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German - Vietnam Afforestation Project
in Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri Province
PLANTATION OF BROADLEAVES-INDIGENOUS SPECIES
IN PROJECT AREAS
OF HA TINH, QUANG BINH, QUANG TRI PROVINCES
Nguyen Luyen
Hanoi, February 1998
LIST OF CONTENTS
0 Summary
1 Brief introduction of project area
2 Targets and objects of project
3 General afforestation situation and plantation of indigenous species in Vietnam and in 3 project provinces
4 Relevant factors affecting the afforestation of broadleaves indigenous species on bare land and denuded hills
4.1 Tree sources
4.2 Soil and environment
4.3 Seed, nursery techniques
4.4 Plantation techniques
4.5 Requirements
5 Recommendations
6 References
SUMMARY
Afforestation sites in Vietnam mainly are bare land and denuded hills with a very large area and some parts on coastal - sandy soil. Until Page 2 of 13
now, major species to be planted and given results are Eucalyptus, Acacia spp, Pinus massoniana and Casuarina equisetifolia. All of them are exotic tree species. The only suitable indigenous species is Pinus merkusii. Besides, in some areas the Pinus kesya is also planted.
Plantation of broadleaves species has been applied for some decades. Main sites are forestland-characterized soils. Two major species with large planting percentage are Manglietia glauca and Styrax Tonkinensis. Other species are planted scatterly in many ecological zones, accounting for small or tiny percentage. In general, broadleaves tree species are much less in comparison with exotic tree species.
Afforestation project is being executed on sandy soil and bare land, denuded hills of 3 provinces: Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri. Project aims at improving ecological situation, developing a sustainable ecological environment, achieving social-economic efficiency both at present and in the long future. In order to obtain those objectives, it is highly recommended to have a specific part for broadleaves tree species in the tree composition and these species should be treated favourably. Natural conditions of project area as well as features concerning the plantation of broadleaves tree species are mentioned in recommendations.
1. Brief outlines of project area
Project is being executed in a natural geological region that prolong from 16 0 12' to 18 0 46' north latitude, from eastern coastal area to western inland and located in 10 districts of Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri provinces in the North of Central Vietnam.
This area is inside the affecting region of monsoon system.
Northeast monsoon, which is so-called cold - dry wind, blows from September till March. This is strong wind, sometimes reaches level 6th or 7th. It is also rainy season during this time. High speed of wind strongly affects to move sand in to inland, fields and villages.
West-south monsoon blows from April to August. This wind is hot and dry. Because of bowshaped topography, this wind is split in to 2 currents. The first is turning along the seacoast and change the direction into east-south wind, blowing from the sea into inland, bringing moisture. This wind has favorable influence towards plants and it prevails during April and May. From June to August the main wind is west-south wind (so-called Laotian wind), blowing through Lao's inland. Therefore this wind is both dry and hot, having unfavorable influence towards plants. It is noted that in some year, the west-south winds last until late of August and beginning of September.
Annual rainfall is about 2.000 - 2.500 mm but with unequal distribution. In September, October and beginning of November, the rainfall is biggest, accounting for 65-70% of total annual rainfall.
Annual average temperature is 23 - 25 0 C, coldest temperature is always above 12 0 C. In hot, dry month (June - August) the average temperature comes up 34 35' C, sometimes reaches 38 - 40 0 C. It lasts for a long time and moisture often goes down even under 75% (average moisture is about 85%). All the above factors are affecting the tending and management of seedlings in the nurseries, particularly watering and shading, on other hand they also create unfavorable influence against newly planted trees on plantation sites. Therefore main planting season in this area is autumn -winter in order to give more shading, cooling time for the newly planted trees.
Morphology
Project area can be divided in to 02 scenery zones: a) Coastal sandy area, clearly visible in Vinh Linh and Gio Linh Districts (Quang Tri). In the parts that are very close to the sea, there is recently transgressed sand with various dead remains of animals, high moisture therefore trees are much more survival and fast growing. Deeper in to inland, sandy soil is worse, some parts only sillice. The difference is reflected through the growth of Casuarina. This species is better growing on outer sandy soil than the inner sandy soil. Vegetation on sandy soil is mainly grass. On low sandy soil and tiny valley, there are Scirpus juncoides and Panicum repens species. On moving sand dunes, there are Fimbrystilis sericeae, Fimbristylis sphataceae, shrubs and bushes. This kind of vegetation can not prevent the sand moving. In summer, the temperature on sand facet reaches 65 0 C and increase the water evaporation. This leads to the lack of water source in the higher layer and makes difficulty to tree growth. b) Scenery in hills
This scenery is popular in all project districts, to be from 10 m to 400 m above sea level. Most project sites are on slope from 5 0 to 10 0 C. These are forestry land area but without present forest. Soil has yellow-red color originated from Argillaceous parent rocks. Land is strongly or weakly degraded in different areas. The ground soil layer is thin, less than 50 cm and is suffering quick erosion. Vegetation mainly is grass and shrub. These hills are important water preservation area such as in Quang Trach, Bo Trach (Quang Binh), Huong Son, Duc Tho (Ha Tinh). It is requested to plant trees with long rotation and deep root system in order to increase the water keeping effect. There is a little bit different in some part. Located on hills but Gio Linh, Cam Lo and Hai Lang District (Quang Tri Province) are even and flat, which is suitable for soil preparation by ploughing tractor if possible. In Bo Trach and Quang Trach (Quang Binh), hills are Page 3 of 13
rather sloping, to be deserted for a long time, land is infertile and degraded. In Ky Anh district (Ky Lac commune), particularly in Huong Son, Duc Tho districts, hilly land are rather good since forests have been destroyed currently. Closely are secondary forests, which are being restored and developed. These areas are being used for ten years. Top and hillsides are covered by well-developed vegetation, sparsely there are some secondary wooden trees. Households living around plant some hill bottoms with fruit trees. These sites are more favorable for plantation of broadleaves indigenous species. A small part in Vinh Linh and Cam Lo districts is suitable for agroforestry because soil was originated from basaltic parent rocks.
2. Project goals and objects
Project aims at improvement of ecological conditions, contribution to land protection and erosion control, improvement of water supply from water reservoirs, utilization of forestry products in sustainable way and achievement of social-economic efficiency.
At present, expectedly jobs for about 17.000 households to be created and on that basis to improve the living standard of population in the project area.
The above-mentioned objectives can be obtained through the plantation and sustainable management of 21.000 ha of protection and production forests on the bare land and denuded hills. Planted forests will increase the forest cover in the project area from 10-12% to 26- 28%. implementing time for project is at least 7 years. Object group of project is farm household. These farm households are given forestland use certificate and participate in management of allocated forestland. To assure the ecological requirement and social justice, the average forestland area to be allocated for participating household is 1,2 ha/hhs and the maximum is 2,0 ha/hhs. Land to be allocated is usually in the ecological danger area with high erosion risk. Tree composition (see table 1).
Table 1: Area, expected tree species to be planted in project region
Province Tree species Total
Pinus/Ac Ind/Acaci Acacia Casuarina Indigeno
Ha Tinh 1850 1320 2030 5200
Quang Binh 4030 1770 200 6000
Quang Tri 1780 3090 690 840 6400
Remark: The additional 3.400 ha have not been calculated yet. Mixed density of pinus/acacia; indigenous spp/acacia is 70:30.
Major tree species to be determined are: Pinus merkusii, acacia species, casuarina and several broadleaves indigenous species. Project does not encourage the plantation of eucalyptus because the ecological function of water preservation of eucalyptus is still being controversy. Project is very interested in the mixed plantation. Farm households will select the suitable tree species and planting measures on basis of discussion and negotiation with field staff, extension workers.
3. Afforestation situation-in general and plantation of indigenous tree species in particular in Vietnam and in three project provinces.
Afforestation in Vietnam has been executed for nearly 4 decades and it can be divided in to several major periods as follow: a) From the end of 1950s through 1960s and 1970s:
Forest plantation was funded by State without aiming at very specific goals. Therefore, local administrations decided the selection of tree species. Scatter plantation (on road's sides, around villages, schools, offices...) were executed by local people with some subsidies from State. Farmer decided the tree selection.
Afforestation was being executed in many provinces and in various ecological zones. However tree composition emphasized only in Eucalyptus spp, in which Eucalyptus exerta (exotic tree originated from China) accounted for largest area; Casuarina equisetifolia; Pinus Page 4 of 13
massoniana. Khaya senegalensis was also used in scatter plantation. All of these trees are exotic tree species.
There were not many indigenous trees, especially broadleaves indigenous species. The indigenous pinus merkusii adapted well with dry, bad soil on hills in various ecological zones. Therefore it accounted for biggest percentage. Styrax tonkinensis and Manglietie glauca are two major broadleaves indigenous trees to be planted on forestland-characterized soil.
Besides, there are some traditional specialty trees such as lllicium verrum hock, Cinnamomum cassia, Aleurites montana, Dendrocalamus, Bambusa... The planted and successful trees are mainly light demanding, fast growing trees with short rotation, quick products provided. b) Second period is 1980s:
During this period, market economy was being formulated and has developed. There is a demand requesting for fast growing tree. These trees will quickly provide economic interests for the time being and adapt to conditions of bare land and denuded hills which account for a very large area of the nation (see table 2)
Table 2: Forest resource of Vietnam and 3 provinces in project area
Total natural Forest and Natural forest Planted forest Bare land area forestland
Vietnam 20.728.340 8.630.965 676.985 11.420.390
Ha Tinh 605.385 368.100 165.556 34.343 168.200
Quang Binh 793.480 523.616 219.744 27.973 275.890
Quang Tri 459.200 291.788 81.212 21.676 188.900
Eucalyptus and Acacia are exotic tree species to be imported and developed in large scale. Particularly eucalyptus originated from Australia, became a major tree species in the forestry tree composition. There were also some indigenous trees introduced and in certain extent the success and experience were gained. But they were forgotten or even denied such as Styrax tonkinensis, Pinus merkusii. There was not any investment for research and plantation of indigenous tree species. The initial achievements were not being continuously monitored. Therefore it resulted to the suspension of research and development of indigenous species. c) In 1990s internationalization is prevailing. Information are updated daily. Environment protection becomes a global strategy, particularly emphasizing in forest protection, protection of diversified biological resources, protection of rare and precious gene sources. In most international forest conference, the issue of tropical protection forests is always emphasized. With such understanding in the strategy for forestry development of Vietnam, research and development of indigenous tree species are attended and facilitated.
Table 3: Percentage of tree species to be used in forest plantation in Northern provinces up to the end of 1994
# Tree species Area (ha) Percentage
Scientific Vietnamese name
1 Eucalyptus B¹ch ®µn c¸c lo¹i 144.417 35.4
2 Maglietia glauca Mì 35.252 8.6
3 Pinus merkusii Th«ng nhùa 33.583 8.2
4 Aleurites montana TrÈu 31.804 7.8 Page 5 of 13
5 Styrax tonkinensis Bå ®Ò 35.350 6.2
6 Acacia mangium Keo tai tîng 24.736 6.1
7 Pinus kyesia Th«ng ba l¸ 22.216 5.4
8 Pinus massoniana Th«ng ®u«i ngùa 22.061 5.4
9 Acacia auriculiformis Keo l¸ trµm 18.088 4.4
10 Casuarina equisetifolia Phi lao 15.352 3.8
11 Dendrocalamus, Bambusa Tre, luång 10.178 2.5
12 Cinnamomum QuÕ 9.260 2.3
13 Brughirea VÑt 3.200 0.8
14 Illicium verum Hock Håi 3.110 0.7
15 Cunningghamia chinenis Sa méc 2.815 0.6
16 Melia azedarach Xoan 2.512 0.4
17 Dipterocarpus, Hopea Sao, Dµu 1.663 0.2
18 Chukrasia tabularis L¸t hoa 992 0.2
19 Cassia siamea Muång ®en 606 0.1
20 Calamus Song M©y 455 0.1
21 Protium serratum Engl Cä phÌn 228
22 Fokiena hodginsii P¬ mu 65
23 Talauma Giæi 33
Total 407.976 100
Table 4: Tree species and planted areas of districts of 3 project provinces Ha Tinh - Quang Binh - Quang Tri (Report of 3 provinces)
Tree species Area (ha); %
Ha Tinh (86- Quang Binh Quang Tri Total 89) (90-96) (85-96) Scientific mane Vietnamese name ha % ha % ha % ha %
Eucalyptus B¹ch ®µn 664 22.2 3306 20.8 6136 38.7 10106 30.7
Pinus merkusii Th«ng nhùa 1958 65.3 2329 14.7 1545 9.7 5832 17.2
Acacia species Keo c¸c lo¹i 167 5.6 6536 41.2 4327 27.3 10036 29.1
Casuarina equisetifolia Phi lao 0 0.0 2516 15.9 3398 21.4 5914 17.5
Cinnamomum cassia QuÕ 26 0.9 579 3.4 0 0.0 605 1.8
Manglietia glauca Mì 72 2.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 72 0.19
Chukrasia tabularis L¸t hoa 10 0.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 0.02 Page 6 of 13
Tarietia javanica Huûnh 0 0.0 151 1.0 0 0.0 151 0.38
Endorspermum javanica V¹ng trøng 0 0.0 140 0.9 0 0.0 140 0.37
Aquilaria siamea TrÇm h¬ng 135 0.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 135 0.35
Cassia siamea Muång ®en 0 0.0 110 0.7 333 2.1 443 1.15
Peltophorum tonkinensis Lim xÑt 0 0.0 65 0.4 0 0.0 65 0.15
Khaya senegalensis Xµ cõ 0 0.0 0 0.0 52 0.3 52 0.13
Camelia drupifera Së 0 0.0 0 0.0 20 0.11 20 0.04
Machilus sp Phao l¸i 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 0.06 10 0.02
In 2 above tables we can see:
a. Exotic tree species include: Eucalyptus, Acacia, Pinus massoniana, Casuarina equisetifolia account for 55.1% of the whole northern area and 77.5% of project area b. Two needle-shaped indigenous trees: Pinus merkusii and Pinus kheya account for 13,6% of the whole northern area and 17.4% of project area. They are the only species to be planted on coastal sandy soil and bare land - denuded hills, which are bearing similar characters with topography and sites of project area. c. Dendrocalamus, Bambusa, Calamus, Brughiera are planted on salty soil, account for 3.5% of whole northern area. The rest are broadleaves-indigenous trees. These species are planted on fertile soil bearing forestland characters. In the whole northern region, there are 3 species accounting for 22.6%: Manglietia glauca, Styrax tonkinensis and Aleurites montana to be planted for oil production from their fruits. In project area, there are 10 broadleaves-indigenous tree species (see table 4) accounting for lest than 4%.
As a summary, for the last decades, afforestation in Vietnam and in project area, on coastal sandy soil and on bare land - denuded hills mainly concentrated on exotic tree species with additional two needle-shaped indigenous tree species (pinus merkusii and pinus khesya).
Many broadleaves - indigenous tree species are planted in various ecological zones but still account for small percentage, in which Manglietia glauca and Styrax tonkinensis account for biggest percentage among them.
Up to now, there is not any broadleave - indigenous tree species planted on bare land and denuded hill brings a good result.
There are many causes. The main reasons probably are the lack of knowledge, lack of appropriate and consecutive investment in order to establish a suitable planting technique system for each species or group of species of broadleaves indigenous trees to be planted on bare land and denuded hills, where the difficult ecological environment affects strongly to afforestation, particularly in the newly planting period.
4. Relevant factors affecting the afforestation of broadleave-indigenous tree species on bare land and denuded hills to be considered
4.1 Tree sources
Vietnam's tropical forest resources are very abundant and diversified in both species and quantity. Due to many different causes, these resources are being destroyed and exhausted, some species are facing the danger of vanishing. However, there are some species available and effective for development of afforestation. After synthesizes the results of research and production, together with surveyed and investigated, Ministry of Forestry has issued in 1986 a list of tree species regulated for afforestation in forestry regions (9 regions).
In each region, tree species are sorted in 02 groups
Group A: comprises of tree species that were determined to use in the official development plan of locality. They meet the following criteria:
Adapt to site and ecological environment of present or expected plantation areas. Fulfil the expected functions and targets (production, protection...) Page 7 of 13
There are technical procedures or technical guidelines available or at least experience and it has been planted in the past. Seed source is available in quantity and quality Produce acceptable yield and economic efficiency
Group B: comprises of prospective tree species but they have not met the criteria listed in group A and there are solutions for tackling. These trees should be given priority for improvement in the next phases. From table 5 and 6 we note that the number of tree species regulated and actually planted in project provinces is a lot, approximately 30 species. Our task is to improve or study more in order to get fundamental understanding about ecology, silviculture techniques for these tree species. Attention should be paid to 3 groups: nitrogen fixing trees, multi-function trees and rare, valuable trees. Obviously for bare land and denuded hills, the first two groups should come first because the rare, valuable tree species usually have long rotation, low growing and request good soil. Contrarily, nitrogen fixing trees and multi-function trees are fast in developing the economic and ecological efficiencies.
Table 5: Tree species to be regulated for afforestation in the northern area of Central Vietnam (project area)
# TREE SPECIES
Scientific name Vietnamese
1 Eucalyptus B¹ch ®µn c¸c lo¹i
2 Styrax tonkinensis Bå ®Ò
3 Acacia auriculiformis Keo l¸ trµm
4 Artocapus intergrifolius MÝt
5 Mangietia glauca Mì
6 Cassia siamea Muång ®en
7 Casuarina equisetifolia Phi lao
8 Cinnamomum cassia QuÕ
9 Pinus merkusii Th«ng nhùa
10 Canarium nigrum Tr¸m ®en
11 Dendrocalamus, Bambusa Tre luång
12 Brugriera VÑt
13 Khaya senegalensis Xµ cõ
14 Melia azedarach Xoan ta
The most potential tree species
15 Calophylum Cång tr¾ng
16 Mechelia mediocris Giæi xanh
17 Tarieta javanica Huûnh
18 Chukrasia tabularis L¸t hoa
19 Liquidamba formosana Sau sau
20 Pinus khesya Th«ng ba l¸
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4.2 Soil and environment
Area of bare land and denuded hills is enormous (see table 2) and it needs to be quickly reforested. In the 2nd meeting of session 10 of National Assembly in November 1997, the plan of 5 million ha forest plantation was considered. There have been some researches and evaluations in term of site, soil, natural conditions but the plantation of broadleaves-indigenous tree species has been considered yet. In the project area, there is not any significant research, excluded some small trial studies in plantation of Pahudia cochichinensis, Sindora tonkinensis, Tarrieta javanica in Van Trach nursery enterprise (belonged to National Forest Seed Company).
In general, up to now, on this area, the only above-mentioned species have been planted and resulted in good outcomes.
There is a question: Is it possible to plant broadleaves-indigenous tree species? Basically, bare land and denuded hills are not favorable in term of site mapping and ecology. These sites are mainly degraded, infertile, plentiful of gravel, stone. Ground soil layer is thin. Vegetation is shrub, bushes with low coverage. The temperature is high and dry. But there is difference between each zone and even in one zone. In the same hill, there is also a difference between top and sides and bottom. The same feature is reflected in the project area, starting from Duc Tho, Huong Son, through Bo Trach, Quang Trach toward Gio Linh, Cam Lo. There comes out a question: What is percentage of good sites that are suitable for plantation of broadleaves indigenous trees in the total area of bare land and denuded hills? Approaches are different, however a common assumption acknowledges that the percentage is about 12 - 15%. These sites have better features than others which are used for plantation of pinus, acacia or eucalyptus.
Table 6: Tree species to be used for forest plantation in recent years in Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri
Tree species Ha Tinh Quang Quang Tri Binh Scientific name Vietnamese name
Pinus merkusii Th«ng nhùa + + +
Eucalyptus camaldulensis B¹ch ®µn Caman + + +
Eucalyptus tereticormis B¹ch ®µn tr¾ng + + +
Casuarina equisetifolia Phi lao + + +
Acacia auriculiformis Keo l¸ trµm + + +
Pinus caribeae Th«ng Caribe + + +
Sindora tonkinensis Gô lau +
Cinnamomum cassia QuÕ + +
Aquilaria crassna TrÇm h¬ng + +
Eberhartia aurata Cång +
Chukrasia tabularis L¸t hoa +
Canarium nigrum Tr¸m ®en +
Canarium alum Tr¸m tr¾ng +
Vatica odorata T¸u mËt +
Manglietia glauca Mì +
Khaya senegalensis Xµ cõ + +
Cassia siamea Muång ®en + + +
Pelthophorum tonkinensis Lim xÑt +
Tarrieta javanica Huûnh + + Page 9 of 13
Endorspermea sinensis V¹ng +
Litsea verticilata Phao l¸i +
Camelia drubifera Së +
Bahudia cochichinensis Gâ ®á + +
4.3 Seed supply, nursery techniques
Seed is decisive factor affecting the seedling quality and later plantation yield. Seed supply is not only proficient in quantity but also goo in quality and on time. Major part of recommended broadleaves-indigenous species seeds would be supplied by National Forest Seed Company. They are collected from natural forests or from scattered trees. The collecting season and techniques for processing and maintenance of these seeds are being identified.
There are technical guidelines, procedure or know-how for production of seedlings of indigenous tree species. In project area, some species have been produced in small scale in some forest enterprises. Seedlings are made through seed sowing, transplanting to tubes and tending in the nursery. The time in nursery is differentiating among tree species. Other way is fetching wild seedlings in the forest to plant (for instance with Aglaia species in Ky Lac commune, Ky Anh district, Ha Tinh province). However the later is not popular. In general, the seedling production including insect protection is not a serious obstacle within the project area.
4.4 Planting practices
There are many solutions for it because up to now, as mentioned above, there are not any substantial successes or any highly convincible models with the surely sustainable level in the development of broadleaves-indigenous tree species on bare land and denuded hills.
In the nature, each tree species or group of tree species is growing normally in suitable ecological environment and specific geographical conditions. For broadleaves- indigenous tree species, forest is their circumstances. It is needed to understand the climatic condition, soil and ecological requirements of each tree species and group of tree species to select the most suitable sites for plantation. Bare land and denuded hills, in general are not favorable circumstances, especially for ecology.
Village land use planning will help project to know the detail of best sites. However even on these sites, it is needed to have practices aiming at improvement of soil, environment such as plantation of fast growing trees, nitrogen fixing trees. Utilize and improve the environment to plant the indigenous trees. The most difficult problem is lack of experience, specific technique for the suitable affecting measures with each growing period, especially the moderation of canopy closure to provide the light and shading for tree, particularly in the beginning. There is solution to solve the problem: extending the trial plantation, providing the appropriate investment, maintaining the consecutive monitor. Surely in not a long time, project will find the answer to that question.
4.5 Objective requirements
In recent decades, we have planted solely some tree species, in which mainly are exotic species. In the beginning, it was eucalyptus species. Then eucalyptus was replaced by acacia. In the short term, for economic and social considerations, it brought some results. However in the long term, especially in term of ecology and environment, the above mentioned trees could not provide the sustainable ecosystem. After a short cycle of 10 -12 years, they would be cut and re-planted with the same silviculture techniques. As a result, the later cycle will not provide high yield and more important, the environment is rarely improved.
At present, acacia species are the major exotic trees. These species are popular because they are not worse than eucalyptus in term of economic purpose. The strong points of acacia are: better for ecology and easier in plantation techniques. However the is not a multi- faceted research for the acacia. A study in South Kalimantan (Indonesia) shows that after the first felling cycle, the Kalium in the soil was much extracted. This might affect to later cycle if the plantation is applied with the same techniques.
Project aims at not only the short-term benefits but also at long-term, sustainable benefit, especial in term of ecology and environment. Bare land and denuded hills in 10 project districts are also the watershed area, having importance to provide water for agricultural production and living of citizens of 3 provinces. In the production forest to be planted, tree species must have long life span, deep-and large root system and thick canopy... Selection of broadleaves-indigenous tree species for plantation is an objective requirement. For that purpose, project encourages and facilitates the plantation of indigenous tree forests, particularly gives strong support for species of long cycle.
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5. Recommendations
Strengthening the plantation of broadleaves indigenous trees forest is an urgent need. The factors concerning the execution such as tree species, soil conditions, sites, seed supply, techniques.. . are available. It also fit to whole project's target. However, development of broadleaves indigenous trees on bare land and denuded hills is a difficult work. Therefore, we facilitate and apply the most suitable techniques, but we can not ensure the good results like when we plant them in the other better areas. Utilize the experience and ability to develop as quick as possible but also time and patience are needed.
- Soil and site:
Micro land use planning will help to identify the soil and site for plantation. Some districts like Huong Son, Duc Tho, Ky Anh (Ky Lac commune) should be paid attention because these sites are relatively higher than other areas. In other places, land use planning should be included in small sites, valleys and low land. Special attention should also be paid to sites within the protection forest area.
- Tree species:
List of tree species is recommended based on the ecological features, silviculture, seed source and plantation techniques in the project area as well as in other places. (see table 7 and 8).
Table 7: Morphology of broadleaves-indigenous tree species expected to be used for afforestation in the project area
Tree species Distribution Height (m) Growing features Shading Soil
Scientific name Vietnamese name
Tarrietia javanica Huûnh low land up to 800 mixed growing with light demanding clay, good water Aglaie gigantea and upper storey absorb; latterit Vatica odorata soil deep, rich humus
Cassia siamea Mu«ng ®en Bo Trach (Q.Binh) neutral tree, light alluvium, normal in central, highland demanding, fast growing on dry grow soil
Litsea verticillata Phao l¸i Q.Binh, Q.Tri, Hue, 250-1000 shade demanding sandy soil: wet, Q.Nam-Da Nang middle storey deep, water absorb
Canarium Tr¸m ®en many in Ng.An below 500 Mixed growing with fast growing prefer deep soil, nigrum Eberhardtia, Aglaie light demanding humus, sloping gigantea
Aquillaria TrÇm h¬ng H.Tinh, Q.Binh, 250-1000 neutral tree, crassua Q.Tri, Hue oriented to light demanding
Eberhardtia Cång Nghe An, Ha Tinh 200-600 Growing in group of 5- fast growing, low land, aurata 10 trees mixing with shade demanding slopping, water Canarium at young absorb
Sindora Gô Mainly in Nghe An below 700 Mixed growing with slightly shade on fertile soil, tonkinensis H. Tinh, QB, QT mainly 300 Tarrietia javanica, demanding at deep, wet, slight Canarium album young slopping
Melia azedarach Xoan ta almost provinces light demanding many soils even at age on dry, infertile soil
Table 8: Morphology of some broadleaves-indigenous species recommended for trial plantation Page 11 of 13
Tree species Distribution Height (m) Growing features Shading Soil
Scientific name Vietnamese name
Vatica odorata T¸u muèi particular in 300-800 mixed growing with light demanding, humus soil, Huong Son, Madhuca pasquieri slow growing, prefer heavy clay Huong Khe long life
Madhuca SÕn mËt Nghe An, Ha Tinh 200-1000 sparsely growing with shade demanding humus, deep, wet pasquieri Vatica odorata when young, soil from light demanding limestone at mature
Sindora Gô MËt highland, southern light demanding, even on sandy, cochichinensis provinces prefer low hills, gravel soil flat
Chukhasia L¸t hoa Nghe an, Ha Tinh under 800 slow growing, long life shade demanding sandy, humus tabularis
Cinnamomum QuÕ Nghe An under 800 prefer cold, wet light demanding, deep, wet on clay cassia slightly shade tolerant
Michelia Giæi xanh Nghe An, Ha Tinh 400-1000 mixed growing with light demanding mediocris Aglaia gigantea
Aglata gigantea Géi tÝa Nghe An-Hue under 800 light demanding, clay, deep, wet shade demanding water absorb at young
Erythrophloeum Lim xanh Ha Tinh, Quang under 700 mixed growing with shade demanding prefer clay, deep fordii Binh Canarium album at young, under plenty humus canopy
Canarium album Tr¸m tr¾ng particular in under 500 mixed growing with fast growing, Quang Binh Hopea spp light demanding
Pahudia Gâ ®á mainly in highland light demanding deep, humus soil cochichinensis and southern water absorbed provinces
These tree species are classified in to 2 groups. Group 1 is used largely in many places, bearing the production feature. Group 2 is only tried in small scale, serving as fundamental basis for later development.
- Seed and seedling production:
The seed supply must be passed through the State's quality-controlled organization (in this case, it is National Forest Seed Company or its station, center in localities). Seeds are mainly collected in natural forests. Seed of each species is diversified each year. Some year is a bumper year, other may get no seed. Seed is collected in season. The supply of seed with sufficient quantity and good quality depends partly on the determination of tree species to be used for plantation and the necessary quantity of each year. There should be a plan for the seed collection and reservation.
The needed quantity of indigenous tree species is not very big. The seedling production requires complicated techniques and certain facilities. Most of the farmers do not aware of it. Therefore the seedling production of indigenous species should be concentrated in some specific nurseries and handled by technical officers of the research station or forest enterprises.
- Forest structure:
Mixed plantation is the main direction, therefore the natural conditions should be totally utilized. Mixture density depends on site, however the most usual percentage is 50%. Base on competitiveness, economic value and the effect in the mixed plantation to decide the percentage of companion tree species. Mixture method can be: Page 12 of 13
Tree by tree on the same line, group by group in the same line (in each line, 3-4 trees of same species are planted, then followed by 3-4 trees of other species). Mixture between line and line. Mixture between belt and belt. The belt can be small (3-5 lines of same tree species) or large (more than 10 lines). This application creates specific forest block. It is usually applied to plant the protection forest stand, insect preventing forest...Depends on site and light demanding character or shade demanding character of each species to arrange properly in order to obtain the mixture target.
Density composition bases on the following principles:
Business operating purpose, forest function: for example the protection forest for land erosion control, anti-wind blowing should be planted with thick density... Biological features: light demanding tree and fast growing tree should be planted with thin density and vice-versa. Site conditions: in general the fertile soil should be planted with thin density, infertile soil with much grasses and serious land erosion should be planted with thick density. Economic condition and operation techniques: if cost for forest plantation is low, transportation is convenient, intermediate products is valuable, then the thick density should be applied; if the soil preparation, planting and tending request complicated techniques, then the thin density should be applied.
Project is being implemented with the participation of the farm households. The farmers are given the land tenure certificate, provided free of charge with the seedling, fertilizer and insecticide. They are also paid for labor work in tending and protection of the plantation. Moreover the farmers also have comments in selection of tree species to be planted on his allocated land. The extension workers are responsible for providing the necessary information about the project and the knowledge, experience about indigenous tree species. In so doing, farmers' interests are guaranteed and development of indigenous tree species will be in line with site-ecology conditions and project's goals.
REFERENCE
GFA, 1995: Feasibility study on Forest and Natural Resource Conservation in Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri - Vietnam: main report and annexes
FAO Field Document No 2 GCP/RAS/142/JPN1995 Strengthening Re-afforestation Programmes in Vietnam, Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi, 1995
FAO Field Document No 2 GCP/RAS/142/JPN 1995 Forestry and Agroforestry on sloping land in Northern VN, HN 1996
Ha Tinh, Quang Binh and Quang Tri, 1996 Project on Conservation and development of forest natural resources. Report and annexes
Ministry of Forestry, QD/LN No 680 - 15/08/1986 List of tree species regulated for forest plantation in forestry regions
Institute of Forestry Science of Vietnam, 1995 Vietnam Forestry Techniques and Science 1961 - 1995, Agriculture Publishing House, 1995
Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning, 1991 Summary of projects in 30 years forestry planning, inventory, Hanoi 1991
Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning, 1995 Technical - scientific project of forestry planning and inventory Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi 1995
Stephen Gampe, 1997 Report on seed, nursery production, silviculture and afforestation planning, Hanoi 08/1997
Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning, 1983 Results of forest resources inventory in Nghe Tinh - Hue, HN 1983
Nguyen Luyen, Fielder H.J 1995 Boden-und standortskundliche Gesichtspunkte fur die Wiederaufforstung von Kahlflachen in Vietnam, Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 114, S l-l 5
Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning, 1995 Vietnam Forest Trees, Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi 1996
Thai Van Trung, 1970 Vietnam Forest Vegetation, Science and Technique Publishing House
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