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Nietzsche Und Wagner Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2008 Wagner und Nietzsche – oder: die Aussen- und die Innenseite grosser Politik Marti, Urs Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-7263 Book Section Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. Originally published at: Marti, Urs (2008). Wagner und Nietzsche – oder: die Aussen- und die Innenseite grosser Politik. In: Enno, R; Wildermuth, A. Nietzsche und Wagner. Geschichte und Aktualität eines Kulturkonfliktes. Zürich: Orell Füssli Verlag, 51-74. Kultur – Philosophie – Geschichte Reihe des Kulturwissenschaftlichen Instituts Luzern Print-Version herausgegeben von Aram Mattioli und Enno Rudolph Open-Access-Version herausgegeben von Enno Rudolph unter Mitarbeit von Tobias Brücker Band 5 Nietzsche und Wagner herausgegeben von Armin Wildermuth Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International Lizenz. Weitere Informationen unter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de e-book 2016 Nietzsche und Wagner Herausgegeben von Armin Wildermuth Kultur – Philosophie – Geschichte Reihe des Kulturwissenschaftlichen Instituts Luzern Herausgegeben von Aram Mattioli und Enno Rudolph Band 5 Nietzsche und Wagner Geschichte und Aktualität eines Kulturkonfl ikts © 2008 Orell Füssli Verlag AG, Zürich www.ofv.ch Alle Rechte vorbehalten Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Dadurch begründete Rechte, insbesondere der Übersetzung, des Nachdrucks, des Vortrags, der Entnahme von Abbildungen und Tabellen, der Funksendung, der Mikroverfilmung oder der Vervielfältigung auf andern Wegen und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, bleiben, auch bei nur auszugs- weiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Vervielfältigungen des Werkes oder von Teilen des Werkes sind auch im Einzelfall nur in den Grenzen der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes in der jeweils geltenden Fassung zulässig. Sie sind grundsätzlich vergütungspflichtig. Umschlagabbildung: Klassik Stiftung Weimar, Goethe- und Schiller-Archiv, Nietzsche-Ikonographie, GSA 101/18 und GSA 101/461 Umschlaggestaltung: Monika Linggi, Zürich Korrektorat und Layout: Mario Budmiger, Luzern Druck: fgb freiburger graphische betriebe, Freiburg ISBN 978-3-280-06107-7 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Bibliothek: Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Inhaltsverzeichnis Nietzsche und Wagner. Einleitende Bemerkungen Armin Wildermuth .................................................................................................7 «Revolution» und «Regeneration» im Denken Wagners. Denkformen und Verwandlungen mit Blick auf Nietzsche Peter Hofmann ......................................................................................................11 Wagner und Nietzsche – oder: Die Aussen- und die Innenseite grosser Politik Urs Marti ................................................................................................................51 Eschatologie und Apokalyptik in Richard Wagners Musikdramen Wolf-Daniel Hartwich (†) ....................................................................................75 Umwertungen der Dekadenz. Korrespondenzen zwischen Richard Wagner, Friedrich Nietzsche und Sergej Eisenstein Dieter Thomä ......................................................................................................103 Nietzsche und Wagner am Tatort Venedig Bernhard H.F. Taureck .....................................................................................141 Vor der Kontroverse: Nietzsche als Anhänger Wagners Domenico Losurdo ............................................................................................167 5 Wagner und Nietzsche. Übermenschen unter sich Gert Mattenklott .................................................................................................193 Der Richter und Arzt der Kultur. Überlegungen zur Bedeutung fundamentaler Metaphern der Kulturkritik bei Nietzsche Jean-Claude Wolf ................................................................................................214 Nietzsche, Wagner and the Nostalgia for the «Gesamtkunstwerk» Glenn W. Most ................................................................................................... 253 Siglen .................................................................................................................. 279 6 Nietzsche und Wagner. Einleitende Bemerkungen Am 8. November 1868 trifft Nietzsche in Leipzig anlässlich einer Auffüh- rung der Meistersinger zum ersten Mal Richard Wagner. Am 13. Februar 1883 stirbt Wagner in Venedig – Daten, die vielleicht Anlass für besonderes Ge- denken geben könnten. Es wären nach dem ersten Ereignis 135 Jahre, nach dem zweiten 120 Jahre verflossen, also keine symbolischen Zahlen, die zu besonderen Feiern Anlass geben könnten. Die Tagung der „Stiftung Lu- cerna“ vom 23. bis 24. September 2003 war also keine Gedenkfeier. Sie soll der Aufklärung über Nietzsche und Wagner und über deren Verhältnis und dessen Folgen gewidmet sein. Beide Geistesgrössen erfahren heute unterschiedlich intensive Aufmerksamkeit. Nietzsche rückte als Kultfigur ins Zentrum des Diskurses über Moderne und Postmoderne. Richard Wagners Musik besitzt nach wie vor grosse Faszination, doch um seine musikphilosophischen und politisch- theologischen Schriften und damit auch um seine geistesgeschichtliche Stellung kümmert man sich wenig; wegen seines Antisemitismus werden viele Aspekte seines Werkes ausgeblendet. Auch bei der Rezeption Nietzsches sind Ungleichgewichte und Ausblendungen zu beobachten. Dem experimentellen Philosophen, Dichter und grandiosen Stilisten zollt man Lob, doch seine Ablehnung der Moderne und des Sozialismus, sein Eintreten für Adel und Sklaverei, wie auch seine Opposition gegen das Christentum werden verharmlost. Sein Verhältnis zu Richard Wagner und seine Abhängigkeit von Cosima Wagner werden oft nur psychologisch interpretiert. Wie geprägt Nietzsche selbst durch den von ihm zuerst beinahe als einen Gott verehrten Musiker und Schriftsteller Wagner sein Leben lang blieb, wird nicht dadurch erhellt, indem man allein auf jene Schriften zurückgreift, in denen er selbst seine Ablehnung und Wandlung aufzuarbeiten versuchte. Der früh berufene Basler Philologieprofessor Nietzsche, mit Jahrgang 7 1844, trifft zum ersten Mal 1868 mit Wagner zusammen. Die politisch-revo- lutionären Ereignisse, in die der berühmte Komponist einmal höchst aktiv verwickelt war, sind für ihn bereits Geschichte. Die gescheiterte Revolution von 1848/1849 und die utopischen Hoffnungen, die in ihr virulent wurden, sind Nietzsche nicht mehr lebendig. Auch das Medium linkshegelianischen Philosophierens –, man denke an Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx und Moses Hess, – ist ihm fremd. Er trifft auf einen Wagner, der die philosophischen Grundideen Ludwig Feuerbachs in einen moderaten Schopenhauerianismus verwandelte und seine revolutionären Utopien in einen ästhetischen Bereich transferierte, der zwar in einem übertragenen Sinn auch politisch, doch für die Tagespolitik irrelevant war. Die Gründung des Deutschen Kaiserreichs unter der Führung Preussens, 1871 ausgerufen im Versailler Spiegelsaal, und die Grundsteinlegung für das Festspielhaus in Bayreuth im Jahre 1872 sind, gemessen am politischen Gewicht, zwar nicht vergleichbar, doch symbo- lisch miteinander verbunden. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten spielt sich eine – von der Tagespolitik eigentlich unbemerkte – Antithetik zwischen realer deutscher Machtpolitik und der Fiktion einer ästhetischen Weltordnung ab. Dass nach 1878, d. h. nach zwei Attentaten auf Kaiser Wilhelm I., nach der Einführung von Schutzzöllen und den Sozialistengesetzen Bismarcks, dann auch bedingt durch den verschärften Kulturkampf, eine schon nach 1849 einsetzende akademische Repression überdeutlich wurde, ist auch für die deutschsprachige Philosophie nicht folgenlos geblieben. Man möchte beifü- gen: bis auf den heutigen Tag. Die Gründe liegen eigentlich auf der Hand. Hegels Philosophie war damals schon verpönt, zum angeblich „toten Hund“ erklärt, aber vor allem als zu revolutionär verdächtigt und (verbunden mit dem Versuch von 1848/1849, die Demokratie einzuführen), als politisch links diffamiert – dies trotz einer so genannten «rechtshegelianischen» Bewegung. Dies dürfte einer der Hintergründe sein für die oft gedankenlos zitierte Rede vom «Zusammenbruch des deutschen spekulativen Idealismus». Die Philosophie zog sich als politisch gebeutelte Institution auf neutrales Gelände zurück, also auf Neukantianismus, Neuaristotelismus, Neu- thomismus, Wissenschaftskritik, Geschichtsphilosophie und Materialismus. Zudem konnte sie den vom grossen technisch-industriellen Aufbruch 8 mitgetragenen Naturwissenschaften angeblich nichts Gleichwertiges mehr an die Seite stellen. Der in den universitären Institutionen etablierten Philosophie erwuchsen in philosophisch wenig universal bewanderten Geistern wie eben in Nietzsche, Darwin, Marx und Freud eigentliche Gegenphilosophien, auf die sich heute paradoxerweise die akademisch institutionalisierte Philosophie abstützt. Zu den so genannten Gegenphilosophien haben sich im Verlaufe des 20. Jahrhunderts
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