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Renata Condi De Souza.Pdf PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP RENATA CONDI DE SOUZA A REVISTA TIME EM UMA PERSPECTIVA MULTIDIMENSIONAL DOUTORADO EM LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA E ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM SÃO PAULO 2012 2 RENATA CONDI DE SOUZA A REVISTA TIME EM UMA PERSPECTIVA MULTIDIMENSIONAL DOUTORADO EM LINGUÍSTICA APLICADA E ESTUDOS DA LINGUAGEM Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Linguística Aplicada e Estudos da Linguagem sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Antonio Paulo Berber Sardinha. 3 BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 4 Aos meus avós, personagens anônimos e não-letrados de imigração, guerras, desemprego e crises econômicas. Personagens da minha história. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao longo de quatro anos de pesquisa, posso dizer que construí uma lista considerável de agradecimentos. Inicio pelo meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Tony Berber Sardinha, sem o qual não teria enveredado pelo caminho da Linguística de Corpus desde o mestrado e cujas qualidades superam aquelas que se espera de um orientador. Agradeço a você, Tony, por acreditar em mim e por me possibilitar acesso a este mundo fantástico da academia e da Linguística de Corpus. Agradeço também ao Grupo de Estudos em Linguística de Corpus (GELC) e a cada um dos seus integrantes. Sem vocês, suas perguntas difíceis e suas soluções fáceis, tão bem-vindas, uma pesquisa de qualidade não seria possível. Obrigada por serem os melhores pares que eu poderia ter tido nestes quatro anos. Agradeço especialmente a Marcia Veirano Pinto e Cristina Mayer Acunzo, amigas queridas, e a Carlos Henrique Kauffmann, pelas contribuições sempre ricas e pela pesquisa de mestrado que tanto esclareceu sobre a Análise Multidimensional. Aos professores que participaram dos meus exames de qualificação e de defesa, Prof. Dr. Marcello Marcelino (meu primeiro professor de Linguística!), Profa. Dra. Maria Aparecida Caltabiano Magalhães Borges da Silva, Profa. Dra. Maria Cecília Lopes, Profa. Dra. Patrícia Bértoli-Dutra, Profa. Dra. Sandra Madureira, Prof. Dr. Scott Crossley, Profa. Dra. Tânia Maria Granja Shepherd, agradeço pelas contribuições e pelos olhares cuidadosos e por aceitarem lidar com o desafio que é a pesquisa em AMD. 6 Aos historiadores, Profa. Ms. Bruna Renata Cantele, Profa. Ms. Laís Olivato e Prof. Valter Roitman, agradeço pelas conversas esclarecedoras e pela leitura do meu subcapítulo sobre história americana e seus comentários valiosos. Tive a honra de apresentar minha pesquisa ao Prof. Dr. Douglas Biber e ao Prof. Dr. Pascual Cantos durante congressos e encontro com o Grupo de Estudos em Linguística de Corpus (GELC), em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul. Pela ajuda e esclarecimentos, agradeço imensamente. São poucos os pesquisadores brasileiros que têm a oportunidade que eu tive de terem suas pesquisas validadas por pesquisadores de tamanho renome na área enquanto as realizam. Agradeço também à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa concedida desde o início do curso e ao Programa de Estudos Pós-graduados em Linguística Aplicada (LAEL), sua coordenação, Profa. Dra. Sandra Madureira, professores e funcionárias, Maria Lúcia e Márcia, pelo apoio ao longo da pesquisa. À Fundação de Rotarianos de São Paulo, agradeço pela minha liberação para apresentação em congressos e exames de qualificação. Por fim, agradeço à minha família. André, pela paciência, pelos scripts, por ouvir – enfim, por sempre estar comigo quando mais precisei, obrigada. Acaba aqui um período de muito trabalho, muitos congressos, muita leitura – sem todos vocês eu não teria conseguido. 7 Broadcasters are storytellers, newspapers are fact-gatherers and organizers of information and news magazines are kind of a hybrid of both. Everette E. Dennis RESUMO Esta tese objetiva à análise da revista TIME através das suas matérias de capa em busca pelas dimensões de variação linguística desde o início de sua publicação, em fevereiro de 1923, até abril de 2011. Para tanto, a pesquisa se fundamenta na Linguística de Corpus, área da Linguística Aplicada por meio da qual a língua é vista como um sistema probabilístico e cujos estudos envolvem o uso de ferramentas computacionais e coleções de textos em formato eletrônico (corpora). A pesquisa também se fundamenta na Análise Multidimensional, uma abordagem metodológica baseada em corpus que permite o estudo das dimensões de variação em grandes quantidades de textos por meio de procedimentos estatísticos com o intuito de mapear as associações existentes entre características linguísticas e registros. A metodologia utilizada inclui a coleta em massa de textos da revista TIME na Internet por meio de scripts e suas análises através da Análise Fatorial, Análise de Variância e Análise de Agrupamento. A primeira parte da análise tem como objetivo localizar o corpus dentre as cinco principais dimensões de variação definidas por Biber, em 1988, e que se aplicam à Língua Inglesa como um todo. A segunda etapa da análise busca determinar as dimensões de variação específicas à revista TIME, assim como verificar o papel de fatores externos, tais como questões editoriais, políticas, econômicas e sociais. Esta análise revela cinco dimensões, a saber: discurso orientado por pessoa versus discurso orientado por discussão, posicionamento opinativo, discurso argumentativo versus discurso narrativo, discurso orientado por ideias versus discurso orientado por ações e persuasão implícita versus escrita informacional. Outras análises identificam as faixas de variação dentro das dimensões e os tipos de textos inerentes à revista TIME. Palavras-chave: Linguística de Corpus. Análise Multidimensional. Revista TIME. 9 ABSTRACT This thesis aims to analyze TIME magazine through its cover stories in search for the dimensions of linguistic variation of all of its texts since the beginning of its publication, in February 1923, to April 2011. To meet this goal, the research is based on Corpus Linguistics, an area of Applied Linguistics which sees language as a probability system and whose studies involve the use of computational tools and collections of texts held in electronic format (corpora). The research also finds support in Multidimensional Analysis, a corpus linguistic approach that allows the study of the dimensions of variation in large amounts of texts by means of statistical procedures in order to map the associations between linguistic features and registers. The methodology includes mass data collection of TIME magazine texts on the Internet through scripts and a range of analyses through Factor Analysis, Analysis of Variance and Cluster Analysis. The first part of the analysis aims at placing the corpus along the five main dimensions of variation defined by Biber in 1988, which apply to English as a whole. The second part of the analysis seeks to determine the dimensions of variation that are specific to TIME magazine as well as check the role of external circumstances, such as editorial, political, economic and social events. This reveals five dimensions, namely: person-oriented discourse versus discussion-oriented discourse, opinion-based stance, argumentative discourse versus action-oriented discourse, idea-oriented discourse versus action- oriented discourse, and covert persuasion versus informational reporting. Other analyses identify the ranges of variation within the dimensions, as well as the text types that are inherent in TIME magazine. Keywords: Corpus Linguistics. Multidimensional Analysis. TIME Magazine. LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS .html Extensão indicativa de texto em HTML .txt Extensão indicativa de texto sem formatação .xls /.xlsx / .xlsm Extensões indicativas de documento do programa Microsoft Excel AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration AMD Análise Multidimensional ANOVA Analysis of Variance / Análise de Variância ARNV Exército da República do Vietnam ARRA American Recovery and Reinvestment Aid Br-ICLE Brazilian Sub-corpus of the International Corpus of Learner English COST Cover Stories of TIME Magazine (corpus) EUA Estados Unidos da América FUVEST Fundação Universitária para o Vestibular GELC Grupo de Estudos em Linguística de Corpus HTML HyperText Markup Language KMO Teste Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin LGSWE Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English LLC London- Lund Corpus LOB London/Oslo/Bergen Corpus ou Lancaster/Oslo/Bergen Corpus MDA Multidimensional Analysis NAFTA Tratado Norte-Americano de Livre Comércio NCLBA No Child Left Behind Act OTAN Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte PWA Public Works Administration SAS Statistical Analysis Software SEU Survey of English Usage SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences SSE Survey of Spoken English T2K-SWAL TOEFL 2000 Spoken and Written US / USA United States of America USA Patriot Act Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act LISTA DE ETIQUETAS <abstracn> substantivo relacionado a coisas ou processos (abstract/process noun) <act_ipv> phrasal verb intransitivo relacionado a atividade (activity - intransitive phrasal verb) <act_tpv> phrasal verb transitivo relacionado a atividade (activity - transitive phrasal verb) <actv> verbo relacionado a atividade/ação (activity verb) <adj_attr> adjetivo atributivo (attributive adjective) <advs> advérbio (adverb) <agls_psv> voz passiva sem agente (agentless passive) <all_advl>
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