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Study of the Ste. Genevieve Formation at Selected Localities in Southern Illinois and Western Kentucky

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Study of the Ste. Genevieve Formation at Selected Localities in Southern Illinois and Western Kentucky Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1964 Study of the Ste. Genevieve formation at selected localities in Southern Illinois and Western Kentucky Mahlon Jack Apgar Reinhard Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Geology Commons Department: Recommended Citation Reinhard, Mahlon Jack Apgar, "Study of the Ste. Genevieve formation at selected localities in Southern Illinois and Western Kentucky" (1964). Masters Theses. 7134. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7134 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDY OF THE STE. GENEVIEVE FORMATION AT SELECTED LOCALITIES IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND WESTERN KENTUCKY BY MARLON JACK A. REINHARD III A THESIS submitted to the faculty of the SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE, GEOLOGY MAJOR Rolla, Missouri 1964 Approved by ----~--~----~~------------(advisor) R o.~ ii ABSTRACT The carbonate rocks of the Mississippian Ste. Genevieve Formation were studied megascopically in four quarries--Cave in Rock, Franklin, Three Rivers, and Fredonia Valley--within a small area of the Illinois­ Kentucky fluorspar district and in a drill-core from the Cave in Rock Quarry. The rocks were studied microscopically in seventy-four thin sections prepared from samples from the quarries and the drill-core. The Ste. Genevieve Formation is typically an extremely oolitic, fragmen­ tally fossiliferous limestone which is very light gray to white. The megascopic descriptions of the quarry exposures are presented as meas­ ured sections and columnar sections. A detailed log of the drill-core is in the Appendix. The stratigraphic terminology used in this thesis is based on D. H. Swann's recently revised nomenclature of the upper Mississippian rocks in Illinois. The exposed sections of each quarry and the drill-core were correlated. This correlation illustrates the pinching out of the Aux Vases Sandstone in the south and the varying thicknesses of the strata. The microscopic descriptions of the seventy-four thin sections are tabulated in a chart. They are classified according toR. L. Folk's (1959), carbonate rock classification. The implication of the observa­ ble features in the thin sections is that the Ste. Genevieve must have been laid down in a turbulent environment of strong currents or waves. The majority of the oolites were formed elsewhere and transported to the site of deposition. Minor oolitization did, however, occur at the site of deposition. ; : ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation to Professor A. C. Spreng, who acted as adviser on the work, visited the thesis area, ob­ tained permission to use the drill-core, and made many helpful comments during the preparation of this thesis. Other staff members and fellow graduate students of the Geology De­ partment at the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy are to be thanked for discussing the various problems connected with this thesis. Thesis expenses were aided by a summer study grant from the V. H. McNutt Memorial Foundation. Gratitude is also expressed to the various quarry owners who al­ lowed the author to measure sections and collect samples in their quar­ ries. Special thanks go to the Missouri Portland Cement Company of St. Louis, Missouri, which furnished the exploratory drill-core and its chemical analysis, and to Mr. W. Dean WeixelmRn of that company, who made certain information available. LV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...................................... .viii I. INTRODUCTION ................................................. l A. Location l B. Geography 2 1. Topography 2 2. Culture 4 C. Purpose of Investigation 5 D. Method of Investigation 6 E. Previous Work 6 II. GEOLOGY 9 A. General Geologic Setting and Structure 9 B. Paleontology 10 C. Stratigraphy 10 Mississippian System 12 Valmeyeran Series 13 Genevievian Stage 13 Ste. Genevieve Formation 13 Fredonia Oolite Member 16 Spar Mountain Member 17 Joppa-Karnak Member 18 Aux Vases Sandstone Formation 19 Rosiclare Sandstone Member 19 Cedar Bluff Group 20 Renault Formation 20 Chesterian Series 21 Gasperian Stage 21 Popcorn Sandstone Bed 22 Shetlerville Member 22 Yankeetown Formation 22 Downeys Bluff Formation 23 III. DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION OF QUARRIES ..................... 24 A. Cave in Rock Quarry 24 B. Franklin Quarry 33 c. Three Rivers Quarry 41 D. Fredonia Valley Quarry 47 E. Correlation 55 v IV. CARBONATE CLASSIFICATION • • • . • . • . • . • . • . • . 5? Folk's Classification •.•... 59 Allochems . • 59 1. Intraclasts 60 2. Oolites ...•. 60 3. Fossils ...•. 60 4. Pellets . • • • • 60 Microcrystalline Calcite Ooze ..••..•.. 60 Sparry Calcite Cement ...•. 61 Limestone Families . • 61 Subdivisions of the Limestone Families . 62 Rock Names • • • . • • • • • • • • • . 62 V. LITHOLOGIC ASPECTS OF THE STE. GENEVIEVE FORMATION ..•.•...•. 64 A. Microscopic Features • . • . • • . • • . 66 1. Major Constituents •.•.••..••... 66 a) Allochemical Constituents (Allochems) 66 (1) Intraclasts • • .. 66 (2) Oolites • • • • • • . .. 6? (3) Fossils • • • 76 i) Crinoids • • 7? ii) Brachiopods ?8 iii) Echinoids •.•. ?8 iv) Bryozoa 79 v) Ostracods ••..••••• ?9 vi) Other Fossils •••.• ?9 b) Orthochemical Constituents (Orthochems) 84 (1) Sparry Calcite Cement (Spar) •.... 84 (2) Microcrystalline Calcite Ooze (Micrite) 84 2. Minor Constituents ..••.• 85 a) Noncarbonate Minerals • . • • • 85 (1) Pyrite •••. 85 (2) Quartz 86 (3) Limonite . • • • . .....• 86 b) Dolomite . • . • • . • ... 86 3. Secondary or Post·-dotJOSi tional Changes 87 a) Porosity .... 8? b) Fracture-filling . • . • . • • 88 c) Stylolites .....•••••••. 89 4. Historical Events of the Ste. Genevieve Formation . 97 B. Megascopic Features 100 1. Fracture-filling .... 100 2. Stylolites .•... 100 3. Cross-bedding •.• 101 VI. ENVIRONMENTS OF DEPOSITION • . • . • . • . • . • . • • 102 Historical Geology . 105 VII. ECONOIDCS . • • 108 vi VIII. CONCLUSION .................................................. llO APPENDIX .................................................... lll BIBLIOGRAPHY l28 VITA l33 vli LIST OF TABLES Page I. Quarry Locations 2 II. Measured Section at the Cave in Rock Quarry . 30 III. Chemical Analyses of Drill-core No. 8, Cave in Rock, Illinois 32 IV. Measured Section at Franklin Quarry • 38 V. Measured Section at Three Rivers Quarry •. 45 VI. Measured Section at Fredonia Valley Quarry 53 VII. Summary of Petrographic Study ..• 92 VIII. Outline of Major Events in Composite History of Fredonia Limestone • . • • • . • 98 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Location Map 3 2. Generalized Stratigraphic Column ll J. Development of Stratigraphic Nomenclature • • 15 4. Topographic Map Showing Locations of Cave in Rock Quarry and Drill-core • • • . • • . • 28 5. Geomorphic Columnar Section of Cave in Rock Quarry 29 6. Generalized Graphic Log of the Drill-core • 31 7. Topographic Map Showing Locations of Franklin Quarry and Three Rivers Quarry 35 8. Geomorphic Columnar Section of Franklin Quarry 37 9. Sketch Map of Three Rivers Quarry • • • 42 10. Geomorphic Columnar Section of Three Rivers Quarry 44 11. Location Map of Fredonia Valley Quarry 49 12. Cross-section of Fredonia Valley Quarry . 50 13. Geomorphic Columnar Section of Fredonia Valley Quarry . 52 14. Correlation Chart . Plate I. Cave in Rock Quarry 27 II. A. Franklin Quarry, looking east B. Franklin Quarry, looking north 36 III. A. Three Rivers Quarry, looking northeast B. Three Rivers Quarry, looking southeast 43 IV. Upper Quarry Face of the Fredonia Valley Quarry . 51 V. A. Intraclast B. Superficial Oolite C. Normal Oolite with Brachiopod Nucleus D. Normal Oolite Showing Radial-concentric Structure ix E. Normal Oolite, Spherically Shaped F. Normal Oolite with Quartz Grain Nucleus . 72 VI. A. Normal Oolite with Detached Outer Ring B. Normal Oolite with Deformed Outer Ring c. Fracture Pattern in Oolites D. Cerebroid Oolite E. Oolite Cut by Calcite Veinlet . 74 VII. A. Crinoid Columnal B. Crinoid Fragment c. Brachiopod in Micrite D. Brachiopod Filled with Debris E. Gastropod F. Cephalopod . 80 VIII. A. Bryozoa Cross-section B. Bryozoa Cut Parallel to Colony Surface c. Echinoid Spine D. Foraminifera . 82 IX. A. Secondary Euhedral Enlargement of Interstitial Quartz B. Above, Under Cross-nicols c. Stylolite Cutting Oosparite D. Calcite Vein Cutting Oospari te E. Micrite F. Dolomicri te . 90 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A number of well-exposed sections of the Mississippian Ste, Gene­ vieve Formation in the southeastern Illinois and western Kentucky fluor­ spar district have permitted detailed megascopic and microscopic study of this economically important limestone, Information is available from numerous quarries, which were picked because of their nearness to each other, because their proximity to Cave in Rock, Illinois (the core, which is from Cave in Rock, represents a complete section of the Ste. Genevieve Formation) enables possible correlation, and because of the thick exposures of the Ste. Genevieve Formation, That part of the Mississippian System formerly recognized as the Fredonia Oolite Member was recently redefined by Swann (1963),
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