Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System

Revisions to the original extent of the Devonian Shale- Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System

By Catherine B. Enomoto, William A. Rouse, Michael H. Trippi, and Debra K. Higley

Open-File Report 2016–1018

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2016

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Suggested citation: Enomoto, C.B., Rouse, W.A., Trippi, M.H., and Higley, D.K., 2016, Revisions to the original extent of the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2016–1018, 6 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161018.

ISSN 2331-1258 (online) Contents

Abstract...... 1 Introduction...... 1 Revision...... 4 Conclusion...... 4 Acknowledgments...... 5 References Cited...... 5

Figures

1. Map showing the original boundary of the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System, and the revised extent as described in this report...... 2 2. Chart showing the correlation of Devonian and Mississippian black shale units and some related strata in the Appalachian basin...... 3

iii Abbreviations

AU assessment unit NGL natural gas liquids TPS total petroleum system USGS U.S. Geological Survey

iv Revisions to the original extent of the Devonian Shale- Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System

By Catherine B. Enomoto, William A. Rouse, Michael H. Trippi, and Debra K. Higley

Abstract

Technically recoverable undiscovered hydrocarbon resources in continuous accumulations are present in Upper Devo- nian and Lower Mississippian strata in the Appalachian Basin Petroleum Province. The province includes parts of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, and Alabama. The Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian strata are part of the previously defined Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper PaleozoicTotal Petroleum System (TPS) that extends from New York to Tennessee. This publication presents a revision to the extent of the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic TPS. The most significant modification to the maximum extent of the Devonian Shale- Middle and Upper Paleozoic TPS is to the south and southwest, adding areas in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi where Devonian strata, including potential petroleum source rocks, are present in the subsurface up to the outcrop. The Middle to Upper Devonian Chattanooga Shale extends from southeastern Kentucky to Alabama and eastern Mississippi. Production from Devonian shale has been established in the Appalachian fold and thrust belt of northeastern Alabama. Exploratory drilling has encountered Middle to Upper Devonian strata containing organic-rich shale in west-central Alabama. The areas added to the TPS are located in the Valley and Ridge, Interior Low Plateaus, and Appalachian Plateaus physiographic provinces, including the portion of the Appalachian fold and thrust belt buried beneath Cretaceous and younger sediments that were deposited on the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain.

Introduction

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) uses the total petroleum system (TPS) concept of Magoon and Dow (1994) to assess undiscovered oil and gas resources. As defined by Magoon and Dow (1994) and Magoon and Schmoker (2000), a TPS is a naturally occurring petroleum system in the lithosphere that can be mapped, and consists of the geologic elements (hydrocarbon source rock, reservoir rock, seal rock, and overburden rock) and fundamental processes (generation, migration, entrapment, and preservation of hydrocarbons) as well as all genetically related petroleum seeps, shows, and accumulations (both discovered and undiscovered) whose provenance is a pod or closely related pods of active source rock. The maximum geographic extent of the TPS delineates the area beyond which no oil and gas from that source rock will be found. An assessment unit (AU) is a volume of rock within the TPS that encompasses discovered and undiscovered petroleum accumulations that are sufficiently homoge- neous in terms of geology, exploration strategy, and risk characteristics to constitute a single population of field characteristics with respect to criteria used for resource assessment. As defined by Levorsen (1967), a field is one or more pools or reservoirs of petroleum that are located on a single geologic feature or that are otherwise closely related. As part of the 2002 assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Appalachian Basin Petroleum Province (U.S. Geological Survey, 2002a), the USGS defined six TPSs (U.S. Geological Survey, 2002b; Milici and others, 2003). One of these TPSs was the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic TPS (fig. 1), which contained four conventional AUs and six continuous AUs. Two of the conventional AUs were assessed for oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids (NGL), whereas the other two conventional AUs were assessed for natural gas and NGL. The six continuous AUs do not contain oil, and thus were assessed only for natural gas and NGL resources (Milici and others, 2003). Details of the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic TPS are described in Milici and Swezey (2006, 2014). Accord- ing to these studies, the petroleum source rocks in the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic TPS range in age from Middle Devonian to Early Mississippian. Included were the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale, the Geneseo Shale Member of the Genesee Formation, several Upper Devonian black shale units, and the Lower Mississippian Sunbury Shale (fig. 2).These W " 0 ' ° 0 e 0 n 7 i a M e r i 6 s t h 1 t w s 0 e e 2 p y s r R.I. 3 s N u m s 1 a h u a n u d c a a H a a n J e s e t u _ t t t e s 4 a u o n a l a g 0 c l o b i d 7 P

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I : s d o m i r s u t s t o i u a o n e o Map showing the original boundary of the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System (from U.S. Geological Survey, 2002b), and the revised Petroleum System (from U.S. Geological Survey, Map showing the original boundary of Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total D C U n Base from Tele Atlas North America, Inc., 2007, 1:100,000 Geographic projection, North American Datum of 1983 L n i

M N N N " " " 0 0 0 ' ' ' ° 0 ° 0 ° 0 5 0 5 4 4 3 Figure 1. and Ridge, Interior Low Plateaus, Appalachian Plateaus physiographic provinces are taken from Fenneman extent as described in this report. Locations of the Valley Johnson (1946), and the boundary of Appalachian Basin Petroleum Province is from U.S. Geological Survey (2002a).

Group Group

Group Group Group

Group Group

West Falls West Hamilton Conneaut Canadaway Conewango Genesee Sonyea New York Member Geneseo Shale Western and west-central Western Hume Shale Member Skaneateles Shale Genesee Formation Tully Limestone Tully Member Rhinestreet Shale Member Middlesex Shale Member Pipe Creek Shale Member Marcellus Shale Dunkirk Shale Member Sonyea Formation Java Formation Tioga Ash Tioga Bed Burket Shale Chagrin Shale Western Maryland Western Formation Western Pennsylvania Western Mahantango Cleveland Member

Perrysburg Formation Ohio Shale Ohio Falls Formation West Bedford Shale Harrell Shale Sunbury Shale Berea Sandstone F

Eastern Ohio West Virginia West Ohio Shale Ohio Java Formation Center Hill Ash Bed Center Hill Huron Member Rhinestreet Shale Member Cleveland Member Three Lick Bed West Falls Formation West Bedford Shale Berea Sandstone Sunbury Shale Eastern Kentucky Ash bed Unconformity Southwest Virginia Northeast Tennessee Belpre Ash Bed Middle unit Gassaway Member Upper unit Gassaway Member Upper unit Dowelltown Member Lower unit Gassaway Member Lower Unit Dowelltown Member

Acadian unconformity Chattanooga Shale Chattanooga EXPLANATION Alabama Northwest Georgia Eastern Mississippi Central Tennessee Black shale Missing section Foerstia zone Center Hill Ash Bed Center Hill Sunbury Shale Bedford Shale Berea Sandstone

Lower black shale member Middle gray siltstone member Big Stone Gap Member Chattanooga Shale Chattanooga

Limited to local area at surface in and southwest Virginia northeast Tennessee Middle Upper Middle Chart showing the correlation of Devonian and Mississippian black shale units some related strata in Appalachian basin.

Series

Lower Devonian System Miss. Figure 2. Modified from de Witt and others (1993); modifications are based on information Dockery (1996), Harper (1993), M ilici Swezey (2014), Over (1983). Miss., Mississippian. Tyne (2007), Ryder and others (2012), Van

3 source rocks charged hydrocarbon reservoirs that range in age from Silurian to Late Mississippian. Hydrocarbon seals in the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic TPS included the Silurian Salina Group, Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale and Onondaga Limestone, Lower Mississippian Sunbury Shale, Middle Mississippian Greenbrier Limestone, and shale and limestone beds intercalated locally with reservoirs. In a subsequent USGS assessment of only the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale, this formation was divided into three continuous AUs, which were assessed for natural gas and NGL resources (Coleman and others, 2011).

Revision

This publication describes a revision to the maximum extent of the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic TPS as used by Milici and others (2003) and defined in U.S. Geological Survey (2002b).The revised boundary of the TPS, along with the previously published boundary as used by Milici and others (2003), are illustrated in figure 1. In this revised version, the northern and northeastern limits of the Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic TPS are generally maintained as defined in Milici and others (2003). New modification to the eastern extent of theTPS involved removing areas in central Pennsylvania, western Maryland, eastern West Virginia, and western Virginia where Devonian strata are absent due to erosion in parts of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province (fig. 1), based on Dicken and others (2005b) and Nicholson and others (2005). The northwestern extent of the TPS was changed to eliminate overlap with the Devonian Antrim TPS in the Michigan Basin Petro- leum Province (USGS Michigan Basin Assessment Team, 2005; Swezey and others, 2015). The western extent of the TPS was modified slightly to include all of the areas where the Middle and Upper Devonian strata that contain black shale units are present in the subsurface up to the outcrop in Ohio (Nicholson and others, 2005) and central Kentucky (Nicholson and others, 2005). The most significant revision was to the southwestern and southern extent of theTPS in Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. In south-central Kentucky and north-central Tennessee, the southwestern extent of the revised TPS has a common border with the Devonian to Mississippian New Albany Continuous Gas AU within the Devonian to Mississip- pian New Albany TPS of the Illinois Basin Petroleum Province (USGS Illinois Basin Assessment Team, 2007a,b). The boundary of the revised TPS also follows the boundaries of the Appalachian basin and the Illinois basin as mapped in Swezey (2009). The revised TPS boundary in southern Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and Alabama (fig. 1) outlines the mapped extent of the Middle to Upper Devonian Chattanooga Shale in the subsurface up to the outcrop on the Highland Rim section of the Interior Low Plateaus physiographic province (Fenneman and Johnson, 1946; Nicholson and others, 2005), and in the Appalachian Plateaus and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces (Fenneman and Johnson, 1946; Dicken and others, 2005a; Nicholson and others, 2005). In northwestern Georgia and northern Alabama (fig. 1), the revised TPS boundary encloses the mapped extent of the Chattanooga Shale in the subsurface up to the outcrop in the Valley and Ridge physiographic province (Fenneman and Johnson, 1946; Dicken and others, 2005a; Pashin and others, 2010). Exploratory natural gas drilling has confirmed the presence of the Middle to Upper Devonian Chattanooga Shale in the subsurface from southeastern Kentucky to Alabama (Pashin and others, 2010; Rouse, 2015). Natural gas production has been established in the Chattanooga Shale in the Appalachian fold and thrust belt of the Appalachian Plateaus physiographic province of northeastern Alabama (Pashin and others, 2010; IHS Energy Group, 2014). Finally, the southernmost limit of the revised Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic TPS in central Alabama and eastern Mississippi (fig. 1) represents the subsurface extent of Devonian strata within theAppalachian fold and thrust belt as mapped by Thomas and others (1989). In this area, the Appalachian fold and thrust belt is buried beneath Cretaceous and younger sediments that were deposited on the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain (Dicken and others, 2005a). Exploratory drilling has encountered Middle to Upper Devonian strata containing organic-rich shale in the Greene-Hale synclinorium in west-central Alabama (Pashin and others, 2010).

Conclusion

The Devonian Shale-Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System (TPS), originally extending from New York to Tennessee, has been revised. The most significant modification to the maximum extent of the TPS is to the south and southwest, adding areas in Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi where Devonian strata, including potential petroleum source rocks, are present in the subsurface up to the outcrop. Recently published research reports and recent drilling activity have facili- tated the compilation of the maximum extent of Middle and Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian potential hydrocarbon source rocks in the Appalachian Basin Petroleum Province. The areas added to the TPS are located in the Interior Low Plateaus, Appalachian Plateaus, and Valley and Ridge physiographic provinces, and include Devonian strata in the portion of the Appala- chian fold and thrust belt buried beneath Cretaceous and younger sediments that were deposited on the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain.

4 Acknowledgments

The authors thank Robert C. Burruss (USGS) and Christopher S. Swezey (USGS) for their reviews of this manuscript. The authors also appreciate technical consultation with Christopher Swezey.

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ISSN 2331-1258 (online) http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161018