TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER WY-100 (Naval Reserve No. 3) HAER WY-100 (NPR-3) 7.25 miles northeast of Teapot Rock and 9 miles southeast of the intersection of 259 and Wyoming 387 Midwest vicinity Natrona County Wyoming

PHOTOGRAPHS

WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA

FIELD RECORDS

HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD INTERMOUNTAIN REGIONAL OFFICE U.S. Department of the Interior 12795 West Alameda Parkway Denver, CO 80228 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD

TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD (Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3) (NPR-3)

HAER No. WY-100

Location: 7.25 miles northeast of Teapot Rock and 9 miles southeast of the intersection of Wyoming 259 and Wyoming 387, Midwest Vicinity, Natrona County, Wyoming

USGS GILLAM DRAW WEST, WY Quadrangle, UTM Coordinates: Center area of Teapot Dome Oilfield: 402676.3 E – 4793772.3 N.

Present Owner/ Occupant: Present Owner is Natrona County Holding, LLC, and the occupant is Stranded Oil Resources Corporation, a subsidiary of Natrona County Holdings, LLC

Present Use: The Teapot Dome Oilfield (9,481 acres) area is an active oilfield, producing both oil and gas from more than 500 wells. At the time of transfer out of federal ownership (January 2015), oil production was less than 500 barrels per day. Surviving structures and infrastructure associated with the original oilfield development (1922 to 1924) are ruins and are no longer in use.

Significance: The Teapot Dome Oilfield is the popular name for the 9,481-acre Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (NPR-3), significant for its 1922–24 engineering development by private producers on federal land, leading to a government scandal of national proportions. The Teapot Dome Oilfield was initially established via an Executive Order by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1915; however, the infamous and the physical development of the oilfield did not begin until 1922, under President Warren Harding’s administration. The majority of the development of the Teapot Dome Oilfield was completed by early 1924— ranging from drilling derricks to residential-operations camps to a vast storage-tank farm—with only limited development during operations by the Court appointed receivers from 1924 to 1928. In October 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a Circuit Court decision that the Teapot Dome lease had been fraudulently obtained, and the oilfield was officially turned over to the Navy on January 7, 1928. The Navy took steps to shut down the wells and end operations, returning the oilfield to reserve status and gradually removing most of the early 1920s operational developments. TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 2)

Historians: James W. Steely, SWCA Environmental Consultants, assisting Mettler and Associates. Todd Stribley and Sharon Thomas, U.S. Department of Energy.

Project Information: Pursuant to the January 2015 sale of NPR-3 (Teapot Dome Oilfield) and transfer from federal ownership by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to Natrona County Holdings, LLC, certain surviving structures on the historic oilfield have been documented to Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) standards. In accordance with a Programmatic Agreement between DOE, the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Officer, and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and in consultation with the National Park Service, the Teapot Dome Oilfield and two surviving engineering structures from the 1922–24 development of the oilfield were recorded using HAER standards as mitigation for the transfer out of federal ownership to a private owner (Stranded Oil Resources Corporation – Natrona County Holdings, LLC). Project historian James Steely conducted the large-format photography in June 2015 at the oilfield with SWCA associate Christian Driver. DOE project manager Todd Stribley provided historic and current NPR-3 documentation for this report. TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 3)

Part I. Historical Information

A. Physical History:

1. Date(s) of construction: June 1922 through March 1924 (Trexel 1930:139, 161); and during the court ordered receivership, in July 1924 two “off-set” wells were drilled to counter new wells on private land adjacent to the Reserve; in 1925 a casinghead natural gas and gasoline collection system was installed; and in 1925 and 1926 two central- power plants replaced individual pump motors on thirty-two wells in the north area of the Reserve.

2. Architect/Engineer: Thomas W. White, Chief Engineer, Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation (Trexel 1930:139).

3. Builder/Contractor/Supplier: Multiple builders/contractors/suppliers were associated with the development of the Teapot Dome Oilfield, as follows: • Sinclair Consolidated Oil Company (SCO), contracted with: o W.H. Weaver built twenty derricks (Trexel 1930: 139). o SCO subsidiary Sinclair Pipe Line (SPL) Company erected a camp for personnel working on the Sinclair Pump Station (Trexel 1930:150). o SPL constructed the Sinclair Pump Station, the long-distance pipeline pump station at the Teapot Dome Oilfield (Trexel 1930:154). o SPL constructed a 54-mile pipeline from the Sinclair Pump Station to a new tank farm in Clayton, Wyoming (Trexel 1930:153-154). o SCO subsidiary Mammoth Oil Company contracted with:  Chanute, Hardendorf, and Houston drilling companies drilled groups of wells, and to establish their own drilling camps on the Reserve (Trexel 1930:141,150).  Riter-Conley Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, (National Petroleum News 1922:60) constructed twenty-one oil storage tanks of 55,000 to 80,000 barrels each (Trexel 1930:152).  New York Oil Company installed a casinghead gas collection system and compression plant (Trexel 1930:160-61).

4. Original plans and construction: Original plans for the overall Teapot Dome Oilfield development are not known to exist. The development of the oilfield evolved as needed based on the initial well locations and on the location of the productive wells. Details of the development from 1922 through 1924 of the oilfield were recorded and extensively mapped by U.S. Navy Lt. Commander C.A. Trexel (1930) in “Compilation of Data on Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (Teapot Dome) Natrona County Wyoming.”

A series of drawings (maps as figures) from Strauss and Watts, receivers dated April 24, 1924, and from Trexel 1930, is included at the end of the Written Historical and Descriptive Data Section, as listed below: • Figure 2: “Receivers’ Map of Teapot Dome Oilfield” (See Page 22). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 4)

• Figure 3: “Location of Camps” (See Page 23). • Figure 4: “Roads and Bridges” (See Page 24). • Figure 5: “Telephone System” (See Page 25). • Figure 6: “Derricks” (See Page 26). • Figure 7: “Gas Distribution System” (See Page 27). • Figure 8: “Oil Gathering System” (See Page 28). • Figure 9: “Sinclair Equipment” (See Page 29). • Figure 10: “Gas Collection System” (See Page 30).

5. Alterations and additions: The primary Teapot Dome Oilfield development was from May 1922 through March 1924, while the oilfield was under the control of Mammoth Oil Company. During that time, eight residence/operation camps were established, telephone and water lines were installed, roads and bridges were constructed, and natural gas and oil wells, tanks, and pipelines were installed throughout the oilfield.

On March 13, 1924, federal court appointed receivers took control of the oilfield and stopped most drilling operations, but maintained production from existing wells. Drilling rigs were moved into storage at Casper and a considerable number of employees were dismissed (Darnell 1953:6-8). At the time the receivers took over operations, eighty-two wells had been spudded in, and sixty wells were producing oil, gas, or water (see Operations). Because two new wells were being drilled adjacent to the Teapot Dome Oilfield, the court authorized the receivers to drill two new off-set wells to prevent drainage from the oilfield into the production zone of the outside wells. These new wells were completed in July 1924, and produced a limited amount of oil, approximately thirty- eight barrels per day (Trexel 1930:158). In addition, the court authorized the receivers to sell excess casinghead natural gas and gasoline, and in 1925 a natural gas collection system, gasoline condensing gear, and compression plant were installed, and excess gas was being sold by October 1925 via a connection with an existing pipeline to Casper and Midwest (Trexel 1930:160-161).

Following the close-down of operations under the court appointed receivers: forty-three wells of the eighty-four wells at the Teapot Dome Oilfield were producing oil (thirty in the second wall, one in the third wall, and twelve in shale; see Historic Context below for formation and well depths). Six wells were producing natural gas. The other thirty-five wells had been plugged and abandoned, mudded, or shut down (Trexel 1930:174). After the October 1927 Supreme Court decision voiding the original Mammoth Oil Company lease, the receivers shut down operations of the Teapot Dome Oilfield on December 31, 1927, and submitted a final report to the courts on January 7, 1928 (Trexel 1930:167).

In 1928, Mammoth Oil Company Camps 1, 2, and 3, and the Sinclair Camp were boarded up and fences were erected around each area (Trexel 1930:175). During the course of closing down operations, the Navy approved the sale of the Sinclair Pump Station and Pipeline within the Reserve, a number of derricks, about half of the steel field tanks, the wood water tanks, and pipelines of the oil gathering system (Trexel 1930:175). Six lots TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 5)

of material were identified for sale, and sale awards were issued on September 18, 1928, as follows: • Lot 1 – 10 standard 82’ wooden derricks, sold to American Iron & Metal Co. • Lot 2 – Sinclair Pump Station; not sold, no reasonable offer was received. • Lot 3 – Sinclair pipeline on the Reserve (approximately 85,000’ of 8 ¼ casing and telephone line), sold to Ohio Oil Co. • Lot 4 - 53 steel oil tanks (ranging from 100 to 500 barrels in size), sold to Ohio Oil Co. • Lot 5 – 31 wood stave water tanks, sold to American Iron & Metal Co. • Lot 6 – approximately 13,300 barrels of crude oil (resulting from draining existing storage in tanks and pipelines), sold to White Eagle Oil and Refining Company.

Due to no competitive bids for the Sinclair Pump Station, on January 9, 1929, White Eagle Oil and Refining Company was awarded an annual rental contract of the Sinclair Pump Station, pipelines (connecting to the Midwest Pipeline), and eight of the large oil storage tanks (55,000 to 80,000 barrel tanks) (Trexel 1930:176-178).

Between 1928 and 1949, all but six wells were mudded in and abandoned. Five wells were left open for regular quarterly pressure tests and one well was used to supply natural gas to the camp (assumed to be Mammoth Camp No. 1) for the general operation of the Reserve (Darnell 1953:14).

A series of photographs at the end of the Written Historical and Descriptive Data Section shows the original development (photographs from 1927), and the current condition (2008) of the area, as listed below: • Figure 12: “Mammoth Main Camp (Camp No. 1) as it appeared in 1927 and 2008” (See Page 32). • Figure 13: “Connelly Reservoir as it appeared in 1927 and 2014” (See Page 33). • Figure 14: “Bridge Across Teapot Creek as it appeared in 1927 and 2014” (See Page 34). • Figure 15: “Sinclair Pump Station as it appeared in 1927 and 2008” (See Page 35).

B. Historic Context

The Teapot Dome Oilfield is the popular name for the 9,481 acre Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (NPR-3). The Teapot Dome Oilfield was the subject of the historically significant Teapot Dome Scandal that started during the administration of U.S. President Warren G. Harding in April 1922, and concluded during the administration of U.S. President Herbert Hoover in October 1929. The scandal involved conspiracy and bribes associated with the secret leasing of Naval oil reserve lands in Wyoming and California to private companies by high level federal officials, namely Albert B. Fall, the Secretary of the Interior, and Edwin Denby, the Secretary of the Navy. In October of 1929, the trials associated with the Teapot Dome Scandal resulted in a criminal conviction of Albert B. Fall, former Secretary of the Interior; he was found guilty of conspiracy, fined $100,000, and sentenced to a year in jail. TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 6)

Initial reports of potential oil in the Teapot Dome Oilfield region occurred in 1886, when Wyoming’s territorial geologist, Samuel Aughey, filed a geological report. In a general area long known for surface oil seepage, Aughey noticed that the layers of rock around Salt Creek formed an anticline, a place where the layers bend upward, then down again. The layers had been deposited millions of years ago as sand or mud, then hardened into rock. Other uplifting pressures in the earth’s crust later bent the layers (Rea 2015). Oil is often trapped underground in spaces left by the up-bent rock, and Aughey’s report included a sketch of these layers. It showed that some of the top layers, near the middle of the anticline, were missing. Wind, water and weather had eroded them away. These missing layers and the tendency of oil to migrate upward explain why the oil, once far underground, was now at and near the surface (Rea 2015).

Aughey’s report led to the development of the Salt Creek Oilfield (adjacent and north of the Teapot Dome Oilfield). Based on the oil discoveries in the Salt Creek Oilfield and concerns about securing oil for the U.S. Navy, in 1909, the U.S. Department of the Interior declared that all unclaimed land around the Salt Creek field would be withdrawn, e.g. no new land would be available for occupancy and/or mineral claims. By 1910, two main companies, the Wyoming Oil Fields Company and the Midwest Oil Company were established on the Salt Creek Oilfield. By 1912 each company had built a refinery in Casper and had laid pipe from the wells on Salt Creek to the new refineries. By the end of 1913, the Midwest Refining Company had bought, swapped for, or absorbed enough of the other interests and had become the biggest company on Salt Creek. It owned mineral claims, producing wells, pumping stations, pipelines, storage tanks, and refineries. Most of its workers lived at the biggest of the camps along Salt Creek, the town that would become Midwest (Rea 2015).

By 1910, the U.S. Navy was rapidly converting from coal to oil-burning ships, and concern arose for an assured domestic supply of oil in the event of war or a national emergency. In response to this concern, the Pickett Act of 1910 authorized the U.S. President to withdraw large areas of potential oil-bearing lands in California and Wyoming—then the most active states for oil exploration on federal lands—as sources of fuel for the Navy. On July 2, 1910, President William Howard Taft set aside federal lands believed to contain oil as an emergency reserve for the U.S. Navy. This eventually led to an Executive Order designating the Teapot Dome area as Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 3 (NPR-3) in 1915 (DOE - Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves).

The geologic structure of the Teapot Dome was initially discovered and named by geologist C.H. Wegemann in 1911, as a probable oil-bearing anticline on trend with the giant Salt Creek Field. The Teapot Dome Oilfield is a faulted dome in the Salt Creek anticline on the southwestern margin of the Powder River Basin, north of Casper in Natrona County, Wyoming. In the case of the Teapot Dome Oilfield, the anticline was formed by compression from the west, resulting in reverse faults at depth, tensional fissures on top of the anticlinal folds, and thin down-dropped blocks. These geologic conditions and features resulted in various oil and gas-bearing areas (sands and shale) throughout the oilfield (Dennen et al. 2005:2-3).

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In the Teapot Dome Oilfield, the principal regional oil sands are the Shannon, the First, Second, and Third Wall Creek, the Dakota and Lakota, the Sundance, and the Tensleep. In the Teapot Dome Oilfield, the Shannon produced a very small amount of oil on the edges of the geologic structure; the First Wall Creek contained water or in a few places was dry; and the Second Wall Creek yielded eighty-five percent of the production of oil and practically all the gas, with a small production of both coming from the Third Wall Creek (Trexel 1930:193). Below is a summary of the regional oil sands and their depths found at the Teapot Dome Oilfield:

• Shannon Sand – between 30’ to 50’ thick and lies between 0’ and 500’ below ground surface. • First Wall Creek Sand – averages 135’ thick and lies between 2,200’ and 2,700’ below ground surface. • Second Wall Creek Sand – between 25’ to 60’ thick and lies between 2,600’ and 3,100’ below ground surface. • Third Wall Creek Sand – between 20’ to 35’ thick and lies between 2,800’ and 3,300’ below ground surface. • Dakota and Lakota Sand – approximately 70’ thick and lies between 3,600’ and 4,100’ below ground surface. • Sundance Sand – approximately 250’ thick and lies between 4,130’ and 4,630’ below ground surface. • Tensleep Sand – approximately 270’ thick and lies between 5,150’ and 5,650’ below ground surface (Trexel 1930:193–196).

Several key events were associated with the Teapot Dome Oilfield and ultimately the Teapot Dome Scandal. On April 30, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson issued an Executive Order designating parts of 21 sections of land encompassing the “Teapot Dome” as Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 3 (NPR-3). On May 23, 1921, President Warren Harding, by Executive Order with the acquiescence of the Secretary of the Navy, transferred administration of all Naval Reserves from the Navy Department to the Interior Department. On April 7, 1922, Albert B. Fall, Secretary of the Interior, and Edwin Denby, Secretary of the Navy, acting for the U.S. Government, entered into a lease with Mammoth Oil Company, a corporation controlled by Harry Ford Sinclair, to develop and exploit the oil and natural gas in NPR-3, with the following expressed objectives: secure fuel-oil and storage for fuel-oil for the Navy (with a sub-text of supporting the Navy in response to recent threats from Japan); avoid loss of oil from NPR-3 by drainage to adjacent wells; and create a competitive market and thereby secure better prices for government royalty oil from the Salt Creek Field.

Henry Sinclair’s Mammoth Oil Company was formed for the sole purpose of developing and operating the Teapot Dome Oilfield. The oilfield was quickly developed, with multiple contracts to several drilling companies to install and complete the first round of wells in the oilfield. The output of the oilfield was anticipated to be more than 20,000 barrels of oil per day. Mr. Sinclair’s contractors constructed more than 600 miles of pipelines to support anticipated production in Wyoming—including his interests at Salt Creek Oilfield—and to deliver the oil to the mid-continent trunk lines of both the Sinclair Pipe Line and Prairie Pipe Line Companies near Kansas City. TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 8)

Mammoth Oil Company brought in a gusher at Teapot Dome on May 12, 1922, with well “402- 20” at the north end of the Reserve, shooting oil 50’ over the derrick and producing 72,010 barrels in the month of June (Trexel 1930:146–147). While 402-20 soon settled to 800 barrels per day production, when fully developed the Teapot Dome Oilfield included approximately 84 producing wells. Mr. Sinclair’s interests also installed associated infrastructure (gas and oil pipelines and storage tanks), a gas collection and compression facility, four Mammoth Oil Camps, a Sinclair Camp, three drilling company camps, a telephone system, and a water system. Peak production of the oilfield was achieved in October 1923 at 4,460 barrels per day (Trexel 1930:146).

Meanwhile, the U.S. Senate investigated the Sinclair-Mammoth lease, suspicious over the lack of competition, for its origin in Fall’s office, and of Fall’s accelerated personal spending thereafter, and concerned that the Navy’s previous policy of oil-reserve conservation had been so quickly reversed (Stratton 1998). On March 13, 1924, the U.S. District Court in Cheyenne “issued a temporary restraining order on the Mammoth Oil Co.” summarized Trexel (1930:157), “and one [additional order] appointing Rear Admiral Joseph Strauss, U.S.N., and Mr. Albert E. Watts, Vice-President of the Sinclair Consolidated Oil Co. as joint Receivers.” On March 22 the new management stopped drilling at NPR-3, but maintained existing production, which had settled at approximately 3,790 barrels per day. Strauss resigned that August, replaced by Navy Commander Harry A. Stuart as co-receiver (Trexel 1930:158).

In October 1927, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a U.S. Circuit Court decision that the NPR-3 lease had been fraudulently obtained, and the oilfield was officially turned over to the Navy on January 7, 1928. Oil production was then down to 730 barrels per day, and the Navy’s conservation strategy for the Teapot Dome Oilfield was to store the oil in the ground. As a result, steps were taken to shut down the remaining wells and return the Reserve to conservation status. This resulted in the mudding and abandonment of almost all the oil and gas wells in the oilfield and the sale and removal of the infrastructure and camps. The resulting close down of operations and sale of oilfield equipment ended development of the Teapot Dome Oilfield.

In October 1929, the trials associated with the Teapot Dome Scandal resulted in a criminal conviction of the former Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall; he was found guilty of conspiracy, fined $100,000, and sentenced to a year in jail.

As of 2015, when the U.S. Department of Energy operated the oilfield as an oilfield testing area, visible signs of the original oilfield development included various building foundations, circular earthen berm rings that were placed around the large storage tanks, various reservoirs and earthen dams, and derelict old bridges. This venerable Wyoming landscape and its eroding industrial features at the oilfield commemorate the infamous national scandal associated with Teapot Dome, Harry Sinclair, and U.S. Department of the Interior Secretary (1921–23) Albert Bacon Fall.

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Part II. Structural/Design/Equipment Information

A. General Statement:

1. Character: The various crumbling structures and infrastructure (foundations, bridges, reservoirs, earthen dams, and tank rings) associated with the original development, along with the extensive original road network within the Teapot Dome Oilfield, convey the magnitude of the oilfield’s extensive development. 2. Condition of fabric: While the U.S. Navy removed the buildings, structures, and most infrastructure associated with the original development of the Teapot Dome Oilfield, various foundations, tank rings, reservoirs, earthen dams, and dilapidated bridges are recognizable to their construction between 1922 and 1924.

B. Description of Exteriors:

BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

In addition to structures and equipment related to the extraction and transport of oil, natural gas, and distillate gasoline, the Teapot Dome Oilfield consisted of several camps, a network of roads and bridges, and water supply and telephone systems. The first structures erected to house workers prior to the development of the camp buildings were tents with pinewood floors and canvas walls and ceilings. In the summer of 1922, approximately 15 tents were used as living quarters with pine tables and iron frame beds ( National Petroleum News , July 3, 1922:36). The temporary tent camp was dismantled in December 1923 after the permanent camps were completed (Trexel 1930:147).

The Mammoth Oil Company developed four camps on the Teapot Dome Oilfield, including Camp No. 1, the main camp; Camp No. 2 near the oil collection and pumping area; Camp No. 3 for employees in the northern portion of the oilfield; and Camp No. 4 for employees in the central portion of the oilfield. Construction for Camp No. 1, the “Main Camp,” began in July of 1922 (see HAER No. WY-100-A for more detail) (Trexel 1930:147–148) . Camp No. 2 was essentially a pump station where the oil collection was centralized, gauged, and pumped to the tanks of the Sinclair Pipe Line Company. Camp No. 2 had a 5 bedroom cottage, a boiler house with 3 boilers, a pump building, four 1,000 barrel steel gauging tanks, one 500 barrel water tank, one 250 barrel water tank, and one 12 barrel soft water tank (Trexel 1930:149). Camp No. 3 housed employees who were engaged in operations in the north end of the oilfield and included 2 cottages each with 3 rooms, 2 dormitories, a mess hall, a 4-car garage, a 50-barrel water tank and tower, and a small meat house. Camp No. 4 housed a few employees engaged in operations in the central part of the oilfield and included 2 cottages each with 3 rooms, a dormitory, and a small warehouse. The buildings and structures associated with Camp No. 4 were later moved to Camp No. 1 (Trexel 1930:150).

In addition to the Mammoth camps, the Sinclair Pipe Line Company and the Chanute, Hardendorf, and Houston drilling companies erected camps on the Teapot Dome Oilfield. The Sinclair Camp consisted of six cottages for personnel working at the Sinclair Pump Station. The TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 10)

Chanute, Hardendorf, and Houston drilling company camps consisted of wooden shacks covered with tar paper (Trexel 1930:150).

A series of photographs is included at the end of the Written Historical and Descriptive Data Section that show some of the original structures on the Teapot Dome Oilfield, as listed below: • Figure 16: “Mammoth Camp No. 1, Residences; and Garage, Office, and Warehouse as they appeared in 1927” (See Page 36) • Figure 17: “Mammoth Camp No. 3; and Mammoth Well 402-20 as they appeared in 1927” (See Page 37). • Figure 18: “NY Oil Company Gas Plant; and Margalexom Well and Camp as they appeared in 1927” (See Page 38). • Figure 19: “Teapot Cut Off Road; and Off-Site Water Wells as they appeared in 1927” (See Page 39).

1. Overall dimensions: Other than the pump building at Camp No. 2, which was 40’ by 80’, no information regarding the dimensions of the buildings and structures in the camps was identified (Trexel 1930:149).

2. Foundations: The tents had pine floors (National Petroleum News , July 3, 1922:36). Some of the camp buildings had concrete foundations and others were on wood timbers (Pronghorn 1995:34).

3. Walls: The tents had pine walls (National Petroleum News , July 3, 1922:36). The cottages, dormitories and similar buildings in Camps No. 1 - 4 were covered with wood sheathing and were lined and painted white or a very light color; the shops were sheathed with galvanized corrugated metal (Trexel 1930:148).

4. Structural system, framing: The buildings in Camps No. 1 - 4 were constructed with wood frames (Trexel 1930:148). The structures in the Chanute, Hardendorf, and Houston drilling companies camps were shacks covered with tar paper (Trexel 1930:150).

5. Porches, stoops, balconies, bulkheads: Residential buildings in Camp No. 1 featured 1- story porches of various configurations: shed-roof, hipped-roof, and under extended gable.

6. Chimneys/stacks: Photographs from the Teapot Dome Oilfield indicate that some buildings had brick chimneys probably for natural gas stoves, ovens, and heaters, but no information on their placement or size was identified.

7. Openings: No 1922 building plans were located, but from Trexel’s 1930 (:148) descriptions of wood-frame buildings in the semi-permanent Mammoth Oil Company camps, and from photographs made in 1927, windows and doors presumably were typically milled-wood frames with plate glass lights.

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8. Roofs: a. Shape, truss type, covering: The tents had canvas roofs (National Petroleum News , July 3, 1922:36). Camp No. 1 buildings featured several roof types: gabled, hipped, and flat with parapet. Trexel described the camp buildings as “well constructed with wood frames and ready to lay roofing” (Trexel 1930:148). b. Cornice, eaves: All Camp No. 1 buildings featured moderate eaves. The distinctive 2-story flat-roof building (see Page 32, Figure 12; possibly the hospital) sported a shallow-eave “aqua-media” around the parapet. c. Dormers, cupolas, towers, clerestories, monitors: None identified in vintage photographs.

C. Description of Interiors: No Relevant Information Identified.

1. Floor plans: No Relevant Information Identified. 2. Work flow: No Relevant Information Identified. 3. Stairways: No Relevant Information Identified. 4. Flooring: No Relevant Information Identified. 5. Wall and ceiling finish: No Relevant Information Identified. 6. Openings: See B.7.

7. Mechanical equipment: The buildings in Camp No. 1 were all equipped with water, natural gas, electric, steam, and sewer connections and a few had telephones (Trexel 1930:148). At Camp No. 2, the cottage and boiler house had water and gas connections and the house had a telephone. At Camp No. 3, the buildings had gas and water, and the mess hall and one of the cottages had sewer connections and a telephone. At Camp No. 4, the buildings had water, gas and one telephone (Trexel 1930:149). The cottages at the Sinclair camps had water, gas, electric, sewer, and telephone connections. The shacks erected for the Chanute, Hardendorf, and Houston drilling companies’ camps had gas connections and water outside (Trexel 1930:150). A series of photographs is included at the end of the Written Historical and Descriptive Data Section that shows some of the original mechanical equipment at the Teapot Dome Oilfield, as listed below: • Figure 20: “NY Oil Company Compression Plant; and Flow Battery as they appeared in 1927” (See Page 40). • Figure 21: “Sinclair Pump Station, Pump Room; and Sinclair Pump Station, Engine Room as they appeared in 1927” (See Page 41).

a. Heating, air conditioning, ventilation: Natural gas fueled heaters and stoves in various applications at the camps. b. Lighting: Only Camp No. 1 and the Sinclair Camp buildings had electricity. No information is available on lighting type, placement, or light fixtures used. c. Plumbing: No specific information on plumbing was identified, but camps with water lines are indicated in the text above. Water for domestic use was at first hauled in until the Mammoth Oil Company drilled water wells about three miles west of the Teapot Dome Oilfield in July and August 1922 and supplemented the well water with surface water collected in reservoirs and by one or two wells on TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 12)

the oilfield (Trexel 1930:198). Although this water was condensed for drinking purposes, many of the employees purchased water from the Hillcrest Water Company (Trexel 1930:198) delivered in glass bottles and cans (Trexel 1930:205). Additional information on the water wells and transport are included in Part III. B. Technology. Additional information on Camp No. 1 sewer structures is documented in the attached structure report for WY-100-B. d. Telephone system: A telephone system was installed with a central switchboard in the main office at Camp No. 1 and connections to the following: Camps No. 2, 3, and 4; the temporary tent camp; the Sinclair Camp; and the camps of the Chanute, Hardendorf, and Houston drilling companies (Trexel 1930:150).

D. Machines: No intact machinery survives at the site from the Mammoth Oil Company Operations or the Receivership at the Teapot Dome oilfield. Numerous concrete foundations from pump houses, boiler houses, and central-power plants remain at the Reserve.

E. Site Layout: The boundary line of the Teapot Dome Oilfield follows Public Land Survey System section and quarter section lines forming an elongated north-south parcel with stair- step edges. The greatest length (in a north and south direction) is 7.25 miles and the greatest overall width (in an east and west direction) is 3 miles. The oilfield is in a basin formed by erosion of the original surface apex of a structural dome (Teapot Dome), and a resulting escarpment encircles the oilfield on all but the north side (Trexel 1930: 191). “It is carved into cliffs, towers, isolated buttes and many strange and picturesque forms,” Trexel described. “The surface in the basin inside the escarpment is rough, consisting of low rolling hills and flats cut by a network of deep gulches into the type of topography known throughout the west as badlands” (Trexel 1930:192).

Camp No. 1 was on the central western boundary of the Teapot Dome Oilfield and was the farthest south of the camps. It was built in the “protective lee of the west escarpment” to provide shelter from wind (Trexel 1930:140). Camp No. 2 was the northern most camp located in Section 21, with Camp No. and the Houston drilling company camp to the southwest also in Section 21 (Trexel 1930:148). The Sinclair Camp was near the Sinclair Pump Station in the northeast corner of Section 28. The camps erected by the Chanute and Hardendorf drilling companies for their personnel were more centrally located near Camp 4 in Sections 33 and 34 (Trexel 1930:150).

Prior to 1911, no roads existed to or from what became the Teapot Dome Oilfield (Pronghorn 1995:34). The first road was built in 1922 as the 3.5-mile “Teapot Cut Off Road,” (Trexel 1930:140) running from the Salt Creek Highway east and entering the oilfield on the west side just north of Camp No. 1 (Trexel 1930:150). Other roads throughout the oilfield followed, as well as eleven wood-stringer bridges.

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Part III. Operations and Process

A. Operations: Headquarters for Mammoth Oil Company operations at NPR-3/Teapot Dome Oilfield were established in Casper. Mammoth Oil Company quickly began operations under its lease of April 7, 1922, and announced Sinclair executive W. L. Connelly as the Vice President and General Manager of Mammoth operations at Teapot Dome. Plans were prepared to increase Sinclair’s refinery and fuel oil storage capacity in Houston to supply the needs of the Navy in accordance with the lease contract. In early May, a team led by F. B. Tough, Supervisor of the Oil and Gas Division, U.S. Bureau of Mines (in the Interior Department), began surveying the site and identifying locations for wells (Trexel 1930: 139).

“About the middle of May,” Trexel (1930:139) reflected, “Thomas W. White, Chief Engineer of the Sinclair Consolidated Oil Company, arrived in Casper to start operations.”

Inquiries were made of dealers in oil well supplies, lumber and other necessary items for 20 complete standard drilling outfits. By the end of the month, a contract had been let to W. H. Weaver to build 20 derricks; 20 drilling outfits had been ordered and shipped; a large temporary tent camp was being erected in Section 3-38-78, surveys were under way, fleets of trucks were plying back and forth between Casper and the Teapot Dome Oilfield and the place generally resembled an ant hill in point of activity. To have a company start 20 tests simultaneously on an unproven structure was spectacular and raised public interest to a high pitch.

In early June 1922, Mammoth Oil Company announced that an initial investment of $500,000 would be spent for materials for the first twenty wells (Trexel 1930:139). By the end of June, Mammoth began construction of the first road, selected a site for the main camp (Camp No. 1), marked locations for all the wells, and completed a topographic map (Trexel 1930:140).

During July, drilling of water wells was completed and a water line was run to tanks near Camp No. 1. Construction of Camp No.1 had begun, the first road was completed, and several derricks were completed and equipped. Of the twenty initial test wells, No. 4 was the first to begin drilling on July 11, 1922. By the beginning of August, twelve derricks were completed and contracts to drill fifteen wells had been awarded to the Shamrock, Houston, and Chanute drilling companies. By the end of September, twenty-two wells were drilling for oil, including the twenty test wells required by the lease contract and two additional wells (Trexel 1930:140).

When well 301-3 reached a depth of 2,914’ on December 14, 1922, it produced a large flow of dry gas. “When subsequently in May and June of the next year other wells a mile and a half to the south and north of this well also came in with dry gas, it was realized that dry gas filled a large area in the center of the dome and that the oil content would accordingly be only a fraction of the amount anticipated” (Trexel 1930:186). Fourteen gas wells were drilled on Teapot Dome Oilfield, two were mudded by Mammoth Oil, and six of the remaining twelve were mudded under the receivership (Trexel 1930:186). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 14)

On March 13, 1924, the court-appointed receivers took control of the Teapot Dome Oilfield, and all development work was shut down. Drilling operations were stopped, rigs were moved into storage at Casper, and a considerable number of employees were dismissed (Darnell 1953:6-8) (Trexel 1930:156). At the time the receivers took over operations, eighty- two wells had been spudded in, and sixty wells were producing, as follows: • Oil wells – 47 in the 2nd Wall Creek, 1 in the 3rd Wall Creek, and 12 in the 3rd Wall Creek shale. • Gas Wells – 2 producing and 10 shut in. • Water Wells – 3 open and 2 plugged. • Incomplete Wells – 5 (Darnell 1953:6-8).

In May 1924, the court authorized the receivers to drill two new “off-set” wells in the north end of NPR-3 to prevent subterranean “drainage,” a long-perceived problem and typical solution to protect oil leases when someone drilled another well across the surface boundary line. These new wells were completed by July 1924 and produced a limited amount of oil (Trexel 1930:158). No additional drilling was authorized until July 1925, when several existing wells were deepened and subsequently plugged back to their earlier depths (Trexel 1930:159).

In March 1925, the New York Oil Co. (NYOC) contracted to collect and sell excess casinghead natural gas and gasoline, and began laying a gathering system and making connections to the flow tanks of the NPR-3 oil well tank batteries. By the middle of June, work had begun on a connected gas-compression plant in Section 33 (Trexel 1930:160). This system moved the marketable natural gas to the Salt Creek Oilfield’s Central Pipe Line between Midwest and Casper. NYOC also extracted gasoline at the compression plant as a secondary result of raising the pressure to force the gas to Casper. About 0.28 to 0.38 gallon of casinghead gasoline per 1000 cubic feet of gas was produced (Trexel 1930:161), and the product was probably trucked to Casper from the Teapot Dome Oilfield.

In the summer of 1925, the co-receivers installed what Trexel called “well powers,” centralized power systems to operate well pumps, on the northwest end of the Teapot Dome Oilfield as a result of the low production of the wells and resulting high pumping cost. The central-power locations were selected based on proximity to multiple wells. In the summer of 1926, an additional central-power source was installed in the same general area of the oilfield. In total, thirty-two wells were pumped using these central-power sources (Trexel 1930:164).

After the October 10, 1927, U.S. Supreme Court decision negating the Mammoth lease, the co-receivers began to shut down operations based on the expected next step that Teapot Dome Oilfield would be restored to the Navy. All loose material was moved into warehouses and store yards, and plans were laid to mud wells and plug and abandon others where water had been encountered or production was negligible. The oilfield was restored to the possession of the Navy on January 7, 1928 (Trexel 1930:165–168).

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Between 1928 and 1949, little activity occurred at the Teapot Dome Oilfield, primarily quarterly pressure testing of five designated wells. The Teapot Dome Oilfield was not developed to support World War II, because Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1 (Elk Hills) was able to be quickly developed to provide oil for the Navy. Through the 1950s and 1960s, apart from the drilling of some exploratory and off-set wells, the oilfield was essentially closed. Full development of the Teapot Dome Oilfield began again in 1976 after President Gerald Ford signed into law the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act, as a result of the oil shortages created by the Arab oil embargo of 1973–74. In 1977, jurisdiction for the Teapot Dome Oilfield—still officially NPR-3—was transferred from the Navy to the new U.S. Department of Energy. In 1993 Teapot Dome became the home of the Department of Energy’s Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (RMOTC). For nearly two decades, RMOTC used the reserve as a commercial testing ground primarily for new technologies and processes designed to improve drilling, oil production, and enhanced oil recovery. In nearly forty years of operation under the Department of Energy’s management, this stripper oilfield produced more than twenty-two million barrels of oil resulting in more than $569 million deposited into the U.S. Treasury (U.S. Department of Energy 2015).

Currently, the Teapot Dome Oilfield is an active oilfield, producing both oil and gas from more than 500 wells. At the time of transfer out of federal ownership in January 2015, oil production was less than 500 barrels per day. Two photographs taken in 2014 are included at the end of the Written Historical and Descriptive Data Section that show an overview of the oilfield at the time of its transfer out of federal ownership, as listed below: • Figure 22: “Teapot Dome Oilfield overviews” (See Page 42).

B. Technology: The cable tool rig method was used exclusively in the Teapot Dome Oilfield (Trexel 1930:141). The first derricks erected were 82’-tall wood structures. Turnbuckle, tubular, and angle-iron steel derricks were later used (Trexel 1930:151), implying that Mammoth utilized whatever available rigs its contractors could find, transport, and assemble quickly in 1922–23 at Teapot Dome.

The drill bit, bailer, and other cable tools were suspended from the derrick by steel cables connected to reels and wheels on the derrick floor, all powered by a steam engine typically fired by natural gas from the field. The rig’s walking beam alternately raised and lowered the drilling tools. The drill bit broke into subsurface strata using weight and momentum as it moved up and down. The bit was fashioned of heavy-duty pipe with sharp-cut ridges on one end. The bailer was used regularly to clear out the resulting rock fragments and lubricating (or naturally seeping) water from the bottom of the hole (Pronghorn 1995:33). After the bailer was removed and the debris cleared, the driller would lower the bit back into the hole to continue drilling. This sequence was repeated about every 3’ of depth drilled (Heavy Oil Science Center 2015). See diagram (Figure 11, Page 31) of a steel derrick over a wooden walking beam and various cable wheels (Simplified cable tool rig from Walker 2015).

At Teapot Dome Oilfield, the average time required to drill a well 2,877’ deep was ninety- three days. Trexel (1930:142) asserted that under normal conditions, a well of this depth TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 16)

should be completed in sixty-five days and speculated it might have taken longer because of difficulties encountered in drilling some of the first wells.

Mammoth Oil Company installed a gravity oil-gathering system that followed the natural slope of the Little Teapot Creek drainage to the Oilfield pump station at a low point near Camp No. 2. The main gathering line from the higher south to the lower north was 8” with branches of pipes between 2” and 4” going to the various tank batteries. With exception of wood stave water tanks and the huge Sinclair storage tanks, the oil well field tanks were Perfection Vapor Pressure steel tanks sold by Black, Sivalls and Bryson. Ten boiler houses were erected throughout the Oilfield with steam lines to various tank batteries for heating the oil to separate water, and to heat the oil for pumping through gathering lines during severely cold weather (Trexel 1930:151).

The Sinclair Pipe Line Company’s Sinclair Pump Station consisted of the main pump building, boiler and heater houses, fuel oil and water tanks, a concrete water reservoir, garage, warehouse, and a camp of six cottages (Trexel 1930:155). See photographs of the Sinclair Pump Station (Page 41, Figure 21).

The Mammoth Oil Company supplied potable and some drilling water to the Reserve from ten wells drilled about three miles west of the Teapot Dome Oilfield boundary along the Salt Creek Highway. Water was pumped from a 500-barrel steel storage tank at these wells through 2” and 3” steel pipes to tanks near Camp No. 1 by two Fairbanks Morse 2-cylinder reduction-gear pumps, size 3” by10”, with each belt driven by a 25 horsepower Fairbanks Morse Style H oil engine. The estimated cost of pumping this well water was 4 cents per barrel (Trexel 1930:203). To supplement water from the wells and provide enough for the drilling program initiated by Mammoth Oil Company, twenty reservoirs were formed at several places on the oilfield by building earthen dams across gullies to collect the surface water. Trexel (1930:204-205) estimated that the twenty reservoirs furnished from 5,000 to 10,000 barrels of water per day.

The natural gas collection system and compression plant, built by NYOC on Teapot Dome Oilfield in 1925, was a combination casinghead gas compression and dry gas booster plant. The plant featured six 2-stage Cooper compressors, type 75, direct driven by 160 horsepower natural-gas engines. The engine cylinders were 18” by 20”; the low pressure compressor cylinders were 17” in diameter and the high pressure were 9” in diameter (Trexel 1930:160). An 8” gas discharge line ran from the plant approximately 2.3 miles west to the center of Section 31—outside the Reserve just south of Lavoye—where it connected to the Central Pipe Line from the Salt Creek Oilfield (Trexel 1930:161).

C. Workers: Based on the housing provided at Teapot Dome Oilfield, Mammoth Oil Company could house approximately 125 workers and associated families for twelve workers. The Sinclair Pipe Line Company could house approximate twenty-four workers, assuming four rooms per cottage.

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D. End Product: Crude Oil: The peak production was 138,081.51 barrels in October 1923 from fifty-one wells, or 4,460 barrels per day. The daily production on March 13, 1924, when the Teapot Dome Oilfield was placed in the hands of the receivers, was approximately 3,790 barrels per day. Total oil produced and sold to that date by Mammoth Oil Company, according to the pipeline runs obtained by the U.S. Geological Survey, was 1,442,490.31 barrels (Trexel 1930:146,147). By December 31, 1927, when wells were shut down, the reserve’s production had declined to 730 barrels per day. The total production sold under the receivership, according to the figures of the U.S. Geological Survey, was 2,107,731.32 barrels, all of which except 36,426.27 barrels was sold to the Sinclair Crude Oil Purchasing Company (Trexel 1930:166,183).

The gross value of the barrels of oil produced by the Mammoth Oil Company until March 13, 1924, when the Receivers assumed control, was $2,180,131.84. The gross value of the barrels of oil produced under the receivership was $3,598,628.78 (Trexel 1930:185).

Natural Gas: Records of the quantity of natural gas produced are incomplete. Trexel (1930:187) estimated the following: 2.5 billion cubic feet of dry gas by the Mammoth Oil Company and 1.5 billion by the receivership for a total of 4 billion cubic feet of dry gas; 2 billion cubic feet of casinghead gas by the Mammoth Oil Company and 7 or 8 billion by the receivership for a total of 9 or 10 billion cubic feet of casinghead gas; total of all natural gas produced approximately 13 or 14 billion cubic feet. See Gasoline below. During 1923, sales of natural gas were made to the Sinclair Pipe Line Company, Midwest Refining Company, Colossal Oil Company, Tarrant Syndicate, R. J. Mosher, Kasoming Oil Company, and to the Producers and Refiners Corporation (Trexel 1930:147). Under the receivership on August 14, 1924, the production of dry gas was stopped, meaning that producing gas wells were shut in (Trexel 1930:157,187). The value of gas sold up to March 13, 1924, when the receivership began, according to the figures of the U.S. Geological Survey, was $39,565.64 and of that sold by the co-receivers (exclusive of the amount sold to the New York Oil Co.) was $40,536.55 (Trexel 1930:189). Until Aug.14, 1924, all casinghead gas—separated from crude oil as it pumped from the ground—was blown to the atmosphere. After that date, part of it was used for operating requirements, some was sold, and the rest was wasted until October 1925 when most of the excess was sold to NYOC (Trexel 1930:166). On March 9, 1925, NYOC contracted to take excess casinghead gas at 6 cents per 1000 cubic feet. They took an average of 4.5 million cubic feet per day until December 1927 (Trexel 1930:187). The value of natural gas sold to NYOC was $248,320.38, making the total value of natural gas sold from the Teapot Dome Oilfield $328,422.57 (Trexel 1930:189).

Gasoline: The value of casinghead gasoline—liquid distillate also captured with crude oil as it reached the surface and at the natural gas compression plant, valuable immediately as internal-combustion engine fuel—sold by the Mammoth Oil Company was $1,132.55. Under the receivership, 2,476,067 gallons of casinghead gasoline were produced and sold to NYOC and the value was $267,227.07 (Trexel 1930:166,190).

Trexel estimated that the total value of the oil, natural gas, and gasoline produced by Mammoth Oil Company and the receivers, including royalties, was $6,375,542.62. TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 18)

Part IV. Sources of Information

A. Primary Sources:

Darnell, J.L., Lieutenant Commander, U.S.N. 1953 “Report on Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3, (Teapot Dome), Natrona County, Wyoming.”

Strauss and Watts 1924 “U.S. Naval Reserve No. 3, Teapot Dome, Mammoth Oil Co., Strauss and Watts, Receivers.” Copy provided by U.S. Department of Energy.

Trexel, C.A., Lieutenant Commander, U.S.N. 1930 “Compilation of Data on Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (Teapot Dome) Natrona County Wyoming.” Copies of cover sheet, table of contents and individual chapters available at U.S. Department of Energy.

U.S. Department of the Navy 1929 “Compilation of Data on Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3. (Teapot Dome).” Typed report with aerial photograph. Copy provided by U.S. Department of Energy.

U.S. Geological Survey 1927 “Surface Map of Naval Reserve No. 3, Teapot Dome, Natrona County, Wyoming.” Available from U.S. Department of Energy.

B. Secondary Sources:

Bille, Ed 1978 Early Days at Salt Creek and Teapot Dome. Mountain States Lithographing Company. Casper, Wyoming.

Greer Services 2011 “National Register of Historic Places Evaluation of Twenty-One Tank Rings Slated for Reclamation at the U.S. Department of Energy Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center, Natrona County, Wyoming.” Casper, Wyoming.

Hager, Dorsey 1939 Fundamentals of the Petroleum Industry. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York and London. Heavy Oil Science Centre 2015 “Cable Tool Rig.” Available at : http://www.lloydminsterheavyoil.com/cable.htm . Accessed July 2015. TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 19)

U.S. Department of Energy 2015 “Naval Petroleum Reserve and Oil Shale Reserves: Ninety Years Ensuring the National Security.” Available at: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/NPR_90_years_tri-fold.pdf

U.S. Geological Survey 2005. Dennen, Kristin; Burns, William; Burruss, Robert; and Hatcher, Kendra. “Geochemical Analyses of Oils and Gases, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3, Teapot Dome Field, Natrona County, Wyoming.” Open-File Report 2005-1275

U.S. Department of Energy 2015 “Energy Department Sells Historic Teapot Dome Oilfield.” January 30, 2015. Available at: http://energy.gov/articles/energy department-sells-historic-teapot- dome-oilfield

Metz, William 1986 “The Historical Archeology of the Oil and Gas Industry in Wyoming .” Thesis as a fully developed Historic Context. Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana.

Montgomery, M.R. 1988 “Ashland Oil’s tank tester could learn from military.” The Lewiston [Maine] Journal. January 20, 1988. Montgomery syndicated by The Boston Globe.

Oil Well Supply Company 1892 Illustrated Catalogue of the Oil Well Supply Company. The Oil Well Supply Company. Pittsburgh.

Pyle, Ernie 1938 “Hawaiian Harbor Can Shelter Navy.” Pittsburgh Press. February 4, 1938. Page 45.

Ravage, M.E. 1924 The Story of Teapot Dome. Republic Publishing Company. New York.

Rea, Tom 2015 “Boom, Bust and After: Life in the Salt Creek Oil Field.” Available at: http://www.wyohistory.org/essays/boom-bust-and-after-life-salt-creek-oil-field. Accessed July 2, 2015.

Riter-Conley Company 1921 “Steel Plate Construction.” Catalog of steel-plate products including standard-design storage tanks. Available at: https://archive.org/details/SteelPlateConstructionSteelStorageTanksOilRefineriesBlas tFurnaces. Accessed July 1, 2015.

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Stratton, David H. 1998 Tempest over Teapot Dome, The Story of Albert B. Fall. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman.

Stribley, Todd 2015 Information from the Department of Energy documentation project manager. Washington, D.C.

Stubbs, Donna 2013 “A Class I Cultural Resource Survey and Ethnographic Overview of the Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center (RMOTC) and the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 3 (NPR-3) in Natrona County, Wyoming.” ACR Consultants, Inc. Sheridan, Wyoming.

Walker, Stan 2015 “Cable Tool Rig.” From website “Elsmere Canyon, Santa Clarita, California.” Available at: http://www.elsmerecanyon.com/oil/cabletoolrig/cabletoolrig.htm . Illustration from California Department of Oil and Gas Summary of Operations, Vol. 42, No. 1, 1956.

C. Likely Sources Not Yet Investigated:

Casper, Wyoming, newspaper accounts from 1922–24 of the construction of Mammoth Camps No. 1 and No. 2, and Tank Farm, and of the dismantling of NPR-3 infrastructure including the Tank Farm.

Sinclair Oil Company, subsidiary Mammoth Oil Company, and successor corporate records.

Sinclair Pipe Line Company, and successor Stanolind Pipeline Company corporate records. TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 21)

Figure 1: Base Map of Final (2015) Government Boundary of NPR-3, (shown as heavy-line polygon). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 22)

Figure 2: Receivers’ Map of Teapot Dome Oilfield (Strauss and Watts 1924). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 23)

Figure 3: Location of Camps (Trexel 1930:Figure 24). Unless noted, all maps are oriented North = top; scale is evident on most maps as each numbered Public Lands Survey System section is 1-mile square; sub-squares are thus 1/2x1/2 mile. Enlargement in Field Notebook. TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 24)

Figure 4: Roads and Bridges (Trexel 1930:Figure 25). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 25)

Figure 5: Telephone System (Trexel 1930:Figure 26). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 26)

Figure 6: Derricks (Trexel 1930:Figure 27). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 27)

Figure 7: Gas Distribution System (Trexel 1930:Figure 28). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 28)

Figure 8: Oil Gathering System (Trexel 1930:Figure 29). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 29)

Figure 9: Sinclair Equipment (Trexel 1930:Figure 31). Enlargement in Field Notebook. TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 30)

Figure 10: Gas Collection Sytem (Trexel 1930:Figure 34). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 31)

Figure 11: Steel Derrick Over a Wooden Walking Beam and Various Cable Wheels (Walker 2015). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 32)

Figure 12: Mammoth Main Camp (Camp No. 1) as it appeared in 1927 (top) and 2008 (bottom) (U.S. Navy and DOE). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 33)

Figure 13: Connelly Reservoir, as it appeared in 1927 (top) and 2014 (bottom) (U.S. Navy and DOE). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 34)

Figure 14: Bridge Across Teapot Creek, as it appeared in 1927 (top) and 2014 (bottom) (U.S. Navy and DOE). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 35)

Figure 15: Sinclair Pump Station, as it appeared in 1927 (top) and 2008 (bottom) (U.S. Navy and DOE). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 36)

Figure 16: Mammoth Camp No. 1, Residences (facing north) (top); and Garage, Office and Warehouse (facing northwest) (bottom), as they appeared in 1927 (U.S. Navy). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 37)

Figure 17: Mammoth Camp No. 3 (top); and Mammoth Well 402-20 (bottom), as they appeard in 1927 (U.S. Navy). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 38)

Figure 18: NY Oil Company Gas Plant (top); and Margalexom Well and Camp (bottom), as they appeared in 1927 (U.S. Navy). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 39)

Figure 19: “Teapot Cut Off” Road (top); and Off-Site Water Wells (bottom), as they appeared in 1927 (U.S. Navy). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 40)

Figure 20: NY Oil Company Compression Plant (top); and Flow Battery (bottom), as they appeared in 1927 (U.S. Navy). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 41)

Figure 21: Sinclair Pump Station, Pump Room (top); and Sinclair Pump Station, Engine Room (bottom), as they appeared in 1927 (U.S. Navy). TEAPOT DOME OILFIELD HAER No. WY-100 (Page 42)

Figure 22: Teapot Dome Oilfield overviews: facing north toward location of former Mammoth Camp No. 1 on left side of picture, above (north of) reservoir (top); and west of former Mammoth Camp No. 1, facing south (bottom), photos taken September 2014 (DOE).