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Actors and Incentives in Cannabis Policy Change: an Interdisciplinary Approach to Legalization Processes in the United States and in Uruguay
1 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS Fernanda Mena Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay São Paulo 2020 FERNANDA MELLO MENA 2 Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay Original Version Ph.D. Thesis presented to the Graduate Program in International Relations at the International Relations Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, to obtain the degree of Doctor in Science. Advisor: Prof. Dr. Leandro Piquet Carneiro São Paulo 2020 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. 3 Catalogação na Publicação* Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de São Paulo Mena, Fernanda Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay / Fernanda Mello Mena -- Orientador Leandro Piquet Carneiro. São Paulo: 2020. 195p. Tese (doutorado). Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Relações Internacionais. 1. Relações exteriores (História) – Brasil 2. Relações internacionais (História) - Brasil 3. Política externa – Brasil I. Mena, Fernanda II. Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay CDD 327.81 4 MENA, Fernanda Actors and incentives in cannabis policy change: an interdisciplinary approach to legalization processes in the United States and in Uruguay Ph. D. Thesis presented to the International Relations Institute, at the University of São Paulo, Brazil, to obtain the degree of Doctor in Science. -
Texto Completo Libro (Pdf)
LAS SENDAS DE LA REGULACIÓN DEL CANNABIS EN ESPAÑA Consejo editorial María Eugenia Aubet - Manuel Cruz Rodríguez - Josep M. Delgado Ribas - Oscar Guasch Andreu - Antonio Izquierdo Escribano - Raquel Osborne - R. Lucas Platero - Oriol Romaní Alfonso - Amelia Sáiz López - Verena Stolcke - Olga Viñuales Sarasa Serie General Universitaria - 191 REGULACIÓN RESPONSABLE (ed.) LAS SENDAS DE LA REGULACIÓN DEL CANNABIS EN ESPAÑA Editor académico: David Pere Martínez Oró edicions bellaterra Diseño de la colección: Joaquín Monclús © Sus autores, 2017 © Regulación responsable, 2017 © David Pere Martínez Oró, 2017 © Edicions Bellaterra, S.L., 2017 Navas de Tolosa, 289 bis. 08026 Barcelona www.ed-bellaterra.com Quedan prohibidos, dentro de los límites establecidos en la ley y bajo los apercibimientos legalmente previstos, la reproducción total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, ya sea electrónico o mecánico, el tratamiento informático, el alquiler o cualquier otra forma de cesión de la obra sin la autorización previa y por escrito de los titulares del copyright. Diríjase a CEDRO (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, http://www.cedro.org) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra. Impreso en España Printed in Spain ISBN: 978-84-7290-809-3 Depósito Legal: B. 6.579-2017 Impreso por Prodigitalk. Martorell (Barcelona) Índice Autores, 15 Presentación, 25 A modo de prólogo. Las sendas de la regulación del cannabis en Es- paña, 27 BLOQUE I Los consumos de cannabis en clave sociocultural 1. Cannabis en España. Continuidades y puntos de inflexión históri- cos, 33 Desde la Antigüedad a la Edad Moderna, 33 • Exotismo, literatura y terapéutica durante el siglo XIX y primer tercio del XX, 35 • El Protec- torado de la Zona de Marruecos y la guerra civil, 37 • Los grifotas del franquismo, 38 • Transición y consolidación democrática, 40 • Refe- rencias bibliográficas, 43 2. -
Considering Marijuana Legalization
Research Report Considering Marijuana Legalization Insights for Vermont and Other Jurisdictions Jonathan P. Caulkins, Beau Kilmer, Mark A. R. Kleiman, Robert J. MacCoun, Gregory Midgette, Pat Oglesby, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Peter H. Reuter C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr864 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2015 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Marijuana legalization is a controversial and multifaceted issue that is now the subject of seri- ous debate. In May 2014, Governor Peter Shumlin signed Act 155 (S. -
Annex 1 Current Encod Membership – April 2014
ANNEX 1 CURRENT ENCOD MEMBERSHIP – APRIL 2014 HARM REDUCTION ORGANISATIONS - 6 ASSOCIAZIONE TILT – Italy AILAKET - Spain COLLETIVO INFOSHOCK – Italy Akzept e.V. - Germany DRUG PEACE INSTITUTE - Netherlands ALICE-PROJECT - Germany FHN – Norway Blue Point Drug Counseling and Outpatient Center – Forum Droghe – Italy Hungary INEIDFO - Germany BUNDESVERBAND DER ELTERN – Germany LEGALIZACE.CZ – Czech Republic FEDERACION ANDALUZA DE DROGODEPENDENCIAS LEGALIZE! – Netherlands Y SIDA ENLACE - Spain Liaison Antiprohibitioniste – Belgium Meres pour la Marijuana - France CONSUMER ORGANISATIONS, CANNABIS - 40 Netherlands Drug Policy Foundation - The Netherlands ACMEFUER – Spain Norml France – France AICC CANNABISCAFE – Spain Norml UK - UK AIRAM - Spain SNARROTIN – Iceland ALACANNABIS – Spain TILT ROMA - Italy ASARTE CLUB SOCIAL CANNABIS – Spain VEREIN LEGALIZE – Austria Asbl Sativa - Belgium VOC - Netherlands Asociación Club Calidad de Vida – Spain Asociación Casa María – Spain MEDIA - 9 Asociación Kali Club – Spain Cañamo – Spain ASSOCIAZIONE ASCIA - Italy Cannabis Magazine – Spain Bündnis Hanfparade e.V. - Germany Cannaclopedia - Belgium CANNABIS COLLEGE – Netherlands CANNAWEB.CH - Switzerland CANNABIS SANS FRONTIERES – France CANNAWEED – France Cannabis Social Club Maribor - Slovenia CANNAZINE – United Kingdom Chanvre et Libertés – France GONZOMEDIA - Netherlands CIRC NORD EST - France Radio K Centrale – Italy CLUB SOCIAL DE CANNABIS DE GRAZALEMA – Spain The Stoned Society - Netherlands CSC MA WEED PERSO - Belgium Deutscher Hanf Verband – Germany -
Hoe Begin Ik Een
HOW TO SET UP A CSC IN 4 STEPS Presentation by Joep Oomen, Encod SPAIN • Since 2005, approx. 200 clubs have been set up • Legal basis: cultivation for personal use is not prosecuted • Some clubs have thousands of members, consumption room, open daily • One Spanish village (Rasquera, Catalonia) is ready to produce for CSC’s, regional authorities are considering legal regulation for clubs • www.fac.cc BELGIUM • One CSC: Trekt Uw Plant, operating since 2010 • Legal basis: ministerial guideline allowing 1 plant per adult • TUP has 300 members, 2 regional sections • 14 growers, with a max. of 32 plants each • Every 2/3 months: harvest • Information on homegrowing, healthier ways of growing and consuming, lobby for cannabis regulation • www.trektuwplant.be FRANCE • Initiative to organise collectives who wish to work along the CSC guidelines since July 2012 • Legal basis: none – it is an act of civil disobedience • 150 initiatives around the country, first meeting to agree on common principles in december 2012 • Facebook: Cannabis Social Club Français GERMANY • Facebook page to promote the idea • Legal basis: none – it is an act of civil disobedience • In February 2012, a hearing on CSC’s took place in German parliament • Facebook: Pro Cannabis Social Club's für Deutschland UNITED KINGDOM • Website to promote the idea • Legal basis: none – it is an act of civil disobedience • Some 50 clubs exist on the website – unclear if they are active or not • www.cannabiscure.co.uk ITALY • Several initiatives to open the discussion • Legal basis: none – -
Police and Crime Commissioners
Police and Crime Commissioners : emerging 'drug policy actors'? AUSTEN, Liz <http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2837-8297> Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/11365/ This document is the author deposited version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Published version AUSTEN, Liz (2016). Police and Crime Commissioners : emerging 'drug policy actors'? Safer Communities, 15 (1), 4-10. Copyright and re-use policy See http://shura.shu.ac.uk/information.html Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive http://shura.shu.ac.uk Police and Crime Commissioners: Emerging 'drug policy actors'? Dr Liz Austen Sheffield Hallam University Safer Communities: Viewpoint Article Pre-publication draft Abstract Purpose In 2013, the Police and Crime Commissioner for Durham, Ron Hogg, initiated a debate around the future of British drug policy. In June 2015, the Derbyshire PCC, Alan Charles, opened a similar debate with representatives from policing, third party support agencies, national advocates and academics to discuss the possibilities for change. This short article presents the views and actions of senior figures in the police service and discusses motivations for pursuing change. The aim of the paper is to introduce Police and Crime Commissioners as 'drug policy actors' (Seddon 2011) and to highlight key areas for further academic enquiry. Design/methodology/approach This article is based on press releases and media accounts of the recent activity of the PCCs in relation to national drug policy. This article provides an academic viewpoint on recent events, supported by theoretical literature critiquing drug policy and contemporary policing. -
How Can the Lens of Human Rights Provide a New Perspective on Drug Control and Point to Different Ways of Regulating Drug Consumption?
How can the lens of human rights provide a new perspective on drug control and point to different ways of regulating drug consumption? A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2015 Melissa L. Bone School of Law Table of Contents Index of Tables……………………………………………………………………..….5 Table of Cases………………………………………….………………………………6 Table of Statutes, Treaties and Legislative Instruments……………………………....10 List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………15 Abstract………………………………………………...…………………………….18 Candidate’s Declaration and Copyright Statement…………………………………...19 Acknowledgements…………………………………...……………………………...20 Introduction………………………………………………………………..…………22 Chapter 1: Understanding the origin and value of human rights and psychoactive consumption………………………………………………………………………….32 1.1 What are human rights and where have they come from?………..……………….33 1.2 Human right foundations and the question of importance…………...……………36 1.3 The grounds for human rights…………………………………………….………42 1.3.1 ‘The universalist challenge’…………………………………………..46 1.4 The origin and value of human psychoactive consumption……………………….49 1.5 Conclusion……………………………………………………………..…………54 Chapter 2: Understanding how human rights can address the drug policy binary: the conflict between the interests of the State and the interests of the individual………….55 2.1 Defining ‘the State’……………………………………………………...………..56 2.2 Identifying four ‘typical philosophical positions and the binary which underpins them……………………………………………………………….………………….62 -
This Is the Peer Reviewed Version of the Following Article
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Potter, G. R., Barratt, M. J., Malm, A., Bouchard, M., Blok, T., Christensen, A.-S., Decorte, T., Frank, V. A., Hakkarainen, P., Klein, A., Lenton, S., Perälä, J., Werse, B., & Wouters, M. (2015). Global patterns of domestic cannabis cultivation: Sample characteristics and patterns of growing across eleven countries. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(3), 226–237. which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.12.007 This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Elsevier’s Article Sharing policy and Hosting policy © 2014. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Accepted Manuscript Title: Global patterns of domestic cannabis cultivation: Sample characteristics and patterns of growing across eleven countries Author: Gary R. Potter Monica J. Barratt Aili Malm Martin Bouchard Thomas Blok Anne-Sofie Christensen Tom Decorte Vibeke Asmussen Frank Pekka Hakkarainen Axel Klein Simon Lenton Jussi Peral¨ a¨ Bernd Werse Marije Wouters PII: S0955-3959(14)00363-6 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.12.007 Reference: DRUPOL 1503 To appear in: International Journal of Drug Policy Received date: 22-7-2014 Revised date: 6-12-2014 Accepted date: 8-12-2014 Please cite this article as: Potter, G. R., Barratt, M. J., Malm, A., Bouchard, M., Blok, T., Christensen, A.-S., Decorte, T., Frank, V. A., Hakkarainen, P., Klein, A., Lenton, S., Peral¨ a,¨ J., Werse, B., and Wouters, M.,Global patterns of domestic cannabis cultivation: sample characteristics and patterns of growing across eleven countries, International Journal of Drug Policy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.12.007 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. -
A Bottom up Proposal for a Regulated Cannabis Market
A BOTTOM UP PROPOSAL FOR A REGULATED CANNABIS MARKET By Joep Oomen, European Coalition for Just and Effective Drug Policies Wellcome and thanks for the invitation…. Encod is convinced that a Europe with peace, prosperity, personal rights and freedoms, effective governance, policies aimed at solving problems and not at creating them, is a Europe where the drugsmarket has been regulated. The lack of a legal framework with regards to drugs is one of the pillars of a system that essentially denies human beings legal access to products (some of them even natural products) which are benefitial to their health, physical or mental. Among the many disasters that prohibition of cannabis and other drugs has produced, maybe the worst is that it has destroyed this access, and instead established a market that is almost entirely driven by economic reasons, without taking into account the rights of consumers and producers. This lack of framework is deliberately maintained so on the one hand, power structures can continue to feed themselves with money gained from desperacy, while on the other, power structures can continue to justify fargoing control and intrusion in people’s private life. Drug prohibition is serving the needs of the elite, and therefore it will not be the elite that will be able to stop it. If we want to replace this policy with a sound and healthy alternative, we need to build it ourselves, bottom up. Since more than a decade, citizens allover Europe have started to use the loopholes in the absurd drug law to create this alternative. Wellcome to the Cannabis Social Club! Cannabis Social Clubs organise the collective cultivation of an amount of cannabis that is exclusively meant for the private consumption of their members. -
Dissertation Submitted As Part of the Requirement for the Bsc Biological Science
Faculty of Science & Technology The beliefs and attitudes of key populations in the UK in regards to whether cannabis should be legalised for medicinal purpose. A dissertation submitted as part of the requirement for the BSc Biological Science. C. R. Miles 12th May 2017 Word count: 10,749 Abstract Background Cannabis has been used for its therapeutic properties for five millennia and was prescribed for medicinal use in the UK until 1971. Cannabis then became classified as a Class B, Schedule 1 drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, which declared it has “no medicinal value”. However, since then a growing body of evidence derived from clinical trials and case reports have supported the plants claimed therapeutic potential. Consequently, many campaign for the legalisation of cannabis for medicinal use in the UK. Given this is a topic of much current debate, this study explores the views and concerns of the key sectors of UK populations, including healthcare professionals, politicians, lawyers, and students, as well as the general British public, in regards to the legalisation of medicinal cannabis in the UK. Method An anonymous online survey was created using SurveyMonkey. Healthcare professional, lawyers and politicians were contacted via email (contact details found on online websites). Students were targeted through social media and a paper survey which was handed out in Bournemouth University lectures. Members of the general public were also targeted through social media and a paper survey which was handed out in Bournemouth Town Centre. There was representative sample of 392 respondents. Results A statistically significant proportion (70%) of the key UK populations (as defined by this study) believe cannabis should be legalised for medicinal use. -
Marijuana May Impair Male Fertility
Marijuana May Impair Male Fertility Smokers Have Lower Total Sperm Count Men who smoke marijuana frequently have significantly less seminal fluid, a lower total sperm count and their sperm behave abnormally, all of which may affect fertility adversely, a new study in reproductive physiology at the University at Buffalo has shown. This study is the first to assess marijuana's effects on specific swimming behavior of sperm from marijuana smokers and to compare the results with sperm from men with confirmed fertility. Marijuana contains the cannabinoid drug THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which is its primary psychoactive chemical, as well as other cannabinoids. Marijuana Affects Male Sperm Results of the study were presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine in San Antonio. "The bottom line is, the active ingredients in marijuana are doing something to sperm, and the numbers are in the direction toward infertility," said Lani J. Burkman, Ph.D., lead author on the study. Burkman is assistant professor of gynecology/obstetrics and urology and head of the Section on Andrology in the UB School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. UB's andrology laboratory also carries out sophisticated diagnosis for infertile couples. Sperm Swimming Too Fast, Too Early "We don't know exactly what is happening to change sperm functioning," said Burkman, "but we think it is one of two things: THC may be causing improper timing of sperm function by direct stimulation, or it may be bypassing natural inhibition mechanisms. Whatever the cause, the sperm are swimming too fast too early." This aberrant pattern has been connected to infertility in other studies, she noted. -
Medical Marijuana the War on Drugs and the Drug Policy Reform Movement
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ FROM THE FRONTLINES TO THE BOTTOM LINE: MEDICAL MARIJUANA THE WAR ON DRUGS AND THE DRUG POLICY REFORM MOVEMENT A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction Of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in SOCIOLOGY by Thomas R. Heddleston June 2012 The Dissertation of Thomas R. Heddleston is approved: ____________________________________ Professor Craig Reinarman, Chair ____________________________________ Professor Andrew Szasz ____________________________________ Professor Barbara Epstein ___________________________________ Tyrus Miller Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Thomas R. Heddleston 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Chapter I: The History, Discourse, and Practice of Punitive Drug Prohibition 38 Chapter II: Three Branches Of Reform, The Drug Policy Reform Movement From 1964 To 2012 91 Chapter III: Sites of Social Movement Activity 149 Chapter IV: The Birth of Medical Marijuana In California 208 Chapter V: A Tale of 3 Cities Medical Marijuana 1997-2011 245 Chapter VI: From Movement to Industry 303 Conclusion 330 List of Supplementary Materials 339 References 340 iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 2.1: Major Organizations in the Drug Policy Reform Movement by Funding Source and Organizational Form 144 Table 3.1: Characteristics of Hemp Rallies Attended 158 Table 3.2: Drug Policy Organizations and the Internet 197 Figure 4.1: Proposition 215 Vote November 1996 241 Table 5.1: Political Opportunity Structures and Activist Tools 251 Table 5.2: Key Aspects of Political Opportunity Structures at 3 Levels of Government 263 Figure 5.1: Medical Cannabis Dispensaries by Region and State 283 iv ABSTRACT Thomas R. Heddleston From The Frontlines to the Bottom Line: Medical Marijuana the War On Drugs and the Drug Policy Reform Movement The medical marijuana movement began in the San Francisco Bay Area in the early 1990s in a climate of official repression.