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The Commonly Cultivated Species of Xanthosoma Schott (Araceae), Including Four New Species

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The Commonly Cultivated Species of Xanthosoma Schott (Araceae), Including Four New Species EDUARDO G. GONC;:ALVES, 2011 3 The Commonly Cultivated Species of Xanthosoma Schott (Araceae), including Four New Species Eduardo G. Gon\!alves Jardim Botilnico Inhotim Rua B, 20, Instituto Inhotim, CEP 35460-000 Brumadinho, MG, Brazil [email protected] ABSTRACT Leon, 1994). The interest in cultivation of Xanthosoma has been growing recently The genus Xanthosoma Schott is widely (Morton, 1972), mainly in developing cultivated in the tropics, but very little is countries. A list of descriptors has been known about its taxonomy, especially prepared recently (IBPGR, 1989) and a concerning the cultivated species. This great number of institutions have a clear article presents a key for determination, as interest in studying this important genus. It well as morphological descriptions and is estimated that approximately 400 million additional information about 14 forms/ people worldwide use Xanthosoma leaves species of commonly cultivated Xantho­ and/or corms as staple food (Onokpise, soma, including four new species. The 2000). However, much more information species surveyed (and described) are: X. on its diversity is needed in order to help in appendiculatum Schott, X. atrovirens germplasm selection and preservation. C.Koch & Bouche, X. aureum E.G.Gon~., Despite its importance as a cultivated crop, X. blandum Schott, X. brasiliense (Desf.) the taxonomy of the genus has been Eng!., X. mafaffa Schott, X. mafaffa Schott neglected since the last revision, completed "lineolatum", X. monstruosum E.G.Gon~., by Engler & Krause (1920). X. panduriforme E.G.Gon~., X. riedelia­ Even less information has been pub­ num (Schott) Schott, X. robustum Schott, X. lished concerning the taxonomy of culti­ sagittifolium (1.) Schott, X. taioba vated species of Xanthosoma (e.g. Okeke, E.G.Gon~. and X. violaceum Schott, all of them illustrated with pictures. 1992). It has been stressed that many forms may be considered cultivars of Xantho­ soma sagittifolium (1.) Schott (Giacometti KEYWORDS & Leon, 1994), but it seems that most authors are not completely sure about what Xanthosoma, tannia, yautia, cocoyam, constitutes Xanthosoma sagittifolium (see taioba, mangarito, tiquisque, belembe, discussion in Okeke, 1992). Araceae. The taxonomy of Xanthosoma (mainly considering cultivated species) is rather INTRODUCTION chaotic and poorly known (Giacometti & The genus Xanthosoma Schott is exclu­ Leon, 1994; MiWin etal., 2003). The reasons sively Neotropical, but has been introduced for this confusion are numerous and the in many tropical areas as cultivated plants most important are: 1. Plant material is (Okeke, 1992; Quynh & Uyen, 1987). Some poorly preserved in herbarium specimens species are cultivated as food crops or or too big to fit an herbarium sheet; 2. Many simply gathered in the wild for many uses species were described based on bad (Plowman, 1969). It is known to be more drawings, incomplete or heterogeneous protein-rich than the traditionally cultivated collections or material of unknown origin; taro (Colocasia esculenta (1.) Schott) and 3. Phenotypic plasticity is almost a rule in probably easier to digest (Giacometti & the group; 4. Many species were primitively 4 AROIDEANA, Vol. 34 selected by native people before Europe­ to reconstruct the knowledge on this ans start to study them, so many cultivated important group. Since the names of the races are already developed. Moreover, cultivated species of Xanthosoma are details usually poorly preserved (or rarely usually grossly misapplied, the main pur­ annotated) seem to be important for the pose of this article is to help with the taxonomy of the genus, like color of identification of common cultivated spe­ different parts and habit that are rarely cies. It is possible that a few names or recorded on exsicattae. All these aspects concepts will change after a close scrutiny turn the taxonomy of Xanthosoma into a of all published names, but I think that this real nighmare! first modern account of cultivated species The history of the genus is also complex. would be useful for those interested on this When Linnaeus applied the binomial Arum important group. sagittaefolium to an edible aroid from Central and South America, he cited three different occurrences: Jamaica, Barbados MATERIALS AND METIIODS and Brasil. However, he based his species Living plants of all species were ob­ concept on published accounts available at served and at least one specimen of each his time and a few of them (including observed taxon was vouchered. Voucher Sloane's book from 1707) were not entirely material is mainly deposited at Herbarium firsthand information, mixing up direct of the University of Brasilia (UB), except observation with the fragmentary reports when noted. Most specimens observed available. Thus, the concept of the first were growing in Brazil, USA, West Africa, known edible and useful species of Costa Rica and Mexico, but I believe that Xanthosoma already started poorly defined this survey is comprehensive in a world­ and has caused an immense confusion wide basis. It is important to stress that the , since then. When Schott erected the genus main aim for this article is to describe the Xanthosoma (1832) he indirectly based his most commonly. cultivated species. A full new genus in this Linnean chimeric spe­ revision of the entire genus is forthcoming cies. Although it seems that Schott inter­ preted the Linnean species precisely, his (Gon~alves, in prep.). taxonomy were mainly' based in living plants and very few later specialists fol­ RESULTS lowed his concepts precisely. The final result was that virtually all later researchers Thirteen species and one cultivar of interpreted that the cultivated species they commonly cultivated species of Xantho­ could spot locally were in fact Xanthosoma soma were surveyed. Most of them are sagittifolium. cultivated as ornamental plants, although Recently, an enormous dataset has been Xanthosoma mafaffa and x. robustum are constructed to improve the taxonomy of important food crops (bearing in mind that this group, including data on chromosome they are usually referred as X. sagittifolium counts, morphology and molecular biolo­ in literature). A tentative key for the gy. These data will be published elsewhere commonly cultivated species of Xantho­ soon, but based on this we have been able soma is here presented: KEY TO COMMONLY SPECIES OF XANTHOSOMA 1. Leaves pandurate-sagittate to tripartite 2. Leaf blade 5--8 times longer than wide. Posterior lobes absent to measuring less than 1/6 the total leaf length ......................... .x. panduriforme 2. Leaf blade usually 1.5-3(-4) times longer than wide. Posterior lobes usually well developed, measuring at least Y4 of total leaf length EDUARDO G. GON<;:ALVES, 2011 5 3. Leaves hastate-tripartite, usually taller than 80 cm in mature plants. Stem cylindrical . X. brasiliense 3. Leaves pandurate-sagittate, usually up to 50 cm tall. Stem a tuber-like subglobose corm ................................ X. riedelianum 1. Leaves cordate to sagittate 4. Leaves usually with a small leafy appendage at the abaxial (lower) surface, usually making the main leaf turn upwards ............. x. appendiculatum 4. Leaves without any leafy appendage at the abaxial surface. Some may have filiform appendages on the apex of leaves. 5. Petioles dark colored, blackish green to purplish, at least at base. 6. Leaves usually yellow-edged, somewhat deformed, sometimes bearing 'pockets' at the apex of leaves of young leaves, with a terminal filiform appendix. X. monstruosum 6. Leaves never yellow-edged or deformed. 7. Petioles, as well as the midrib adaxially, violet (after having removed the wax), posterior lobes with acute to obtuse apex ... X. violaceum 7. Petioles dark green (after having removed the wax), midrib green adaxially; posterior lobes with rounded apex. X. atrovirens 5. Petioles plain green, sometimes bluish because of the wax 8. Basal ribs denuded for at least 1 cm, usually more than this. 9. Younger plants golden green ...................... X. aureum 9. Younger plants medium to dark green. 10. Midrib and primary lateral veins more or less concolorous with the blade. X. blandum 10. Midrib and primary lateral veins discolorous i.e. paler than the blade 11. Stems epigeous, in adult plants up to 1.5 m above ground, staminodes white. X. robustum 11. Stems usually hypogeous in adult plants (or epigeal only for less than 15 cm), staminodes pinkish to purplish ..X. mafaffa 8. Basal ribs never denuded or only slightly so. 12. Midrib and primary lateral nerves concolorous with the leaf blade. 13. Leaf blade dark green ..................... X. sagittifolium 13. Leaf blade golden to yellowish green ............. X. aureum 12. Midrib and primary lateral nerves discolorous, paler than the leaf blade. 14. Posterior lobes comprising at least 1/3 of the leaf length ..... X. taioba 14. Posterior lobes comprising usually 1/5 or less of the leaf length .. X. mafaffa "lineatum" Annotated Checklist of to 4 cm in diameter, moderately covered CUltivated Species by brown fibers, producing sparse cormels. Leaves 3--4 per plant; petioles 64-90 cm 1. Xanthosoma appendiculatum long, blackish-green, conspicuously waxy, Schott Oesterr. Bot. Wochenbl. 4: sheathed up to 1/3 of its length, sheath 417. 1854. revolute; leaf blade 14-33 X 25-30 em, Xanthosoma atrovirens var. appendicula­ subcordate to sagittate in young plants, tum Engler in Martius, C. Flora Brasi­ sagittate or occasionally hastate in mature liensis 3(2): 194, 1878. plants, usually with
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