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La Evaluación De Impacto Ambiental En El Noroeste De México

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La Evaluación De Impacto Ambiental En El Noroeste De México La Evaluación de Impacto ambiental en el Noroeste de México. Assessment of the Environmental Impact in Northwestern Mexico. 1 La Evaluación de Impacto ambiental en el Noroeste de México Assessment of the Environmental Impact in Northwestern Mexico 2 Español English Este documento es publicado por el Centro Mexicano de This document is published by the Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental A.C. (CEMDA) con el financiamiento otorgado Derecho Ambiental A.C. (CEMDA) with funding granted by por el Fondo Mexicano para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, the Fondo Mexicano para la Conservación de la Naturaleza , A.C (FMCN). Los puntos de vista que se presentan sólo reflejan A.C (FMCN). The points of view portrayed herein only reflect la opinión de los autores y no necesariamente los de CEMDA o the opinion of the authors and not necessarily that of the FCGC CEMDA or FCGC Las fuentes de información utilizadas en el presente The sources of information used in this document are in documento están en constante cambio. Por lo tanto, se constant change. Therefore, we recommend consulting the recomienda la consulta del texto vigente de las leyes utilizadas, valid text of the regulations, websites and other information páginas electrónicas y otros recursos de información citados en resources quoted in this document to corroborate any change este documento para corroborar cualquier cambio de información of the information brought forward herein. que aquí se presenta. “Assessment of the Environmental Impact in Northwestern “La Evaluación de Impacto ambiental en el Noroeste Mexico” de México” First Edition: August 2009 Primera Edición: Agosto 2009 Printed in Mexico by: Impresos Creativos Mendez Impreso en México por: Impreso Creativos Méndez Authors: J. Pablo Uribe Malagamba, Agustin Bravo Autores: J. Pablo Uribe Malagamba, Agustin Bravo Gaxiola, Gaxiola, Sandra L. Moguel Archila, Mario Sánchez Castro Sandra L. Moguel Archila, Mario Sánchez Castro y María and María Teresa Hernández Huerta Teresa Hernández Huerta Compiler and Coordinator: J. Pablo Uribe Malagamba. Compilador y Coordinador: J. Pablo Uribe Malagamba Carambola Films. México, Distrito Federal. Carambola Films. México, Distrito Federal. Amores 39. Colonia del Valle. Amores 39. Colonia del Valle. Tel: ( 01 55 ) 41 68 78 46 Tel: ( 01 55 ) 41 68 78 46 www.carambolafilms.com www.carambolafilms.com Production: Adriana Méndez. Con la colaboración. Editing service: Mauricio Villa Producción General: Adriana Méndez. Review & pedagogical structure: Alejandra Mendez O. Corrección de estilo: Mauricio Villa Graphic Design: Daniel Emba Revisión y estructura pedagógica: Alejandra Méndez Otero. Translation from Spanish into English: Fernanda Ávalos Diseño Editorial: Daniel Emba. Inside photography: Alejandro Castillo/CEDO, Fernando Traducción: Fernanda Ávalos Ochoa Fotografía interiores: Alejandro Castillo/CEDO, Fernando Ochoa Publication Information: Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental, A.C. (CEMDA) Información de Publicaciones: Atlixco 138, Col. Condesa, Delegación Cuauhtémoc Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental, A.C. (CEMDA) México, Distrito Federal. C.P. 06140 Atlixco 138, Col. Condesa, Delegación Cuauhtémoc Telephone: + (55) 52 86 33 23 México, Distrito Federal. C.P. 06140 Teléfono: + (55) 52 86 33 23 Northwest Headquarters Álvaro Obregón, No. 460 interior 213 Sede Noroeste: Álvaro Obregón, No. 460 interior 213 Col. Centro, La Paz, Baja California Sur Col. Centro, La Paz, Baja California Sur. C.P. 23000 C.P. 23000 Teléfono: + (612) 16 550 91 Telephone: + (612) 16 550 91 www.cemda.org.mx www.cemda.org.mx [email protected] [email protected] 3 ÍNDICE/INDEX Introducción 4 Capítulo I: Descripción del Proyecto 5 1.1 Marco conceptual 1.2 Justificación 1.3 Metodología Español Capítulo II: Reporte de Resultados 15 2.1 Análisis de las manifestaciones de impacto ambiental 2.2 Entrevistas de actores clave de los sectores involucrados Capítulo III: 33 3.1 Conclusiones Fuentes Consultadas 36 Introduction 44 Chapter I: Project Description 45 1.1 Conceptual framework 1.2 Justification 1.3 Methodology 55 Chapter II: Results Report 2.1 Analysis of environmental impact statements English 2.2 Interviews with key actors of the sectors involved 73 Chapter III: 3.1 Conclusions 76 References 4 INTRODUCCIÓN Durante los más de diez años que lleva el Centro Mexicano Uno de los resultados que buscamos obtener de Derecho Ambiental A. C. (CEMDA) ha observado, a través de con el presente diagnóstico es que las autoridades los litigios emprendidos en el Golfo de California, que en muchas involucradas en el procedimiento de evaluación de ocasiones tanto las Manifestaciones de Impacto Ambiental impacto ambiental, los promotores de desarrollos (MIA’s) presentadas ante la autoridad como las autorizaciones turísticos, los consultores que prestan servicios de impacto ambiental (AIA’s) otorgadas por la Secretaría de de evaluación de impacto ambiental, y las Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT), presentan organizaciones no gubernamentales que están errores que se repiten constantemente hasta formar patrones. involucradas en la conservación de los recursos Es por esto que el CEMDA se propuso la meta de elaborar un naturales del Golfo de California, tengan a su diagnóstico de las autorizaciones de impacto ambiental que la alcance la información necesaria que les advierta SEMARNAT ha otorgado a proyectos turísticos con incidencia en oportunamente de la existencia de los patrones el Golfo de California, con el objetivo de identificar los patrones de ilegalidad detectados. Es decir, pretendemos de ilegalidad contenidos en las mencionadas autorizaciones y que todos los actores involucrados empecemos a sugerir algunas posibles soluciones para evitar que se sigan adoptar alguna solución para resolver los problemas cometiendo los mismos errores. aquí identificados. El procedimiento de evaluación de impacto ambiental Por lo tanto, como ya se mencionó, la visión (PEIA), es uno de los instrumentos más importantes con los que a largo plazo del presente diagnóstico es que las cuenta la autoridad para poder controlar los impactos negativos autoridades, el sector turístico, los consultores y que alguna actividad pudiese causarle al medio ambiente. Su las organizaciones ambientalistas, trabajemos de aplicación en México no sólo está normado por la Ley General manera conjunta en diseñar soluciones que eviten del Equilibrio Ecológico, también está regulado en el principio los errores más comunes de las autorizaciones 1 17 de la Declaración de Río, ya que constituye un compromiso de impacto ambiental. Y de esta manera, lograr internacional que México debe cumplir. Sin embargo, para que los desarrollos turísticos que se asienten en el mejorar la gestión del PEIA se requiere del compromiso de Golfo de California tengan un manejo ejemplar de todos los que de alguna manera estamos involucrados en él: los recursos naturales únicos que hay en la región; autoridades, desarrolladores, consultores, y organizaciones colocándose como un destino turístico modelo a ambientalistas; es decir, la sociedad en su conjunto. nivel mundial. Una buena evaluación del impacto ambiental ayuda en gran medida a tener un desarrollo sustentable. Pensar que el país J. Pablo Uribe Malagamba entero, o una región de este, puede promover un desarrollo Representante en el Noroeste basado en el respeto del medio ambiente como propulsor de Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental (CEMDA) una mejora económica y social sin contar con permisos que conduzcan, acoten y enriquezcan dicho desarrollo es una quimera. Sólo por medio de un diálogo entre los sectores involucrados en el PEIA podremos, como sociedad, avanzar en su gestión; sólo si aceptamos que cada quien experimenta un tramo subjetivo de lo que se vive durante un procedimiento de evaluación de impacto ambiental, podremos empezar a identificar las frustraciones que cada uno vive, y también los posibles consensos que desemboquen en una mejor evaluación 1-http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/agenda21/spanish/riodecla- de los impactos ambientales y en un mejor manejo de los ration.htm recursos naturales. 5 Capítulo I Descripción del proyecto Alejandro Castillo/CEDO 6 1.- Marco conceptual La evaluación de impacto ambiental nace en 1969 cuales las actividades de alto impacto ambiental podrán en Estados Unidos, al ser regulada en la Ley sobre realizarse. El artículo 28 de la LGEEPA define este procedimiento Política Nacional Ambiental (National Environmental de la siguiente forma: Policy Act, NEPA).2 Esta establece que todas las agencias del Gobierno Federal deberán incluir en Es importante señalar que el artículo 28 establece con toda cada recomendación o informe, y otras acciones claridad que el procedimiento de evaluación de impacto gubernamentales que afecten significativamente el ambiental evaluará obras y actividades. Por lo tanto, para este medio ambiente de las personas, una declaración procedimiento lo más importante es que exista una explicación detallada de los impactos ambientales que dicha exhaustiva de las obras y actividades que se pretenden realizar, disposición o actividad pudiese causar.3 ya que son precisamente estas las que generarán los impactos ambientales que se busca controlar. En México la evaluación de impacto ambiental hizo su primera aparición en 1982 en el artículo Por otra parte, la fracción IX del artículo 28 establece que los 7 de la Ley Federal de Protección al Ambiente. 4 desarrollos inmobiliarios que afecten ecosistemas costeros Desde entonces y hasta ahora, ha aparecido en las deberán ser sometidos
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