Functional Transformation of Balkan Borders in The

S P A T I U M , International Review, No. 8, June 2002., Belgrade ISSN 1450-569X SCOPE AND AIMS The review is concerned with a multi-disciplinary approach to regional and urban planning and architecture, as well as with different aspects of land use, including housing, environment, etc. It attempts to contribute to better theoretical understanding of a new spatial development processes and to improve the practice in the field. EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Dobrivoje To{kovi}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) - President Vladimir Macura, Ph.D. (Belgrade) - Vice-president Prof. Milutin Lje{evi}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Prof. Borislav Stojkov, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Prof. Predrag Cagi} (Belgrade) Prof. Milica Jovanovi}-Popovi} (Belgrade) Mihailo ânak, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Nedeljko Borovnica, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Zoran Manevi}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Nada Mila{in, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Miodrag Vujo{evi}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Branko Bojovi}, Arch. (Belgrade) Igor Mari}, M.Sc. (Belgrade) Ines Mari~i}, Arch. (Belgrade) Acad. Vladimir Nikolaevi~ Belousov (Moscow) Vlatko Korobar, Ph.D. (Skopje) Evangelija Hadzitrifonos, Arch. (Thessaloniki) Prof. Juhani Pallasmaa (Helsinki) EDITORS Nada Mila{in, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Prof. Milica Baji}-Brkovi}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Prof. Branislav Deri}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Prof. Du{an Joksi}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Vladimir Macura, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Prof. Dobrivoje To{kovi}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Miodrag Vujo{evi}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) Mila Pucar, Ph.D (Belgrade) Slavka Zekovi}, Ph.D. (Belgrade) EDITOR IN CHIEF Nada Mila{in, Ph.D. SECRETARY Ines Mari~i}, Arch. COMPUTER DESIGN Omiljena Dèlebdì}, M.Sc. COVER PAGE DESIGN Ines Mari~i}, Arch. PUBLISHER Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia Nenad Spasi}, Ph.D., director ADDRESS Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia "spatium" Yugoslavia, 11000 Belgrade, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73/II E-mail: [email protected] fax: (381 11) 3370-203 FINANCIAL SUPPORT Ministry of Science, Technology and Development of the Republic of Serbia Printed in Yugoslavia by GRAFO-@IG - Belgrade CONTENTS Introductory note to this issue of SPATIUM by the Editorial Board George Petrakos 1 THE SPATIAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN Associate Professor of Spatial SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE Economics, University of Thessaly Head, Department of Planning and Regional Development Director, South and East European Development Center (SEED) Dimitris Economou Professor of Planning, University of Thessaly Department of Planning and Regional Development Branko Cavri}, Ph.D., 14 THE NEW PLANNING PARADIGM IN University of Botswana, Department of THE LATEST YUGOSLAV STATE ALLIANCE OF Environmental Science Urban and SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO Regional Planning Programme, Gaborone, Botswana Valentina Lavren~i~ 26 SLOVENIAN SPATIAL PLANNING SYSTEM Janja Kreitmayer - KEY CHANGES OF PAST DECADE - National Spatial Planning Office, Ministry for The Environment and Spatial Planning Republic of Slovenia Kaliopa Dimitrovska Andrews, Ph.D. 31 CITY URBAN DESIGN IN A FREE MARKET Urban Planning Institute of the ECONOMY - THE CASE OF LJUBLJANA, Republic of Slovenia SLOVENIA Ljiljana Grubovi}, MSc 37 URBAN TASK FORCE London School of Economics Institute of Urban 41 OBSERVATORY OF SPATIAL PLANNING AND Environment and Human ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH EAST EUROPE Resources (UEHR), Panteion University Athens - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - Information CONFERENCE ”PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION” spatium INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO THIS ISSUE OF SPATIUM BY THE EDITORIAL BOARD The overwhelming part of this issue of SPATIUM covers the contributions of the foreign participants to the Conference PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION, organised by the Institute of Architecture and Urban&Spatial Planning of Serbia, held in Belgrade, on 20/21 June 2002. Also, the integral version of the Executive Summary of Final Report of the Project OBSERVATORY OF SPATIAL PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTH EAST EUROPE is published here, in order to veritably reflect the key role of the Institute of Urban Environment and Human Resources (UEHR), Panteion University of Athens, in initiating, organising, developing and performing this Project. spatium THE SPATIAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE* Assoc.Prof. George Petrakos, Prof. Dimitris Economou This paper analyses for the first time the spatial structure of South-eastern Europe in an effort to assess regional imbalances, border conditions, urban hierarchies and detect the adjustments of the region to the forces of integration and transition. The analysis is based on a unique data base compiled from national sources and is carried on with the use of statistical, diagrammatic and cartographic methods. The analysis shows that South-eastern Europe is characterized by increasing regional disparities, an increasingly superior performance of the metropolitan regions, serious discontinuities at the borders which have, in most cases, generated over-time border regions with below average performance and finally an urban system with serious deficiencies in medium sized cities. These findings suggest that regional policy should become a permanent ingredient of indigenous and international development initiatives, which need to pay a greater attention to the needs of border regions, encouraging and promoting programs and policies of cross-border cooperation. Key words: regional inequality, urban system, transition, South-eastern Europe INTRODUCTION* argue that the process of transition in Central is very complex, the available evidence seems and Eastern Europe is associated with increa- to reveal some general patterns. It shows that A growing literature is now concerned with the sing regional disparities. His analysis of in countries sharing common borders with the regional aspects of the transition process and Poland, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria has EU and being at a short distance from the the type and evolution of regional disparities in revealed many similarities but also significant European core, spatial adjustments have been Central and Eastern Europe. A recent paper differences among these countries. The latter favouring metropolitan and western regions. In (Petrakos 2001a) and several previous studies1 are related to national characteristics (such as addition, countries with a better record in terms institutional factors), to economic factors (such of transforming their economy, and with a * This research was undertaken with support from: (a) as the level of development), to the success of larger size, tend to experience increasing the European Union Phare ACE Program and (b) the restructuring and catching up, to size and to disparities less often and less intensively than Hellenic Ministry of Planning, Environment and Public geographic co-ordinates. Although the process countries with a less successful record and a Works. of spatial adjustment to the forces of transition smaller size. However, disparities have 1 A number of early reports have paid attention to the increased at various rates and degrees in all spatial aspects of the transition process. Petrakos transition countries to levels that are higher (1996a) has attempted a theoretical inquiry 1996), although regional unemployment patterns have than those in most of the EU countries. concerning the interaction of the various processes of remained stable (Fazekas 2000). FDI and domestic transition and space. At the same time, a number of capital prefer metropolitan and western regions In other parallel literature concerned with the empirical papers appeared. Evidence from Estonia (Lorentzen 1996, 1999), turning an already shows that core-periphery differences have increased, unbalanced pre-1989 situation of the regions into a prospects of countries or macro-regions in the with Talin and Western coastal regions benefiting the serious core-periphery and east-west disparity new European economic environment and their most from the new orientation of the country (Nemes-Nagy 2000). Additional evidence comes from adjustment to the market and policy driven (Raagmaa 1996). Evidence from East Germany already Poland (Gorzelak 2000), indicating that different forces of transition, a number of papers have indicates that development is highly selective and regions adjust in a different way to the new economic focussed on the less advanced and most depends on the behaviour of foreign capital. Berlin environment. Another study (Ingham et.al. 1996) problematic European Region: the Balkans2. In emerges as a development pole with strong links with shows that the regional pattern of unemployment is the West German and the international economy but relatively stable in the 1990-1994 period, indicating this literature it is argued that one of the factors weak local linkages and low spread effects that initial best performing regions are also final best that has affected the performance of the (Haussermann 1993). Similar trends have been performing regions and initial losers are final losers detected in The Slovak Republic, where Bratislava, with also. This basic picture is also supported by reports for 9% of the national population, generates 30% of the Albania (Petrakos 1996b), Bulgaria (Minassian and country's GDP (Balaz 1996). In Hungary, disparities Totev 1996, Petrakos 1996b) and Romania (Ramboll 2 See for example: Petrakos and Totev (2000), increased during the early years of transition (Fazekas 1996, Constantin 1997). Petrakos (2000a), Petrakos and Totev (2001). spatium 1 1 Region is related to its ‘unfavourable geo- compared to the national average. In section 4 where y0 is regional GDP per capita at the graphy’. Besides

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