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Supplemental Material Supplemental Material © Copyright 2020 American Meteorological Society Permission to use figures, tables, and brief excerpts from this work in scientific and educational works is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is determined to be “fair use” under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17 USC §108) does not require the AMS’s permission. Republication, systematic reproduction, posting in electronic form, such as on a website or in a searchable database, or other uses of this material, except as exempted by the above statement, requires written permission or a license from the AMS. All AMS journals and monograph publications are registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (http://www.copyright.com). Questions about permission to use materials for which AMS holds the copyright can also be directed to [email protected]. Additional details are provided in the AMS Copyright Policy statement, available on the AMS website (http://www.ametsoc.org/CopyrightInformation). Supplemental Material for Journal of Climate article: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0257.1 Solar Radiation in the Arctic during the Early Twentieth-Century Warming (1921–50): Presenting a Compilation of Newly Available Data R. Przybylak Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Meteorology and Climatology, and Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland P. N. Svyashchennikov Climatology and Environmental Monitoring Department, and Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia J. Uscka-Kowalkowska Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland P. Wyszyński Faculty of Earth Sciences and Spatial Management, Department of Meteorology and Climatology, and Centre for Climate Change Research, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland Corresponding author: Przemysław Wyszyński, [email protected] Content: Tables S1 and S2 contain detailed metadata of 42 measurement sites presented in Table 1 of the main paper. Figures S2–S9 are the same as Figures 2–9 of the main paper but are expressed in megajoules per meter squared. Bukhta Tikhaya Ostrov Dikson 250 250 200 200 2 2 - 150 - 150 MJ·m MJ·m 100 100 50 50 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Ostrov Uedineniya Bukhta Tiksi 250 250 200 200 2 2 - 150 - 150 MJ·m MJ·m 100 100 50 50 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Ostrov Muostakh Mys Shmidta 250 250 200 200 2 2 - 150 - 150 MJ·m MJ·m 100 100 50 50 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Fig. S2. Average monthly totals of direct solar radiation in the Russian Arctic during the ETCW Bukhta Tikhaya Ostrov Dikson 600 600 500 500 2 400 2 400 - - 300 300 MJ·m MJ·m 200 200 100 100 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Ostrov Uedineniya Mys Cheluskin 600 600 500 500 2 2 400 400 - - 300 300 MJ·m MJ·m 200 200 100 100 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Bukhta Tiksi Ostrov Muostakh 600 600 500 500 2 400 2 400 - - 300 300 MJ·m MJ·m 200 200 100 100 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Mys Shmidta 600 500 2 400 - 300 MJ·m 200 100 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Fig. S3. Average monthly totals of diffuse solar radiation in the Russian Arctic during the ETCW Bukhta Tikhaya Ostrov Dikson 800 800 700 700 600 600 2 2 - 500 - 500 400 400 MJ·m MJ·m 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Ostrov Uedineniya Mys Cheluskin 800 800 700 700 600 600 2 2 - 500 - 500 400 400 MJ·m MJ·m 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Bukhta Tiksi Ostrov Muostakh 800 800 700 700 600 600 2 2 - 500 - 500 400 400 MJ·m MJ·m 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D Mys Shmidta 800 700 600 2 - 500 400 MJ·m 300 200 100 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Fig. S4. Average monthly totals of global solar radiation in the Russian Arctic during the ETCW 2500 2000 1500 2 - MJ·m 1000 500 0 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 a) Bukhta Tikhaya Ostrov Dikson Mys Shmidta 2500 2000 1500 2 - MJ·m 1000 500 0 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 b) Bukhta Tikhaya Ostrov Dikson Bukhta Tiksi Mys Shmidta Fig. S5. Year-to-year courses of annual totals of direct (a) and diffuse (b) solar radiation in the Russian Arctic during the ETCW 3500 3000 2500 2 - MJ·m 2000 1500 1000 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 Bukhta Tikhaya Ostrov Dikson Ostrov Uedineniya 3500 3000 2500 2 - MJ·m 2000 1500 1000 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 Mys Cheluskin Bukhta Tiksi Ostrov Muostakh Mys Shmidta Fig. S6. Year-to-year courses of annual totals of global solar radiation in the Russian Arctic during the ETCW Direct 700 600 500 2 - 400 MJ·m 300 200 100 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Diffuse 700 600 500 2 - 400 MJ·m 300 200 100 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Global 700 600 500 2 - 400 MJ·m 300 200 100 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D ETCW_1938-1950 CONT_2001-2019 Fig. S7. Average monthly totals of direct, diffuse and global solar radiation during the ETCW (1938-50) and contemporary (CONT_2001-2019) periods in Ostrov Dikson (Russian Arctic) 1000 Direct 800 2 - 600 MJ·m 400 200 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D CONT_Max CONT_Avg CONT_Min ETCW_1939-1950 1000 Diffuse 800 2 - 600 MJ·m 400 200 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D CONT_Max CONT_Avg CONT_Min ETCW_1939-1950 1000 Global 800 2 - 600 MJ·m 400 200 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D CONT_Max CONT_Avg CONT_Min ETCW_1938-1950 Fig. S8. Highest (CONT_Max), average (CONT_Avg) and lowest (CONT_Min) monthly totals of direct, diffuse, and global solar radiation in contemporary period (2001-19) and individual monthly totals available for the ETCW (ETCW_1938-1950) in Ostrov Dikson (Russian Arctic) 1000 Direct 800 2 - 600 MJ·m 400 200 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D CONT_Max CONT_Avg CONT_Min ETCW_1941 ETCW_1950 1000 Diffuse 800 2 600 - 400 MJ·m 200 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D CONT_Max CONT_Avg CONT_Min ETCW_1941 ETCW_1942 ETCW_1950 1000 Global 800 2 600 - 400 MJ·m 200 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D CONT_Max CONT_Avg CONT_Min ETCW_1937 ETCW_1941 ETCW_1950 Fig. S9. Highest (CONT_Max), average (CONT_Avg) and lowest (CONT_Min) monthly totals of direct, diffuse, and global solar radiation in contemporary period (2001-19) and individual monthly totals available for three years (ETCW_1937, ETCW_1941 and ETCW_1950) from the ETCW in Mys Cheluskin (Russian Arctic) Table S1. List of sites (or areas) where solar radiation measurements during Arctic expeditions were taken before the mid-20th century (including the ETCW period, 1921–50) No. Site/Area Period Elements Instruments/units Resolu- Source of data or metadata Remarks tion of available data 1 Canadian Arctic, 1825–1827 radiation black and white f Franklin J., 1828: Beaufort Sea intensity thermometers Narrative of a second expedition to the Polar Sea in the years 1825, 1826 and 1827. John Murray, London. 2 Polaris Bay 4.03–21.06 1872 radiation black and white f Scientific results of the Bessels was first to (φ = 81°36'N, intensity thermometers U.S. Arctic expedition. noted that in the λ = 62°15'W), Steamer "Polaries", C.F. Arctic, an increase East Greenland Hall commanding, 1876: in solar radiation is 3 Polaris House vol. I. Physical observed with (φ = 78°18'N, observations, Washington increase in latitude. λ = 70°15'W), Terrestrial East Greenland radiation was also measured. 4 Treurenberg Bay, 5–28.09. 1899, I Ångström f Westman J., 1903: First instrumental Spitsbergen 5.04–19.07.
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