O USO DE UM FRAGMENTO DO MARCADOR Matk COMO SEQUÊNCIA DNA Barcode EM ARACEAE

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O USO DE UM FRAGMENTO DO MARCADOR Matk COMO SEQUÊNCIA DNA Barcode EM ARACEAE INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - IB DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA – BOT O USO DE UM FRAGMENTO DO MARCADOR matK COMO SEQUÊNCIA DNA barcode EM ARACEAE LUCIANO COÊLHO MILHOMENS CEMIN Brasília 2012 INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - IB DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA – BOT O uso de um fragmento do marcador matK como sequência DNA barcode em Araceae. Luciano Coêlho Milhomens Cemin Orientador: Dr. Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG) Tese apresentada ao Departamento de Botânica do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade de Brasília, como parte dos requisitos necessários para à obtenção do título de Doutor em Botânica. Brasília Fevereiro, 2012 ii INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS - IB DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA – BOT Defesa de Tese O uso de um fragmento do marcador matK como sequência DNA barcode em Araceae. Aprovada por: _______________________________ Dr. Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG Orientador e Presidente da Banca Examinadora _______________________________ Dra. Marta Camargo de Assis Embrapa Meio Ambiente Membro Externo Titular da Banca Examinadora _______________________________ Dra. Dulce Maria Sucena da Rocha Universidade de Brasília – UnB / Campus Planaltina Membro Externo Titular da Banca Examinadora _______________________________ Dr. David John Bertioli Universidade de Brasília – UnB Membro Externo Titular da Banca Examinadora _______________________________ Dr. Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues Pereira Universidade de Brasília - UnB Membro Interno Titular da Banca Examinadora _______________________________ Dra. Carolyn Elinore Barnes Proença Universidade de Brasília - UnB Membro Interno Suplente da Banca Examinadora Brasília, 24 de fevereiro de 2012. iii Ó glorioso Deus altíssimo, iluminai as trevas do meu coração, concedei-me uma fé verdadeira, uma esperança firme e um amor perfeito. Dai-me, Senhor, o (reto) sentir e conhecer, a fim de que possa cumprir o sagrado encargo que na verdade acabais de dar-me. Amém. Oração de São Francisco diante do crucifixo de São Damião. (Escritos e biografias de São Francisco de Assis, Ed. Vozes, 1983). iv AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço, especialmente, a Deus. Agradeço a minha amada esposa Daniela (Daniela da Silveira Cemin) pela sua paciência, incentivo e amor. Agradeço a minha mãe, Maria Coêlho Milhomens, e ao meu pai, Lucas Milhomens Fonsêca ( In Memoriam ), por terem cultivado em mim o gosto pelo estudo e por terem me mostrado sua importância como “ferramenta” transformadora não apenas de minha realidade. Agradeço também a minha irmã, Luciana Helena C. M. Fonsêca, por compartilhar sua caminhada comigo. Agradeço meu amigo e orientador, Prof. Dr. Eduardo Gomes Gonçalves, por ter confiado a mim tão grande tarefa. Até mesmo distante, soube me ensinar a “calçar” suas sandálias. Agradeço, realmente, o carinho e as oportunidades que tem me dado e confiado ao longo dos anos. Agradeço aos professores da Universidade Católica de Brasília – UCB por toda a confiança e incentivo ao longo desta jornada. Especialmente, gostaria de agradecer ao Prof. Dr. Rinaldo Wellerson Pereira e ao Prof. Dr. Ruy Caldas pela sempre pronta ajuda e por permitirem e subsidiarem minha estada nos laboratórios da Pós- Graduação em Biotecnologia e Ciências Genômicas da UCB. Agradeço também a Profa Dra. Lourdes Maria Abdu El-moor Loureiro, Diretora do Curso de Ciências Biológicas da UCB, por toda ajuda, paciência e incentivo. Agradeço ainda todos os técnicos e funcionários com que tive o imenso prazer de conviver. Por último, mais de forma igualmente especial, gostaria ainda de agradecer aos meus amigos Virgílio Hipólito Lemos de Castro, Ciro de Sousa, Valéria Lemos Sales, Adriana Ribeiro Silva Batista, Thiago de Roure Bandeira de Mello e Josiane Barros de Carvalho que me ensinaram, ajudaram e socorreram várias vezes. Também gostaria de agradecer aos professores do Departamento de Botânica da Universidade de Brasília – UnB pela amizade, atenção e preocupação ao longo v destes quatro anos. Em especial, agradeço a Profa. Dra. Carolyn Elinore Barnes Proença, minha sempre orientadora, o Prof. Dr. Paulo Eduardo Aguiar Saraiva Câmara, o Prof. Dr. Fabian Borghetti e o Prof. Dr. Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues Pereira. Sem vocês esta tese não teria se concretizado. Agradeço ainda minhas amigas e “colegas de caminhada”, Andrielle Câmara Amaral Lopes e Nádja Sílvia Dalla Nora Somavilla. Agradeço também todos os funcionários e técnicos dos laboratórios da UnB. Agradeço a Profa. Dra. Ivanilza Moreira de Andrade, da Universidade Federal do Piauí – UFPI, por toda atenção e pelas valiosas contribuições que fez. O texto ora apresentado também é fruto de sua criteriosa análise. Agradeço minha amiga, Profa. Dr. Dulce Maria Sucena da Rocha, por tudo. É sempre bom saber que temos alguém preocupado conosco e pronta para nos auxiliar, principalmente, nos momentos onde “os caminhos já não estão sobre os nossos pés”. Gostaria ainda de agradecer a todos, que de alguma forma contribuíram para que este momento chegasse. Aqui incluo não apenas as pessoas que encontrei nestes quase cinco anos, mas todas as outras que ajudaram e permitiram que a vida me trouxesse até aqui. Finalmente, gostaria de agradecer a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq por continuarem a “acreditar no amanhã”. Que Deus abençoe e proteja a todos. vi ÍNDICE RESUMO ............................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ xv INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .......................................................................................... 16 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................... 27 HISTÓRICO DA TESE ........................................................................................... 43 APRESENTAÇÃO DA TESE ................................................................................. 48 CAPÍTULO 1. O uso de um fragmento do marcador matK como sequência DNA barcode em Araceae. ............................................................................................. 50 RESUMO .......................................................................................................... 50 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... 51 1. Introdução ..................................................................................................... 52 2. Metodologia .................................................................................................. 57 2.1. Obtenção das sequências ................................................................... 57 2.2. Obtenção do fragmento-alvo de matK (sequência barcode ) ............... 57 2.3. Análise das sequências ....................................................................... 58 2.4. Testes de reconhecimento ................................................................... 59 2.4.1. Método de distância genética ...................................................... 59 2.4.1.1. Construção do Perfil de Referência .................................... 59 2.4.1.2. Capacidade de reconhecimento genérico e específico ...... 60 2.4.2. Busca BLAST® ............................................................................ 61 2.5. Avaliação dos padrões de similaridade entre os táxons de Araceae 62 3. Resultados e Discussão ............................................................................... 63 3.1. Considerações sobre o fragmento-alvo de matK ................................. 63 3.2. Variação inter e intraespecífica ............................................................ 64 3.3. Testes de reconhecimento genérico e específico ................................ 67 3.4. Avaliação dos padrões de similaridade entre os táxons de Araceae 69 4. Conclusão ..................................................................................................... 85 5. Recomendações ........................................................................................... 86 6. Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................ 86 vii CAPÍTULO 2. Aplicabilidade dos DNA barcodes na identificação molecular e na elucidação das relações evolutivas nas espécies cultivadas de Xanthosoma Schott (Araceae). .............................................................................................................. 109 RESUMO .......................................................................................................... 109 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... 110 1. Introdução ..................................................................................................... 111 2. Metodologia .................................................................................................. 116 2.1. Obtenção das amostras ....................................................................... 116 2.2. Extração, Amplificação e Seqüenciamento de DNA ............................ 118 2.3. Obtenção do fragmento-alvo (sequência barcode ) .............................. 119 2.4. Análise das sequências ....................................................................... 120 2.5. Análise de sítios diagnósticos .............................................................
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