DOCSLIB.ORG

The Politics of Gossip in Early Virginia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Politics of Gossip in Early Virginia "SEVERAL UNHANDSOME WORDS": THE POLITICS OF GOSSIP IN EARLY VIRGINIA Christine Eisel A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2012 Committee: Ruth Wallis Herndon, Advisor Timothy Messer-Kruse Graduate Faculty Representative Stephen Ortiz Terri Snyder Tiffany Trimmer © 2012 Christine Eisel All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Ruth Wallis Herndon, Advisor This dissertation demonstrates how women’s gossip in influenced colonial Virginia’s legal and political culture. The scandalous stories reported in women’s gossip form the foundation of this study that examines who gossiped, the content of their gossip, and how their gossip helped shape the colonial legal system. Focusing on the individuals involved and recreating their lives as completely as possible has enabled me to compare distinct county cultures. Reactionary in nature, Virginia lawmakers were influenced by both English cultural values and actual events within their immediate communities. The local county courts responded to women’s gossip in discretionary ways. The more intimate relations and immediate concerns within local communities could trump colonial-level interests. This examination of Accomack and York county court records from the 1630s through 1680, supported through an analysis of various colonial records, family histories, and popular culture, shows that gender and law intersected in the following ways. 1. Status was a central organizing force in the lives of early Virginians. Englishmen punished women who gossiped according to the status of their husbands and to the status of the objects of their gossip. 2. English women used their gossip as a substitute for a formal political voice. 3. Englishmen considered women’s gossip disorderly, even dangerous, because it threatened their efforts at maintaining order. At the same time, they treated gossips as useful tools for maintaining community control. This study helps us understand how gendered ideals were both enforced and challenged at the county and colony level. It joins with other studies of early Virginia in illustrating how iv women were critical to the transformation of Virginia from a trading outpost governed by martial law to a diverse, profitable, and ordered colony within the English empire. v For my dad, Howard Decker, and in memory of my mom, Elizabeth Decker vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of the work that follows would not have been possible without the support of a community of scholars, friends, and family. I am extremely grateful for financial support through a Mellon Research Fellowship at the Virginia Historical Society and through a Phi Alpha Theta Doctoral Scholarship. My thanks also goes to the staff at the Eastern Shore Historical Society for giving me access to Susie Ames’ papers; to Minor Weisiger at the Library of Virginia for his assistance in locating deposition fees; to Brooks Miles Barnes at the Eastern Shore Public Library for sharing with me his vast knowledge of Eastern Shore historiography; to Juleigh Clark at the Rockefeller Library for her assistance with York County records; to E. Lee Sheppard at the Virginia Historical Society for steering me toward John Hemphill’s work; and to Brent Tarter at the Library of Virginia and Warren Billings for their timely and informative correspondence regarding Hemphill’s scholarship. Thanks, also, to Sandra Treadway and Abby M. Schrader, commentators at the Virginia Forum and The Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, respectively, for their insights that helped shape this project in its early stages. I owe many thanks, too, to DeeDee Wentland and Tina Amos at the BGSU history department for all of their support. They are the unsung heroes of the department. I am deeply grateful for the continued presence of the talented and generous colleagues that read and re-read many of the following chapters while participating in our “thesis/dissertation club,” especially Shirley Green, Kelly Watson, Eve Crandall, and Jim Schaefer, whom I am privileged to call not only colleagues, but friends. Also, to my dear friends Bruce Onweller and Fawn Nelson, and Billy, Luke, and Bryn for generously sharing their home with me during my research trips to Virginia. vii I am deeply indebted to the members of my dissertation committee, Stephen Ortiz, Terri Snyder, and Tiffany Trimmer, for their initial comments on my prospectus that helped to shape and focus my work, their continued support throughout the writing process, and their questions and comments on the final draft which will undoubtedly shape my future work. I have been truly fortunate to have had the guidance and support of Ruth Wallis Herndon, my advisor, mentor, and friend. She holds me to the highest standards in every idea I come up with and every word I put on paper. Completing this project would not have been possible without her generosity and expertise. Finally, I thank my family, especially my parents, Howard and Elizabeth Decker, who instilled in me a latent love of reading and history, and my husband Mark and our children, Brittany and Evan, for their unending patience and support. Success is neither possible nor fulfilling without you! viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 PROLOGUE…………………….. ........................................................................................ 35 PART ONE. CREATING AND RESISTING PATRIARCHAL ORDER Chapter One. The Threat of Disorderly Speech In Early Virginia Government ....................................................................... 37 Chapter Two. Gossip and Status in Accomack- Northampton County, 1632-1659 .................................................................. 56 Chapter Three. Gossip and Church Politics in York County, 1640s-1660.............................................................................. 84 PART TWO. MAINTAINING MASCULINE AUTHORITY IN VIRGINIA, 1660-1677 Chapter Four. Disorderly Speech and Gender In Early Virginia Lawmaking ........................................................................ 120 Chapter Five. Women’s Gossip and the Politics of Morality in Accomack County, 1660-1677............................................... 137 Chapter Six. The Danger of Women’s Gossip in York County, 1660-1680............................................................... 171 CONCLUSION. THE POWER OF THE COUNTY COURT CLERKS.............................. 200 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 217 APPENDICES……… ........................................................................................................... 230 ix LIST OF FIGURES/TABLES Figures Page 1 Map of the Eastern Shore........................................................................................... 83 2 Map of York County Parishes.................................................................................... 119 3 Tobacco Producing Regions ...................................................................................... 134 Tables 1 Speech Crimes and Punishment under Martial Law.................................................. 42 2 Virginia Laws Governing Speech, 1650s-1670s ....................................................... 128 3 Accomack County Cases of Disorderly Speech, 1663-1675..................................... 170 4 York County Cases of Disorderly Speech, 1661-1676.............................................. 174 5 Sex of Individuals Appearing before the York County Court, 1762-1676................ 198 1 INTRODUCTION Francis Hathaway came to the September 1662 session of the York County court to publicly apologize for having spoken “several unhandsome words” he believed had “impair[ed] [James] Bray’s credit.” Hathaway explained to the court justices that his speech against Bray (most likely slanderous in nature) was instigated by the gossip of his wife, Elizabeth, upon her return from a previous court day. Feeling “heartily sorry…for the wrong done by me to him,” Hathaway offered to pay court costs after begging James Bray’s forgiveness.1 Francis Hathaway’s appearance at the September 1662 court session demonstrates the perceived danger of women’s gossip in the world of early Virginia. A cursory reading of this brief entry might lead one to believe that this episode was merely one among many mundane activities recorded by county court clerks throughout the seventeenth century and has little historical significance. Beverley Fleet, transcriber and abstracter of many of Virginia’s earliest records, called the clerks’ entries “cruel, vulgar, trivial, or merely comical.”2 But it is precisely these seemingly trivial entries that allow for a clearer understanding of daily life in what now seems a very foreign and distant world. Hathaway preempted James Bray from filing a slander suit against him. Bray, a “gentleman” who frequently appeared as an attorney before the York County court, would have been quick to file such a suit had word of Hathaway’s insult reached him. Hathaway readily admitted that any slanderous words from his tongue were a direct result of his wife’s gossip. Hoping to prove himself a good patriarch in the most public of early Virginia’s spaces, the county court, Francis Hathaway humbled himself. He declared that he had fallen victim to his wife’s gossip, a situation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • X001132127.Pdf
    ' ' ., ,�- NONIMPORTATION AND THE SEARCH FOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IN VIRGINIA, 1765-1775 BRUCE ALLAN RAGSDALE Charlottesville, Virginia B.A., University of Virginia, 1974 M.A., University of Virginia, 1980 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corcoran Department of History University of Virginia May 1985 © Copyright by Bruce Allan Ragsdale All Rights Reserved May 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: 1 Chapter 1: Trade and Economic Development in Virginia, 1730-1775 13 Chapter 2: The Dilemma of the Great Planters 55 Chapter 3: An Imperial Crisis and the Origins of Commercial Resistance in Virginia 84 Chapter 4: The Nonimportation Association of 1769 and 1770 117 Chapter 5: The Slave Trade and Economic Reform 180 Chapter 6: Commercial Development and the Credit Crisis of 1772 218 Chapter 7: The Revival Of Commercial Resistance 275 Chapter 8: The Continental Association in Virginia 340 Bibliography: 397 Key to Abbreviations used in Endnotes WMQ William and Mary Quarterly VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Hening William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; Being� Collection of all the Laws Qf Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the year 1619, 13 vols. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia Rev. Va. Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, 7 vols. LC Library of Congress PRO Public Record Office, London co Colonial Office UVA Manuscripts Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia VHS Virginia Historical Society VSL Virginia State Library Introduction Three times in the decade before the Revolution. Vir­ ginians organized nonimportation associations as a protest against specific legislation from the British Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Recognize Workplace Bullying and Harassment
    How to recognize Workplace bullying and harassment The Workers Compensation Act explains the rights and responsibilities of employers and workers as they relate to workplace health and safety. These obligations include preventing and addressing workplace bullying and harassment, as outlined in WorkSafeBC’s Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) policies D3-115-2, D3-116-1, D3-117-2. Under these OHS policies, employers must train supervisors and workers to recognize the potential for bullying and harassment in the workplace. Examples of bullying and harassment Definition Not all inappropriate, offensive, or disrespectful WorkSafeBC’s OHS policies use the conduct is bullying and harassment. The phrase “bullying and harassment” as a behaviour must be humiliating or intimidating single term, which: to be considered bullying and harassment. The (a) includes any inappropriate conduct following are some examples of behaviour or or comment by a person towards comments that might suggest bullying and a worker that the person knew or harassment is taking place: reasonably ought to have known • verbal aggression or insults; calling someone would cause that worker to be derogatory names humiliated or intimidated, but • vandalizing personal belongings (b) excludes any reasonable action taken • sabotaging someone’s work by an employer or supervisor relating to the management and direction of • spreading malicious gossip or rumours workers or the place of employment. • engaging in harmful or offensive initiation practices Intent does not determine whether the behaviour • physical or verbal threats (this could also is bullying and harassment. A person cannot constitute “violence” or “improper activity or excuse their behaviour by saying he or she did behaviour” under the Occupational Health and not intend it to be humiliating or intimidating.
    [Show full text]
  • Pocahontas Alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants Through Her
    POC A H O N TAS S T O ALIA MA AKA, A N D H ER DESC EN DA NTS T H R OUGH H ER MARR IAGE AT am esto w n Vir inia in A ril 1 6 1 J , g , p , 4 , WITH OH N R OLFE GEN T LEMAN J , ; I N C LUDING TH E N AM‘ES O F ALFR IEN D E B E LE BE B L BOLL B , ARCH R , NT Y , RNARD , AND, ING, RANCH , B E LL LE I E I' "O O L ' V L CA , CAT TT , CARY, DANDR DG , D N , D UG AS , DU A , E L E E LLE E O IE L LE M GAY O DRIDG , TT , F RGUS N , F D , F ING , , GORD N, F S O I O B LEW LO M K GRI FIN , GRAY N , HARR S N , HU ARD , IS , GAN , AR H AM M E DE M C E M E O E RA N , A , RA , URRAY, PAG ], P YTHR SS , OL OBE O N K W ST ANA R D TAZEWELL D PH , R RTS , S IP ITH , , , W LK WE W A N D T S E LE O E . A , ST , HITT H R WIT H Biographical Sketch es N D O SO WY H AM R BERT N , AN ’D I L L U ST R AT IV E H IST OR I CA L N OT ES A B K . R . R O O D w . O G S J .
    [Show full text]
  • The Original Lists of Persons of Quality, Emigrants, Religious Exiles, Political
    Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924096785278 In compliance with current copyright law, Cornell University Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1992 to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. 2003 H^^r-h- CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND GIVEN IN 1891 BY HENRY WILLIAMS SAGE : ; rigmal ^ist0 OF PERSONS OF QUALITY; EMIGRANTS ; RELIGIOUS EXILES ; POLITICAL REBELS SERVING MEN SOLD FOR A TERM OF YEARS ; APPRENTICES CHILDREN STOLEN; MAIDENS PRESSED; AND OTHERS WHO WENT FROM GREAT BRITAIN TO THE AMERICAN PLANTATIONS 1600- I 700. WITH THEIR AGES, THE LOCALITIES WHERE THEY FORMERLY LIVED IN THE MOTHER COUNTRY, THE NAMES OF THE SHIPS IN WHICH THEY EMBARKED, AND OTHER INTERESTING PARTICULARS. FROM MSS. PRESERVED IN THE STATE PAPER DEPARTMENT OF HER MAJESTY'S PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE, ENGLAND. EDITED BY JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN. L n D n CHATTO AND WINDUS, PUBLISHERS. 1874, THE ORIGINAL LISTS. 1o ihi ^zmhcxs of the GENEALOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETIES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THIS COLLECTION OF THE NAMES OF THE EMIGRANT ANCESTORS OF MANY THOUSANDS OF AMERICAN FAMILIES, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED PY THE EDITOR, JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN. CONTENTS. Register of the Names of all the Passengers from London during One Whole Year, ending Christmas, 1635 33, HS 1 the Ship Bonavatture via CONTENTS. In the Ship Defence.. E. Bostocke, Master 89, 91, 98, 99, 100, loi, 105, lo6 Blessing .
    [Show full text]
  • AADAP NEWSLETTER October 2008
    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service The Aquatic Animal Drug Approval Partnership Program “Working with our partners to conserve, protect and enhance the Nation’s fishery resources by coordinating activities to obtain U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for drugs, chemicals and therapeutants needed in aquaculture” Volume 4-3 AADAP NEWSLETTER October 2008 in Bozeman, Montana, and by all accounts was another very successful meeting focused on wide-ranging and collaborative drug approval efforts. It also appears to have been a ―record breaker‖ with 89 registered workshop attendees. Not only was it a record-breaker for total attendance, but FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine also broke a personal participation record by sending 13 members of their staff. CVMer's attending covered a broad spectrum of experience and Center expertise - all the way from a summer student intern (Ms. Courtney Coddington) to two Office Directors (Dr. Steve Vaughn, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation and Dr. Meg Oeller, Office of Minor Use and Minor Species). TABLE OF CONTENTS* WHAT’S SHAKIN’ 14th Annual Workshop ..................................................................... 1 17α-methyltestosterone meeting ..................................................... 2 National Aquaculture Research Forum meeting ............................. 2 Parasite Survey, training & meeting ................................................ 2 Activities related to national new drug coordination group .............. 2 Upcoming 15th Annual Workshop update .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Thames Valley Papists from Reformation to Emancipation 1534 - 1829
    Thames Valley Papists From Reformation to Emancipation 1534 - 1829 Tony Hadland Copyright © 1992 & 2004 by Tony Hadland All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior permission in writing from the publisher and author. The moral right of Tony Hadland to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 0 9547547 0 0 First edition published as a hardback by Tony Hadland in 1992. This new edition published in soft cover in April 2004 by The Mapledurham 1997 Trust, Mapledurham HOUSE, Reading, RG4 7TR. Pre-press and design by Tony Hadland E-mail: [email protected] Printed by Antony Rowe Limited, 2 Whittle Drive, Highfield Industrial Estate, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN23 6QT. E-mail: [email protected] While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, neither the author nor the publisher can be held responsible for any loss or inconvenience arising from errors contained in this work. Feedback from readers on points of accuracy will be welcomed and should be e-mailed to [email protected] or mailed to the author via the publisher. Front cover: Mapledurham House, front elevation. Back cover: Mapledurham House, as seen from the Thames. A high gable end, clad in reflective oyster shells, indicated a safe house for Catholics.
    [Show full text]
  • Whistleblower Protection Act
    WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION ACT U.S. ELECTION ASSISTANCE COMMISSION OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL ProtectedProtected WhistleWhistle BlowingBlowing • An employee, former employee, or applicants for employment • Makes a disclosure which he/she reasonably believes evidences: – A violation of a law, rule, or regulation – Gross mismanagement – Gross waste of funds – Abuse of authority – Substantial and specific danger to public health or safety • To a supervisor, high ranking agency official or the Inspector General – Fraud, waste, abuse and mismanagement must be reported to the Inspector General Reprisal/RetaliationReprisal/Retaliation • Whistleblower Protection Act also prohibits acts of reprisal or retaliation for making a protected disclosure (see previous slide) • Reprisal or retaliation can include but are not limited to imposing or unreasonably refusing the following: – Adverse action or disciplinary action – Detail or reassignment – Appointment – Promotion – Decisions concerning pay, benefits or awards – Performance evaluations (positive or negative) • Act of retaliation should be reported to the OIG and/or EAC management – OIG can protect employees against retaliation and reprisal ProtectedProtected DisclosuresDisclosures • Violation of any law, • Gross mismanagement rule or regulation – More that a difference of – Need not involve a specific opinion type of waste, fraud or – Not simple negligence or abuse wrongdoing – Can include violations of – Management action or agency policy or procedure inaction that creates a – Must be a substantive
    [Show full text]
  • Jamestown Timeline
    A Jamestown Timeline Christopher Columbus never reached the shores of the North American Continent, but European explorers learned three things from him: there was someplace to go, there was a way to get there, and most importantly, there was a way to get back. Thus began the European exploration of what they referred to as the “New World”. The following timeline details important events in the establishment of the first permanent English settlement in America – Jamestown, Virginia. Preliminary Events 1570s Spanish Jesuits set up an Indian mission on the York River in Virginia. They were killed by the Indians, and the mission was abandoned. Wahunsonacock (Chief Powhatan) inherited a chiefdom of six tribes on the upper James and middle York Rivers. By 1607, he had conquered about 25 other tribes. 1585-1590 Three separate voyages sent English settlers to Roanoke, Virginia (now North Carolina). On the last voyage, John White could not locate the “lost” settlers. 1602 Captain Bartholomew Gosnold explored New England, naming some areas near and including Martha’s Vineyard. 1603 Queen Elizabeth I died; James VI of Scotland became James I of England. Early Settlement Years 1606, April James I of England granted a charter to the Virginia Company to establish colonies in Virginia. The charter named two branches of the Company, the Virginia Company of London and the Virginia Company of Plymouth. 1606, December 20 Three ships – Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery - left London with 105 men and boys to establish a colony in Virginia between 34 and 41 degrees latitude. 1607, April 26 The three ships sighted the land of Virginia, landed at Cape Henry (present day Virginia Beach) and were attacked by Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Conflicting Visions: England's Seventeenth-Century Colonies
    C H A P T E R 2 CONFLICTING VISIONS: ENGLAND’S SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY COLONIES SUMMARY In the seventeenth century, different and sometimes disparate groups of English settlers established several colonies in North America. The English way of colonization differed from that of the Spanish in that English colonization did not emanate from a desire to create a centralized empire in the New World. Breaking Away English migration to the New World was part of a larger pattern of mobility—the New World was just another destination. Some Englishmen migrated to the New World for economic reasons, leaving poverty and seeking land. Others came seeking religious opportunity or to avoid political strife and conflict in England. The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth In the early to mid-seventeenth century, the English established two successful but diverse colonies around the Chesapeake Bay—Virginia and Maryland. Entrepreneurs in Virginia In 1607, the London Company, a joint stock company, built Jamestown in Virginia. This colony, however, experienced numerous problems arising from a hostile natural environment, conflict with local Native Americans, the colonists’ failure to work for the common good, and unclear goals. Spinning Out of Control To save the colony, Captain John Smith took over the management of the town and imposed military order. The London Company also restructured the government and sent more people to keep the colony going. “Stinking Weed” One key to the eventual success of Virginia was the development by John Rolfe of tobacco as a commercial crop. London Company directors further attracted settlers by giving land grants (headrights), establishing elective local government (the House of Burgesses), and bringing women to the colony.
    [Show full text]
  • If It's Broke, Fix It: Restoring Federal Government Ethics and Rule Of
    If it’s Broke, Fix it Restoring Federal Government Ethics and Rule of Law Edited by Norman Eisen The editor and authors of this report are deeply grateful to several indi- viduals who were indispensable in its research and production. Colby Galliher is a Project and Research Assistant in the Governance Studies program of the Brookings Institution. Maya Gros and Kate Tandberg both worked as Interns in the Governance Studies program at Brookings. All three of them conducted essential fact-checking and proofreading of the text, standardized the citations, and managed the report’s production by coordinating with the authors and editor. IF IT’S BROKE, FIX IT 1 Table of Contents Editor’s Note: A New Day Dawns ................................................................................. 3 By Norman Eisen Introduction ........................................................................................................ 7 President Trump’s Profiteering .................................................................................. 10 By Virginia Canter Conflicts of Interest ............................................................................................... 12 By Walter Shaub Mandatory Divestitures ...................................................................................... 12 Blind-Managed Accounts .................................................................................... 12 Notification of Divestitures .................................................................................. 13 Discretionary Trusts
    [Show full text]
  • The Present State of Virginia, Rev. Hugh Jones, 1724, Excerpts
    National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox Becoming American: The British Atlantic Colonies, 1690-1763 Library of Congress “capable of great Improvements still” * Rev. Hugh Jones The Present State of VIRGINIA 1724__EXCERPTS Hugh Jones was an English clergyman called to serve in Virginia for two years as a “Mathe- matickal Professor” in the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg. On his return to England he discovered that “few people . have correct notions of the true state of the Herman Moll, A New Map of the North Parts of America , 1720, detail plantations [colonies].” Thus in 1724 he Herman Moll, A New Map of the North Parts of America, 1720, detail published The Present State of Virginia to “few people in England . have correct Notions inform his English audience of the colony’s “few people in England . have correct Notions government, peoples, economic and religious of the true State of the Plantations” of the true State of the Plantations” state, etc., and to promote his plan to transport the English “poor and vagabonds” to Virginia as a non-African labor supply. INTRODUCTION_____ When I considered the great Benefit that arises to the Public from the large colony of Virginia, I observed that though it be thus advantageous, yet it is capable of great Improvements still, and requires several Alterations, both with Regard to its own Welfare, and the Interest of Great Britain. Observing moreover, that few people in England (even many concerned in public affairs of this kind) have correct Notions of the true State of the Plantations, and having been eagerly applied to frequently by Persons of the greatest Figure, Experience and Judgment in political and national Concerns, for Information concern- ing all the Circumstances of Virginia, I was requested to digest methodically and publish what I knew and thought of these Matters; and being in a great Measure enjoined to it by a noble Patron, I have here complied with his Commands, with the best of my Knowledge and Judgment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Negros to Serve Forever: the Evolution of Black's Life and Labor in Seventeenth-Century Virginia
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1994 The Negros to Serve Forever: The Evolution of Black's Life and Labor in Seventeenth-Century Virginia Laura Croghan Kamoie College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African American Studies Commons, African History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Kamoie, Laura Croghan, "The Negros to Serve Forever: The Evolution of Black's Life and Labor in Seventeenth-Century Virginia" (1994). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625919. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-erp9-a557 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "The Negroes to Serve Forever": The Evolution of Blacks' Life and Labor in Seventeenth-Century Virginia A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Laura A. Croghan 1994 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts A. Croghanau: Approved, November 1994 James Axtell ii This volume is dedicated to my mother, Ann Croghan,for all of her patient support of my seemingly endless years in school; and to my best friend, Brian Kamoie,for showing me all the joys of love and friendship.
    [Show full text]