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Helsingin Viheralueiden Koristeomenapuulajikkeita

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Helsingin Viheralueiden Koristeomenapuulajikkeita Helsingin viheralueiden koristeomenapuulajikkeita Outi Temmes Maisterintutkielma Helsingin yliopisto Soveltavan biologian laitos Puutarhatiede Maaliskuu 2008 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO - HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET - UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto - Fakultet/Sektion - Faculty Laitos - Institution - Department Maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta Soveltavan biologian laitos Tekijä - Författare - Author Outi Temmes Työn nimi - Arbetets titel - Title Helsingin viheralueiden koristeomenapuulajikkeita Oppiaine -Läroämne - Subject Puutarhatiede Työn laji - Arbetets art - Level Aika - Datum - Month and year Sivumäärä - Sidoantal - Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Maaliskuu 2008 81 s. + 4 liitettä Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract Helsingin viheralueilla tiedetään kasvavan paljon vanhoja erikoisia koristekasveja. Varsinkin kaupunginpuutarhuri Bengt Schalinin aikoina (1946-57) puistoihin tiedetään istutetun paljon erilaisia kukkivia puita ja pensaita. Vanhoja kantoja pyrittiin kartoittamaan KESKAS-tutkimuksen aikoihin 1980- luvulla ja myöhemmin toteutetun niin kutsutun Helsingin KESKAS-hankkeen yhteydessä on Helsingin viheralueilta valittu lisäykseen seitsemän koristeomenapuulajiketta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli löytää Helsingin puistoissa kasvavien koristeomenapuiden (Malus) joukosta esteettisiltä sekä käyttö- ja kestävyysominaisuuksiltaan merkittävät vanhat puuyksilöt ja selvittää mitä lajia, lajiketta tai lajikeryhmää ne morfologisten ominaisuuksiensa perusteella edustavat. Tavoitteena oli myös kuvata ne lisäyksessä olevat seitsemän Helsingistä löytynyttä kloonia niin tarkkaan, että niille pystyttäisiin laatimaan lajikekuvaukset nimisekaannusten välttämiseksi taimituotannossa. Näiden puiden ominaisuuksia verrattiin muihin tässä tutkimuksessa havainnoituihin puihin, jotta nähtäisiin ovatko ne todella erityisiä koko kantaan verrattuna. Havainnot tutkimuspuista tehtiin kesällä 2006 ja kukinta-aikaan mukaan valittiin 30 puuta eri puolilta Helsinkiä. Niiden kukista havainnoitiin 13 muuttujaa, lehdistä 12 ja hedelmistä 10. Mitattujen havaintojen lisäksi puiden ominaisuuksista kerättiin laaja valokuva-aineisto myöhempää vertailua helpottamaan. Havaintojen perusteella kaikkien puiden ominaisuuksista laadittiin kuvaukset. Puista 24 oli punakukkaisia, yksi kukan avauduttua lähes valkokukkainen ja viisi täysin valkokukkaista. Kerrannaisia kukkia esiintyi viidellä tutkimuspuulla, ja niistä yhdellä oli valkoiset kukat. Puita ryhmiteltiin myös muun muassa kukan koon, hedelmien koon ja verhiön säilymisen mukaan. Puita ryhmiteltiin myös hierarkisen ryhmittelyanalyysin avulla. Tutkimuspuiden joukosta löytyi muutamia, jotka luokiteltiin samaan klooniin tai lajiin kuuluviksi. Kahden puun kohdalla epäiltiin perimässä olevan samoja lajeja. Tukea luokittelulle haettiin χ2-testin ja luokkien keskihajontojen vertailujen avulla. Laji- tai lajikenimiehdotus löytyi 14 puulle ja kahden puun epäiltiin kuuluvan samaan lajikeryhmään. Varmoja nimeämisiä ei kuitenkaan pystytty tekemään, sillä kirjallisuuden lajikekuvaukset olivat monesti kovin epätarkkoja. Avainsanat - Nyckelord - Keywords koristeomena, Malus, Helsingin viheralueet, lajikekartoitus, morfologiset tuntomerkit Säilytyspaikka - Förvaringsställe - Where deposited Muita tietoja - Övriga uppgifter - Further information Työn ohjaajat: yliopistolla MMT Leena Lindén ja Helsingin kaupungilla MMM Satu Tegel HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO - HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET - UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI Tiedekunta/Osasto - Fakultet/Sektion - Faculty Laitos - Institution - Department Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Applied Biology Tekijä - Författare - Author Outi Temmes Työn nimi - Arbetets titel - Title Crabapple varieties in the green areas of Helsinki Oppiaine -Läroämne - Subject Horticulture Työn laji - Arbetets art - Level Aika - Datum - Month and year Sivumäärä - Sidoantal - Number of pages Master’s thesis March 2008 81 p. + 4 appendices Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract It is known that there are many unique and old plant varieties in the green areas of Helsinki. Especially city gardener Bengt Schalin has been known for his love towards flowering shrubs and trees. During his time (1946-57) many plantations of new and interesting varieties took place. The city of Helsinki has nowadays realised the value of those old plants and has taken part to KESKAS-research at 1980’s. Later during Helsinki KESKAS-project seven crab apples (Malus) were selected for propagation. The purpose of this research was to find hardy and beautiful old crab apple trees among the population found in the parks of Helsinki, and also to find out what species, clones or varieties they represent on the grounds of their morphological marks. The seven tree varieties previously chosen for propagation also needed precise descriptions to avoid name confusions in the market. They were also compared to the rest of the crab apple population to see if they really are unique. Observations were made in summer 2006 and during flowering time 30 trees all over Helsinki were selected for a closer study. 13 characteristics were observed from the flowers, 12 from the leaves and 10 from the fruits. In addition to measured traits a broad collection of photographs was taken to help later comparisons. Descriptions of all research trees were made on the grounds of observations. 24 trees had red flowers, one had red buds which opened to almost white flowers and five had white flowers. Semidouble or double flowers could be found from five trees, and one of them had white flowers. The trees were also grouped on the grounds of their flowers size, fruit size and the remaining of calyx. Hierarchical cluster analysis was also used to help grouping. A couple of the research trees could be categorised as the same species, clones or varieties. Grouping was backed up with the help of χ2-test and comparing the standard deviations of the groups. Species or variety name suggestions for 14 trees were found and two trees were assumed to have the same species in their genotype. However reliable naming could not be done because the descriptions found in the literature were so inaccurate. Avainsanat - Nyckelord - Keywords crabapple, Malus, park, Helsinki, variety, morphological marks Säilytyspaikka - Förvaringsställe - Where deposited Muita tietoja - Övriga uppgifter - Further information Tutors of the work: at the university MMT Leena Lindén and at Helsinki city MMM Satu Tegel SISÄllysluettelo 1 Johdanto 7 1.1 Omenan suvun systematiikka 8 1.2 Koristeomenapuiden jalostus 11 1.3 Koristeomenapuut Suomessa 12 1.4 Koristeomenapuut Helsingissä 14 1.4.1 Bengt Schalin ja koristeomenapuut 14 1.4.2 Arkistotietoja Helsinkiin istutetuista koristeomenista 16 2 Tutkimuksen tavoitteet 17 3 Aineisto ja menetelmät 18 3.1 Tutkimuskasvien valinta 18 3.2 Havainnot 19 3.3 Tilastolliset analyysit 20 3.3 Lajikenimien selvittäminen 21 4 Tulokset 22 4.1 Valitut koristeomenapuut 22 4.2 Tutkimuspuiden ominaisuudet 24 4.2.1 Isokaari 25 4.2.2 Alppiharju – Omenankukkapuisto 38 4.2.3 Taka-Töölö 41 4.2.4 Etu-Töölö ja Keskusta 46 4.2.5 Itäinen Helsinki 49 4.2.6 Läntinen Helsinki 52 4.3 Tutkimuspuiden ryhmittely 56 4.3.1 Tilastolliset analyysit 58 5 Tulosten tarkastelu 62 5.1 Tutkimuspuiden sukulaisuussuhteet 62 5.1.1 ”Mäyräpuisto”, ”Runeberg” ja ”Töölön Kirjasto” - ryhmä A 62 5.1.2 ”Hesperia” ja ”Kramer 1” - ryhmä B 62 5.1.3 ”Jasmine” ja ”Lumihiutale” - ryhmä C 63 5.1.4 ”Kramer 2” ja ”Punertava Helmi” - ryhmä D 63 5.1.5 Kukkapohjuksen kaljuus 64 5.1.6 Verhiöttömyys 65 5.2 Ehdotuksia lajikenimiksi 66 5.2.1 ”Mäyräpuisto”, ”Runeberg” ja ”Töölön Kirjasto” 66 5.2.2 ”Hesperia” ja ”Kramer1” 67 5.2.3 ”Jasmine” ja ” Lumihiutale” 68 5.2.4 ”Kramer 2” ja ”Punertava Helmi” 69 5.2.2 ’Kuohu’ ja ”Solna” 70 5.2.6 ”Temppeliaukio” 71 5.2.7 ”Eläinmuseo” 72 5.2.8 ”Isokaari 97” 73 5.2.9 ’Tumma Kaunotar’ 73 5.2.10 ’Rixi’ 74 5.2.11 Loput tutkimuspuut 75 5.3 Tutkimuksen virhelähteet 76 6 Johtopäätökset 77 7 Kiitokset 78 8 Lähteet 79 9 Liitteet 82 7 1 Johdanto Omenapuiden suku (Malus Mill.) on laaja ja monimuotoinen. Siihen kuulu (lähteestä riippuen) 24-31 lajia sekä moninkertainen määrä risteymiä ja erilaisia nimettyjä lajikkeita (Bean 1981, Fiala 1994, Krüssmann 1968). Suvun yleisimmin käytettyjä ovat tarhaomenapuut eli erilaiset Malus domestica Borkh. –risteymät, joita viljellään niiden tuottamien hedelmien takia. Ensimmäiset Suomeen saapuneet Malus-lajit ja lajikkeet olivatkin juuri näitä ”hedelmäpuita”. Myöhemmin ihmiset innostuivat viljelemään kasveja myös pelkkien koristeominaisuuksien takia. Tällöin koristeomenatkin vähitellen yleistyivät, ensin tarhaomenapuiden tapaan luostareiden ja vanhojen aateliskartanoiden puutarhoissa sekä myöhemmin keskiluokan vaurastumisen myötä myös talojen pihapiireissä. Omenapuut ovat vuosien saatossa selvästi lunastaneet paikkansa suomalaisessa maisemassa, mikä voidaan päätellä Mikko Raatikaisen 1960-luvulla aloittamasta tutkimuksesta, jossa omenapuiden todettiin olevan koivun jälkeen yleisin pihapuu Saaristo-Suomen, Lounaisen viljelysmaan, Lounais-Hämeen ja monin paikoin Eteläisen rannikkomaankin alueilla (Raatikainen 1984). Kotimaisten kestävien kasvikantojen arvostus on selkeästi ollut noussussa 1980-luvulta lähtien. Tästä huomattavimpina merkkeinä ovat 80-luvulla toteutettu KESKAS-tutkimus sekä sen seurauksena syntynyt niin kutsuttu Helsingin KESKAS- hanke (Alanko ja Tegel 1989, Tegel 2000). Vanhat kestäviksi todetut ja esteettisiltä ominaisuuksiltaan hyvät kannat halutaan saada talteen, ennen kuin emokasvit ränsistyvät ja kuolevat vanhuuteen. Muutenkin geneettisen monimuotoisuuden
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