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The Impact of Heteronormativity on the Human Rights of Sexual Minorities: Towards Protection Through the Constitution of Kenya 2010

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The Impact of Heteronormativity on the Human Rights of Sexual Minorities: Towards Protection Through the Constitution of Kenya 2010 THE IMPACT OF HETERONORMATIVITY ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF SEXUAL MINORITIES: TOWARDS PROTECTION THROUGH THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA 2010 BY NANCY MAKOKHA BARAZA G80/91622/2013 A THESIS IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN LAW, SCHOOL OF LAW, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. AUGUST, 2016 STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP I, Nancy Makokha Baraza, hereby state that the work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Signature: _________________________ Date: _________________________ This thesis has been submitted with our approval as University supervisors Prof. Patricia Kameri-Mbote School of Law, University of Nairobi……………………………………………… Prof. P.L.O. Lumumba School of Law, University of Nairobi………………………………………………….. i DEDICATION To my father, the late Nathan Makokha and my mother, the late Racheal Nabifwo. Both of you were born into a world of great constraints that did not allow you to reach any academic skies. But through your hard work, sacrifice and vision, you gave me every opportunity to exploit my dreams. I have reached the skies in many areas and completing this thesis is just one of the many. All this is due to your belief in me. Mum, on your death bed, you were worried that I might not conclude this thesis. Here it is. Thank you and rest in peace. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I give thanks to the Almighty God for keeping me alive and for looking after me. Glory is to Him, the most merciful. Secondly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude and deep appreciation to my supervisors - Professor W.W.H Okoth-Ogendo (posthumously), Professor Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Professor P.L.O. Lumumba, Professor Oliver Phillips of Westminster University School of Law and Dr. Agnes Meroka of School of Law, University of Nairobi. I wish to thank them most sincerely for your guidance that has enabled me to reach this far. I specifically commend you for the intellectual courage that enabled me to undertake research on a subject that is taboo and dangerous in Kenya. I would also wish to most sincerely thank the School of Law, University of Nairobi for accepting my research in this very prestigious institution. My special thanks to our hardworking and enduring secretary in the Department of Private Law, School of Law, University of Nairobi, Catherine Kamau for graciously agreeing to shape this thesis. I would also like to thank my two sons, Michael and Yuri for standing by me whenever I faced terrible backlash from conservative and dominant forces in society opposed to the liberation of their fellow human beings. I wish to thank them most sincerely for their courage, encouragement and endless love. iii ABREVIATIONS ACHPR African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights APA American Psychological Association CAT Convention against Torture CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women CIPK Council of Imams and Preachers of Kenya COE Committee of Experts COK Constitution of Kenya CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CQR Consensual Qualitative Research DOMA Defense of Marriage Act DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ECJ European Court of Justice ECT Electro convulsive shock therapy ECHR European Court of Human Rights EOLSS Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems FDGs Focus Group Discussions FDA Foulcadian Discourse Analysis GALCK Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency iv Syndrome IACHR Inter American Charter for Human Rights ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights ICPD International Conference on Population and Development ICJ International Commission of Jurists IDAHO International Day Against Homophobia IGLHRC International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Campaign IAHR Inter-American Court of Human rights IPC Indian Penal Code ISNA Intersex Society of North America IRPA Individual Rights Protection Act IV Intravenous KEMRI Kenya Medical Research Institute KHRC Kenya Human Rights Commission KNCHR Kenya National Commission for Human Rights KNEC Kenyan Examination Council LGB Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender MSM Men who have sex with Men MTF Male to Female v NACOSTI National Council of Science, technology and Innovation NACC National Population Council and the National Aids Council NCCK National Council of Churches of Kenya OAS Organisation of American States ECOSOC Economic and Social Council PSC Parliamentary Service Commission PC Penal Code STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases SCK Supreme Court of Kenya SMUG Sexual Minorities of Uganda UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Commission UNGA United Nations General Assembly UNHCHR United Nations High Commissioner for Human rights USA United States of America USSC United States Supreme Court VCT Voluntary Counseling and Testing WHO World Health Organisation vi TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ............................................................................. i DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................iv TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………...…………...vii TABLE OF STATUTES……………..………………………………………………………….xii TABLE OF CONSTITUTIONS .................................................................................................. xiii TABLE OF CITED CASES ........................................................................................................ xiv TABLE OF CONVENTIONS…………………………………………………………………..xiv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ xxv CHAPTER ONE General introduction and context 1.0 Background................................................................................................................................1 1.1: Problem statement...................................................................................................................28 1.2: Research questions..................................................................................................................29 1.3: Study objectives......................................................................................................................30 1.4: Literature review.....................................................................................................................30 1.4.1: A comment on the literature.......................................................................................................38 1.5: Hypotheses..............................................................................................................................38 1.6: Justification of the study........................................................................................................39 1.7: Methodological perspectives in the collection and analysis of participant narratives............42 1.7.1: Narrative Collection.............................................................................................................43 1.7. 2: Narrative recording.............................................................................................................45 vii 1.7.3: Narrative management........................................................................................................46 1.7.4: Narrative analysis Tools......................................................................................................46 1.7.4.1: Foulcadian Discourse analysis..........................................................................................47 1.7.4.2: Hermeneutic phenomenology...........................................................................................50 1.7.4.3: Comparative approach......................................................................................................52 1.7.4.4: Philosophical approach.....................................................................................................52 1.7.4.5: Juridico-legal approach.....................................................................................................52 1.7.4.6: Historical approach...........................................................................................................53 1.7.5: Narrative interpretation.................................................................................................54 1.7.6: Narrative presentation..........................................................................................................55 1.7.7: Narrative validation.............................................................................................................55 1.8: Ethical issues .........................................................................................................................56
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