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Pdfresizer.Com-Pdf-Resize 2.Pdf TRNAVSKÁ UNIVERZITA V TRNAVE Filozofická fakulta Katedra klasickej archeológie ÚVOD DO ŠTÚDIA KLASICKEJ ARCHEOLÓGIE II. Vysokoškolská učebnica Editori Klára Kuzmová a Mária Novotná Trnava 2020 RECENZENTI: doc. Mgr. Michal Habaj (UCM Trnava) PhDr. Jan Jílek, Ph.D. (MU Brno) VYDAVATEĽ: Filozofická fakulta Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave Hornopotočná 23, SK-918 43 Trnava EDITORI: prof. PhDr. Klára Kuzmová, CSc. Dr. h. c. prof. PhDr. Mária Novotná, DrSc., emeritná profesorka AUTORI: † doc. PhDr. Marie Dufková, CSc. Mgr. Andrea Ďurianová, PhD. Mgr. Lucia Nováková, PhD. © † M. Dufková, A. Ďurianová, K. Kuzmová, L. Nováková, M. Novotná, 2020 © Filozofická fakulta Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave, 2020 © Preklad z češtiny Mgr. Lucia Nováková, PhD. a Dr. h. c., prof. PhDr. Mária Novotná, DrSc., emeritná profesorka Na prednej strane obálky: Červenofigurová váza, Altes Museum Berlín. Foto: Erik Hrnčiarik. Na zadnej strane obálky: Sardy. Foto: Erik Hrnčiarik. ISBN 978-80-568-0333-2 ÚVOD DO ŠTÚDIA KLASICKEJ ARCHEOLÓGIE II. GRÉCKA CIVILIZÁCIA † M. Dufková , L. Nováková, s príspevkom A. Ďurianovej O B S A H Predslov................................................................................................................6 1 Dejiny bádania......................................................................................................................7 2 Základná chronológia gréckej civilizácie (A. Ďurianová)...................................................12 3 Písomné pramene...............................................................................................................16 4 Geografia antického Grécka(A. Ďurianová) ...................................................................22 5 Základné pojmy umeleckohistorickej klasifikácie a analýzy............................................26 6 Základné elementy gréckeho mesta...............................................................................31 7 Architektúra...................................................................................................................38 8 Sochárstvo...................................................................................................................47 8.1 Geometrické a rané archaické obdobie ............................................................................49 8.2 Vrcholné a neskoré archaické obdobie (600–480 pred Kr.) ....................................................51 8.3 Klasické obdobie (5. storočie pred Kr.).........................................................................52 8.4 Neskoro klasické obdobie (4. storočie pred Kr.)...............................................................55 8.5 Helenizmus...................................................................................................................56 9 Keramika............................................................................................61 10 Maliarstvo, nástenné maľby a mozaiky...............................................................................72 11 Šperk a odev.........................................................................................................................76 12 Pohrebný rítus....................................................................................................................83 12.1 Protogeometrické a geometrické obdobie (11.–8. storočie pred Kr.).................................83 12.2 Archaické obdobie (7.–6. storočie pred Kr.)......................................................................85 12.3 Klasické obdobie (5.–4. storočie pred Kr.).....................................................................86 12.4 Oblasti okrem Atiky............................................................................................................88 12.5 Helenistické obdobie..........................................................................................................90 13 Grécke náboženstvo a svätyne............................................................................................94 14 Ikonografia gréckych bohov...............................................................................................99 14.1 Bohovia a bohyne Grécka..................................................................................................99 14.2 Hlavní héroovia Grécka .................................................................................................104 14.3 Ostatné mytologické bytosti .........................................................................................105 15 Zbierkové fondy, múzeá, galérie......................................................................................107 Predslov Predložená publikácia je druhou zo štvordielnej vysokoškolskej učebnice „Úvod do štúdia klasickej archeológie“, ktorej ďalšie časti budú vychádzať postupne. Prvý diel obsahuje definíciu, chronologický rámec, dejiny bádania, pramene, prehľad metodológie klasickej archeológie. Osobitná pozornosť je venovaná minojskej a mykénskej kultúre. Druhý diel je zameraný výlučne na grécku antiku, tretí na na etruskú a rímsku civilizácii. Posledná štvrtá časť je vyhradená rímskym provinciám a okrajovým oblastiam antického sveta, ktoré sa v toku času prejavovali ako dedičstvo gréckej a rímskej antiky. Uvedené rozdelenie učebnice nebolo náhodné. Vychádzalo z rozvrhnutia výučby, v centre ktorej stojí grécka a rímska antická spoločnosť so všetkými jej atribútmi, a to rovnako na materskom území, ako aj v gréckych kolóniách, rímskych provinciách a v priľahlých oblastiach. Texty dopĺňa bohatá obrazová príloha a odporúčaná literatúra. Autorský tím pozostáva z pedagógov pôsobiacich či už v minulosti alebo v súčasnosti na Katedre klasickej archeológie Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave, ktorá je jediným vedecko-pedagogickým pracoviskom tohto druhu na Slovensku. S katedrou bola už od jej vzniku spätá popredná odborníčka na grécku antiku, doc. PhDr. Marie Dufková, CSc., ktorá výrazným spôsobom prispela k rozvoju vedy i vzdelávania v tejto oblasti. Vybrané kapitoly učebnice pozostávajú z jej skrátených, z češtiny preložených textov. Pri tvorbe koncepcie bola zvolená jednotná štruktúra učebnice, čiastočne prispôsobená špecifikám uvedených civilizácií. Predložený diel obsahuje dejiny bádania a základnú chronológiu gréckej civilizácie, jej kultúru a umenie, doplnenú o geografickú charakteristiku antického Grécka. Metodologické prístupy sú vysvetlené v kapitolách venovaných písomným prameňom a základným pojmom umeleckohistorickej klasifikácie a analýzy. Ťažisko spočíva na chronologickom prehľade umeleckej činnosti, v ktorej sa naplno prejavila tvorivosť a originalita starých Grékov. Zahŕňa nálezy gréckej keramiky, vrátane vázového maliarstva v rôznych oblastiach na pobreží Stredozemného a Čierneho mora, svedčiace o rozvinutých obchodných a kultúrnych kontaktoch gréckeho sveta. Podľa antických autorov boli pre Grékov ich zvyklosti, náboženstvo a kultúra dôležité a záväzné rovnako na materskom území ako v kolóniách. Ich kolonizačné aktivity výrazným spôsobom prispeli k hospodárskemu či kultúrnemu rozvoju vtedajšieho sveta. Grécki sochári a architekti spočiatku v mnohom vďačili blízkovýchodným a egyptským predlohám. Onedlho ich však premenili na jedinečné diela, ktoré obdivujeme dodnes. Pripomína nám to aténska akropola, ktorá slúžila na oslavu azda najväčšieho výdobytku antických Grékov, aténskej demokracie. Veľké množstvo gréckych sôch pritom poznáme len z nálezov rímskych kópií, ktoré nie vždy zachovali vernosť originálu. Platí to aj pre nástenné maľby a mozaiky, ktoré sa zachovali len vo veľmi malej miere. Zmenu osídlenia, migráciu obyvateľstva či sociálno-historické premeny gréckej spoločnosti dokladá pohrebný rítus. O tom, že grécka civilizácia nám stále nie je vzdialená, svedčí doteraz pretrvávajúci záujem o jej spoznávanie. Učebnica sa v prvom rade obracia na súčasných a budúcich poslucháčov odboru klasická archeológia, ale aj príbuzných disciplín akými sú dejiny umenia a kultúry, estetika, výtvarné umenie, história, klasická filológia či religionistika. Očakávame, že bude užitočná aj pre študentov a učiteľov stredných škôl a rovnako osloví aj záujemcov z radov širokej verejnosti. A to tým skôr, že elektronická podoba všetkých štyroch dielov publikácie bude dostupná na internete bez obmedzenia. Vzhľadom na zložitý právny systém ohľadom autorských práv a použitia obrazovej prílohy sme sa rozhodli použiť vlastný archív fotografií a voľne prístupné internetové databázy fotografií s konkrétnou licenciou umožňujúcou ich ďalšie šírenie a reprodukovanie (tzv. Creative Commons; http://creativecommons.org). Keďže predložená učebnica je určená výlučne na akademické účely, nie je možné kopírovať alebo iným spôsobom reprodukovať žiadnu jej časť na komerčné účely (ak to špeciálne neumožňuje licencia pri obrázkoch). Všetky vyobrazené objekty sú majetkom inštitúcií uvedených v popise obrázkov. V prípade autorských fotografií je ich ďalšie neakademické a komerčné použitie možné len so súhlasom príslušnej inštitúcie, ktorá vyobrazený predmet alebo objekt vlastní. Trnava, jar 2020 Editori 6 GRÉCKA CIVILIZÁCIA † M. Dufková, L. Nováková 1 Dejiny bádania Antické Grécko je spojené s definovaním európskej kultúry a civilizácie. Jeho dejinný vývoj, ako aj jeho materiálnu a duchovnú kultúru je potrebné chápať v širokom geografickom a chronologickom meradle. Je úzko spojený s dejinami klasickej archeológie a príbuzných disciplín, akými sú história, dejiny umenia, epigrafika alebo klasická filológia. Zberateľstvo umeleckých diel, na ktoré sa spočiatku sústreďovala najväčšia pozornosť,
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