is a little bit different in some part. Located on hills but Gio Linh, Cam Lo and Hai Lang District (Quang Tri Province) are even and flat, which is suitable for soil preparation by ploughing tractor if possible. In Bo Trach and Quang Trach (Quang Binh), hills are Page 3 of 13 rather sloping, to be deserted for a long time, land is infertile and degraded. In Ky Anh district (Ky Lac commune), particularly in Huong Son, Duc Tho districts, hilly land are rather good since forests have been destroyed currently. Closely are secondary forests, which are being restored and developed. These areas are being used for ten years. Top and hillsides are covered by well-developed vegetation, sparsely there are some secondary wooden trees. Households living around plant some hill bottoms with fruit trees. These sites are more favorable for plantation of broadleaves indigenous species. A small part in Vinh Linh and Cam Lo districts is suitable for agroforestry because soil was originated from basaltic parent rocks. 2. Project goals and objects Project aims at improvement of ecological conditions, contribution to land protection and erosion control, improvement of water supply from water reservoirs, utilization of forestry products in sustainable way and achievement of social-economic efficiency. At present, expectedly jobs for about 17.000 households to be created and on that basis to improve the living standard of population in the project area. The above-mentioned objectives can be obtained through the plantation and sustainable management of 21.000 ha of protection and production forests on the bare land and denuded hills. Planted forests will increase the forest cover in the project area from 10-12% to 26- 28%. implementing time for project is at least 7 years. Object group of project is farm household. These farm households are given forestland use certificate and participate in management of allocated forestland. To assure the ecological requirement and social justice, the average forestland area to be allocated for participating household is 1,2 ha/hhs and the maximum is 2,0 ha/hhs. Land to be allocated is usually in the ecological danger area with high erosion risk. Tree composition (see table 1). Table 1: Area, expected tree species to be planted in project region Province Tree species Total Pinus/Ac Ind/Acaci Acacia Casuarina Indigeno Ha Tinh 1850 1320 2030 5200 Quang Binh 4030 1770 200 6000 Quang Tri 1780 3090 690 840 6400 Remark: The additional 3.400 ha have not been calculated yet. Mixed density of pinus/acacia; indigenous spp/acacia is 70:30. Major tree species to be determined are: Pinus merkusii, acacia species, casuarina and several broadleaves indigenous species. Project does not encourage the plantation of eucalyptus because the ecological function of water preservation of eucalyptus is still being controversy. Project is very interested in the mixed plantation. Farm households will select the suitable tree species and planting measures on basis of discussion and negotiation with field staff, extension workers. 3. Afforestation situation-in general and plantation of indigenous tree species in particular in Vietnam and in three project provinces. Afforestation in Vietnam has been executed for nearly 4 decades and it can be divided in to several major periods as follow: a) From the end of 1950s through 1960s and 1970s: Forest plantation was funded by State without aiming at very specific goals. Therefore, local administrations decided the selection of tree species. Scatter plantation (on road's sides, around villages, schools, offices...) were executed by local people with some subsidies from State. Farmer decided the tree selection. Afforestation was being executed in many provinces and in various ecological zones.
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