DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction CHAPTER 1 Introduction [Arrow] Lorcha is the name given to a class of vessels of partly English and partly Chinese rig, that is greatly in request in these waters on account of the facility with which these craft are worked by native crews. They, like other vessels, received colonial [Hong Kong] registers, and are bona fide British vessels as much as the brigs, schooners, steamers, etc. that are built or fit out from Hongkong. The Arrow was one of them, and had a regular register which was in my hands at the time that her crew was seized by the Chinese officers.… Four mandarins and nearly forty men boarded the lorcha, hauled down her flag, and bound and carried off her crew to a war junk lying close by.… the mandarins in ignorance of the Treaty, which required them to make previous reference to me before seizing the men,…1 SIR HARRY PARKES, “Private Letter to His Sister,” 14 November 1856. ∵ The incident described by Harry Parkes, the British consul in Canton (廣州 Guangzhou) during the time of uneasy Chinese-British relationship there, in- volved the lorcha Arrow, owned by a Chinese and manned by a Chinese crew but registered in Hong Kong as a British vessel with a nominal British captain from Ireland. The problem was that Arrow carried out smuggling in the har- bor of Canton, and had been detained by the Chinese authorities. The British consul in Canton filed a protest against such a confiscation and it became the fuse for the outbreak of the well-known Second Opium War, which is more appropriately called the Arrow War, in 1856.2 The Arrow War was well known in contemporary Chinese historiography as a clear sign of British imperial in- vasion of China that infringed China’s sovereign rights in ruling its subjects effectively by using the extraterritorial rights of foreign consuls granted by the unequal treaties, and the colonial status of Hong Kong as the umbrella 1 Stanley Lane-Poole, The Life of Sir Harry Parkes, Sometime Her Majesty’s Minister to China & Japan, Vol. 1: Consul in China (London: Macmillan and Co., 1894), 228. 2 J.Y. Wong, Deadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism, and the Arrow War (1856–1860) in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 43–66. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi ��.��63/978900434��66_00� 2 CHAPTER 1 for protecting ethnically Chinese captains and crews, who committed crimes of smuggling and piracy, from punishment by the Chinese authorities. This study is not going to argue either that xenophobic Viceroy of Liangguang 兩廣 (廣東 Guangdong and 廣西 Guangxi provinces), Ye Mingchen 葉名琛, or the cunning Harry Parkes and John Bowring, the final Chief Superintendent of the Trade of British Subjects in China, should be held responsible for their ex- aggerated reactions in the Arrow incident, given the fact that the registration of lorcha in Hong Kong had expired a few days before the incident happened. Instead, the Arrow had two hybrid features in that it comprised both Chinese junk rig and a Western hull as its physical form and hoisted a foreign national flag as its intentional choice of foreign status despite, both of which were not exceptional practices after the war. The first feature was later changed into the form of steam tug (luntuo 輪拖), which had a steam-launch (dan xing xiao lun 單行小輪) in the front to tow a Chinese junk behind. The second feature continued, and not only were British national flags hoisted by Chinese-owned vessels, but American, French and German national flags were also involved, and these are known as foreign-flagged Chinese junks in the records of the Kowloon Customs from 1887. The foreign-managed Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs (CIMC), which established the Kowloon Customs in 1887, could do little for the Chinese gov- ernment in stopping the navigation of these so-called hybrid vessels, which necessarily made use of the international framework, both the CIMC and the treaty ports system, to evade the taxation originally levied on purely native Chinese vessels. Van de Ven mentioned that the CIMC was important in its century of service in China by providing an international accepted regulatory framework in helping China to participate in foreign trade.3 This study argues that the Chinese merchants did not necessarily participate in foreign trade in the original ways expected by the creators of such frameworks; instead, they tried to break down the barrier distinguishing native from foreign trade by using the regulatory framework for their own advantage. Van de Ven also suggested that the CIMC was a “frontier regime” in governing the movements of goods, vessels and people in a “frontier region”. Besides, the CIMC was “a civic bureaucracy with a cosmopolitan nature”.4 By borrowing Van de Ven’s term, this study argues that the term “frontier region” refers not only to obvious examples of the coastal treaty ports, where early modernization 3 Hans Van de Ven, Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 4. 4 Hans Van de Ven, Breaking with the Past: The Maritime Customs Service and the Global Origins of Modernity in China, 4..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881
    China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 The East India Company’s steamship Nemesis and other British ships engaging Chinese junks in the Second Battle of Chuenpi, 7 January 1841, during the first opium war. (British Library) ABOUT THE ARCHIVE China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part I, 1815–1881 is digitised from the FO 17 series of British Foreign Office Files—Foreign Office: Political and Other Departments: General Correspondence before 1906, China— held at the National Archives, UK, providing a vast and significant primary source for researching every aspect of Chinese-British relations during the nineteenth century, ranging from diplomacy to trade, economics, politics, warfare, emigration, translation and law. This first part includes all content from FO 17 volumes 1–872. Source Library Number of Images The National Archives, UK Approximately 532,000 CONTENT From Lord Amherst’s mission at the start of the nineteenth century, through the trading monopoly of the Canton System, and the Opium Wars of 1839–1842 and 1856–1860, Britain and other foreign powers gradually gained commercial, legal, and territorial rights in China. Imperial China and the West provides correspondence from the Factories of Canton (modern Guangzhou) and from the missionaries and diplomats who entered China in the early nineteenth century, as well as from the envoys and missions sent to China from Britain and the later legation and consulates. The documents comprising this collection include communications to and from the British legation, first at Hong Kong and later at Peking, and British consuls at Shanghai, Amoy (Xiamen), Swatow (Shantou), Hankow (Hankou), Newchwang (Yingkou), Chefoo (Yantai), Formosa (Taiwan), and more.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction and Social Complexity in Lingnan During the First Millennium B.C
    Interaction and Social Complexity in Lingnan during the First Millennium B.C. FRANCIS ALLARD SEPARATED FROM AREAS north of it by mountain ranges and drained by a single river system, the region of Lingnan in southeastern China is a distinct physio­ graphic province (Fig. 1). The home of historically recorded tribes, it was not until the late first millennium B.C. that Lingnan was incorporated into the ex­ panding Chinese polities of central and northern China. The Qin, Han, and probably the Chu before them not only knew of those they called barbarians in southeastern China but also pursued an expansionary policy that would help es­ tablish the boundaries of the modem Chinese state in later times. The first millennium B.C. in Lingnan witnessed the development of a bronze metallurgy and its subsequent widespread use by the seventh or sixth centuries B.C. Archaeological work over the last decades has led to the discovery of a num­ ber ofBronze Age burials scattered over much of northern Lingnan and dating to approximately 600 to 200 B.C., a period covering the middle-late Spring and Autumn period and all of the Warring States period (Fig. 2). These important discoveries have helped establish the region as the theater for the emergence of social complexity before the arrival of the Qin and Han dynasties in Lingnan. Nevertheless, and in keeping with traditional models of interpretation, Chinese archaeologists have tried to understand this material in the context of contact with those expanding states located to the north of Lingnan. The elaborate ma­ terial culture and complex political structures associated with these states has usually meant that change in those so-called peripheral areas (including Lingnan) could only be the result of cultural diffusion from the center.
    [Show full text]
  • HARRY SMITH PARKES, the FIRST BRITISH GO PLAYER in JAPAN Guoru Ding and Franco Pratesi [email protected] [email protected]
    HARRY SMITH PARKES, THE FIRST BRITISH GO PLAYER IN JAPAN Guoru Ding and Franco Pratesi [email protected] [email protected] In his book “Goh or Wei chi” of 1911, with just casual visits of players from the first complete treatment of Go Asia. It seems likely that a group in Great Britain, Horace Cheshire of native players had formed, with mentioned that he had played the the occasional assistance of stronger game of Go for some thirty years and players from China and/or Japan. that his sources were both Chinese Unfortunately, it is very difficult to and Japanese. Possibly people he had find any evidence for it. played with were students or scholars from China or Japan. For instance, in Therefore it is Oskar Korschelt 1877, there was a group of Chinese who deserves the credit for having students that came to study at the introduced the game into Europe. Royal Navy College at Greenwich. His articles (then collected in a book, They stayed for several years; some which did not have a large circulation only 2-3 years, and some for 5-6 years. and soon became rare) were enough They had had formal traditional to teach the essential technique of Chinese training and had acquired the game. Richard Schurig, an expert some Western naval knowledge; after chess player and writer, published a finishing their training in England, booklet on its basis in 1882, in Leipzig, they became the first generation of which was considered (first of all by Chinese Navy officials. They were its author) as easier to understand and to use as a handbook for beginners; roughly the same age as Cheshire, and a confirmation can be found in the some of them played weiqi.
    [Show full text]
  • Engaging with Socialism in China: the Political Thought and Activities of Chen Gongbo and Tan Pingshan, 1917-1928
    Engaging with Socialism in China: The Political Thought and Activities of Chen Gongbo and Tan Pingshan, 1917-1928 Xuduo Zhao PhD University of York History May 2019 1 Abstract This thesis investigates Chen Gongbo (1892-1946) and Tan Pingshan (1886-1956), two significant Cantonese Marxists who helped found the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. I use Chen and Tan as a lens to re-examine the dissemination of Marxism in May Fourth China and the underlying tensions in 1920s Chinese revolution. My study demonstrates that it was in the changing educational system in the early 20th century that Chen and Tan gradually improved their positions in the cultural field and participated in the intellectual ferment during the May Fourth period. At Peking University they became familiarised with Marxism. Their understanding of Marxism, however, was deeply influenced by European social democracy, as opposed to many other early communist leaders who believed in Bolshevism. This divergence finally led to the open conflict within the CCP between Guangzhou and Shanghai in the summer of 1922, which also embodied the different social identities among early Chinese Marxists. After the quarrel, Chen quit while Tan remained within the party. During the Nationalist Revolution, both Tan and Chen became senior leaders in the Kuomintang, but they had to face yet another identity crisis of whether to be a revolutionary or a politician. Meanwhile, they had to rethink the relationship between socialism and nationalism in their political propositions. This study of Chen and Tan’s political thought and activities in the late 1910s and 1920s offers a different picture of Chinese radicalism and revolution in the early Republican period.
    [Show full text]
  • Paul Cheng Paul Cheng Was Born in Guangzhou, China and Lived For
    Shanghai 2014 Paul Cheng Paul Cheng was born in Guangzhou, China and lived for seven years in Hong Kong before immigrating in 1956 at age 9 to New York under auspices of the Refugee Relief Act of 1953. He went to public schools in White Plains, N.Y. and earned his BA in political science and an MAT in social sciences/secondary education from Harpur College/SUNY-Binghamton. Paul attended college during the late 1960s, a period of immense political and social upheaval in America that greatly influenced his outlook and career choice. He worked two summers as an intern with the Urban Corps’ anti-poverty programs in New York City and changed his views on the Vietnam War after attending a peace rally featuring civil rights leader Julian Bond. In November 1969, Paul rode an overnight bus with fellow classmates to Washington, D.C. to take part in the largest anti-war demonstration in U.S. history. Upon graduation, he served as a VISTA Volunteer in San Diego. In later years, Paul settled in the Bay Area and earned his second MA in educational administration from San Francisco State University. Paul is currently a part-time consulting administrator and was an associate superintendent of administrative services with the Fremont Union High School District (FUHSD) headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. Prior to working for FUHSD, he served 34 years with the San Francisco Unified School District in various school site and central office capacities—classroom/resource teacher, department chair, curriculum specialist, planning specialist, project manager, assistant principal, and principal. For 9 years, Paul was principal of Newcomer High School, which provided a unique model program for immigrant and refugee students that received much media attention in the 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • CHSA HP2010.Pdf
    The Hawai‘i Chinese: Their Experience and Identity Over Two Centuries 2 0 1 0 CHINESE AMERICA History&Perspectives thej O u r n a l O f T HE C H I n E s E H I s T O r I C a l s OCIET y O f a m E r I C a Chinese America History and PersPectives the Journal of the chinese Historical society of america 2010 Special issUe The hawai‘i Chinese Chinese Historical society of america with UCLA asian american studies center Chinese America: History & Perspectives – The Journal of the Chinese Historical Society of America The Hawai‘i Chinese chinese Historical society of america museum & learning center 965 clay street san francisco, california 94108 chsa.org copyright © 2010 chinese Historical society of america. all rights reserved. copyright of individual articles remains with the author(s). design by side By side studios, san francisco. Permission is granted for reproducing up to fifty copies of any one article for educa- tional Use as defined by thed igital millennium copyright act. to order additional copies or inquire about large-order discounts, see order form at back or email [email protected]. articles appearing in this journal are indexed in Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life. about the cover image: Hawai‘i chinese student alliance. courtesy of douglas d. l. chong. Contents Preface v Franklin Ng introdUction 1 the Hawai‘i chinese: their experience and identity over two centuries David Y. H. Wu and Harry J. Lamley Hawai‘i’s nam long 13 their Background and identity as a Zhongshan subgroup Douglas D.
    [Show full text]
  • Communication, Empire, and Authority in the Qing Gazette
    COMMUNICATION, EMPIRE, AND AUTHORITY IN THE QING GAZETTE by Emily Carr Mokros A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland June, 2016 © 2016 Emily Carr Mokros All rights Reserved Abstract This dissertation studies the political and cultural roles of official information and political news in late imperial China. Using a wide-ranging selection of archival, library, and digitized sources from libraries and archives in East Asia, Europe, and the United States, this project investigates the production, regulation, and reading of the Peking Gazette (dibao, jingbao), a distinctive communications channel and news publication of the Qing Empire (1644-1912). Although court gazettes were composed of official documents and communications, the Qing state frequently contracted with commercial copyists and printers in publishing and distributing them. As this dissertation shows, even as the Qing state viewed information control and dissemination as a strategic concern, it also permitted the free circulation of a huge variety of timely political news. Readers including both officials and non-officials used the gazette in order to compare judicial rulings, assess military campaigns, and follow court politics and scandals. As the first full-length study of the Qing gazette, this project shows concretely that the gazette was a powerful factor in late imperial Chinese politics and culture, and analyzes the close relationship between information and imperial practice in the Qing Empire. By arguing that the ubiquitous gazette was the most important link between the Qing state and the densely connected information society of late imperial China, this project overturns assumptions that underestimate the importance of court gazettes and the extent of popular interest in political news in Chinese history.
    [Show full text]
  • Risen from Chaos: the Development of Modern Education in China, 1905-1948
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Risen from Chaos: the development of modern education in China, 1905-1948 Pei Gao A thesis submitted to the Department of Economic History of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, March 2015 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 72182 words. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Eve Richard. Abstract My PhD thesis studies the rise of modern education in China and its underlying driving forces from the turn of the 20th century. It is motivated by one sweeping educational movement in Chinese history: the traditional Confucius teaching came to an abrupt end, and was replaced by a modern and national education model at the turn of the 20th century. This thesis provides the first systematic quantitative studies that examine the rise of education through the initial stage of its development.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of an Imperial Location: Comparative Perspectives on Western Colonialism in China
    Leiden Journal of International Law (2018), page 1 of 28 C Foundation of the Leiden Journal of International Law 2018 doi:10.1017/S0922156518000274 INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY The Birth of an Imperial Location: Comparative Perspectives on Western Colonialism in China ∗ LUIGI NUZZO Abstract The thematic horizon within which this article takes place is the colonial expansion of the Western powers in China between the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. Focusing on the foundation of the British, French and American concessions in Tianjin, it aims to reconstruct the Western strategies of colonial governance and the role played by law in the process of productionofanewsocialspace.Openedasatreatyportin1860,TianjinistheonlyChinesecity where up to nine foreign concessions coexisted, becoming a complex, hybrid space (in)between EastandWest,definedbysocialpractices,symbolicrepresentations,andlegalcategories,which does not coincide simply with the area defined by the entity as a state, nation, or city. Keywords China (nineteenth century); colonial law; international law; Tianjin; Western imperialism 1. INTRODUCTION The history of Western concessions in the northeastern Chinese port of Tianjin began in 1860, when the Beijing Convention leased three large tracts of land in perpetuity to Britain, France and the United States, in return for a small ground rent paid annually to China.1 Concession rights were given also to Germany in 1895 and to Japan in 1896, but it was only at the beginning of the twentieth century with the defeat of the Boxer Rebellion and occupation by the allied army (the US, Britain, France, Japan, Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) that Tianjin changed definitively. In the 1901 BoxerProtocol,thealliedpowersgainedtherighttooccupy‘certainpointsinorderto ∗ Professor of Legal History and History of International Law, University of Salento (Lecce), Italy [[email protected]].
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Defence Activities at Macau During the Boxer Uprising
    Journal of Chinese Military History 6 (2017) 193-218 brill.com/jcmh Portuguese Defence Activities at Macau During the Boxer Uprising Teddy Y. H. Sim National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University [email protected] Abstract This article examines Portuguese colonial and military activities at Macau during the Boxer Uprising of 1900, connecting developments across the border in Guangdong with initiatives undertaken by the colonial authorities in Macau. The Portuguese perceived the situation to be serious enough that substantial reinforcements were eventually sent from the metropole, in addition to various other measures taken to strengthen the colony’s defenses. Portugal also used Macau as a base to coordinate the operations of its consulates in China, and exploited the Boxer debacle to press for new concessions and other advantages at China’s expense. At the end, it is hoped that the limited and relatively unknown role played by Portugal, in conjunction with the larger kaleidoscope of events around Macau, may be better illuminated. Keywords Macau – Boxer Uprising – events of 1900 – Portuguese Far East – Portuguese colonialism – Portuguese military history Brief Survey A somewhat sceptical source describes Portugal as having “participated in the [Allied] suppression” of the Boxer Uprising.1 While it is entirely possible for a state to be involved in an international campaign in a low-key role, as a few countries were in the Gulf War of 1990-91, the author of this article has 1 Clarence-Smith 1985, 3. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2017 | doi 10.1163/22127453-12341317Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 01:05:02PM via free access 193 194 Sim not seen any fuller treatment on this piece of information about Portugal.
    [Show full text]
  • UNDERSTANDING CHINA a Diplomatic and Cultural Monograph of Fairleigh Dickinson University
    UNDERSTANDING CHINA a Diplomatic and Cultural Monograph of Fairleigh Dickinson University by Amanuel Ajawin Ahmed Al-Muharraqi Talah Hamad Alyaqoobi Hamad Alzaabi Molor-Erdene Amarsanaa Baya Bensmail Lorena Gimenez Zina Ibrahem Haig Kuplian Jose Mendoza-Nasser Abdelghani Merabet Alice Mungwa Seddiq Rasuli Fabrizio Trezza Editor Ahmad Kamal Published by: Fairleigh Dickinson University 1000 River Road Teaneck, NJ 07666 USA April 2011 ISBN: 978-1-457-6945-7 The opinions expressed in this book are those of the authors alone, and should not be taken as necessarily reflecting the views of Fairleigh Dickinson University, or of any other institution or entity. © All rights reserved by the authors No part of the material in this book may be reproduced without due attribution to its specific author. THE AUTHORS Amanuel Ajawin is a diplomat from Sudan Ahmed Al-Muharraqi is a graduate student from Bahrain Talah Hamad Alyaqoobi is a diplomat from Oman Hamad Alzaabi a diplomat from the UAE Molor Amarsanaa is a graduate student from Mongolia Baya Bensmail is a graduate student from Algeria Lorena Gimenez is a diplomat from Venezuela Zina Ibrahem is a graduate student from Iraq Ahmad Kamal is a Senior Fellow at the United Nations Haig Kuplian is a graduate student from the United States Jose Mendoza-Nasser is a graduate student from Honduras Abdelghani Merabet is a graduate student from Algeria Alice Mungwa is a graduate student from Cameroon Seddiq Rasuli is a graduate student from Afghanistan Fabrizio Trezza is a graduate student from Italy INDEX OF
    [Show full text]
  • Ink and Tears: Memory, Mourning, and Writing in the Yu Family Rania Huntington
    University of Hawai'i Manoa Kahualike UH Press Book Previews University of Hawai`i Press Fall 8-31-2018 Ink and Tears: Memory, Mourning, and Writing in the Yu Family Rania Huntington Follow this and additional works at: https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/uhpbr Part of the Asian History Commons, Comparative Literature Commons, and the Other Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Huntington, Rania, "Ink and Tears: Memory, Mourning, and Writing in the Yu Family" (2018). UH Press Book Previews. 14. https://kahualike.manoa.hawaii.edu/uhpbr/14 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Hawai`i Press at Kahualike. It has been accepted for inclusion in UH Press Book Previews by an authorized administrator of Kahualike. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ink and Tears MEMORY, MOURNING, and WRITING in the YU FAMILY RANIA HUNTINGTON INK AND TEARS INK AND TEARS Memory, Mourning, and Writing in the Yu Family Rania Huntington UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I PRESS HONOLULU © 2018 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 23 22 21 20 19 18 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Huntington, Rania, author. Title: Ink and tears : memory, mourning, and writing in the Yu family / Rania Huntington. Description: Honolulu : University of Hawai‘i Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018004209 | ISBN 9780824867096 (cloth : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Yu family. | Yu, Yue, 1821-1906. | Yu, Pingbo, 1900–1990. | Authors, Chinese—Biography. Classification: LCC PL2734.Z5 H86 2018 | DDC 895.18/4809—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018004209 Cover art: Feng Zikai, Plum Tree and Railings, from Yu Pingbo, Yi (repr., Hangzhou, 2004), poem 14.
    [Show full text]