National Speleological Society (NSS)
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Caving: Safety Activity Checkpoints
Caving: Safety Activity Checkpoints Caving—also called “spelunking” (speh-LUNK-ing) is an exciting, hands-on way to learn about speleology (spee-lee-AH- luh-gee), the study of caves, in addition to paleontology (pay-lee-en-TAH-luh-gee), the study of life from past geologic periods by examining plant and animal fossils. As a sport, caving is similar to rock climbing, and often involves using ropes to crawl and climb through cavern nooks and crannies. These checkpoints do not apply to groups taking trips to tourist or commercial caves, which often include safety features such as paths, electric lights, and stairways. Girl Scout Daisies and Brownies do not participate in caving. Know where to go caving. Connect with your Girl Scout council for site suggestions. Also, the National Speleological Society provides an online search tool for U.S. caving clubs, and the National Park Service provides information about National Park caves. Include girls with disabilities. Communicate with girls with disabilities and/or their caregivers to assess any needs and accommodations. Learn more about the resources and information that the National Center on Accessibility and the National Center of Physical Activities and Disabilities provide to people with disabilities. Caving Gear Basic Gear Sturdy boots with ankle protection (hiking boots for dry areas; rubber boots or wellies for wet caves) Warm, rubber gloves (to keep hands warm and protect against cuts and abrasions) Nonperishable, high-energy foods such as fruits and nuts Water Specialized Gear -
NSS Conservation and Preservation Policies ( .Pdf )
Part 2-Conservation, Management, Ethics: NSS Conservation and Preservation Policies 253 Section C-Improving Caver Ethics NSS Conservation and Preservation Policies NSS Cave Conservation Policy The National Speleological Society believes: Caves have unique scientific, recreational, and scenic values. These values are endangered by both carelessness and intentional vandalism. These values, once gone, cannot be recovered. The responsibility for protecting caves must be assumed by those who study and enjoy them. Accordingly, the intention of the Society is to work for the preservation of caves with a realistic policy supported by effective programs for: Encouraging self-discipline among cavers. Education and research concerning the causes and prevention of cave damage. Special projects, including cooperation with other groups similarly dedicated to the conservation of natural areas. Specifically: All contents of a cave-formations, life, and loose deposits-are significant for their enjoyment and interpretation. Caving parties should leave a cave as they find it. Cavers should provide means for the removal of waste. Cavers should limit marking to a few, small, removable signs as needed for surveys. Cavers should especially exercise extreme care not to accidentally break or soil formations, disturb life forms, or unnecessarily increase the number of disfiguring paths through an area. Scientific collection is professional, selective, al)d minimal. The collecting of mineral or biological material for display purposes-including previ- ously broken or dead specimens-is never justified, as it encourages others to collect and destroy the interest of the cave. The Society encourages projects such as: Establishing cave preserves. Placing entrance gates where appropriate. Opposing the sale of speleothems. -
Introduction to Virginia's Karst
Introduction to Virginia’s Karst A presentation of The Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation’s Karst Program & Project Underground Karst - A landscape developed in limestone, dolomite, marble, or other soluble rocks and characterized by subsurface drainage systems, sinking or losing streams, sinkholes, springs, and caves. Cross-section diagram by David Culver, American University. Karst topography covers much of the Valley and Ridge Province in the western third of the state. Aerial photo of karst landscape in Russell County. Smaller karst areas also occur in the Cumberland Plateau, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain provinces. At least 29 counties support karst terrane in western Virginia. In western Virginia, karst occurs along slopes and in valleys between mountain ridges. There are few surface streams in these limestone valleys as runoff from mountain slopes disappears into the subsurface upon contact with the karst bedrock. Water flows underground, emerging at springs on the valley floor. Thin soils over fractured, cavernous limestone allow precipitation to enter the subsurface directly and rapidly, with a minimal amount of natural filtration. The purer the limestone, the less soil develops on the bedrock, leaving bare pinnacles exposed at the ground surface. Rock pinnacles may also occur where land use practices result in massive soil loss. Precipitation mixing with carbon dioxide becomes acidic as it passes through soil. Through geologic time slightly acidic water dissolves and enlarges the bedrock fractures, forming caves and other voids in the bedrock. Water follows the path of least resistance, so it moves through voids in rock layers, fractures, and boundaries between soluble and insoluble bedrock. -
Living with Karst Booklet and Poster
Publishing Partners AGI gratefully acknowledges the following organizations’ support for the Living with Karst booklet and poster. To order, contact AGI at www.agiweb.org or (703) 379-2480. National Speleological Society (with support from the National Speleological Foundation and the Richmond Area Speleological Society) American Cave Conservation Association (with support from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and a Section 319(h) Nonpoint Source Grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the Kentucky Division of Water) Illinois Basin Consortium (Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky State Geological Surveys) National Park Service U.S. Bureau of Land Management USDA Forest Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Geological Survey AGI Environmental Awareness Series, 4 A Fragile Foundation George Veni Harvey DuChene With a Foreword by Nicholas C. Crawford Philip E. LaMoreaux Christopher G. Groves George N. Huppert Ernst H. Kastning Rick Olson Betty J. Wheeler American Geological Institute in cooperation with National Speleological Society and American Cave Conservation Association, Illinois Basin Consortium National Park Service, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, USDA Forest Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey ABOUT THE AUTHORS George Veni is a hydrogeologist and the owner of George Veni and Associates in San Antonio, TX. He has studied karst internationally for 25 years, serves as an adjunct professor at The University of Ernst H. Kastning is a professor of geology at Texas and Western Kentucky University, and chairs Radford University in Radford, VA. As a hydrogeolo- the Texas Speleological Survey and the National gist and geomorphologist, he has been actively Speleological Society’s Section of Cave Geology studying karst processes and cavern development for and Geography over 30 years in geographically diverse settings with an emphasis on structural control of groundwater Harvey R. -
Karst Development Mechanism and Characteristics Based on Comprehensive Exploration Along Jinan Metro, China
sustainability Article Karst Development Mechanism and Characteristics Based on Comprehensive Exploration along Jinan Metro, China Shangqu Sun 1,2, Liping Li 1,2,*, Jing Wang 1,2, Shaoshuai Shi 1,2 , Shuguang Song 3, Zhongdong Fang 1,2, Xingzhi Ba 1,2 and Hao Jin 1,2 1 Research Center of Geotechnical and Structural Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China; [email protected] (S.Sun); [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (S.Shi); [email protected] (Z.F.); [email protected] (X.B.); [email protected] (H.J.) 2 School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China 3 School of Transportation Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 August 2018; Accepted: 19 September 2018; Published: 21 September 2018 Abstract: Jinan is the capital of Shandong Province and is famous for its spring water. Water conservation has become the consensus of Jinan citizens and the government and the community. The construction of metro engineering in Jinan has lagged behind other cities of the same scale for a long time. The key issue is the protection of spring water. When metro lines are constructed in Jinan karst area, the water-inrushing, quicksand, and piping hazards can easily occur, which can change the groundwater seepage environment and reduce spring discharge. Therefore, we try to reveal the development conditions, mechanism, and mode of karst area in Jinan. In addition, we propose the comprehensive optimizing method of “shallow-deep” and “region-target” suitable for exploration of karst areas along Jinan metro, and systematically study the development characteristics of the karst areas along Jinan metro, thus providing the basis for the shield tunnel to go through karst areas safely and protecting the springs in Jinan. -
TITLE PAGE.Wpd
Proceedings of BAT GATE DESIGN: A TECHNICAL INTERACTIVE FORUM Held at Red Lion Hotel Austin, Texas March 4-6, 2002 BAT CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL Edited by: Kimery C. Vories Dianne Throgmorton Proceedings of Bat Gate Design: A Technical Interactive Forum Proceedings of Bat Gate Design: A Technical Interactive Forum held March 4 -6, 2002 at the Red Lion Hotel, Austin, Texas Edited by: Kimery C. Vories Dianne Throgmorton Published by U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining, Alton, Illinois and Coal Research Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois U.S. Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining, Alton, Illinois Coal Research Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois Copyright 2002 by the Office of Surface Mining. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bat Gate Design: A Technical Interactive Forum (2002: Austin, Texas) Proceedings of Bat Gate Design: Red Lion Hotel, Austin, Texas, March 4-6, 2002/ edited by Kimery C. Vories, Dianne Throgmorton; sponsored by U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining and Fish and Wildlife Service, Bat Conservation International, the National Cave and Karst Management Symposium, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, the National Speleological Society, Texas Parks and Wildlife, the Lower Colorado River Authority, the Indiana Karst Conservancy, and Coal Research Center, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-885189-05-2 1. Bat ConservationBUnited States Congresses. 2. Bat Gate Design BUnited States Congresses. 3. Cave Management BUnited State Congresses. 4. Strip miningBEnvironmental aspectsBUnited States Congresses. -
Hydrogeologic Characterization and Methods Used in the Investigation of Karst Hydrology
Hydrogeologic Characterization and Methods Used in the Investigation of Karst Hydrology By Charles J. Taylor and Earl A. Greene Chapter 3 of Field Techniques for Estimating Water Fluxes Between Surface Water and Ground Water Edited by Donald O. Rosenberry and James W. LaBaugh Techniques and Methods 4–D2 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................................75 Hydrogeologic Characteristics of Karst ..........................................................................................77 Conduits and Springs .........................................................................................................................77 Karst Recharge....................................................................................................................................80 Karst Drainage Basins .......................................................................................................................81 Hydrogeologic Characterization ...............................................................................................................82 Area of the Karst Drainage Basin ....................................................................................................82 Allogenic Recharge and Conduit Carrying Capacity ....................................................................83 Matrix and Fracture System Hydraulic Conductivity ....................................................................83 -
Understanding Aquifers: Demonstration Using a Physical Model
Understanding Aquifers: Demonstration using a Physical Model Part I: Aquifers Explained Geology is the science of planet Earth, its history, and all the processes that act on it. Hydrogeology is the branch of geology which studies how water and rocks interact underground, mainly in aquifers An aquifer is a rock unit that holds enough water to supply water to wells. Aquifers can be found in many types of rocks, such as sandstone, conglomerate, unconsolidated sand and gravel, and fractured rocks composed of limestone or igneous rocks. Here at Barton Springs in Austin, Texas, we are standing on top of the Edward’s Aquifer, composed mostly of fractured limestone. These fractured rocks dissolve overtime and can create large, cave-like systems called Karst aquifers. So when you hear the word Karst, think cave. Some of these caves are big, some of them are small. Karst aquifers are different from sedimentary aquifers, where water flows mostly through the gravel and sand grains similar to a sponge. Hydrogeologists use two terms when investigating aquifers—porosity and permeability. Porosity is all the empty pore space inside a rock given in a percent volume. Porosity represents the volume of water a rock formation can potentially hold. Permeability is how well a fluid can flow within the pore spaces of the rock within the aquifer. For water, we describe this property as hydraulic conductivity. For example, clay and rocks like pumice may have high porosity, but because the pores do not connect with each other, the permeability of these rocks is usually low. Layers of low-permeability material such as clay and shale typically act as barriers to groundwater flow and may often function as an aquitard within a groundwater flow system. -
Draft 8380, Cave and Karst Resources Handbook
BLM Manuals are available online at web.blm.gov/internal/wo-500/directives/dir-hdbk/hdbk-dir.html Suggested citation: Bureau of Land Management. 2015. Cave and Karst Resources Management. BLM Manual H-8380-1. *Denver, Colorado. ## Sheet H - 8380 CAVE AND KARST RESOURCES MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................... iii I. Handbook Summary ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Significant Cave Identification and Designation ........................................................................................ 1 Chapter 3: Resource Planning ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 4: Integrating Surface and Subsurface Resources ........................................................................................... 1 Chapter 5: Implementation Strategies .............................................................................................................................. 1 II. Purpose and Need for Cave/Karst Resources Management ..................................................................................... -
K26-04713-1995-V40-N03.Pdf
THE TEXAS CAVER TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 40, No. 3 September 1995 79 Edit oral Fees For Caves Noble Stidham The Texas Ca11er iB a quarterly pubHcalion of the Texas 80 Conservation Report Speleological ~tion (TSA), an internal organization of Cave Conservation Issues . David Jagnow the National Speleological Society (NSS). Issues are publiBhcd in March, June, September, and December. 83 Please Write Letters . ... Concerned Cavers Subscription J"1lta arc $15/ycar for four iBsucs of The Texas 86 General News Ca11er. This includes membership in the TSA. For only Tower of the Americas . Bill Steele $5.00 additional, or a total of $20.00, you can receive Pat Copeland's Monthly Mailing of Dated Material containing dates and places of current and future TSA, TSS, TCMA, 90 Gear Review ............... Joe Ivy TCS, and Grotto activities . Out of state subscribers, The Petzl Duo Headlamp libraries, and other institutions can receive The Texas Caver for the same rate ($15/year). Send all correspondence (other 91 Safety and Rescue Alex Villagomez than material for The Texas Caver) , subscriptions, and The Frog System ex::hanges to: The Texas Caver, P.O . Box 8026, Austin, . TelUlll 78713. Back iBsues are available at $3.00 per iBsue. 92 TCMA News ............. Jay Jorden Articles 11nd other M11terial for The Texas Caver should be Annual Membership Meeting sent to the Publications Chairman, Jay Jorden, 1518 Devon Circle, Dallas, Texas 75217-1205. The Texas Caver openly 92 TSS News Bill Elliott invites all cavcrs to submit articles, trip reports, photographs (35mm slides or any size black & white or color print on glossy 93 TSANews paper), cave maps, news events, cartoons, and/or any other 1995 TSA Competition . -
Underwater Speleology Journal of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society CONTENTS
Underwater Speleology Journal of the Cave Diving Section of the National Speleological Society CONTENTS Jackson Blue Springs. Photographer: Mat Bull...........................................Cover From the Chairman.....................................................................................3 Little Hole, Big Finds: Diving Tulum’s Chan Hol..........................................4 Agnes Milowka Memorial...........................................................................11 Skills, tips & Techniques............................................................................12 Wes Skiles Peacock Springs Interpretive Trail..........................................14 Cave diving Milestones.............................................................................17 Visit With A Cave: Madison Blue Springs..................................................18 Conservation Corner.................................................................................21 Australia: Down Under Diary.....................................................................22 Workshop 2011.........................................................................................29 News Reel.................................................................................................30 from the Chairman gene melton “The root of joy, as of duty, is to put all of one’s powers towards some great end.” - Oliver Wendell Holmes. Throughout all of our experiences, we sometimes find ourselves standing on a knife edge. We can fall off one side due to over -
A Guide to Responsible Caving Published by the National Speleological Society a Guide to Responsible Caving
A Guide to Responsible Caving Published by The National Speleological Society A Guide to Responsible Caving National Speleological Society 2813 Cave Avenue Huntsville, AL 35810 256-852-1300 [email protected] www.caves.org Fourth Edition, 2009 Text: Cheryl Jones Design: Mike Dale/Switchback Design Printing: Raines This publication was made possible through a generous donation by Inner Mountain Outfitters. Copies of this Guide may be obtained through the National Speleological Society Web site. www.caves.org © Copyright 2009, National Speleological Society FOREWORD We explore caves for many reasons, but mainly for sport or scientific study. The sport caver has been known as a spelunker, but most cave explorers prefer to be called cavers. Speleology is the scientific study of the cave environment. One who studies caves and their environments is referred to as a speleologist. This publication deals primarily with caves and the sport of caving. Cave exploring is becoming increasingly popular in all areas of the world. The increase in visits into the underground world is having a detrimental effect on caves and relations with cave owners. There are many proper and safe caving methods. Included here is only an introduction to caves and caving, but one that will help you become a safe and responsible caver. Our common interests in caving, cave preservation and cave conservation are the primary reasons for the National Speleological Society. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced caver, we hope the guidelines in this booklet will be a useful tool for remembering the basics which are so essential to help preserve the cave environment, to strengthen cave owner relations with the caving community, and to make your visit to caves a safe and enjoyable one.