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Estados Unidos Más Allá De La Crisis

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Estados Unidos Más Allá De La Crisis ESTADOS UNIDOS MÁS ALLÁ DE LA CRISIS coordinadores dídimo castillo fernández marco a. gandásegui, hijo presentación theotonio dos santos presentación john saxe-fernández por theotonio dos santos carlos eduardo martins orlando caputo leiva jaime ornelas delgado marco a. gandásegui, hijo adrián sotelo valencia katia cobarrubias hernández daniel munevar fabio grobart sunshine dídimo castillo fernández alejandro i. canales james martin cypher jorge hernández martínez darío salinas figueredo luis suárez salazar silvina maría romano jaime zuluaga nieto maría josé rodríguez rejas catalina toro pérez gian carlo delgado ramos HC103 E77 2012 Estados Unidos: más allá de la crisis / coordinación, Dídimo Castillo Fernández, Marco A. Gandásegui ; por Theotonio Dos Santos [y otros diecinueve]. — México : Siglo XXI Editores, Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la uaem, 2012. 537 p. — (Sociología y política) isbn: 978-607-03-0437-8 Estados Unidos – Condiciones sociales. Estados Unidos – Condiciones económicas. Estados Unidos – Política y gobier- no. Castillo Fernández, Dídimo, editor. ii. Gandásegui, Marco A., editor. iii. Dos Santos, Theotonio, colaborador. iv. t. v. Ser. primera edición, 2012 © siglo xxi editores, s. a. de c. v. © consejo latinoamericano de ciencias sociales © facultad de ciencias políticas y sociales de la uaem isbn 978-607-03-0437-8 derechos reservados. prohibida su reproducción total o parcial por cualquier medio. impreso en litográfica ingramex, s. a. de c. v. centeno 162-1, col. granjas esmeralda, 09810, iztapalapa, df, méxico. PRESENTACIÓN theotonio dos santos Hasta nuestros amigos más solidarios nos preguntan: ¿por qué tantos libros sobre Estados Unidos? ¿Por qué no estudian América Latina? La respuesta está en parte en este libro: porque para comprender América Latina tenemos que estudiar a Estados Unidos desde nuestro punto de vista. Fue difícil establecer una tradición de investigación sobre Estados Unidos en la región. La idea es de que bastaban los estudios hechos en Estados Unidos para informarnos sobre lo que era y lo que pasaba en este país. Una anécdota: cuando Carter llegó a la presidencia de Estados Unidos sus asistentes buscaron entrar en contacto con los científicos sociales e intelectuales de la región para solicitarles suge- rencias sobre su gobierno. Era algo absolutamente nuevo. Pero he- mos buscado colaborar sin ninguna preparación anterior. Podíamos sugerir algunas ideas como la solicitación de disculpa en la Naciones Unidas, hecha por Brady Tisson, por el golpe de Estado en Chile, lo que causó su inmediata dimisión del cargo de embajador de Estados Unidos en las Naciones Unidas. Lo interesante pasó en el plano político: Carter consultó a Eduar- do Frey, presidente de Chile con fuerte apoyo estadunidense, sobre quién debería nombrar como responsable del Departamento de Es- tado para América Latina. Frey se rehusó a apuntalar nombres pues, según su excusa, no quería intervenir en asuntos internos de Estados Unidos. La verdad era otra, muy simple: no tenía ningún nombre. Otra anécdota: durante el gobierno de la Unidad Popular, el Cen- tro de Estudios Socioeconómicos (ceso) de la Universidad de Chile, que yo dirigía, había creado un modesto centro de documentación sobre Estados Unidos en convenio con los compañeros de nacla, volcado sobre todo al estudio de las corporaciones multinacionales. Además ya había desarrollado gran parte de lo que sería posterior- mente mi libro sobre Imperialismo y dependencia con el grupo de inves- tigación sobre dependencia, en el ceso. Con la victoria de la Unidad Popular, buscamos establecer un pequeño grupo de estudio sobre el cobre en la economía mundial, con especial énfasis en la política de [7] 8 theotonio dos santos precios. Solicité una entrevista con el presidente del Banco Central para conseguir apoyo financiero. Me acuerdo que además del com- pañero del Partido Socialista presidente del banco, estaba presente en la reunión mi amigo Fernando Fanzylbert. La respuesta a nuestro proyecto fue simbólica como expresión de nuestra mentalidad en la época y quién sabe hasta hoy: “Pero si tenemos acceso a las principales consultorías del mundo, ¿para qué necesitamos de un modesto grupo de estudio en la Universidad de Chile?” Años después, con el derrumbe de nuestro gobierno en Chile y varios equívocos sobre el precio del cobre, inducidos por estas fa- mosas consultorías, ya en el exilio en México, Fernando Fanzylbert y Luiz Maira me buscaron para que les pasara las informaciones que acumulara sobre el estudio de Estados Unidos para que iniciaran en el Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicos (cide), un think tank recién creado por el gobierno mexicano, un grupo permanente de investigación sobre Estados Unidos. En realidad México se trans- formó, desde los años setenta del siglo xx, en uno de lo principales centros de investigación sobre Estados Unidos y su imperio. Habría que señalar, sin embargo, que en los inicios de los años sesenta, a pesar de todas sus dificultades o quizá por causa de ellas, el gobierno cubano creó el Departamento América que empezó a es- tudiar sistemáticamente la evolución política y económica de Estados Unidos, al final del decenio estaba creado el Instituto de Investiga- ciones sobre la Economía Mundial ligado al gobierno y a un Centro de Estudios de Estados Unidos en la Universidad de la Habana. Que yo sepa, en este momento no teníamos ningún centro de estudios de Estados Unidos, establecido sobre bases permanentes en toda la región, a pesar de la importancia de los acontecimientos en ese país para el destino regional. Hay que añadir el pionerismo heroico de algunos investigadores que buscaban superar las limitaciones institucionales. Sin hablar de los estudios pioneros de Marti y de Hostos, las incursiones analíticas de Mariátegui sobre la escena internacional, y otros más que incursio- naran en esos estudios, desde los años cincuenta; Silvio Frondizi nos presentaba un excelente panorama del capitalismo contemporáneo, apoyado en un riguroso estudio de la economía y la política estadu- nidense; Vivian Trías se esforzaba por analizar sistemáticamente la geopolítica estadunidense, mientras revistas militantes como Marcha en Uruguay reflejaban este esfuerzo con gran competencia; Celso presentación 9 Furtado, lanzado al exilio e invitado por universidades estaduniden- ses, embarca, en la mitad de los años sesenta, en una reinterpretación histórica del desarrollo de Estados Unidos; Gregorio Selser hace un balance sistemático de las intervenciones militares de este país en América Latina; John Saxe Fernández abre un campo de análisis sistemático de la geopolítica del Pentágono, del Departamento de Estado y del parlamento. En la misma época, yo entrego una visión sistémica de la crisis estadunidense que continué trabajando, en parte apoyado por el grupo de investigación del ceso. Creo que estos es- fuerzos aislados y relativamente heroicos sirvieron de sostén para el surgimiento de grupos de estudio más o menos permanentes sobre Estados Unidos en América Latina. Entre ellos hay que destacar el Grupo de Trabajo de clacso que se formó hace 4 años, incluyendo investigadores de toda la región. Este grupo de trabajo logra producir en estos años, tres libros sobre la evolución reciente de Estados Unidos que quedarán como un marco de este campo de estudio, sea por su contribución metodológica sea por su capacidad de articular a estudiosos de toda América Latina. El presente libro es ya el tercero y da continuidad a este esfuerzo intelectual. Esperamos que ayude también a crear una conciencia plena en la región de que necesitamos instituciones permanentes dedicadas al estudio no sólo de Estados Unidos, que es aún el centro del sistema mundial, sino también de las otras regiones del mundo. América Latina ha ganado un espacio muy importante en la política internacional, sobre todo en los últimos 10 años, cuando fue estable- ciendo cada vez con más firmeza gobiernos de izquierda y centro iz- quierda que reforzaron cada día la integración regional aspirada hace tantos años por todos sus pueblos, contando sin embargo con la oposi- ción sistemática y empecinada de las oligarquías locales y sus jefes inter- nacionales. Esta oposición y la mentalidad subordinada y dependiente que ella promueve, es la principal responsable del retraso de nuestra academia en producir estudios como los que abriga este libro, así como de institucionalizar el estudio sistemático de los intereses y de las estrategias de los poderes del centro del sistema imperialista mundial. Los avances que están en curso implican sin embargo una agenda de estudio que se refleja en los temas centrales del presente libro: 1] La posición hegemónica de Estados Unidos. Ésta es una proble- mática que debe ser analizada no sólo como una tendencia a la caída de la participación de la economía estadunidense en la economía 10 theotonio dos santos mundial e, incluso, en América Latina, en donde el casi monopo- lio estadunidense es desplazado por el comercio interregional y el comercio con China. Asimismo, es necesario analizar los cambios internos de la economía estadunidense con el surgimiento del déficit comercial desde 1969 y su déficit fiscal desde 1967, con la guerra de Vietnam. Desde entonces, estos déficit hermanos sólo profundizan los límites impresionantes que se alcanzaron en la última crisis del sistema. Queda por estudiar la importancia del crecimiento brutal del Estado de este país, en el financiamiento y planeación
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