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Voting Without Choosing?
Institute of African Studies Carleton University (Ottawa, Canada) 2019 (7) Voting without Choosing? Ethnic Voting Behaviour and Voting Patterns in Nigeria’s 2015 Presidential Election and Implications for Institutionalisation of Social Conflicts Kialee Nyiayaana1 Abstract: Nigeria’s 2015 Presidential Election was widely seen as competitive, fair and less violent than other elections since the transition to democracy in 1999. This paper does not argue otherwise. Rather, it problematizes ethnic voting behaviour and voting patterns observed in the election and raises questions about their implications for institutionalisation of democracy and social conflicts in Nigeria. It argues that while scholarly examinations portray the presidential election results as ‘victory for democracy’, not least because an incumbent president was defeated for the first time in Nigeria, analysis of the spatial structure of votes cast reveals a predominant pattern of voting along ethnic, religious and geospatial lines. It further contends that this identity-based voting not only translates into a phenomenon of ‘voting without choosing,’ but is also problematic for social cohesion, interethnic harmony and peacebuilding in Nigeria. The relaxation of agitations for resource control in the Niger Delta throughout President Jonathan’s tenure and its revival in post-Jonathan regime is illustrative of the dilemmas and contradictions of ethnic voting and voting without choosing in Nigeria. This observation draws policy attention to addressing structural underpinnings of the relationship between ethnicity, geography and voting behaviour in Nigerian politics so as to consolidate democratic gains and enhance democratic peace in Nigeria. Nigeria’s 2015 Presidential election has been described as a turning point in the country’s political history and democratic evolution. -
Brazil Ahead of the 2018 Elections
BRIEFING Brazil ahead of the 2018 elections SUMMARY On 7 October 2018, about 147 million Brazilians will go to the polls to choose a new president, new governors and new members of the bicameral National Congress and state legislatures. If, as expected, none of the presidential candidates gains over 50 % of votes, a run-off between the two best-performing presidential candidates is scheduled to take place on 28 October 2018. Brazil's severe and protracted political, economic, social and public-security crisis has created a complex and polarised political climate that makes the election outcome highly unpredictable. Pollsters show that voters have lost faith in a discredited political elite and that only anti- establishment outsiders not embroiled in large-scale corruption scandals and entrenched clientelism would truly match voters' preferences. However, there is a huge gap between voters' strong demand for a radical political renewal based on new faces, and the dramatic shortage of political newcomers among the candidates. Voters' disillusionment with conventional politics and political institutions has fuelled nostalgic preferences and is likely to prompt part of the electorate to shift away from centrist candidates associated with policy continuity to candidates at the opposite sides of the party spectrum. Many less well-off voters would have welcomed a return to office of former left-wing President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2010), who due to a then booming economy, could run social programmes that lifted millions out of extreme poverty and who, barred by Brazil's judiciary from running in 2018, has tried to transfer his high popularity to his much less-known replacement. -
Picking the Vice President
Picking the Vice President Elaine C. Kamarck Brookings Institution Press Washington, D.C. Contents Introduction 4 1 The Balancing Model 6 The Vice Presidency as an “Arranged Marriage” 2 Breaking the Mold 14 From Arranged Marriages to Love Matches 3 The Partnership Model in Action 20 Al Gore Dick Cheney Joe Biden 4 Conclusion 33 Copyright 36 Introduction Throughout history, the vice president has been a pretty forlorn character, not unlike the fictional vice president Julia Louis-Dreyfus plays in the HBO seriesVEEP . In the first episode, Vice President Selina Meyer keeps asking her secretary whether the president has called. He hasn’t. She then walks into a U.S. senator’s office and asks of her old colleague, “What have I been missing here?” Without looking up from her computer, the senator responds, “Power.” Until recently, vice presidents were not very interesting nor was the relationship between presidents and their vice presidents very consequential—and for good reason. Historically, vice presidents have been understudies, have often been disliked or even despised by the president they served, and have been used by political parties, derided by journalists, and ridiculed by the public. The job of vice president has been so peripheral that VPs themselves have even made fun of the office. That’s because from the beginning of the nineteenth century until the last decade of the twentieth century, most vice presidents were chosen to “balance” the ticket. The balance in question could be geographic—a northern presidential candidate like John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts picked a southerner like Lyndon B. -
A History of Maryland's Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016
A History of Maryland’s Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016 A History of Maryland’s Electoral College Meetings 1789-2016 Published by: Maryland State Board of Elections Linda H. Lamone, Administrator Project Coordinator: Jared DeMarinis, Director Division of Candidacy and Campaign Finance Published: October 2016 Table of Contents Preface 5 The Electoral College – Introduction 7 Meeting of February 4, 1789 19 Meeting of December 5, 1792 22 Meeting of December 7, 1796 24 Meeting of December 3, 1800 27 Meeting of December 5, 1804 30 Meeting of December 7, 1808 31 Meeting of December 2, 1812 33 Meeting of December 4, 1816 35 Meeting of December 6, 1820 36 Meeting of December 1, 1824 39 Meeting of December 3, 1828 41 Meeting of December 5, 1832 43 Meeting of December 7, 1836 46 Meeting of December 2, 1840 49 Meeting of December 4, 1844 52 Meeting of December 6, 1848 53 Meeting of December 1, 1852 55 Meeting of December 3, 1856 57 Meeting of December 5, 1860 60 Meeting of December 7, 1864 62 Meeting of December 2, 1868 65 Meeting of December 4, 1872 66 Meeting of December 6, 1876 68 Meeting of December 1, 1880 70 Meeting of December 3, 1884 71 Page | 2 Meeting of January 14, 1889 74 Meeting of January 9, 1893 75 Meeting of January 11, 1897 77 Meeting of January 14, 1901 79 Meeting of January 9, 1905 80 Meeting of January 11, 1909 83 Meeting of January 13, 1913 85 Meeting of January 8, 1917 87 Meeting of January 10, 1921 88 Meeting of January 12, 1925 90 Meeting of January 2, 1929 91 Meeting of January 4, 1933 93 Meeting of December 14, 1936 -
Contingent Election of the President and Vice President by Congress: Perspectives and Contemporary Analysis
Contingent Election of the President and Vice President by Congress: Perspectives and Contemporary Analysis Updated October 6, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40504 Contingent Election of the President and Vice President by Congress Summary The 12th Amendment to the Constitution requires that presidential and vice presidential candidates gain “a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed” in order to win election. With a total of 538 electors representing the 50 states and the District of Columbia, 270 electoral votes is the “magic number,” the arithmetic majority necessary to win the presidency. What would happen if no candidate won a majority of electoral votes? In these circumstances, the 12th Amendment also provides that the House of Representatives would elect the President, and the Senate would elect the Vice President, in a procedure known as “contingent election.” Contingent election has been implemented twice in the nation’s history under the 12th Amendment: first, to elect the President in 1825, and second, the Vice President in 1837. In a contingent election, the House would choose among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes. Each state, regardless of population, casts a single vote for President in a contingent election. Representatives of states with two or more Representatives would therefore need to conduct an internal poll within their state delegation to decide which candidate would receive the state’s single vote. A majority of state votes, 26 or more, is required to elect, and the House must vote “immediately” and “by ballot.” Additional precedents exist from 1825, but they would not be binding on the House in a contemporary election. -
Brazil: Presidential Election 2018
August 15, 2018 Backgrounder N° 1 BRAZIL: PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2018 Source: LSE Library In October 2018, Brazilians will go to the polls to elect their president, national legislators, state legislators, and governors. The president and governors compete in a two-round system. If no candidate surpasses the 50 percent threshold on October 7, the second-round runoff will take place on October 28. Since the participation of Lula remains uncertain, there are two polling percentages for each candidate: one for if Lula runs (used here) and one for if he does not. Brazil: Presidential Election 2018 2 Who are the candidates, their party affiliations, their polling results, and their policy inclinations? As in every presidential election, Brazil has several candidates. This time, however, the list of 13 registered candidates beats the record, going all the way back to 1989. August 15 was the last day for withdrawals and alliances. The most popular candidates: 1. Luiz Inácio da Silva, a.k.a. Lula. • Workers' Party (PT), an old, traditional labor party, but the entire left may fold under Lula if he’s allowed to run. • Polling: 31 percent, down from over 40 percent before he was jailed. • Ideology: social democracy, third way clientelist welfare state. • Running mate: Fernando Haddad, former mayor of Sao Paulo. Haddad, polling at 13 percent, will be the PT candidate if Lula is unable to run. • Observations: Lula (72) was president, achieving reelection, from 2003 to 2011. 2. Congressman Jair Bolsonaro • Social Liberal Party (PSL), a small and relatively unknown social-democratic party. He joined it a few months ago to run for president. -
WHITE SALE Nixon Picks Agnew As Running Mate
^ V PAGE THIRTY-TWO W E D N E S D A Y , AU G U ST 7, 1968 p ' ^ Aanriipjatpr EoraIttQ lirraUi Most Manchester Stores Open Tonight Until 9 O *Clock First Church of Christ,'" Scien gregants at the Burger Chef, af per hour, and that hi* men, About T o w d tist, will conduct its regular Directors Get Petition ter hours, are tuned In on the po vdien off -duty, don’t even want Wednesday Evening Testimony lice, radio-'wmve length, and dis the Job. VITAII1NS ICktwMk Bible ctaaees will be meeting at 8 at the church, 447 perse wheh they hear a com- Sonife o f the drlve-ln prob COMPARE AND SAVE ATBU fi Doiljr Nat Praas Ron conductM tonlgbt nt T;ao «t the N. Main St. On Noise at Drive-ins . plaint. lem*, he said, are because of The Weather CSnirch of Chxlit, Lydall and . fh r The WaMt rv. “Manchester policemen are town’s anti-lolterlag ordinance d lgn orettl sadd, ’ ’T lie nuia- young and inexperienced man Vernon Sta., including an adult Jdwvah’s Witnesses will con ARTHUR DRUa Aogiwt S, U I9 Fair toriigM. Low between 60 spending entirely too much time and of the state law pertaining ancee ore all over town, and agers. r- atudy on “ How On* Bible Came duct a theocratic ministry and 66. T om orrow m oatly fa ir, at drive-ins, when they should be to unmuffled automobiles and not merely at the Burger Chef. He said that, under the.town’s to U a.” school Friday at 7:80 p.m. -
Brazil's Presidential Election
INSIGHTi Brazil’s Presidential Election name redacted Specialist in Latin American Affairs Updated October 16, 2018 Brazil—the fifth most populous country and ninth-largest economy in the world—held general elections on October 7, 2018. Antiestablishment sentiment carried the day, as Brazilians replaced almost half of their congressional representatives and nearly elected a right-wing populist to the presidency. A presidential runoff election, scheduled for October 28, will have significant implications for the economic and foreign policies of this U.S. “strategic partner.” Domestic Context Over the past several years, Brazil has struggled to emerge from a series of domestic crises. The country fell into a deep recession in 2014, due to a decline in global commodity prices and economic mismanagement under the center-left Workers Party (PT) government of President Dilma Rousseff (2011- 2016). The unemployment rate more than doubled as real gross domestic product contracted by more than 8% from 2015 to 2016. Although economic growth returned in 2017, conditions remain difficult. More than 12% of the population is unemployed, and several million formerly middle-class Brazilians now live in poverty. Budget cuts have exacerbated the situation, limiting the capacity of Brazilian authorities to provide social services and address challenges such as escalating crime and violence. Brazil also is contending with the repercussions of massive corruption scandals. Since 2014, investigators have uncovered arrangements throughout the public sector in which businesses provided bribes and illegal campaign donations to politicians in exchange for contracts or other favorable government treatment. The revelations discredited much of Brazil’s political establishment and contributed to the controversial impeachment and removal from office of President Rousseff in August 2016. -
“Potatoe” Kings Why Vice Presidents Are Doomed from the Start
“Potatoe” Kings Why Vice Presidents Are Doomed From the Start Tyler Isaman P-O-T-A-T-O. The word was scratched on the old blackboard in crisp white chalk causing a comforting smile stretched across the Vice President’s painfully young face. The clean cut, black suit that hung off Dan Quayle’s shoulders and the red patterned tie that was fastened tightly around his neck gave him an air of importance and intellect. William Figueroa, on the other hand, was an overweight Puerto Rican sixth-grader in a plain blue tee shirt who had to travel over an hour by bus to get to Trenton’s Muñoz Rivera School’s spelling bee. "You're close," Quayle said, "but you left a little something off. The e on the end."1 William looked at his vice president, the man who was second-in-command of the free world, then slowly scratched an “e” on the blackboard. Moments later at a press conference a reporter entreated Quayle to spell “potato” and the media debacle began, forever implanting the misspelled “potatoe” next to Quayle’s name in American history. This, coming only months after millions watched “Danny Boy” get affronted by Senator Lloyd Bentsen at the vice presidential debate, sparked further questions about whether or not Dan Quayle was competent enough to be the next President of the United States if there was an emergency. Quayle’s embarrassment follows a pattern that appears relatively often in vice presidential memoirs. A young, fresh faced man who has just dipped his feet into politics is suddenly up for the position of vice president. -
Kenya Paper for Sudikoff
COUNTERING DANGEROUS SPEECH TO PREVENT MASS VIOLENCE DURING KENYA’S 2013 ELECTIONS Susan Benesch Founder, Dangerous Speech Project and Faculty Associate, Berkman Center for Internet and Society February 9, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 3 THE PRECURSOR: KENYA’S POST ELECTION VIOLENCE OF 2007-8 .... 5 THE ELECTIONS OF 2013: RISK FACTORS AND PEACE PROPAGANDA .. 8 THE EXPERIMENTS .................................................................... 10 UMATI ................................................................................................ 11 NIPE UKWELI ...................................................................................... 14 VIOJA MAHAKAMANI .......................................................................... 16 PEACETXT ......................................................................................... 19 LOOKING BACK ON THE ELECTION FROM NAIROBI: KENYA’S POST ELECTION 2013… PEACE, CALM, CYBERWAR, COMA? ..................... 21 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Susan Benesch and the Dangerous Speech Project are deeply grateful to the United States Institute of Peace, as well as the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Fetzer Institute, for supporting many of the projects described here. 2 INTRODUCTION This report describes a new set of violence prevention methods carried out in Kenya during the national elections of 2013, to counter inflammatory speech and limit its power to inflame audiences, while protecting freedom -
Cyprus Quiet but Uneasy
Weather DISTRIBUTION 7 fern, temperature 1t, Partly TODAY CtowJy today and toaizbt Higb & THEDAILY the 70f tt<Uy, low tonight In the 24,150 «s. Tomorrow, warm, humid, chance of late afternoon thunder- Red Bank Area showers. Thursday, fair, cooler. I 7 DIAL 741-0010 See weather, page 2. NORTHERN MONMOUTH'S HOME NEWSPAPER 1>sueii dally VOL. 87. NO 32 ' Mtrad>y through Friday. Second Clasn Postati TUESDAY, AUGUST 11, 1964 7c PER COPY PAGE ONE ' Paid it Hed Sank uid it Additional Milling OlflcM. Cyprus Quiet But Uneasy NICOSIA, Cyprus (AP) — A shaky peace re- split, possibly impairing the political strength of result of a delay in transmission of orders to some urned to Cyprus today as Turkey and the Greek Archbishop Makarios, Greek Cypriot president. Right- Turkish air bases. The Greek Cypriots claimed 10 Cypriot government accepted a UN cease-fire. But ists and leftists in the cabinet exchanged anpry persons were wounded when the jets strafed the vil- Cyprus remained jittery as Turkish air force jets con- words over whether to count on Greece or the Soviet lage square. tinued reconnaissance flights. Union for help, informants said. A Turkish government spokesman denied the UN headquarters said Turkish planes flew over Both factions were disappointed by the loss than planes had opened fire. He said they flew over an area south of the village of Alevga, near the scene wholehearted support Uiey received from Greece and Cyprus because the Greek Cypriots broke an unof- of the recent fighting, for 25 minutes this morning the Soviet Union. ficial truce by resuming their attack on Kokkina, but did not open fire. -
Electoral System Design: the New International IDEA Handbook
Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook Andrew Reynolds Ben Reilly and Andrew Ellis With José Antonio Cheibub Karen Cox Dong Lisheng Jørgen Elklit Michael Gallagher Allen Hicken Carlos Huneeus Eugene Huskey Stina Larserud Vijay Patidar Nigel S. Roberts Richard Vengroff Jeffrey A. Weldon Handbook Series The International IDEA Handbook Series seeks to present comparative analysis, information and insights on a range of democratic institutions and processes. Handbooks are aimed primarily at policy makers, politicians, civil society actors and practitioners in the field. They are also of interest to academia, the democracy assistance community and other bodies. International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. The map presented in this publication does not imply on the part of the Institute any judgement on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement of such boundaries, nor does the placement or size of any country or territory reflect the political view of the Institute. The map is created for this publication in order to add clarity to the text. © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2005 Reprinted 2008 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of this publication should be made to: Information Unit International IDEA SE -103 34 Stockholm Sweden International IDEA encourages dissemination of its work and will promptly respond to requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications. Graphic design by: Magnus Alkmar Cover photos: © Pressens Bild Printed by: Trydells Tryckeri AB, Sweden ISBN: 91-85391-18-2 Foreword The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that ‘everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives’.