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Ijlagter of ^Liilosiopl}? SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF INDIRA GANDHI CANAL PROJECT IN WESTERN RAJASTHAN \J^ 'fiubmitled in parlial fijfitmeni of the requiremtntt () JT/ for the award of the degree of 'yi\\\ iJlagter of ^liilosiopl}? V tSEDGRAPHY AJAZ HUSSAIN ANSARi />>- Under the supervision of DR. HIFZUR REHMAN Reader DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSUM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002 (INDIA). 1994 i^'^r^ *»'.n»tv-..li. ».,-^•"- Phone 400683 DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNlVERSirv ALiGARH- 202 002 ;=i/.i.iS9t? R T I This is to certify tiiat Mr. igaz .iuss-nin Ansari h s completed the afssertation entitled "Socio-ecotiomic and ^cological Impact of Indira Ganahi Can-il i reject in western r.ajastrran" for the award of K.ihil degree utK.er c;y supervision, /y-Cei^7C^— . (r.i.) iiifzuv Rahman Keader DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I bow with gratitude to the Almighty " ALLAH " who enable me to achieve this target, I am fortunate enough to have a highly imaginative, enterprising and accomodative research guide Dr. Hifzur Rahman, Reader, Department of Geography, A.M.U., Aligarh, who inspired me to initiate the research work in this field of Geography, I take pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to him for his valuable supervision, encouragement and cordinal atti­ tude during the conpletion of this work. I feel Immense pleasure to thank Prof. K.Z. Amani, Chairman, Department of Geography, for providing me the research facilities in the department. I am greately oblidged Prof. M. Shaf i (Pro-Chancellor), Prof, Indra Pal, Drs. Munir Ahmad, Sayeed Ahmad Khan, Frasat Ali Siddiqui, Fakhruddin, S.H. Siddiquie, vho were the source of inspiration for collecting the research materials from different sources. I must also acknowledge my parents and Brothers who were always prepare to share my financial burden to achieve my academic pursuits. Above all it was their love, constant inspirations and blessings, which enabled me to continue my studies. I obidently and dutifully place on record my gratitudes to my beloved elder brothers MR. ALTAF HUSSAIK AKSARI and DR. AKRAM HUSSAIN ANSARI. Thanks are also due to my friends and Research Colleagues M/S Shahld Imam, Izhar Ahmad, Hameed Ahmad, M. Danish, Ahmad Iqbal, M. Taiyab, Shafiqullah, M. Irfan, M. Jameel, Alamtar All, Azlsur Rahman, M. Nazim, M. All, H. Sajjad, Ateeg Ahmad, Gulam Ghouse Ansarl for their assistance and manifold cooperation during the completion of this work. My sincere thanks are also due to Mr. Najmuddin and Shamim Ahmad of the Seminar Library of the cepartment who very oftenly placed the relevant research materials at my disposal and extended their full cooperation. Dated» 31st Dec, 1994 (AJAZ HUSSAIN ANSARI) ii CONTENT Page No. Acaknowledgements i-ii List of Tables v-vl List of Figures vii Introc'uction 1-7 PART-A Socio-Economlc Characteristics CHAPTER-I A- Popxilation Characteristics 9-20 B- Literacy 21-24 C- Settlement Pattern 24-27 CHAPTER-II A- Occupational Structure 31-34 B- Agriculture 34-47 C. Command Area Development Programme in Indira Gandhi Canal Project 47-50 D- Irrpact of Irrigation on Agricultural Development 50-59 E- Afforestation in Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area 60-66 F- Fuel wood 67-68 G- Drinking Water Facilities 68-69 H- Animal Husbandry 70-79 I- Public Transportation 79-80 0- Industrial Development 80-85 contd, iii Page No. PARTES Ecological Inpact of Indira Gandhi Canal Project in Western Rajasthan CHAPTER-III A- Possitive Inpact of IGCP 91-94 a) Inprovement of Micro-climate 91 b) Aeolian activities 91-9 2 c) Inprovement in Soil moisture regime 9 2 d) Changes in the Land use 9 2-9 3 e) Changes of Socio-economic Condition 93 B- Negative Inpat of IGCP 94-100 a) Problems of Water Logging 100-105 b) Soil erosion 106-107 CHAPTER-IV A Review of Available Literature 110-119 CHAPTER-V Methodology, Data Base and Correlative Variables 121-125 CONCLUSION 126-128 BIBLIOGRAPHY 129-135 +++++ iv LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 1.1 Density of population in Indira Gandhi 13 Canal Command Area 1. ii Sex-ratio i IGCCA 20 1. iii Literacy rate of IGCCA in Western Rajasthan ^^ 2. i Classification of occupational activities and participation of workers in IGCCA ^^ 2. ii Cropping pattern in IGCCA 43 2. iii Yield levels of some selected Crops in IGCCA 44 2. iv. Use of agricultural inputs in IGCCA ^^ 2.V Salient features of Indira Gandhi Canal Project 51 2.vi Development of Irrigation in IGCP-yearwise 53 2.vii Utilisation of potentials in IGCPCA ^^ 2.viii Creation of additional potentials in IGCPCA 55 2. ix Percentage of net sown area in total geographical area and double cropped area to net sov^-n area in IGCCA. ^^ 2,x Percentage of area under selected crops to the gross cropped area in IGCCA ^"^ 2..x i Yield levels of some selected crops in IGCCA 58 2.,xi i Plantation done in IGCCA in two different phases 2, ,xiii Afforestation programme in IGCCA under stage-II 66 2. xiv Sources of drinking water supply in IGCCA 69 Table No. Title Page No. 2. XV Variation in live-Stock population 71 2.xvi Livestock population in IGCCA 72 2,xvii Distribution of major sheep breeds in IGCCA 73 2.xviii Status of live-stock population in IGCCA 75 2.xiv Distribution of households by size of live stock holdings in IGCCA 76 3. 1 Rise of water-table in IGCCA IO3 VI LIST OF MAPS S.Ko, Title Page No. 1, Indira Gandhi Canal Project ^2 ii. Water-logging in IGCA. 105 vii -1- INTRODUCTION The Indira Gandhi Canal Project (IGCP) has been constructed in the northwestern part of the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, The construction of this canal in such an inhosp­ itable and hazardous area has been a challenging task. The word 'Barren Land', takes a new meaning when one travels through the western most districts of Bikaner and Jaisalnier of Western Rajasthan, In these districts even the Shrubs fined themselves difficult to servive against the relentless move­ ment of fine desert sand gradually burying every thing in its path. The IGCP was concieved by Mr. Kanwar Sain, the Chief Engineer of the erstwhile Bikaner state on 20th October 1948. He suggested, that the arid areas of Rajasthan partis cularly in the western parts of Bikaner and Jaisalmer dist­ ricts can be converted as one of the potential areas for crop production, if proper water resources be carried with the construction of a canal and taking waters from 'Harrike Barrage, belov; the junction of the sutlej and the Beas rivers in Punjab. This project was Q gigantic human effort to trans­ form a part of the lands of hot desert into a land of pros­ perity and plenty. The IGCP formally commenced on 31st March . 19 58 and at present ranks first amongst the largest of the big projects in the world in respect to its size, length, capacity, command area, use of construction materials as well as human and animal power for the development of agri­ culture in a dry tract. The canal has a width of 40 metres and its bottom 6.4 metres deep. The carrying capacity of Canal is 18,500 cusecs of water measured at its head. According to a proposal made in 1981, Rajasthan was allocated 8.6 million acre feet of RavL-BeaS surplus water. The IGCP envisaged to utilize 7.6 million acre-feet of water allocated to Rajasthan. The project comprised two different stages of canal construction. Under stage I it was proposed to cover 204 km* of the Rajasthan feeder, 189 km of the service area of 0.54 million hectares which has to be completed while some progress has been made for the construction under stage II. A. Construction of IGCP under Staqe-I. Construction work of the canal under stage-I has been completed. It included the construction of a 204 km. long feeder, 189 km. of the Indira Gandhi Main Canal (IGMC) and 3075 km. long distribution systems. Stage-I has five flow branches and one lift canal system. a. Flow branch : i. Rawatsar branch ii. Naurangdesar branch 111. Suratgarh branch lv» Pugal branch and V. Anupgarh branch b. Lift Canal system x 1. Kanwar Sain lift canal. The above five branches and one lift canal cover southern and western parts of Ganganagar and northern and north western parts of Blkaner districts. Under stage-I, a culturable command area to Irri^ gated accounted for 525 thousand ha; 479 thousand ha. by flow branches and 46 thousand ha. by lift canal, with a 110 per cent designed Intensity of Irrigation, which Is expressed as a percentage ratio between gross irrigated area and culturable command area. An actual irrigation of 578 thousands ha. has been achieved until 1990-91. The project plan of stage-I envi­ sages an intensive irrigation with an Intensity of llO percent. Water allowance or volume of water allocated per 470 ha. of land is higher for this part of command area, that ccsues 5.23 c usees, B. Construction of loCP under stage-II The construction work under stage-II is in progress. According to the original plan it was proposed to be completed by 1978. The stage-II includes the construction of Indira Gandhi main canal from its last stage at 189th km to the tail up to the 445 km. and the distribution systems having a length of 5115 km. The gross service area is nearly 1.10 million ha., where as the cultivable command area is 0.76 million ha.The main branches and their off-take points are as follows j Name of the branch Off-take point on the a.
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