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Baron Christopher Von Graffenried's Newbern Adventures

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Baron Christopher Von Graffenried's Newbern Adventures THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY BARON CHRISTOPHER VON GRAFFENRIED'S NEWBERN ADVENTURES BY VINCENT HOLLIS TODD A. B. Harvard University, 1907 A. M. University of Illinois, 1910 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GERMAN IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL /J 1 HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY r ENTITLED . (j-^^^L I ts^^^A^X X7^- \. feisty. v ^d^t--^- y^-i^^-ji/^^ BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF 2^^...^?. t/^«' In Charge of Major Work Head of Department Recommendation concurred in: Committee on Final Examination Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 http://archive.org/details/baronchristopherOOtodd i A carefully prepared ani sonservative computation made within the I last ten years gives the surprising result that, of our white Dopulation there are at least twenty-seven per cent of German birth or extraction, while those of English origin number but thirty per cent. With such a proportion of Germans, is it not strange that almost nothing is said in our histories about this great element of our population; about the causes that induced them to leave their homes; about the circumstances of their first settlements; about their influence upon the growth of our common culture? The reason of this lies, partly in the undeveloped provincial character of American historiography, partly in the fact that American His- tory was first written by men from New England. They wrote of the things with which they were most familiar, their own Puritan commonwealths and the Tnet.it.nh i nna i«^lnnP.-l from t.hftm. Riased bv nrovincial prejudices they ice, so that their histories ;stors. A very powerful i fact that the Germans made } most part avoided New Eng- its were made at Germantown, through some of its most (7. tff^u. Massachusetts Bay, Oonnecti- characteristic institutions, which have come down to our own time, were becoming fixed in laws and customs of the people. American historiography as first conceived by the New Eng- land historians has since followed the same or similar lines, and until re- cently when the German Americans themselves took up the work, very litte, in general, was known about the early life of this portion of our population. It is to be hoped that this regretable division in matters of historical truth will be done away with, and since no one nationality can r-J^U = - — i A carefully prepared and 3onservative computation male within the last ten years gives the surprising result that, of our white population there are at least twenty-seven per cent of German birth or extra3tion, while those of English origin number but thirty per cent. With such a proportion of Germans, is it not strange that almost nothing is said in our histories about this great element of our population; about the causes that induce! them to leave their homes; about the circumstances of their first settlements; about their influence upon the growth of our common culture? The reason of this lies, partly in the undeveloped provincial character of American historiography, partly in the fact that American His- tory was first written by men from New England. They wrote of the things with which they were most familiar, their own Puiitan commonwealths and the Institutions developed from them. Biased by provincial prejudices they overlooked other events of equally great importance, so that their histories read like a one-sided glorification of their ancestors. A very powerful contributary cause for this discrimination is the fact that the Germans made their settlements comparatively late, and for the most part avoided New Eng- land.. By the time the first permanent settlements were made at Germantown, near Philadelphia (1633) New England had passed through some of its most epoch-making experiences. The colonies about Massachusetts Bay, Connecti- cut and Rhode Island had been settled and their characteristic institutions, which have come down to our own time, were becoming fixed in laws and customs of the people. American historiography as first conceived by the New Eng- land historians has since followed the same or similar lines, and until re- cently when the German Americans themselves took up the work, very litte, in general, was known about the early life of this portion of our population. It is to be hoped that this regretable division in matters of historical truth will be done away with, and since no one nationality can UIUC V ii rightfully claim all the honor of having America what it is, Germans as well as Puritans an! Cavaliers will come to be recognize! for what they are or have !ons, an! not be exoluiei from consiierat ion for what they have not iono. To illustrate: It was not a German woman's pig to which we trace! the bicam- eral svstem of Government in Massachusetts: but it is to the German settlers - at Schoharie that we, in a large measure, owe the fortunate outcome of the French an! In!ian war, for it was they who kept the Six Nations from joining the French, when such an event woul! have spellei !isaster to the New York an! New Snglani colonies: they ii! not give us theocracies from which a ioubtful iieal of the state eventually evolve!; but they helps! to give us free!om of conscience, the very corner-stone of mo!ern politics, an! it is to the German printer in New York, that we owe an untrammelei public press. Who shall say which is the worthier? It is not sufficient then to know that£ in the seventeenth an! eighteenth centuries a large number of Germans came to America, an! maie or trie! to make certain settlements. We want to go farther an! learn about their Mf® an! work an! be able to appreciate them as we So the other pion- eers. It i3 for this reason that a stuiy of 3aron Christopher von Graff en- riei's settlements may be consiiere! worth while. This colony in North Carol iaa woul! have consiste! of only a few Seiss aivsnturers but for the events of the year 1709. These enlarge! the scope, increase! the prestige of the uniertaking, gave the leaiership to one of the few ever to possess a title of nckbility in Lock's new American orier, maie this pioneer of several Swiss uniertakings the nsarest approach to Lock's iieal that ever existei in America, an! taking it out of its isolation., maie it a part of the great German migration of 1709; a consiierat ion of which may properly preceie ths stuiy of Graf f enriei ' s own aiventures. iii Since a man should be judged by his intentions and by the times in which he lived, as well as by the actual results of his efforts, it has seemed well to quote from or make references to the writings of comtempor- aries wherever possible.1 For instance, his expectation of becoming rich from silver mines in Maryland or Virginia seemed to us absurd because we know there is no silver in those parts in paying quantities; but if we find, that in his day, everyone believed that there was silver to be found there, and if we remember that the Secretary of the London Royal Society in 1669 urged 3overnor John Winthrop to look for mines in Connecticutt and if necess- 2 ary to "employ dogs of the best sent" for this purpose, Graf f enried ' s persis- tency in searching for silver takes on a different aspect. 1 There is some asauranoe that this hoped for change of attitude nil] oome.when s historian like Channing in his History of the United States (vol. II, pages 118» 395, 404ff) gives a rather estended and appreciative notice of the Germans in Pennsylvania. In a foot note on page 40 5 he men- tions the manusoripts on which this paper has been based. 2 Proceedings Mass. Hist. Society, 1878, pages 329-2 40. PART I. THE PALATINATE MOVEMENT. Chapter I. The generally accepted causes of the Palatine migration. 2 The Great stream of emigration from Germany to Englani and from thenoe to America, beginning rather feebly in the latter part of the seven- teenth century, then suddenly swelling to such enormous proportions that more Germans had come to New York, Pennsylvania, ani North Carolina in one year than had come to New England in the first ten years of the settlements about Massachusetts Bay, has as its fundamental cause the great intellectual movement of the Reformation, and the equally intense Counter Reformation which began in the latter part of the sixteenth century and extended far into the seventeenth century. Since the Protestant Reformation in England had come rather later than in Germany, and had not been so radical at the start, English reformers long looked upon Germany as the fatherland of the Reformation, and during the persecutions which accompanied the reaction under Mary (1553-1553) those who escaped over seas found refuge in Holland, Germany and Switzerland. Onder Elizabeth Protestantism was again gradually restored, but there was no place for any who disagreed with the church as established by the state and . dissenters were severely punished, but still the sentiment of protest grew until after the revolution of 1642, when Oromwell, having finally become a dictator, was able to introduce a second reformation, which led to a wider separation from Rome. He hoped to secure the ground gained by a union of the prctestant states against the Catholic Spanish world.
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