Gutianxi hydro-power station in the Wuyi }'f ountains, the biggest powcr plant in Fujian province. will have a capacity of 289,000 kilowatts when completed' plloto l)t llu, ,gd,lutts \

PUBLISHED MONTHTY IN ENGIISH, FR,ENCH, SPANISH, ARABIC, GERMAN, FORTUGUESE AND CHINESE BY THE CHTNA WELFARE INSTITUTE (sOONG CHING LINO, CHA|RMANI

Artfcles.o ttte Month voL. xxx No.5 MAY 1981 Clothing s Billion Peeple CONTENTS Belore the founcl- ing of new Chino Economic/Sociol 1949, o lorge oportion of the Clothing a Biilion People 5 people were in What They're Wearing in Beijing 8 Democratic Management: A New Way 16 Do You Know: Labor lnsurance and Benefits in China 19 New Marketing Channels 30 Economic Briefs 4 counts growth ol Politicol Chino's textile in- dustry. Poge 5 What's This "Taiwan Ouestion"? 51 Rurol New Form of Democrqtie Monogernont Cultural Cenler Livens Up Commune 12 n lmproving the Zhoushan Fisheries o ' Refugees and Repatriates on Overseas Chinese Farm 27 e Distributing lncome in a Production Team 54 n Rural Briefs 32

Cu ltu re/Educotion Jinan University Serves Overseas Chinese 44 Anhui's Four Treasures of the Studio 56 Matchbox Labels in China EO Burns Night in Beijing 40 Notionolities/Religion Irbout the "Toiwon Problem" The Lahu People of Yunnan JJ Buddhist Academy Reopened 66 Minority Nationalities Briefs 39 Arc,hoeology ln Search of the Lost Citv of Kroraina 62 Archaeological News 6B A University for Qverseos Chinese Sports Jinon U Football in 1978, is in China Today 10 Chinese rood, from Mocoo os fimilles Things Chinese Chino. Scissors in teochin of Long Excellence 42 seorch honges. Columns ond Speciols Kroroino, Ancient DeEert Qiff I Our Postbag 2 Two tftousond yeors o9o, Sketch book 3 Kroroino wns Children: o mojor city on Twelve-Year-Old Math Whiz 61 the Silk Rood lrom Chino to Medical Briefs 20 western Asio ond Europe, Then .1 Chinese Cookery 5 it ceosed to exist. An orcheo- Language Corner: Lesson 5 70 logicol expedition to Lop Nur, Making an Appointment where the oncient desert trod- ing center wos locoted, ond its Front Cover: remoins, now being uneorthed It's easier to be choosey: there s more variety in cloth- ond studied. Poge 62 rng now Wang Hongxun

Edilo;iol Olficc: Woi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino, Cobte: .,CHIRECON', Beijing. Gcncrol Dlrlrlbutor: GUOJI SHUD|AN, P.O. Box 399, Beijins, Chino. r Chinese people and love them as my and working enthusiasm of the ChineSe own people. Now I hope, more than people. ever before, that the Chinese people As a student, I am curious to know can advance through the progressive if there are new reinforcements filling road of socialist construction. the gap - recent graduates from scien- JOHN J.Z.C. rific departments of Chinese universi- Medellin. Colombia ties. There are many Chinese students Easier to Read in our university, one of them in our Sincc January oI 1980 your magazine Articles Enjoyed astrophysics department. Due to friend- has improved steadily, from slightly ly feelings toward the Chinese people The peasant painting article iOctober and their culture, we recently wel- biased reporting to now one of more 1980) was very interesting as was the easily read and enjoyable articles. comed the writer Han Suyin who talk- article on Chinese history of the Ming ed to us about China's today and to- Please continue to do articles on your dynasty, and culture and science. I rninority cultures and peoples since morrow. This was one of a series of really enjoy ancient history. I enjoyed Iectures organized by our university. they shed Iight on a generally unknown visiting the Ming tomb in Beijing and aspc.ct of your country. FRANCIS GUILLON the clay warriors that were being dug Kingston, Canada The color photographs are too few, up at Xi'an, such a large and difficult please include more if you can, since project. Wished it hadn't been so cold Film on Evolution sometimes the black-and-white photos when I visited the Great WaIl. I am a student of fishing biology. In do not cor:-re out as good as one would New hands for accident victims is like. project. the August 1980 issue oI China Recon- such a worthwhile One should structs, the article "New Film on Evo- PAUL A. BROWN hear more of the advances of science San A.ntonio, TX., U.S.A. lution'i' particularly attracted my at- that aid the unforiunate. tention. I was so interested that I read GWEN SMALE Asks More Variety it four times. Furthermore, I brought Laguna Beach, CA.. U.S.A, the magazine to the teachers and stu- Yes I do have a suggestion. To a dents of the zoology speciality and dis- reader in the U.S.A. the fact that every Children's Page Too Short cussed the article with them. One article is on the subject of improvements I enjoyed very much and appre- schoolmate said. "China Reconstructs and achieving better and better accom- ciated the article in .your October is no longer reconstructing but con- plishments gives magazine a the entire edition "Peasant Paintings from Shang- structing science." (Laughter and ap- sameness. That is to say that, in spite hai's Outskirts". plause). After the end of the meeting, change of the in subject matter, the I think your "Children's Page" is we all agreed that the magazine is spirit of the articles makes each one rather short. I hope you will write getting more and more interesting. I seem similar to aII of the others and more about Chinese children. their was asked to write this letter with our the reader has to be an enthusiast schools, school life, little stories and best wishes and congratulations to the about China to read all of the magnificent paintings. editor-in-chief and the entire staff. magazine" To reach people who have D.C. ABEYSEKERA ROMULO L. AGUILAR only a beginning interest, the magazine Bad,degama, Sri Lanka Trujitlo, Peru needs variety. KENTON L. HARRIS Black-White Photos Not Clear Tell Setbacks Too and Print Maps Bethesda, MD., U.S.A. As subscriber for several years, I The photo of the front cover of the a always read your magazine with great October (Harvesting Sugarcane) Legal System issue interest pleasure. is very well done and very loVely. But and You should continue to be objective. I hope you will print articles about there are black-and-white photos that legal system in China, especially the interesting. Don't hesitate to talk about setbacks are not clear and are not your your Iabor and social laws. Of course, you improve this in future in country. Those who read Could magazines love your country and well articles about other laws would also be issues? understand the problems you may en- interesting. Above all I want to know A. POTSOMPONG counter. They can only appreciate more the relations between economy. society Bangkok, Thoiland and the law in a non-capitalist couotry highly the efforts you are making to where law and powers intended for change the status quo. col- More about Moslems lective are used to solve current and When you describe a city or a scenic potential problems. Can China Reconstructs write more spot, or a national minority in a cer- JOACHIM HEILMANN extensively about the Moslems? We tain place in your vast country, please Barsinghausen, W est Germang would like to know more about them, attach a sketch map to show where it their educational and social status in is located (in this respect you can Iearn Supports Ttial the country and if they require any from the Geographic magazine, which help from their Moslem brothers in has a map for every article). In fact I have been a reader of China Re- other areas of the world. not many people in France possess a consttucts since days 1967. In the HODARI N. MQULO map China. In addition the use of when most mass of of the media were Chinese phonetic alphabet has caused controlled Ostersund, Sweilen by Lin Biao and his com- readers when they look pany, they presented different difficulties for a view up an old map. of Chiria and instilled fascist into Likes Articles on Universities ideas I hope you wiII take this into con- my mind. Now campaign has physicist aware the that a Being a I am of sideration. started repair the caused great to loss by the difficulties a number of Chinese MAURICE PAIMBOEUF ten year disaster reality pre- deplorable and is scholars had dyring the Barbentane, France sented through the Marxist viewpoint, years when the gang of four were in I can understand the great damage that power. Fortunately these things are We usill trg to publish more sketch was covered up during those years. I past. The articles about the movement maps, and are preparing an up'to-date also support the trial of the counter- to make up for lost time started several general map of China uith place natnes revolutionary clique headed by Jiartg years ago are impressive. which de- in Chinese phonetic alphabet for our Qing and tin Biao. I admire the great monstrate in a good manner the courage readers. - Ed.

2 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS .i;?iir.if.'fif'. *{} I

;

'

! I

I I

i ,

I

Hetdswoman

Wang Tongren

WanS: ls a leciurer in the Central Acedemy of Fiae Arts.

Oren &td certs

MAY 1OBT sets were produced in 1980. an- other record high. o The 1980 inveStment in hous- ing, culture, education, medicine and welfare comprised one third of the total outlay for capital con- struction in the same year." This was the country's largest invest- ment since 1955 in areas not direct- ly related to production. A record 78.2 miilion square meters of housing went up in cities, towns, and industrial and mining areas, 25 percent more than in 1979. Universities and colleges directly under the Ministry of Education got 8.7 million square meters of new school buildings in 1980. Construction \ /as speeded

Yillage lair in Guizhou province. Lonct QiLltLtt

o Retail sales of consumer goods biggesL since the founding of the were 207.1 billion yuan in People's Republic. Eighty percent 1980. an 18.2 percent increase over of the savings were in fixed-term 1979. Contributing factors: Use of deposits. market regulation under the guid- o Family planning brought the ance of state planning, new outlets rate of China's population growth for production and improved com- last year down to 11 per thousand, modity circulation. Even with as against 11.7 per thousand in 1979. This was the lowest figure the adjustments f or the rise in population growth prices, the increase still comes to for in China since 1949. 11 percent, higher than in any Average life expectancy is near- year since liberation. Iy twice that before liberation, 67 Apariments built by Universi(1 o savlngs Qinghua Total bank in China's years for men and 70 for women. tor its faculty and staff. cities and towns last year rose to compared to 35 for both men and Duon Wenhua 27.9 billion yuan. The increase - women before liberation, accord- 38 percent over 1979 was the ing statistics released by the - to up on public facilities and mu- Ministry of Public HeaLth in 1978. The mortality rate, of less than nicipaL works. Savings bank in Fushun, Liaoning o China's light industrial output province. Sutt Liansheng seven per thousand. per year as against 25 per thousand before for 1980 rose by 17.4 percent in Iiberation, is among the world's value over 1979 as a result of re- lowest. adjustment of the ratio between o tn 1980 China manufactured tight and heavy industry. This 22.5 million watches, nearly 13 was a good deal faster than heavy million blicycles and 7.6 million industry's 1.6 percent f or the sewing machines, in each a 30 per- same period. Light industry's cent increase over 1979. Both the contribution to the total indus- absolute figures and the rates of trial production rose from 43.1 increase represent an all-time percent in 1979 to 46.7 percent last high. Two and a half million TV year. tr

CHINA EECONSTRUCTS CHEN YIFANG

A MPLE clothing and food the historical background, start- sumption was nstituted under fL 16i5 phrase has traditiona ing from pre-liberation days. A which people were issued ration been used by the Chinese people large portion of the population coupons for cotton clqth, with the to describe one aspect of the then wore rags, and even among supply at that level guaranteed. ideal society they desired. But the better-off there was a saying. Except,for the three years 1960- to clothe, as well as feed. every- "Three years new, three years 1962 when the whole economy suf- one amply in a country with such old, patch and wear it three years ferod temporary economic dif- a large population is not so easy. more". Though China had had ficulties, the state has always been Output figures for some of Chi- something of a machine-made able to provide this quantity for na's industrial and agricultural textiie industry for over a half everyone, an,d also to sell certain products may seem large in century in 1950, the first year items like towels and socks off absolute terms. but when viewed after liberation, its output was the ration. The development of a on a per-capita basis, they are far only 2.5 billion meters, or a per- synthetic fiber industry has behin,d those of the world's advanced countries. An output of 9.1 billion meters in 1970 made China one of the Iargest cotton % increose cloth producers in the world. But averaged out over population Cotton yorn (ton) 2,936,000 560 her Cotton cloth (billion meters) meant per-capita production 13 400 a of Woolen cloth (billion meters) 100 1 900 only a little over 10 meters. The Silk knitweor (billion meters) 700 1 300 1980 ligure of 13.3 billion meters. topping all previous records, brought per-capita production to capita production of a little over eased prob- 13 meters. This provides enough further the clothing four meters. But so low was the lem. Nobociy has wear rags, f or the ration of six meters for to purchasing power in both city and and even garments every person in the country, neatly-patched countryside that even this was becoming (slighty less in the warmer south) are fewer. as well cotton more than could be sold on the as cloth for in- market. dustrial, institutional and other Better and Brighter The adjacent indicates public use, and for export. table textile growth 1950 and Improvements In addition, per capita consump- between in the textile in- 1980, dustry have provide tion of other fabrics including during which the population enabled it to increased percent. goods. woo1, silk, linen and synthetics. by B0 better Ten years ago it As purchasing power grew, all not rationed, was 13 meters. in couldn't keep up with the de- 1954 system planned Even so, the Chinese people can- a of con- mand for corduroy. dacron and not be said to have abundant clothing" But their basic needs Display of fashions in Shanghai's Department Store No.I are being met. The 1980 figure is the result of substantial advances in cotton textile production since 1gTB. Through most of the 1970s the whole economy, the textile in- dustry included, had sqffered as a result of the ultra-Left policies promoted by the gang of four. Production had stayed around nine billion meters until the stale- mate was broken with 10 billion in 1977. The 1980 level, though still modest. must be viewed against

MAY 1981 modern-type woolen mill had been set up bY another of the group Zuo Zongtang, in Lanzhou, Gansu province. But as bureau- cratic officials of the Qing dynasty milked the enterprises unmerciful- ly and did not manage them well, neither lasted long. The first suc- cessful mill was opened late in the 19th century by the national capitalist Zhang Qian (Zhang Jizhi) in the city of Nantong in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River valley, where he later set up others. By the time of liberation in 1949 China's national caPitalist textile industry was more than 60 years old, and had 750,000 workers, f ive million cotton spindles, 120,000 wool spindles and 140,000 silk reels. Annual output was 2.5 billion meters of cotton cloth, 5 million meters of woolen piece goods and 50 million meters of silk. Most of the factories were con- centrated in a few big coastal cities like Shanghai, Tianjin and Qingdao, whose spindles account- ed for 70 percent of the couhtrY's The Kashi Cotton MiIl, one of several in Xiniiang in China's far west. total. Many inland Provinces, in- cluding the main areas Producing raw cotton and wool, had no knitting wool. Now, the suPPlY also replaced corduroy as the most modern textile industrY at all. of these is ensured, but woolen sought-after types. There used to In the 1950s the new China pidce goods, silk quilt covers, wool be long lines of buyers for cotton- plunged into large-scale economic jacquard biankets and upholsterY dacron rhixes. Last year's Produc- construction. Within seven Years fabrics continue to fall short of tion of 2 billion meters just about textile centers had been construct- the rising demand despite all ef- equaled the demand at the Pres- ed in Beijing, Shijiazhuang and f orts. Twenty-f our million silk ent price. But now these Prod- Handan in the north China Prov- quilt covers were produced in ucts, too, are being rePlaced - ince of Hebei, Zhengzhou on the 1980, but still more were wanted. by polyester knits and sYnthetics Huanghe (Yetlow) River and People, especially youth and mixed with wool or other fibres Xianyang in Shaanxi Prr:vince all children, are wearing brighter as the newest and most desired. more or less along the north-south clothing. In the earlY years, soil- WooI in China used to be re- Beijing-Guangzhou rail line or resistant, easy-to-care-for plain garded as a luxurY material and the main east-west one from worn mainly bY in the blue, grey or khaki were Pre- was PeoPle the coast to Lanzhou in Gansu durable fabrics like big cities, but woolen fabrics, provrnce. ferred in and gabardine and cor- blankets,- knitting wool During the First Five-Year Plan twill, cotton scarves sell well duroy. Later on, ultra-Left think- sweaters and (1953-57) a group of small cotton also in the small and medium-sized ing began to,equate drabness with mills were set up in Chengdu in revolution. But now people want cities and even rural areas. the southwesterly Province of During each Sichuan, Urumqi in the Xinjiang something brighter. Historical DeveloPrnent of 1979 and 1980, China's textile Uygur Autonomous Region, Sha- mills produced a total of 30,000 China's first modern cotton mill shi in Hubei province, Hangzhou items that were new in material, was set up in the 1880s under the in coastal Zheiiang Province and weave, pattern or color.' In the feudal official Li Hongzhang, who Hefei in Anhui Province. Then cities ,in the 1970s twill and was a member of the grouP that modern woolen mills were built gabardine and cotton dacron wanted to learn industrY and in the wool-producing areas of the inixes have replaced these same other things from the west. A near and far northwest Xinjiang, fabrics made of cotton only, and few years previouslY the first Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Gansu CEINA EECONSTRUCTS 6 and Ningxia. Other textile and because the factories' equipment yarn has increased by six and a knitwear mills of small or medium came from many lands. Within half times and production of raw size were also started in many China there were only a few cotton has risen places to meet the de- with local government textile machinery plants, doing mand. Since the mid-70s it has financing. Now there are modern mainly repair work and making been between 2 and 2.6 million textile mills in 27 provinces and only some crude and simple items tons, sufficient for 80 percent of autonomous regions and the two of equipment. the country's cotton textile output. municipalities of Shanghai and Renovation and enlargement of In the 50s, 80 percent of the wool Beijing. these plants was accompanied by used and woven in China's plants Xinjiang is a good example of construction of new modern ones was imported; today she supplies the change in this respect. At the so that when the textile industry 80 percent of her needs for this time of liberation this remote grew in a big way in the 50s China industry. The same is true for frontier region had only some herself wa.s able to equip it with jute. Most of it was once irnport- handicraft textile workshops. Now five million spindles. In 1954 she ed from southeast Asia; now it has dozens of modern mills produced her first complete set of China supplies 80 percent of what with 240,000 spindles for cotton cotton textile equipment from she uses. Production of silk and 16,000 for wool. This auto- spinning to printing and dyeing. cocoons has risen from 43,000 nomous region is self-sufficient in This was done self-reliantly, tons in 1949 to over 200,000 tons textiles and can send some to through her own research and in 1979. other areas. The Inner Mongolian designing, plus some drawing on Autonomous Region, which had advanced technology from abroad. Chemical Fibres practically no industry at all, now By the end of the 50s China was For China, with the world's boasts four modern woolen mills. turning out complete sets oI largest population and a compara- Tibet also now has some woolen equipment for many lines ot tively small amount of cultivated mills. textiles cotton. wool, linen, silk, Iand, chemicaL fibres are an im- Old textile bases like Shanghai, knitwear- and for printing and portant factor in clothing the peo- Tianjin, Qingdao, Wuhan and dyeing. In the 60s she began to ple better. This irrdustry has been southern Jiangsu and Liaoning design and manufacture complete built wholly in the past 20 years. provinces have made further sets for chemical fibre produciion. The first viscose rayon factory advances. Shanghai, the biggest, Now she has a fairly comprehen- was established with imported has over 400,000 workers in the sive textile machinery industry technology in the mid-50s. A few industry. Its total output value with 30 big plants. years later China constructed a is five times that in 194g and its Raw materials for the industry medium-sized plant relying on her products are sold in over a hun- can mainly be provided from Chi- own technical forces. In the early 60s technology dred countries and regions nese sources. The country's size the for making abroad. and varied geographical polyvinyl alcohol, polyacryionitrile condi- and polyester tions make it possible to produce fibres was intro- Equipping Ourselves duced. In the 70s many and many of them including cotton, big medium-sized vinylon and acrylic Before liberation all textile wool, jute and- silk cocoons. In machinery was imported. fibre plants were set up and some The 1950 cotton output was ?00,000 of small workers used to call their prod- tons, enough and medium size for for 550,000 tons of polyester fibre. uct "old thousand countries" cotton yarn. Now the output of - The problem of equipping the new synthetic fibre industry has Neu' colton prints al the Beijing printing ancl Dyeing Mill. phor.os by xinhua also been solved partly through self-reliance. The Shanghai General Petrochemical Works, built in 1979, is one of China's biggest complexes of its kind. It has equipment from Japan, but its vinylon reeling machines with an annual output of 33,000 tons and the equipment producing an annual 47,000 tons of polyacry: lonitrile were made in China. Output of chemical fibre has risen from only 50,000 tons in 1965 to 440,000 in 1980. This in- dustry in China is still small compared with those of the United- States, Japan and other devel- oped countries. But it already has a good base. D

MAY IgET i f

WEN TIANSHENG

The Lantian Clothing Store's tailor shop. Wang Enpu

opening herself to being attacked new-for-China IIared (known as for not being revolutionarY youth-style) trousers, theY are the "cultural revoiution" ended is enough Those who had made a more graceful than traditional that brighterl more stylish clothes long-term investment in, say, a Chinese cloth-soled es (or now are being worn, Shops and design- pretty silk padded jacket. wore it plastic-soled) but some women ers are doing their best to cope with a blue cover over the top. have complained that now it's with the demand. hard to f ind a shoe without a to top their winter Pad- many years, nearly every- I\TOW, heel. For \ women are choos- - d"d .iackets young men and body. men and women. \ 'ore high-collared Chinese styie Ner,l, for the jackets and ing after are jackets of trousers of biue, khaki ccllors. solrle- much sought tunics in attractive the belted or other dark colors. Abroad this bands oI imitation leather and times trimmed with rvith removable lining. is referred to as a "unif orm" mul,ticolored machine-made em- trench coat but was never" intended as such. it broidery on collar and, sleeves" high-buttoned four-pocket HILDREN in China are always The Last year 300,000 textured-weave 1| jacket, \-.t the first 1o have nice clothing also know'n abroad as the jackets polyester and jacket" spring of and this is easier to do "Mao is actually based on other synthetics were sold in bought, ciesi.gned Sun now that couPles are having onlY a style and worn by Beijing. Thbse made of thin Yat-sen, leader of the 1911 revo- one child. Windbreaker-tYPe "parachute" nylon, worn over a jackets for boys ofler a variation lution. and called the Zhongshan sweater, are particularly popular (after the name by which he was to the cadre jacket. In summer f coping with Beijing's dusty best known). During years of or little girls blossom out in things the spring winds. as are colorful revolutionary 1940s unbelted dresses with a war in the kerchiefs nylon gauze. In the like when clothing was short, jackets of flounce (can be grown into or ex- these keep the dust style (then usually grey) belief that tended), and a varietY of em- of this out, sometimes women cover their were issued cadres the rev- broidered flower trims. to in whole heads, face and all, and olutionary base areas.' At the The Xingxing Clothing Store off one meets a lot of ",taceless" peo- time of liberation in 1949 many Qianmen Street with three ple on the street. - young people took to these "cadre stories, one of Beijing's biggest - jackets" as symbolic of their sup- E-\ OR spring the high collar oI has recently added to its line fitted port for the revolution. The style, I' the tunic or cadre jacket has blazer-type jackets of knit which suited the atmosphere of been replaced by collars with polyester, corduroY and other a change from the usual hard work and - plain living of lapels, some trimmed with fibers. a those years. became almost stitched design there and down boxy type. This store sells more universal. the front. Often the newness or than 3,000 kinds of men's and In the 1950s and early 60s, as difference in a style is merelY a women's clothing fed into it from life improved. there were a malter of decoration. A new 40 garment factories. Its wares number of campaigns for gayer thing is stitching with gold thread. include one-piece dresses, liked clothes, and in fact rvomen in both White blouses embellished with it for their coolness in summer, and country and city did wear bright are popular, along with gold- moderate-priced embroidered print tunics. But in the tide of colored metal buttons which in' dacron-cotton blouses. ultra-Left thinking promoted by dustry is now providing as a sup- In the store's office sales direc- the gang of four even this was plement to plastic. tor Hu Qieshan waxed eloquent seen as reflection of "bourgeois Shoe manufacturers have equat- to this reporter aboui the skirt, ideology". A woman who wore ed heels with smartness or ob.serving by the way that when something attractive was just modernity so a great many of the he had taken a batch of his Pleat- new styles have Cuban or ed skirts to Xinjiang, the women Considered of the Uygur nationalitY there WEN TIANSHENG is a staff reporter medium-height heels. - for China Beconstructs. a proper accompaniment to the traditionally skirt wearers - had 8 CHINA EECONSTRUCTS snapped them up. Skirts, he said the increase in skirts has brought new styles. Lantian (Blue Sky), effusively, make women look cool a run on women's bicycles and considered one of the smartest and beautilul in summer. They they are frequently sold out. downtown tailor-and-retail shops, have a rhythm like music. Tak- last year had staff to make only ing from his stock a skirt with T-IESIGNING is still pretty much 30 women's wool two-piece tiny all-round permanent-press u s hit-or-miss affair with western-style suits or pantsuits a pleats. he said, "This is like the designers taking ideas from many day. They could have sold many foxtrot. And this,'' he said, tak- places foreign and Chinese more. ing out another with several deeper - magazines. international films, Last year 21 additional state-run unstitched pleats on either side, fairs for and adapting them and 91 private tailor shops were "this is like the waltz". China.- Yan Jingshan. a 5?-year- The opened. and 48 that do only cut- traditional Chinese style of o1d designer at Xingxing's Wang- dress the qipao ting for people who wish sew (or chongsam in fujing Street branch, says he tries to Cantonese) is having something of their clothing at home. About 62 comeback. to keep up with world style a Evolved from the watching percent of Beijing'families now robe of the Manchu people, it through the nightly TV broadcasts of international news have sewing machines. Books on was worn by most city women new styles and how to make them when the country was received by satellite. liberated in are published but are quickly sold 1949. While keeping same China's Clothing Research In- the out. basic shape-revealing lines. the stitute, now a member of the In- designers have improved it with ternational Clothing Standards This is the style picture in Bei- Iower necklines in round or. other Association, has carried out a jing, where clothing might be styles instead of the traditional survey of 400,000 peoplg of dif- considered conservative beside confining high collar. Another ferelt ages in diflerent parts of that of China's long-time style improvement is a side zipper. the country. From their findings leader Shanghai. But. that and Five years ago: as women wore they will work out standard sizes fashion in the special economic- trouser.s most of the time, it didn't for China. zones in the south with their joint- matter to them whether they rode One problem is that there are investment clothing factories is a w'oman's or a man's bike Nr-rw never enough of the most-wanted another story - r-

TARI .lilTs \-/ -^/

a5 IDEAL COATINGS OF EXCELLENT RESISTANCE TO SEA-tvATER. MARINE ATMOSPHERE, ABRASION AND WATER

EROSION AVAILABLE IN SHIP BOTTOM PAINTS, BOOTTOPPING PAINTS, DECK PAINTS, IOPSIDE PAINTS, ANTI_CORROSIVE PRIMER, ANO OTHERS COLOUR. CARDS AND CATALOGUES) ULL BE SENT ON REOUEST

DISTRIEUTt)R IN HOI{O K()NG . OVERSEAS ASS()CIATES LTD

RO()M I33, IvHEEL()CK HOUSE. 20 PEDDER STREET, H()ITG K[)NG PHOI,IE. 5-234.I.I2 TELEX. 83587 FE()S() HX CABLE, OVERMAN HONG K()I{6 CH![{A ilATIOI{AL CHEMICALS III|POBT T EXPORT COBP., SHA]IGHAI BRAI{CH ZbnSsh.i ,,StNOCHEMtS,, 27 Ro.d, E I Sha.thai Ch,na Crbte Addre$r Shanth.i TELEXT g3O4{ CCIEC CN

MAY I98I Footboll in Chino Todoy

HUANG ZUOIIUI

techniques and offensive play Dalian, northeast China's "football combined with solid defense. He town",, and has loved the game is a thinker and knows how to use since childhood. Hard training his players to bring out their besf and study gave him exceptional abilities. skills as'a goalkeeper, such as Rong Zhihang, veteran booter of punching the ball. In the Group 33, . is a playmaker. Born in 4 finals, he made dozens of saves Guangdong province, he was a and rnuffed only two catches in worker before he started his foot- five games. He was rated "best ball career. He has a reputation goalie". for skillful ball control - and for Chi Shangbin, 32-year-old team never retaliating when fouled by Ieader, is known as "the street- Rofig Zhihang. an opponent. E1derly for a foot- cleaner", for the way he sweeps ball player, and with less stamina aside all opposition. Tall, strong than in hiq prime, he was only a and aggressive, he is active f ANUARY 4, 198I became a red- replacernent at the Olympics pre- most rI letter day for Chinese .toqt- liminaries last March. Heileft the in the backfield wher6 he excels ballers when China's natiohal tea'm team soon afterwards, .but re- at stopping up gaps in his team's 'korean scored 4:2 over the team turned, to participate in the defense. in Hongkong, thus w.inning first Hongkong competition at the Yang Yumin, left wing, has place in the finals of Group'4 of special request of Coach Su. In been called "the flying horse'' for thq World Cup Asian.Oceanian his speed he does the 1O0- the final round with the Koreans, - Zone Qualifying Tournament. his positfbn was chdnged from .meter dash in 11.2 seconds. His Common as it might seem in coun- center field to center forward forte is thrusting along the side trles that are strong footballwise, where he could use all his energies to the bottom line, anid then pass= this ,success was sensational news as an attacker and organizer. He ing the ball into the penalty area in China, since it was the first time was awarded the attacking for goal shots by his teammates. gwenty "best. in years that the Chinese player" cup at the Hongkong Gu Guangming, right wing, is team had defeated their Korean games, and was subsequently short but as rapid as quicksilver. counterparts international in an chosen as one of China's ten He often slips past the rival team's competition. Their fiascos in last sports stars 1980. defenders to mount unexpected at- year's qualifying matches the for for goalkeeper" tacks. In contrast, IIuang Xiang- Olympics and the Asian Cup Com- Called the "Iron dong, a half-back, is good at petition disappointed a lot of peo- by Hongkong spectators, Li Fu- tall ple. So the Hongkong victory sheng is familiar to every Chinese long drives and heading. He ram- came as a big morale-booster. footbali fan. He grew up in med in two shots in the finals.

The Chinese Team Chinese goalkeeper Li Fusheng foils a shot by the Korean team in the final round The team's head coach is 47- on January 4, 1981. year-old Su Yongshun, nominated not long ago for the post by the Coaches' Committee of the Chi- nese Football Association. Once a biology student at Zhongshan Uni- versity in Guangzhou (Canton), he became a footballer on the national team in the 1950s. As coach, he advocates fineiy-honed tactics and

HUANG ZUOHUI is a staff reporteX for the newspaper Sports.

10 These are the main players on At the International Football In- been distributed among primary the Chinese football team. On vitational Tournament in Guang- and middle schools. Some schools the .whole, they are not yet up to zhou it forced a draw with the in each locality have been des- international standards as regards West German Youth team, while ignated for special :atiention in physique, techniques and tactical the Tianjin team from north football training. Many.bdult foot- ability, and have difficulty in China also drew with the latter ball teams have sprung up and coping with the "total football" 1:1. ! are being given scientific coach- now highly developed abroad. In Chinais coaches lack professional ing. Championship matches are particular, they are short of training, since most of them are regularly held. Two cup com- petitions, (Young attack-oriented backs. chosen directly from among her the "Mbngya'elementary Chihese footballers are well- footballers. Attention is being paid Sprouts) Cup" for suited for the game by their now to raising their standards. scheol pupils and t,he "Xiwang stature, nimbleness and grit. Some China has not yet set up a sys- (Hope) Cup" for r4iddle-school of them, like Rong Zhihang, have tem of nation-wide championships. students,, have been initiated by already made a name for them- Although league matches are held the State Physical'Cultural Sports selves internationally. every year, they aicommodate at Commission in these areas. Enthu- best about 50 teams or 1,000 siasm for football is runiting higher than before with an Recent Breakthroughs sportsmen per match. Thus, a lot ever of good teams in factories and en- estimated ,half a million ygung peopie going in for the sport. The Iow standard of footlall in terprises get little 'inor no chahce to China is due to a nunrber of prove themselvds nation-wide In recer\t years veterans of, the reasons. One of these is the fact games. national teAm and $raduates of that China's football teams were To make up for this, regional unable to compete in world games, championships are being organiz- as her national association had long ed, such as the Changjiang Cup been kept away from the Interna- games held jointly by cities along tional Football Union. Lacking the middle and lower reaches of experience in modern techniques of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. the game, they were no match the Wuyang CuP games in Guang- for strong teams of the "total foot- zhou, and the New Sports Cup ball" school. games organized by th"e magazine In recent years, especially after Neu Sports. These are helping China's position in the Union was to popularize football and provide restored in 1979, Chinese players teams not qualified for the league have appeared in world football matches with chances to imProve games. games and broadened their con- tlremselves in big-time tacts. MuC"h progress has been made. In 1976, the Chinese na- Mass Football Encouraged tional team won third place at the Asian Cup games. In 1977, com- China has about as manY toP- peting with the Cosmos team from notch players as in-West GermanY. the United States they won one but her trained teenage footballers game and tied the other with number only one percent of those scores of 2:7 and 1:1 respectiveiy. in that country. ,I ack of populari- reason In 1978, the team got a bronze zation is the fund'amental medal in the 8th Asian Games. In for the slow improvement of foot- China. the same year it visited South ball in Actually, China has certain ad- America, where it was defeated by Elementary school players aa basic vantages in developing the game, the Peruvian national team 1:2, training. Photos by Xinhua including a strong organizational but won against the crown tearhs of that foundation. These advantages country's northern and being put to use now. physical cuiture institutes in Bei- southern regions. are It tied with the In 7979, the State Physical jing and Tianjin have volunteered Columbian team and won a]l four Culture and Sports Commission to coach young footballers. The games played in Venezuela includ- decided to make 16 localitles results are gratifying. A visiting ing one against the champion k"y areas for football develop- Italian coach said, after watching "Italian Club". ment, among them Beijing, Nan- matches between the children's Although it lost two important jing, Shenyang, Meixian county in teams in the two cities, that they world games last year, the Chinese Guangdong, and the Yanbian had reached European levels. The team drew with the Iranian and Korean Autonomous Prefecture upsurge in chi-ldren's football has Korean teams in the qualifying in northeast China. Funds - and opened up promising perspectives contests for the Olympic Games. tens of thousanrls of footballs have for the sport in China. tr

MAY I98T 11 Cultu ral Center Livens Up Commune

WANG XINMIN

rFHE THE SOUND of drums and decided to allot some funds to re- centel' is staffed bY five r gongs and of firecrackers estabtish the center. The people l- persons chosen from the com- popping was deaiening as I ar- showed their enthusiasm by mune's brigades. They are busY rived at the New Baoan Commune building a row of one-story brick all day long, after giving two 145 kilometers northwest of Bei- buildings for it with record speed. film showings a night at the cen- jing on the third day of the The center has game and recrea- ter. and organizing basketball and chess matches, usushu martial Spring Festival (Februaly 7 this library of 3,100 tion rooms. a holiday events like the year). Both sides of the main room, an arts. books and a reading (rice shoot) dance and boat street of the smail town which i-s 800-seat theater, a nightJighted Adngge its center were lined with dance and aclivities for children. outdt>or basketball court and an spectalors applauding a traditional The iatter include storYtelling projection ground. Its stilt-walking act in opera costume open-air sessions and various games. A mm. and a boat dance. in which one equipment includes two 35 particularly popular one is guess- perf ormer "wears" a cloth-and- anci 16 mm film projectors. two ing riddles with the aid of lantern barnboo boat structure pushed small generators. a TV set. 45 slides. and pulled by two others. The traditional musicaL instruments, Wang Shengzhong is crne o1' the crowd watching a tug-of-war was tr.r,o ping-pnn,q tables When all staff members Film proiection so thick I could hardly edge my way through it. Chinese peasants have. of course, been carrying on such celebrations for centuries, but the fact that New Baoan's was so gay can be partly credited to the commune's cultural center, which helped organize it and is looked upon as a good example of what a commune should do about its members' social life. New Baoan, an ancient market town on the north China plain, is famous for its handmade brass gongs used in opera performances Hence it is no wonder that its people are also extremely fond of jinju, a style of opera popular in nearby Shanxi province. Before what was known as the "cultural Ccn Bingqiong helps her elde| daughter, Jianhua, dress for a performan('e. revolution", New Baoan had had such a center u'hich sponsored these performances. But they facilities are in use. it can ac- is his main job, but he also serves were assailed as feudal culture. commodate 2,800 people. as stage designer, photographer prohibited and, despite much na- Financing for the center comes and instrumentalist for the ama- tional fanfare about rurai cultural mainly from the fle-fen admis- teur opera troupe. activities, the center was closed. sion fee now charged when mo- The center also has its non-staff So at night there was nothing to mainstays. Cen picture projection teams Forty-year-old do but go to bed. The commune tion Bingqiong one When production is of them. rqembers were bored. tour the commune's she was 20 she joined the amateur bri.gades and teams. Last year opera troupe and there she met FTER the fall of the gang of this brought in 27,827 yuan, which Feng Jinming, who became her four in 1976, the commune neatly covered the 24,118 yuan of husband. Now they have three expenses cultural center WANG XINMIN, a stafl photographer for the children. Her elder daughter, for China Beconstructs. with a small surplus. Feng Jianhua, 19, is a popular l2 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS boat d Fatron of, the library. Class practice in idunrill ing Holiday games for children. hig-of-war irrsect pcst plant ln reading room. at'd diseases.

ur*rt** liv ;- €t* q& Mapo Beancurd (Mapo Doufu)

This way of cooking beancurd was i.nvented 120 years ago by Chen Mapo (Pockmarked Grand- ma Chen), who owned a small t he tenter's projectionisls. Photos b! Il'ong Xiiilliil eatery in the city of Chengdu, Si- chuan province. It has since be- come one of China's most popular stolyteller. She had just come praised fol save his efforl to dishes in the highly spiced Sichuan back lrom training others in public property. (Szechuan) This recipe is Yanqing county -in the capital style. not quite authentic, as it comes district. The parents still take the readlng room in addition TN from a chef in the city of Cheng- part in the opera perf ormances I lo magazines books rin and du's biggest hotel, who has adapt- and coach young actors. and are literature and art wel'e many ed for foreign tastes. pacesetters in c()mmune work. books 0n popular In it science. 12 ounces (300 grams) beancurd Last year the family earned a to- coordination with commune's the cup cooking oil tal of 1.000 yuan from their labor agrotechnical station. the center 'r 2 oz. ground pork (2/3 lean) or beef for the commune. in additlon to lrequently sponsors lectures on 1 tablespoon doubanjiang hot bean u'hat they made lrom privatc, subjects related to agriculture by sauce, to be authentic, that from sideLlnes. technicians, teachers ex- and Pixian county. Sichuan (chili perienced f armers. Cited as an powder may be substituted) THE CENTER is lrying to do example of their usefulness is the -a nruIr' tL) r'ef1ec1 thr. people's story of Zhao Xingda, a young 11,! tablespoons soy sauce 1 teaspoon salt r r\\'fl lives and l() praise new man from the Dongguan produc- powder thlngs. It does this mainly tion brigade. From the lectures 'i teaspoon taste 4 tablespoons meat stock through the most popular. art he learned how to make No. 5406 1i mixed forms in the locality. It has put bacterial fertilizer and how to rec- tablespoon cornstarch ()n morc than 60 items since it ognize the signs of an incipient with 1,t tablespoon cold water garlic greens lt'as re-estabiished in 1976. One infestation of insect pests. Put in 1 tablespoon chopped (or scal.lions) oI them was the operetta "March- charge clf making the f ertilizer 1 teaspoon huajiao, a mild Chinese ing Towards Modernization" and 'uvatching for pests, in 1978 he red pepper (or pepper) picturing peasants' contributions warned of an outbreak of red black A short play deais with an emerg- spiders in the corR. His early Cut beancurd into 5 cm. cubes. ing scicial problem, the lelation- discovery made it possible to wipe Then the traditional treatment, ac- is soak them ship between a young wife and them out so that out of the com- cording to the chef, to water. her molher-in-law. As it begins mune's 400 hectares of corn, only Ior a few minutes in cold smokes. the younger woman mistreats the B0 were damaged. Heat oil in skillet until it 'loading elder her with work and Another example is Zhou Feng- Add meat and fry over slow fire for one Add bean sauce, serving her only leftovers. She peng. who by relating what he minute. 1,':l tablespoon soy sauce and stir for comes to see things differently learned in lectures at the center Add when her own mother comes for to local conditions helped his a few seconds over hot fire. a visit and complains of ill treat- brigade its per-hectare beancurd, stock, salt and taste .increase pow,der and simmer minutes. ment by her daughter-in-law. yield of corn from 3 tons to an two Add cornstarch solution, the rest Another, about a 38-year-o1d local average 5.25 tons, and in some of the soy sauce and garlic greens. peasant who was killed while try- places 9 tons. Members of his Stir quickly and pour into dish. ing to free a donkey and cart team, who call him their self- Sprinkle ground huajiao caught in the tracks in the path with taught agronomist, elected him pepper. Serves three. ! of an onrushing train, invariably team leader and agrotechnician has the audience in tears. He is for the brigade tr

MAY 198I 15 Democratlc Management: A New Way

YOU YUWEN

Voting for Workers Congress delegates"

TI ATE last year. for the first time, thought there should be a larger in the 1979 national appraisal of ' the workers congress of the proportion of representatives of textile quality the mill failed to Shanghai No. 12 Cotton Mill elect- technical personnel than the 4.4 win the gold medal. The congress ed the mill's director. percent elected to the 9th congress. asked the director to tind out why. Before 1949, the mill had been It had been the success of the He convened a study group that owned by a capitalist who was 9th congress of the mill that pro- determined that the cloth was im- himself the director. After libera- duced the upsurge in interest in pregnated with particles of dust tion, the mill was run by the state the elections to the 10th congress. from the factories surrounding the and its directors were appointed The gth congress had achieved mill. Responding to an appeal from and removed government. by the somd improvements. For instance, the congress, the workers offered Election of the mill's leader by many new women workers had many suggestions on how to deal workers representatives is impor- been added to the staff but shower- with the problem and it was tant not only for the No. 12 Cotton room facilities had not been ex- eventually decided to install filters. Mill but also for the democratic panded. The workers had reported In 1980, the mill won the gold reform of Chinese industrial the problem to management many medal again. management in general, times but nothing had been done Last year, the mill built new staff Workers congresses were first until the 9th congress required the housing totaling 3,800 square established in the mid-1950s, but meters. responsible administrators Before the buildings were were so limited in their powers to have the problem cleared up by a cer- completed, many applications came that workers and staff soon lost to the mill's Party committee, the interest in them; nobody wanted tain date. As a result a deputy placed administrative office, and to the to be a representative. That all director was in charge of director and the secretary the changed last year. Before the elec- tbe project. Soon, the women's of Party committee personally. Some tion to the 10th workers congress, shower-room was enlarged, and the potential office and production workers be- of the workers congress people even tried through "back gan a heated discussion. Some said had been demonstrated. door" to get special favors from they should elect people who dared From then on, more and more the people in charge of distributing to air their opinions; others said problems concerning the workers' the new apartments. The Party the qualification should be per- weltare were raised by the congress committee and the administrative sonal honesty, integrity, and and most of them were solved departments decided to turn the extending the bicycle shed, paving- public-spiritedness; still others distribution of apartments over to the road in front of the mill, argued that representatives should the workers congress, which re- buying raincoats for workers who be skilled in their trades and have cruited a housing committee. The practical experience. Many commute by bicycle. asked committee measured the living for an increase in the number of space of each of the 300 families worker representatives, but others Regalning the Gold Medal that had applied for new housing computed of YOU YUWEiI is a reporter for China The Shanghai No. 12 Cotton Mill and the number Reconstructs. is famous for its cotton twill, but square meters per person. Then it

16 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS assigned the new apartments to the affect the welfare of their workers. solve proved that the congress 200 f amilies whose homes were That relationship gives real con- could be quite effective. The mill's most crowded. When the decision tent and a material basis to the Party committee held three was posted, the workers said the workers', democratic rights. If im- meetings in September and congress had done the job well and portant questions relating to the October of last year, studied the really shown its strength. After basic interests of the workers drawbacks of the previous man- this, the congress was empowered aren't within their power to de- agement system in which Party to control the welfare fund, dis- cide, many contradictions will and administrative functions were tribute bonuses, and perform staff arlse. not difterentiated, and decided evaluations. Should questions o,f economic to transf er many responsi- management be decided by the bilities to the congress in- planning. personnel,- and Who Should Have the Say? workers ? cluding This problem was pondered sales. If the new system works as In the past two years an experi- many times by the Party com- expected, the No. 12 Cotton Mill mental reform of economic man- mittee and the director of the No. r.l,ill be transformed, from a passivs agement has been carried out at 12 Cotton Mill. But the fact that institution subordinate to state 6,600 Chinese enterprises, which the gth workers congress had administrative departments and are allowed a cerlain degree of au- solved several problems which useful only for meeting production tonomy once they have fulfilled they themselves had f ailed to quotas. into an energetic and the state- quota and paid the state its share of the profits, they have consi,derable pro- New housing lor the rvorkers and staff: the congress is now in charge of alloeating flexibility to them. duce f or the market, . use profits f or reinvestment and workers' benefits, etc. The Shanghai No. 12 Cotton Mill is one of these autonomous enter- i@ i;- :t prises, and was f aced with the \ 6- -r; .' '-lP: .,\! question of how it would exercise ,,^ .: l e-': -!i its new prerogatives. Some work- \ t-\ thought --..F ers that decisions should W: \* be left to the mill's Party commit- tee, as the Chinese Communist Party is the leading body in every field in the country. Others * thought that the mill's director * should exercise these powers. The director and other members of the Party committee carefully studied the decisions of the Cen- tral Committee of the CCP and the State Council since 1gZB, when Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping pro- posed invigorating the workers congresses in a speech to the gth The enlarged women's shower-room; a test case for the congress's effectiveness. National Congress of the Ail- China Federation of Trade Unions. They also studied the decisions of the 3rd session of the 5th National People's Congress in 1980, which emphasized that workers con- gresses should play an active role in every enterprise in the country. These decisions necessitated change in the traditional manage- ment system. If enterprises were more autonomoLls and dependent on their own profit and loss, their success or failure would directly

MAY 198I i#.^"\ '* $

' ,....*

-..""a. ,

Factory director Lu Guoxian (facing the camera, second left) and the other leaders visit the factor-v lloor to talk oYer production problems with the workers. Photos by Gu Chen, Ouuang He and Yu Xinbao relatively independent socialist cerned. Answers to its questions At the same time. because of the commodity producer with the were forthcoming from the rele- lack of a democratic tradition, it workers in actttal charge. vant departments, promoting is possible that such congresses mutual understanding between may become mere formalities if institution- The Ten Powers administrative personnel and the their authority is not workers. alized and used. Nonetheless. there On October 12 last year. the The workers congress has thus is fairly general agreement that mill's workers congress was become a powerful f orce. The the workers' right to be masters of formally empowered to: (1) pre- director's authority is now legiti- the enterprises in which they work pare and implement the annual mated by a constituency and the is determined by the condition of budget and production plan; (2) Party committee "can extricate socialist ownership and by the make plans for plant expansion! itself from administrative details basic outlook ol the Chinese increased efficiency, and environ- and concentrate on Party work,'' Communist Party and the people's mentai controls; (3) supervise re- according to its secretary. Wang government. search and development; (4) make Guangkui, That, he said, includes The Party committee of the No. decisions on wages, benefits, and paying more attention to the ideo- 12 Cotton Mill decided to set up working conditions I (5) establish, logical and organizational dis- six worker-and-staff committees revise, or abolish work rules; (6) cipline of the Party members, and to f unction between sessions of change administrative systems; (7) improving the Party's poJ.itical the workers congress, carrying out administer the disciplinary sys- leadership over the enterprise. its decisions. The committees deal. tem; (8) plan the use of welfare Zheng Lianghong, a vice-secretary respectively, with the examination and bonus funds: (9) publish a of the Party committee. said. "The of proposals, management and ad- manual of administrative proce- congress's reports help us under- ministration, production methods, dure: and (10) take such other' stand the real thinking and feel- wages and rewards. welfare, and actions as may benefit the ings of the workers and office education. (I., some enterprises. workers. staff.' ' these ongoing functions are carried The workers congress began to out by the trade union, by the con- exercise its new powers imme- Building Democratic Traditions gress's standing committee or its diately. It elected the director of presidium, or by some other body), the mill, approved his appoint- But the new system is far from In this way. patriarchal manage- ments of senior administrative perfect. Workers are used to ac- ment, the long-standing work personnel, and discussed tentative cepting decisions of Party com- style of some leaders who con- plans for administrative work for mittees, since it is always safe to sidered themselves accountabie the remainder of 1980 and 1981. do so. How will the Party com- only to their superiors, may be While the congress was in session, mittee work in the future how corrected. it held hearings on productian to give effeet to leadership -of the "It won't be clear sailing,',' ssld methods, distribution of bonuses, Party in the new circumstances? Secretary Wang Guangkui, "but and welfare measures about which These questions haven't been set- we are wiLling to blaze a new the workers were deeply con- tled yet. path". tr

1B EHINA BECONSTRUCTS of the deceased and it is paid in Labor Insuran(e and Benefits in China one sum. In general, the funeral allowance is about 240 yuan and pensions to the family run 400-700 (-\ HfNESE '*,orkers and of fice at work, the costs of medicines. yuan. v personnel in government in- treatment and two-thirds of the 2. Welfare facilities such as stitutions. enterprises and other f ood expenses while in hospital houding, canteens, nurseries, kin- undertakings. regardless of na- are paid and full wages continue. dergartens, librarieq and clubs. tionality, religious belief. age or Anyone disabled at work receives Rent is equivalent to about 2-5 sex, are entitled to labor insurance 80-90 percent of his wages. This is percent of family income. Nursery and benefits. supplemented by an extra allow- fees are only four or five yuan per These cover the f ollowing as- people child and some enterprises take pects: ance if he or she needs to take care of him. care of them free. 1. Provisions for temporary or A portion of the wages of child- permanent disability Retirement: Men at 60 and women workers at 50-and women care workers and teachers in col- Maternity benefits: Women are paid as staff at 55 are entitJed to old- Iective welfare services is entitled to 56 days leave of ab- a subsidy by the state. sence age retirement. Those working in with full wages and medical Other subsidies: In areas care pledging mi.nes or other plaees with diffi- 3. is free. Those to north of the Yangtze (Changjiang) have only one child receive a cuLt conditions can retire five River, workers and staff members special additional allowance. years earlier. Their pensions range usually receive subsidies for coal Sickness: Medical treatment, from 60-100 percent of their wages instance, operations and hospitalizatlcrn are for the four months. For according to their length of work. Beijing workers receive 16 yuan free. If the absence from work is state funeral Death: The bears every winter. Where there is cen- less than six months. they receive payment expenses and a to' the tral heating, it is provided free. fuII pa5, in the first month. From family. For one who dies at work, the second month they receive 70- Transportation allowances are two these are equivalent to three 100 percent of their wages. When yuan per month Those with wages f the period exceeds six consecutive months' average or that financial difficulties can apply months they receive an amount enterpri.se. A sum equivalent to f or other allowances on a tem- equivaien( to 50-80 percent of 25-50 percent of his wages is paid porary basis. their wages. Workers and office to his dependents per month until Workers and staff members in stalf in industry and commerce the minors become wage-earners collective enterprises (i.e,, not enterprises get payment for' sick or the elders pass away. If the state owned) are entitled to the leave equivalent to 60-100 percent worker or employee dies from same range of labor insurance and of their wages for the first six ordinary illness. the funeral ex- benefits. But the costs are borne months and 40-60 percent there- penses paid are equivalent to two by the individual enterprises and after. months average monthly wages. amounts paid are decided accord- Iniury and Disability: When Dependents receive benefits equi- ing to the income of these enter- workers ol office staff are injured valent to 6-12 months of the wages prrses. tr

CHINA POSTAGE STAMP ALBUM people,s -postage stanps lssued by the Republlc of Chlna. free upon recelpt of elther a stipea ana self-addressed n). tle also seII PRC postage stanps and wlII send you a e pagg. . Ue offer prorpt servlce and conpeilfive prices. r to both the adv.nced PRC phllatellst aird ttre bellnnlng tlng PRC starps or rculd llke rEre lnformailon on-hor t6 stlons about PRC Stamp Collectlng.',

TIOELITY TRADITIG CO.

BOX CYPRESS,.CA 905'0, USA '53F,

MAY I98T 19 o M ed ical B riefs .

Fighting l[eshan llisease Experts, who have summed up vestigated conditions in their own their experience in early discovery areas and suggested ways to solve f\ ASES of Keshan disease, an and treatment, have ascertained the problems discovered. In prin- U endemic .illness involving the through clinical tests that large ciple, expenses for improvilg the cardiac muscles, have been sharpl;, doses of Vitamin C are an effec- water supply were bolne .iointly reduced in northeastern Heilong- tive preventative. Vitamin C 'by the individual and the collec- ,jiang province, one of the hardest- manufactured by the No. 4 Phar- tive in units at or under the com- hit regions in China. The number maceutical Factory in Harbin, the mune level. although some cities of patients has fallen from 1,056 provinci.al seat, is supplied in bulk and counties earmarked a certain in 1978 to 386 in 1979 and 176 in to stricken areas. Prof. Yu amount of money lrom local 1 980. Weihan of Harbin Medical Col- budgets. The provincial health First discovered in Keshan Iege and members of his research bureau allocated one million yuan county in Heilongiiang hs66g Iab have over the years written to commune.s and production its name the condition is- mark- over 100 useful papers on the brigades with financial difficulties. ed by rapid- heartbeat, dizziness. cause. prevention and cure of Thanks to these measures, the general weakness and vomiting. It Keshan disease. incidence oI intestinal diseases has was .1een mostly in winter, mainly Another preventative is sodium dropped and the health of the among pregnant women and selenite, of which a total of 1.3 local population has much im- million doses have been adminis- proved. Now, more and more tered oral1y in the past two years. [ula] production brigades are Early prevention coupled with planning to build simple running- improvement in the people's live- water svstems. lihood and physical condition are the main reasons for the decline Artificial Tfioracic Uertebra in cases of Keshan disease. In some areas it has been totally rf\HE lirst Chinese patienl 1o re- eliminated. I ceive man-made thoracic ver- tebrae is doing well today, nearly six years after the operation. The Pure Water in Guangdong patient, Fu Zhaoyang. suffered .Irom a spinal tumor which turned T MPROVED water sources con- I. structed in Guangdong prov- him into a paraplegic. Follow-up ince's countryside last year are examinations show that he has Prof. Yu Weihan of the Harbin Medical now providing 1.2 million peasants now fully recovered his body College and other medics discuss a case f unctions. Not long ago, Fu of Keshan disease. Xinhua with clean drinking water. A total of 25,240 pump wells, ordinary Zhaoyang wrote to Dr. Zhang wells and simplified running- Changjiang, vice-director of the school-age children. The death water systems were installed. Bone Fracture Division of the rate used to run as high as 40%. Work on projects for supplying Chinese Medicine Research Insti- Sixty-five of the 75 cities and clean drinking water Guang- tute, saying that he has enrolled counties in Heilongjiang used to to dong's rural population began in in the Chemistry Department of be affected, and the incidence of the early years after liberation, the Shaanxi Teachers' College. He acute and subacute cases of Keshan but the problem still remains to is making good progress in his disease there reached four-digit be solved in areas involving about studies and takes part in all kind-s figures, higher than in any other a fifth of the province's popula- of physical activities. northern province. tion. Last year's achievements in It was in 1974, when Fu The late premier Zhou Enlai this respect are the biggest in the Zhaoyang was 12 years old, that he had medical experts and medical past decade. began to feel pains in his abdomen teams sent from Beijing to Keshan Early last year the people's and back, and his lower limbs 'and Shangzhi counties. The pro- government of Guangdong prov- gradually became paralyzed. The vincial people's government set up ince called for better drinking- No. 2 Hospital attached to the special medical centers and sta- water sources in rural areas where Xi'an Medical College diagnosed tioned medical teams in the areas the intidence of intestinal diseases his condition as eosinophilic involved. Today there is at least ran high due to use of water from granuloma of the thoracic ver- one medical worker trained to polluted rivers and ponds. Muni- tebrae. Dr. Zhang, then, vice- handle the disease in every village. cipal and county authorities in- director of the Orthopedics De-

20 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS cessfully rejoined the arm of a in his upper right arm with the 14-year-old boy named Wan bone already diseased and frac- Aihong, also a Dai. tured. Amputation, the usual pro- Wan Aihong is member of a cess in such cases, would deprive vegetable production team of the him of his right arm and hand town of Mangshe. While he was and incapacitate him as a bread- working on a flax brake in October winner. The Chinese team studied last year, his left forearm got this cdse and finally decided to caught in the machine. The bone excise the cancerous section of the was fractured, two nerves were arm and rejoin the ends again, as injured, all the blood vessels were suggested by surgeon Liu Weimin. severed, and only one-eighth of On October 9th, Liu and two the muscles remained intact. other Chinese doctors, assisted by !-u Zhaoyang on the sports field after Nearly the whole skin surface of a Camerounian nurse, first severed some of his thoracic vertebra,e were nerves replaeed with artifieial ones. the forearm became necrotic, and the blood vessels and the little that remained healthy running through the tumor, then was virtually deprived of blood joined them again. The arteries, partment in that hospital, decided circulation. His case was further veins and nerves outside the tumor to replace the affected vertebrae complicated by severe abdominal were very carefully freed, and a with man-made ones. The opera- injuries. cancerouS mass weighing 2.5 kgs. tion took place in February 195?. Dr. Li, who is vice-director of a removed. The operation, which He removed the whole of the hospital in the Dai and Jing Na- started at 9:30 in the morning, ninth thoracic vertebra and part tionalities Autonomous Zhou in lasted until an hour before of the eighth and tenth vertebrae Yunnan, and several colleagues midnight. and substituted artificial ver- promptly restored blood circulation Twelve days after the operation tebrae of his own designing. Five in the boy's forearm by changing the stitches were taken out. The six days after the operation sensation the position of veins, rejoined right arm was now about .the inches .shorter than before. But returned to the patients lower the broken arm, cleaned and the muscles had grown together Iimbs, three months later he was sutured the wounds. The opera- without any swelling and all the able to walk with crutches, and tion lasted seven and hours. a half fingers move. The overjoyed two and a half years later he could couple months could A of later Wan patient has already been dis- play basketball, voileybalt and do Aihong was able ride bike to a charged from hospital, although a short-distance racing. Examina- agaln. certain period of observation is tions show that both the position Li Tingfang, graduated joining who still needed. tr and of the artificial ver- from Beijing Medical College in tebrae are excellent. 1959, became one of the Dai na- Treating vertebral tumors com- tionality's earliest practitioners of plicated paraplegia Camerounian peasant after operation to with has modern medicine. He performed always been remove cancerous section of his right difficult. The arti- his first successful operation to Xinhua ficial vertebra designed by Zhang rejoin an arm in 1978. Changjiang is made of titanium alloy. Small, light and durable, it makes possible quick function recovery. Chinese Medics in Gameroun Orthopedics experts in Beijing CHINESE medical team work- consider that Zhang Changjiang A irlg in Cameroun performed a has made an -lI important contribu- thirteen-and-a-half-hour opera- tion to the treatment of vertebral tion on a Camerounian peasant tumors. Since his transfer the to for osteoblastic sarcoma (cancer of Bone Fracture Division the of the bone cells) October last Chinese Medicine Research In- in year. The diseased section of the stitute, Dr. Zhang has been con- arm was removed and the healthy tinuing his clinical experiments and studies in this field. ends rejoined. Three months later the arm was doing well. In September 1980 a forty-year- llai Surgeon flejoins Arm old Camerounian peasant came to the Mbalmayo Hospital 50 km. T I TINGFANG, a surgeon of the south of Yaounde, the capital. IJ Dai nationality in southwest- Diagnosis showed that he was suf- ern Yunnan province, has suc- fering from osteoblastic sarcoma

wrAY t98r 21 archipelago provide ideal condi- tions for a variety of fish and shellfish including ye1low croaker. lmprovin$ the hairtail. and cuttlefish as well as export items like eel, globefish, and roach, In 1950. the local fishermen had ushan Fisheries only wooden boats with.an ag- gregate capacity of 4,000 tons. By XIAO JUN 1955, the first motorized iunks wexe on the scene; 25 year.s later there were 4,000 such vessels, plu.s 68 other fishing boats. Over the past 30 years. the annuai catch has increased twelve-fold. Indiscriminate trawling bef ore 1978 resulted in mature fish being taken before spawnlng, and others while they were still smail-f ry. The vield dwindled and the fish were smaller each year. In the past two years, older fishermen and marine biologists in the Zhou- shan area have developed rules f or resource management The fishing season and catching area have been restricted and f i.shing tools and methods have been im- proved. Trawling is not permitted The Shengshan fishing ground. close to shore .or in the spawning season or in winter: the yellclw croaker season, fol instance. ftNE-EIGHTH of China's annual area's productivity had been begins on May 1, after spawning V seafood catch comes from the seriously threatened by overfishing waters around the 6?0 islands of during the "cuitural revolution", l\TOw. Iishermen oI evelv com- the Zhoushan archipelago, where but is now being restored by 1\ rnun" have also begun lo the Qiantangjiang, Yongjiang, and sensible resource management. pay more attention to resource Changjiang (Yangtze River) empty The vast continental sheif, mild management. Formerly. trawl- into the East China Sea. The climate, and numerous bays of the ing was the only method employed; now, they use a variety of tools and methods. The .{ calch of hairtails being sold to the state. Phot

22 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS A dinner offresh crab on its way to the crew of a fishing boat.

Night falls on the fishing port of Shengjiamen.

Sorted fish ready for flash The Dagan Coid Storage freezing. Fiant.

Yeiiou,cloaker packed at the Dauan Cold Storage plant.

Drying cuttlefish in the sun. t

the -{griculture Ilesearch Institute. PutLlo coitntv.

Cultivate

Students of saltwater,fish farining dissect a prawn zrt Zhejiang Agriculture College.

Pltoros l.t )'it Jun Refugees ond Repotriotes on Overseos Chinese Form

RON DORFMAN

f-lNE of the few places in China said Zhong Jinyu. "After all, it only 18 days old when they locked V where having foreign connec- is our motherland; This is our up their house, leaving the tions was not considered a mark of happiness." perfidy furniture and appliances they during the "cultural revo- Zhou Zhen, who was once couldn't sell or take anything- lution" was Huaxian county in received by Ho Chi Minh because with them headed for Guangdong and province, about an he was a good student, said the Hanoi by bicycle.- In the capital, hour and a half by car north of Vietnamese campaign against the they got on a train with about Guangzhou (Canton). Ninety ethnic Chinese began shortly percent after 2,000 other ethnic Chinese and of the people on the Ho's death in September of 1g69. traveled Huaxian back to the border, guard- Overseas Chinese State Zhou was a teacher in a schooJ ed by about 100 Vietnamese sol- Farm had come to China over the for Overseas Chinese when years the diers. The refugees then walked from various countries teaching of the Chinese language into China, knowing what some - not driven from the lands they was forbidden. He was born in kind of reception would await had lived in, others volunteers in Vietnam and was a Vietnamese them. the building of Chinese socialism. citizen but his nationality was "We'd heard all kinds of The farm produces rice and tea never entirely clear, he said, and rumors," on land so poor Zhong Jinyu said, "but it was vacant ethnic Chinese were forbidden to we were in such a hurry we before the farm was established in hold any important posts. He was couldn't think March about that. There of 1952, according to its a member of the Vietnamese were rumors that the men would leaders. Its members have come Workers [Communist] Party, and be drafted, and who knew what in several waves since liberation, he said he learned that a few days would happen to women. the most the recent being those who after he left, the authorities caine People also said that if you went fled persecution in Indochina in to arrest him. early you would get the a house but late 1970s. Zhou and his family lived in a that if you waited there wouldn't Zhou Zhen and his wife, Zhong small town near the Chinese be anything to eat. In any case, Jinyu, came to China from Viet- border. Their oldest son was eight we couldn't stay in Vietnam, and nam with their five children in years old and their youngest was China is the motherland." 1978 seven among the hundreds of thousands- of ethnic Chinese Zhott Zhen, Zhong Jinyu and three of their children, driven from their homes after the end of the anti-imperialist war. The West is familiar with the plight of the "boat people,,, the refugees whose desperation dom- inated news reports for many months in 1979-80. But thousands of ethnic Chinese came by land across the Vietnarnese and Laotian borders. While the boat people were men and women without a country, sailing hazardously from port to port or waiting for months on end in alien harbors for permission to land, those who came to China were quickly resettled (C.R., Aug. 1980). "The great thing is, there is no discrimination against us here,1,

RON DOBFMAN is an American journalist spending a year in China on the staff of China Reconstructs.

MAY 1981 27 China in 1957 after graduating from middle school. Now married to a doctor and the mother of two, she teaches math and chemis- try in the farm's middle school. "I came to China to go to university," she said. "I intended to stay; I wanted to do something good for the motheriand. MY parents wanted me to stay in In- donesia but I'd been influenced bY progressive ideas and I wouldn'rt listen. A f ew years later, mY mother and father also came to China. They're over 70 and retired now, living i.n the Overseas Chinese Village near the Bai Yun Hotel in Guangzhou. "We have relatives in SingaPore and Hongkong who asked us to come and help in their businesses. But we're happy here and didn't Li Fengnian and her son. go." Li went to an agricultural college in Hebei province. "It was the As it happened, Zhou and Zhong "we couldn't even consider living time of the Great LeaP Forward," were assigned Lo Huaxian. They there" because of the continuing she recalled, "and I considered were given a modest house and troubles but they did visit their agricultural science of great use to village last year. some furniture and an allowance ancestral the country, so I was PrePared to of 1,600 yuan for settling in. Both be sent to the countrYside." are teachers at the local school. Longtime Resident UntortunatelY, Li said, the coun- Soon, they said, they will have One of the many residents of tryside she was assigned to, Guang- larger quarters in new housing Huaxian who came to China volun- dong. is a rice-producing area, and being built by the farm. A tarily is Li Fengnian. The she had taken her degree in wheat. Japanese-made Sharp television set daughter of well-to-do shopkeep- But she found useful work as a was in their living room and two ers in Indonesia. she came to middle-school teacher and, she bicycles were parked in another room. "We're verSz grateful for what the government has done,i' Zl'toog Land Cultivated Jinyu said. "Since the day we Poor missed a arrived, we haven't good for growing riee,'i said Liu meal-" "The land is not very Jinding, one of the leaders of the Huaxian Overseas Chinese Asked compare their new Iife to surveying its 315 hectares on a sunny January day' Zhou said in State Farm, with the old, that the State needs what rice we can produce, and so we're more "But Vietnam "people were free subsidized. Last year our revenues were 1.6 million yuan, but to do business, you could make still we lost money." money." But f ood was scarce, About two-thirds of the land is planted in rice, peanuts and and they spent a large proportion other basic crops. Forty-six hectares is in tea, and the remain- of their income on it. Zhou said der in oranges, Iichees, bananas, and other fruit. Of the farm's that 40 to 60 percent. of their diet 4,200 members, 1,600 work as farmers; the others staff a paper had been wheat, sweet potatoes, box factory, a tea processing plant, a peanut oil plant, a farm and casaba root. "Here,'i Zhou machinery repair shop, and other enterprises. said, "'we don't have to worry The farm processes, packages, and markets its own Mount about food, and there's more Sharp brand of black tea (Y1.60 for 100 g.). meat." Liu said the farmers are paid 35 yuan per month, but that Zhou's parents were born in with bonuses people actually earn about 100 yuan per month. Guangxi province and emigrated Although each family has a small private plot, these are for to Vietnam during the anti-JaPa- household use only and no private marketing is allowed. nese war. Guangxi is on th-e Vietnamese border,'and Zhou said

.)o CHINA RECONSTBUCTS said, she has never regretted her decision to come to China. "Most of my students stay here Meet the People on the farm," she said. "A few go on to university and some join the It IOST of the returned Over- parents stayed behind. Now 48 People's Liberation Army. In IYI .ua. Chinese in Huaxian years old, he is head of the recent years the school has bought are from the countries of south- electrical appliance shop on the large quantities of equipment but east Asia'. farm. on the whole it's not adequate. stili LIANG GUOWEI came from PAN ZIIIMIAN, a tall and In the chemistrf class, the text- Vietnam in December of 1955. youthful-Iooking 40-year-old, is book describes experiments that Born in Saigon, he was a print- in charge of the culture and we do can't for iack of equipment.'in ing worker, 19 years old, when sports department of the farm This is common, even the he decided to go to China with a administration. He left Kam- cities. i' group of progressive-minded puchea in 1960 at the age of 19 There is a "key" school in the young people. His mother, spurred only by progressive area, which has the best of every- not brother, and sister are still in the discrimina- thing, and some Huaxian students ideas but also by Vietnam, but he started his own tion against ethnic Chinese: He pass the examination given at the family in Huaxian. Liang works had been an accduntant in a end of each term and transfer in the farm's paper box factory. Others iestaurant, and accounting was there. study at schools in WANG QINGSONG; a hand- nearby communes. The Huaxian one of five occupations then some woman of 36, came to forbidden to Chinese. school has a total of 230 students, Hebei province from Japan with including those in the primary CAI XIANGYONG had grown her parents and sister in 1956. up in the Malay States, the son grades. In 1965, she was assigned to "Life is quite good now," Li said; of poor farmers. In 1954, he Huaxian, where she works on came to China to study. Upon "there's nothing important we're tea parents died the farm. Her graduation from a middle school missing.i' Li lifted a cloth to a few years ago, but Wang is in Hubei province in 1957, he display her Japanese-made televi- married another member of to was assigned to Huaxian, where si.on set (Naiional) as her l4-year- the farm. he works in the paper box old son, dressed in a Western- HUANG JIANHUA, 25, was factory. He now has mouth style suit and sweater, poure'd an- born in Kampuchea and grew a of mother-of-pear1, other round of tea. A kitten scam- up in Saigon. After the war, full a wife pered in and out of a window. she was asked to list her na- and two children. And what about the unimpor- tionality and wrote down HUANG YUNZHONG was tant things? "Chinese"; from that point on born in Thailand and first came "We're saving to buy a refrigera- she could not get a job, and to China with his family in 1938 tor and a washing machine," she could not become a member of at the age of five. He later said, adding hurriedly, "They'li the Party or the Communist returned to Bangkok to work save us time, time to teach the Youth League in Vietnam. In on the Party newspaper Quan- children and do our iobs weli" - 1978, she traveled to Hanoi and minbao, or Euergman's Journal. as if it were embarrassing to ap- made the crossing into China. The paper close'd down in 1954 pear to want some leisure. HUANG JINGSUN WaS a and Huang was the last to leaye porter in Indonesia when things the editorial staff. The following The Policy turned difficult there for the year, he moved to Huaxian The Chinese government's policy, ethnic Chinese in 1959. China through Hongkohg. At 48, he codified in the nationality law sent ships to rescue them and has a wife and three daughters passed by the National People's Huang got on one wifh his wife and is leader of a section in the Congress last September, is to and three children, though his farm administration. encourage Overseas Chinese to be or to become loyal citizens of the countries in which they live; dual citizenship is not recognized. But China can hardly demur when persons of Chinese ancestry decide, Iike Li Fengnian, to repatriate, or turn her back when those like Zhou Zhen and Zhong Jinyu come knocking at the door. "Home," as the American poet Robert Frost said, "is where, when you have to go there, they have In front of the guesthouse. Photos by Ron Doilman to take you in." tr

MAY 1981 29 Report f rom Shonsho i New Marketing Channels

HE ZIJIA

e f,rnOU the middle 1950s, in old network, have been built in 8,000 square meters of a f ormer -f China, "the means of produc- the past twenty years. Shanghai slum. Word of the tion" industrial capital goods, As part of the readjustment of buyer's interest quickly spread raw -materials, equipment and the national economy that is now round the floor and reached a supplies were not regarded as under way, efforts are being made representative of the Shanghai commodities to be bought and sold to restore and expand the old Electrical Machinery PIant, who but allocated by the state. While channeis of distribution. Shang- immediately arranged to get one this helped at the time to ra- hai provides several instructive f rom among a large number of tionalize China's war-ravaged and models. generators ordered by another still rather primitive economy, it enterprise whose need was not so soon began to show disadvantages Generators for Dezhou urgent. The Shanghai plant also as well. There was a lot of red found the parts needed to repair year, generator broke tape. Some enterprises acquired Last a Dezhou's crippled unit. Plant excessive supplies of certain items down in the Dezhou Power The Zhaojiabang market open- province, seriously while others had to cut production in Shandong ed in July, 1979, and in 18 months for lack of the same materials or affecting power output and, thus volume reached 530 million yuan. produc- machines, and there was no effec- industrial and agricultural Trading is done in some 40,000 economicallY signif- tive mechanism f or transferring tion over an commodities, f rom one-cent stock from one enterprise to icant area. One of the Dezhou washers to machine tools worth another. plant's purchasing agents was thousands of yuan; from half-inch Shanghai, the hub of Chinese dispatched to Qingdao and to screws to 15-ton trucks. Buyers commerce and industry, had long- Jinan, the provincial capital, to and sejlers deal in cash, credit, established channels f or com- procure a replacement" In both and kind. There are bulletins on modity exchange with enterPrises cities the response was, "We don't prices, materials availability, and in the provinces, but these fell have any." new products. The market also into disuse under the system of The Dezhou agent then went to provides technical information and centralization and were all but the new Zhaojiabang market, a installation and repair services. forgotten. Moreover, thousands of sort of trade fair-cum-brokerage Five national trade fairs spon- house for producers' goods set on sored by the Zhaojiabang market

In the Notions Wholesale Market. Xu Yigen & -l{1S./-asq in 1980 attracted 2,500 representa- tives of 600 participating enter- prises from all over the country. Also, 220,000 smaller buyers and sellers attended the fairs. A total of 6,000 million yuan worth of goods were available there, and nearly 10,000 contracts were signed. Shanghai's total industrial output in 1979 was 59,000 million yuan and in 1980 62,000 million yuan. It is estimated that 5,000 million to 6,000 million yuan of this production is due to the market readjustment.

For Want of Tung Oil An illustration of the usefulness Lathes at the Zhaojiabang market. Zhang Pina of similar methods in rural areas occurred in Shanghai last year. The regular suppliers of tung oil prices on the spot. Eight commis- 27 provinces, municipalities and to lacquer factories fell short two sion agencies, purchasing stations autonomous regions to get more in their deliveries. The Iacquer and barter markets that had been farm and sideline products to the factories, in turn, were unable to closed during the revolu- city. meet their commitments to the "cultural Traders Through these networks, the enterprises making bicycles, sew- tion" were re-opened. parts Shiiiupu market staff was able to ing machines, and other in- came from al1 of the country, light Iocate 400 tons of surplus tung oil, products, were though most, of course, were from dustrial which thus solving the lacquer factories' production. Shanghai and the five neighbor- forced to cut problem and getting the produc- The lacquer factories turned to ing provinces. Commune members tion lines of bicycles and sewing Shiliupu, a port on the Huangpu brought the produce of their pri- machines rolling again not to River known as the "Southern vate plots on shoulder-po1es; mention providing a profit- a Gate of Shanghai". the winter Ieaders of agricultural production for In tung-nut grower who might other- of 1979-80, the ar-ea's largest units brought their surplus crops wise have had to take a loss. farmers' market had been set up and sideline products by truck and Shiliupu's newsletter, Market there. Later, state commercial by boat. The largest of the com- Prices, once noted that Shanghai enterprises doing business began mission agents. the Shanghai was short of washboards. Several producers directly with repre- Sideline Product Warehouse. has dozen workshops that made sented at the market. negotiating establishedFties with 1.000 units in washboards saw the notice and soon contracts had been signed f or 200,000 unils. Last sum- Some of the goocls sold in the Shanghai Cilnrmission Company. Xt Yioen mer, Shanghai shops could not meet the demand for straw mats. A bulletin went up over the $ v:. .:, .. '.i :." Shiliupu market office door and , " . "!^a soon 496,000 mats were available for distribution to city stores. Shiliupu's 1980 turnover was 38 million yuan. The market staff helped communes and brigades sign 899 contracts for supply of raw materials. A recent survey of the market's negotiated prices on more than 100 farm and sideline products showed that prices generally were the same or ]ower than state prices, the exceptions being commodities in very short supply.

31 Last spring, the Sixin Lock Briefls Factory in Shanghai decided to Rurol convert to the manuf acture of English-keyboard typewriters. Un- fortunately, it had an inventory lgricultural 0utput in 1980 and 60 percent of ali production of 1,190,000 locks, tying up a good brigades (smaller units under the bit of its capital funds. DAD weather and other lactors communes). Farm areas consumed The Sixin factory turned for I-D caused China's grain output in 37,000 million kwh. in 1980, 13.8 help to the Shanghai Commission 1980 to drop to 315 million tons percent more than in 1979. Accord- Company which mainly handles 15 million tons less than the pre-- ing to the Ministry of Electric industrial products for daily use. vious year, according to Ministry Power, this was the biggest in- It too had declined during the of Agriculture figures. crease since the founding of the "cultural revolution" but has Industrial crops, however, in- People's Republic. bounced back, and now has creased. Cotton, 10 percent over Powered irrigation and drainage business ties with more than 1,000 1979, surpassed the state target. extend over 18,600,000 hectares of enterprises throughout the country. Oil-seeds rose by 500,000 tons, land. Rural areas have 3,100,000 The Commission Company came kilometers of transmission lines, up with the answer. transformers handling 95,000,000 It bought Sixin's entire stock kilovolt-amperes, and electric and sent out 1,000 letters to motors with a total of 60,000,000 cooperati.ve stores, warehouses, kilowatts. and second-hand shops all over Nevertheless, acute power short- China, They took samples of ages are stili a problem in some Sixin locks io trade fairs in vari- areas such as Guangdong province ous provinces. In Shanghai they in the southeast and Liaoning even asked the luggage rooms of province in the northeast, neither railroad sell the locks, stations to whibh are able at present to which at this writing were almost of meet industrial and rural require- sold out. The scene in one of the Places that ments. China has adequate re- Cheek by jowl with the offices production of oil- helped raise national sources of coal, oil and water but of the Shanghai Commission seeds: Guangji county in Hubei prov- area. evenly distributed Company is the Notions Wholesale ince, a rapeseed-growing they are not Liu Xinning geographically and the shipment of Market. Established in 1964, it fell areas burdens on hard times with the advent of fuels to energy-short an already overloaded transport the "cultural revolution" in 1966. sugarcane and beets 10 Percent, system. Scientists are working on But in the past two years, trade sugar- by 300,000 tons, silk refined new ehergy resources. tr has picked up again ?nd the cocoons 14.6 percent, and tea by market now handles 200 varieties 13,000 tons.,, of toys, hardware, handicraft There were several reasons for More transmission towers march across items, articles for daily use, etc. the increases in industrial crops. the lanrl as eleqtricity is extended to 60 Last year's volume reached 130 That more were planted was one percent of all rural production brigades, million yuan. Though there are including those arountl Zhenhai, Ning- result of the policy of diversifying bo, Shaoxing antl Xiaoshan in Zheiians only nine people on the market the economy of the communes. province now served by the above. staff, they have developed rela- Also, the state raised thel purchase Lu Ming tionships with 1,500 enterprises in price of some industrial croPs, re- 28 provinces, municipa,Iities, and duced Planned grain purchases in autonomous regions. In Jiangsu areas growing mainlY industrial and Zhejiang provinces alone last crops, and gave awards to com- year, some 100 communes; bri- rnunes selling more industrial gades, and factories turned over crops than their quotas. called for. profits to the state of 540,000 yuan The wider application of the on volume of 17 million yuan sold system of individual responsibility through the Notions Wholesale for jobs assigned and work done Market. Ninety percent of this has also increased peasant interest business was in other provinces in growing more industrial croPs. and cities, and half of that was shipped directly from producers to consumers, cutting down on Rural Power Gonsumption shipments through Shanghai and resulting in faster delivery at LECTRICITY is now used in 90 lower prices. tr percent of China's communes

32 spacious main street, men in black Chinese-style jackets with buttons down the front, women in long robes with colorful geometric pat- terns on the collars and decorative silver ornaments. The roadside stalls sold bear bladders, musk, love peas, and swords in various shapes with beautiful scabbards. Traditional snacks attracted groups of children, and older men lined up at a wine counter. To learn something about Lahu society, we looked up Li Guang- hua, a Lahu who has been the ''-; county administrator since 1953. His people, he said, moved from slavery to feudalism at the end of the 18th century. Meng Lang Em- gradualiy became a Weeding lhe firlds bankment prosperous county town with 1,000 households. But later the people became impoverished; infectious diseases were rampant,' exploita- tion and persecution first by the The Lahu People of Yunnan wariord government and then by the Kuomintang took a heavy toIL Peop).e's Libera- XU YONGAN and LI CHU.{NG By the time the tion Army arrived in 1950 only five households were treft in the town, which was gradually being taken tl ,l ,vx'ql over by the forest and the urild animals. :"t* Since 1953 when the region was granted autonomy, its economy has steadily progressed, and today iqcludes farm-implement repair, tea processing, sugar, cement, coal mining, electric power, building construction, and other enterprises. Total industrial output is 81 times what it was before autonomY. Grain output has increased from 150 kilograms per capita to 250. ii, The county has 700 primarY schools dnd 44 hospitals and clinics with more than 400 beds and 500 medical workers. And there are now 210,000 Lahu people, in Lan- cang, Gengma, and Menglai counties.

Pair-day stalt set up by a deDartment store. A Night's Lodging Li Guanghua was our guide on E drove along the Lancang Lang Embankment, county seat of a visit to the village of Zhutang River highway through a the Lancang Lahu Autonomous in the western part of the countY. broad, level basin leading to the County in Yunnan province. On As we arrived, we heard distant mountain-flanked town of Meng the mountainsides, villages were shots and the barking of dogs set among subtropical forests. from the dense forest. The dayls XU YONGAN is a nationalities worker in Simao county, Yunnan province. It happened to be fair day, and hunt was under way. Li told us LI CHUANq is a staff reporter for CR. fairgoers crowded the town's that boys learned to hunt at about

MAY T98r q, tbn years of age by following the ilies and the other, called bankoo. men to the forest. Among the near the land they farm. Their Lahu, bad hunters are said to be location in the big house is set "stupid as donkeys"; outstanding according to their seniority in the hunters enjoy high prestige. With clan, the oldest at the left. They each kill, a hunter will pull out a live in the bankao only during the small handful of the animal's hair busy farming season; when the and paste it on his shotgun or time iomes, crowds of families, crossbow as evidence of his taking their children, daily neces- prowess. No matter how big or sities, and livestock, move througb small the animal, it will be divid- the small paths in the fields, a ed among the members of the picturesque scene with a unique hunting party, but its head and Iocal flavor. tail belong to the shooter. (In the At Zhawa's house, he talked local language, Lahu means "roast- with Li as with one of the family, but paid little attention to us. Only ing tiger meat.") Danee around a bonfire is part of court- after some On the forested slopes 50 kilo- rng' Li had introduced us at meters west of the county town length did he warm up. Later, Li explained that his people are very live the 600 households of the Cizhuhe production brigade. the wall opposite the gate. reticent with strangers, but that It once you're friendly was late when we reached the Against the wall was a table that they know they'Il chat with you To home in the village where we were serves as a shrine for the tablets freely. give guests a comfortable place to to stay the night, dogs commemorating the famiiY's an- and sleep, Lahu hosts themselves will clamored from cestors; guests are not welcome to all directions. Li go up the mountain and sleep in Called to the house and a man inspect it too closely. An iron cookstove was against a side wall. a cave. came out who quieted the dogs Before retiring for the night, Over it was suspended a bamboo and invited us to follow him up Zhawa treated us to chicken-shred pallet, mat rice was a flight of stairs carved, out of a and on the porridge, a peppery dish the Lahu big tree trunk. spread out to dry. A loft housed serve to their most distinguished The 80-square-meter thatched farm implements and ears of corn. friends. house had a dozen or so logs as Most of the furniture and utensils its main supports but the walls were made of bamboo. The elec- were of woven bamboo, so the tric lamps were among the few Courtship and Marriage house was far from wind-resistant. non-traditional items we could see. corn are the staple After supper, Li steered the con- Shotguns and crossbows hung on Rice and versation foods and the main crops. Al- to the subject of love and marriage. Lahu girls thoug[ the brigade has two boys and begin courting at about 16. One mechanized plows and a power County administrator Li Guanghua with or more villages will provide an station, most the farming is his son. Photos by Li Shimin of open space for this purpose; at done with water buffaloes pulling Iestivals or during slack season, wooden plows. of the Lahu "Most boys will. invite girls to a bonfire, people enough eat have only to where they sing love songs and and wear," Li said. "Great efforts express their admiration. have to be made before theY can The first thing they look for in iead a better life." choosing a husband or wife is a Our host, Zhawa, 50, has the hard worker. After a boy and girl biggest family in the brigade - fall in love, they will invariably 15 people in all, including his observe each other at work. If one wife, his sons and daughters and finds the other deficient, the rela- their spouses and children. Multi- tionship will likely be broken. generational families are called They even take advantage of di.ye, "big" families, each consist- dancing to feel one another's hands ing of several digu, "sma\\" or nu- to see wheiher there are calluses; 6td#" clear families. Each small family the rougher the better. has its own stove in the big house, If the boy is the first to propose 'that so the Lahu say the relation- marriage, the wedding will be ship between diye and digu is like held in his house. On the wedding the many honeycombs in a night, the groom takes farm im- beehive. plements to his bride's house Small familie.s usually have two . where they live for three years homes one with big fam- before taking up 'rpermanent - their 34 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Vice-cciuniy head, a forrner headman, visits a cornrnune rnernbcr. Lahu villages are locateci on the poor, rocky slopes

'fhe bag is still divided equaily anrong Lahu hunters. Writing devised for the Lahu language uses Roman letters.

Separating rice from huils.

A Lahu doctor, graduare of Beijing Medical College.

residence in the groom's house. If Minority Nationalities Briefs the girl proposes first, the wedding is held in her house and the couple Language Publicalions nomic development of the'minori- go to a mountai.n cave for their ty nationality regions. They de- wedding night, but next day their rfrO improve and increase publi- cided that separate theoretical re- relatives take them to the bride's I cations in minority nationality search courses on the economics house. They live there for at least languages; a national conference of minority areas should be set up. was held in Beijing last November three years, and may stay per- The meeting also decided to estab- and December. It was called by manently. lish the Society f or Minority the State ,Nationalities Affairs Nationality Economic Research. Family primacy and property Colnmission and the State Pub- are inherited through the female lishing Administration. After Iine. When a woman dies, her analyzing publishing work since Ethnological Society 1949, the conference worked out a oldest daughter becomes head of rflHE first nationwide symposium plan for the future. the household. If a woman is ill- r on ethnoiogy in China was Over the'past thirty years, 500 treated by her husband, both fam- Lietd last October in Guiyang in million books in 30,000 titles have southwest China. In its course, the ilies will take the wife's side. been publishe'd in 19 minority lan- Ethnological Society was Daughters w,ho have stayed at guages. Today there are 17 pub- Chinese established, with the aim of study- home to look after their elderly lishing houses in China with 1,000 ing how China's minority nation- mothers inherit larger of editors and translatois responsible a share developed from clans, tribes for such publications. Average an- alities the family estate. and early communes. nual output is 27 million copies in Schoiars of 19 nationalities from 1,500 This does not titles. still majority China's provinces Dancing in the Dark meet the needs of the people of the of and autonomous regions attended. these nationalities. The conference 170 papers were read and On our way back to Meng Lang discussed relevant problems and Over meeting proposed Embankment, we passed a county worked out plans for improvement. discussed. The and school where a new Lahu script is that ethnological departments courses set up nationality being tried out on a group of be in Economic Research institutes and schools; that re- trainees. As we drove by, we saw rFHE first textbook of its kind in search be organized with regard to the students dancing to the accom- I China, General Economics o[ minorities insufficiently studied in paniment of a lusheng, the wood- Chinese Mi.nority Nati.onalities, the past; that investigations be wind instrument used by many was completed last year by the made on problems of regional nationalities in the area. Li teachers of the Political Economy autonomy and the elimination of Guanghua couldn't resist the urge Department of the Central Institute ethnic discrimination; and that to perform little dance movements for Nationalities in Beijing. At a studies be carried forward on the last f popula- with his hands and feet, though forum held at the institute ormation, development, October. 40 economists of nine tion and languages of minority the car didn't leave much room nationalities analyzed the eco- nationalities. tr for self -expression. "We can't hear the Lusheng without wanting 'A Eream .Ouilaws to dance," he said. I don't get of Red Mansions' and. of the Marsh,, two Chinese classic novels, "If published in the Uygur and Kazak languages by the Xinjiang publishing House. to the dance in town tonight, I Xinhua won't be able to sleep." The com- plete cycle of dances 74 tunes with accompanying' movements- - takes ten hours to perform, and on special occasions like festivals or weddings the dancing will go on for days. We did in fact get to town in time. -People danced around a bonfire in concentric rings, women on the inside, men on the outside. A supply of the locai corn whisky was on hand and dancers could drink their fill, Li Guanghua got a good night's sleep. x

MAY 1987 39 Burns Night in Beijing

ZOU DIFAN

FVERY year, the birthdaY an- Our people were then suffering the l '' niversary o.[ the Scottish poet. same sad fate. In one of my poems Robert Burns (1759-1796) is cele- at the time I had cried out: brated all over the world. DeePlY It's no crime to Light a Lamp national. he has won the love of at night. people everywhere for his expres- Is there no blue sky for the sion of the feelings of the com- susallotts in March? This ,Ianuary 25th we mon folk. ls there no Jield of flou:ers decided to hold the f irst Burns 't t'Q 4 for the bees? Night in the capital of the Chinese People's Republic. As we prepar- \. t?} The years have passed. China niTrz' ed I couldn't help recalling mY has undergone dramatic changes. feelings of thirty-seven years ago. 'lt e And Burns's poems are more .t.'; -; widely known now. Editions trans- China was being i.nvaded by Japan ,.r_? and her very existence was at .r i +r- lated by Prof essors Wang Zuo- stake. The Kuomintang, then the t I'rl a $l liang and Yuan Kejia have been ?. People's governing party, was unwilling to ;;d. brought out by the Litera- lead the resistance against the ag- -.*: It't ,f ture Publishing House and the gressors, while at the same time it nT; Shanghai New Literature Publish- a' d'- ruthlessly exploited the Chinese t* t:; "l ing House. people. We poets were subjected 'a L'1 Humming "Auld Lang Syne", I -p,l l-1 l. to a strict censorship. Poems were -.1 entered the small theater where 4 ,t was either rejected or printed with .rt i Burns' Night, January 25, words or whole lines missing. We .{1 being held. Nearly four hundred called the blank spaces "skylights" people packed the room, each with Fortunately, in this difficult a miniature bottle of whisky given across Chinese by our Scottish friends. time, I came a Robert Burns, by the well-knorvn translation of Burns by Yuan Chinese painter Huang Yongyu' Shuipai. I read the lines from the rf\HE evening unfolded amid poem "My Heart's in the High- I friendly chatter and laughter. lands". The organizers were the magazine turn, walk around my grave three Foetry and the English Depart- Fareuell to the Highlands, times. Then I shal1 lie in Peace." I ments of Beijing Foreign Lan- fareuell to the North, hummed to myself sadly a Chinese guages Institute and Beijing The birthplace of oalor, the tune, "When can I return to mY University. Among the guests country of ruorth! beloved home. .?" and the words were the poets Zang Kejia, Bian Whereuer I uander, 'whereuer of Burns's poem sang with me. Zhilin, Zhu Ziqi, Yuan Ying; the I roue, It was while I was struggling to aesthetician Zhu Guangqian; The hills of the Highland.s for stay alive in the Kuomintang areas, translators and scholars Yang eoer I l,oue. where there was no democracY Xianyi and his wife Gladys, desPeratelY Zhou Jueliang, Xu Guozhang; made me long all the more and the people were They the dramatist Cao Yu; the film enemy- poor, that I first read Burns's for my lost home in an personalities Yu Lan, Huang Zong- wooden verses "To A Mouse". occupied area, for the Jiang and Ling Zifeng; dancer and bridge over the river, for the water That uee bit heap o' Leaoes choreographer Dai Ailian; artist beside the stream, for the mill an' sti,bble, Huang Yongyu; and lovers of windmill by the cottage. How Hcs cost thee monie a usearie Burns both Chinese and foreign. could forget my parents and mY I nibble ! Professor Zuoliang, one of sister, with whom I had played? {ang out, a' the hosts, said in an introductory To day I remember my Noto thou's turned for this talk: "Unlike the neoclassicists, father's letter, written on his thg trouble, Bwt house or hald, Burns's inspiration sprang from death-bed: "If some day you re- To thole the wr.nter's sleetg nature and had a shade of roman- dribble, ticism. His poems are musical and ZOU DIFAN is assistant chlef eilitor of bhe ma8iazine Poetry. An' cronreuch cault! characteristic of Scottish folk

40 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS songs. They have a world-wide appeal." Then he ProPosed the toast to the Immortal MemorY of the Scottish Bard. Burns's poems and songs filled the hall. Bonnie McDougall, an Australian Scot, recited Part of the poem "EPistIe to J. LaPraik"; an American Scot Nonie Giibert. who is an actress,- recited "To A " Mouse"; John Scott, from the Chi- nese Department, Edinburgh Uni- versity, read part of "Tam O'Shan- ter", while two actors from the Beijing PeoPle's Art Theatre, Wang DaIi and Zhang JiYao did a Chinese version. Other actors from the Beijing PeoPle's Art Yu Shizhi recites "Reply to an'Invitation"'

mHEN Patricia Wilson, who was Wheretser Aou clre, Aou cdtl I born in Ayrshire a few miles neuer forget Scotland. from Burns's birthPlace in AI- lbway, said in a short sPeech: You sing r'n the language of strang "Why should this Poor farmer, who the PeoPle, in a had little, formal education, have Scottish accent becorire the national poet of Scot- About the liJe and longings land? Because no other rnan has of gour age and country- men. spoken in the true voice of ' the still the rat' Scottish peoPle; the voice of the When there uas man and his asPirations' tle oJ chains on tlte Scottish common people Great art sPrings frorn the PeoPle Burns was a man of the Hou could You sing "gentlY", Bonnie McDougall reads exlract from and holtt can ue "Auld "Epistle to J. LaPraik". people. Great art is interna- forget tional and it crosses all cul- Lang Syne"? art is time- famous Theatre, Yu Shizhi, Huang Zong- tural barriers. Great Huang YongYu, the luo (who also acted as a master of less; it crosses the centurres." She painter, recited his own Poem "To greetings had written ceremonies) and Ying Ruocheng therr read telegrams of Our Wives", which he gang of read in both Scots and Chinese from the Burns Federation in KiI- during the daYs of the "Reply to an Invitation", "Address marnock, the Scotland-China Asso- four in the stYle of the Scottish to the Toothache" and "Is There ciation and other Scottish organi- bard. He declared, "I do not call for Honest PovertY" resPectivelY' zations, and ProPosed a toast to myself a poet, but I came from the Film actress Yu Lan recited "John Chinese-Scottish friendshiP. mountains. I was Poor too and I Anderson, mY io". A Scottish In honor of the event, I asked a love the poems of Burns." His student from Fdinburgh Univer- well-known reciter, Qu Xian, to poem reads in Part: Mof- had written for sity studying in China, John declaim a poem I If tltey roere not good daugh' Among had been fat, read "scots Who'Hae". the occasion and which ters, YiPing from Beijing the singers were Ying published in that daY's They roould not be such good Orches- and last the Central Philharmonic Evening News. The first sueethearts; Rigs", and tra, who sang "Corn vemes read: they usere not good xoeet- Beijing Con- lf Qi Yue from the hearts, of Music, who sang Where is Your heart? servatory the uild They usould not be such good "Ca' the Yowes". Where rrlen chase Huang Zongjiang, a scenarist deer and fol'Loro the roe, LD1,OeS, 'By u:here the theA u)ere not such good and writer, read an extract from LoEan Braes lf letter by David Crook, a British u)ater sueetl,g glides and toitses, a They uould not be such good teacher working in China, which runs, the mothers. was written in 193? from Valencia Across the Plain uhere uP. uith during the SPanish Civil War' In nl,ouse is turned I am proud to haoe such a plough, it he described a moving Burns the usi.f e, he had attended with the ln Scotland, the home Aou Night (Continued on P.46) Scottish fighters from Glasgow. Loue so deePlg, 4l MAY 1981 Scissors of

Long

Excellence

TANG QINGZHONG

f N a recent national test, a piece Ii its many oarieties. founders of the Qing dynasty, r of white cloth folded into 40 In making patterns of beauti- came storming south of the Great layers was cut with a single stroke ful mountains and ritsers, Wall and approached Yixian by a pair of Zhang Xiaoquan- Hangzhou ercels Bingzhou, county in Anhui province where brand scissors, while the other and not only tn scissors.* the Zhang family first started brands tested failed. The Zhang making scissors. Zh.ang Sijia, the Xiaoquan scissors successfully cut Out of the Rain firm's founder, had set up shop at times, with the cloth several more Hangzhou, the Garden City, is the foot of Chenghuang Mountain no loss of sharpness. a fine place to be in the spring- in downtown Hangzhou and hung was nothing new for this That time, and Emperor Qian Long out his shingle, "Zhang Dalong Chinese product, which traditional (Ch'ien Lung, reigned 1736-1796), Scissors Shop", thus beginning winning plaudits since has been it is said, took advantage of the what ultimately becarne a national the 18th century, when they were joke. season to make an inspection tour. adopted for the imperial house- Dressed as a commoner, he slipped Up to that time, scissors had the Southeast Asian Fair hold. At into a crowd of tourists and pil- been made of pig iron; the blades 1910 and the Panama Interna- in grims. As he stood enjoying the were easily blunted or bent. and tional Exposition in 1919, Zhang view of West Lake and the moun- the entire instrument was extreme- Xiaoquan scissors won internation- Iy heavy, limiting its usefulness al recognition. After the found- tains, a sudden downpour sent him scurrying for shelter, which and thus its sales. But a superior ing of new China, three national well- he found in a thatched shed. type of double-edged sword, scissors competitions rated Zhang known in China, was being pro- Xiaoquan best among all brands There, he saw a cutler, attentively pair sign- duced not far from Hangzhou in tested. Last year, a Hongkong tele- making a of scissors. A board over the door proclaimed Zhejiang province and Zhang Sijia vision station filmed a demon- studied the casting of the weapon. stration at the Zhang Xiaoquan "Zhang Xiaoquan Scissors Made Down- from For his new scissors, he seiected factory in Hangzhou, in which a with Methods Handed emperor high-quality steel and invented the No. 2 household scissors was used Ancestors". Curious, the picked up a small pair, which was steei-inlay technique. He used a first to cut 70 layers of cloth and fine-grained whetstone imported then cut a single layer of thin delicate and stylish, and bought it to from Jiangsu province, and his silk without missing a thread. for the palace. Qian Long found new scissors came out shiny, sharp, The scissors have, of course, sold the scissors worthy, and thereafter and much more durable. well both at home and abroad. ordered his people to make a spe- When the late playwright Tian Han gial trip to Hangzhou each year to Zhang Sijia's son, Xiaoquan, suc- visited the factory in Hangzhou in buy some, ceeded him in the business and good fortune 1966, he felt impelled to write a This stroke of oc-' further improved the design, poem: curred only because Zhang Xiao- variety, and quality of the prod- quan's The speed of the breeze, ancestors had fled to Hang- uct. From then on, the Zhang The ease of grease. zhou back in 7644 when Qian Dalong Scissors Shop began to Iron and steel distinct Long's ancestors, the Manchu live up to its name: "dalong" means "brisk business". But soon *Bingzhou TANG QINcZffONC is a reporter in is today's Taiyuan, a city in competing cutlers started naming the, Zhejiang bureau of the Xinhua Shanxi province famed in ancient News Agency. times for its scissors. their shops Zhang Dalong, and

42 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Xiaoquan angrily took down his annually to several dozen coun- father's sign and put up his own. tries and regions all over the world. By the time the business was Models include household, in- passed on to Xiaoquan's son Zhang dustrial, igricultural and military Jingao, it had become truly scissors and shears, including famous, not least for the imperial more than 50 varieties of house- family's interest. So more and hold scissors and 30 varieties of more shop signs proclaimed the industrial shears and clippers. name of Zhang Xiaoquan, not only Most are engraved with one of in Hangzhou but also in Shanghai more than 100 designs picturing and in Jiangsu province. among Hangzhou sc€nerlr, dragons and other places. To make a distinc- phoenixes, flowers and birds, and tion between "ye olde origlnal" and fish and bugs. Many people con- the cheap imitations, Zhang Jingao sider Zhang XiaoQuan scissors to put his own stamp on the sign with be handicraft items and send them the characters Jtnjl, making it as gifts to relatives and friends. roughly "Zhatg Xiaoquan & Son". Late in 1978, the factory trans- But this only spurred the competi- ferred some of its technicians and tion to new heights of trademark workers who had made technical infringement. as a profusion o.[ innovations to a research institute q{nil, ttn1i, J/njl, and Jingj} char- to develop new product lines. So acters blossomed on shop signs. far, they've come up with 30 new Sharpening the blades. In Hangzhou alone there were varieties, such as decorated folding at least B6 shopkeepers whose travel scissors, electric carpet businesses were named "Zhan.g trimmers, scissors for trimming Xiaoquan" A Qing dynasty poet art prints, and so on. A number described the scene in Hangzhou of these new products have been after this efflclrescence: put into mass production. Factory Mountains are mimored on the representatives often are sent to green lake. work behind the counter in retail aglitter Xiao- Streets are with outlets or to visit customers in quan scxssors. work units so they can get ideas for improvements and new prod- Amalgamation uct lines, and also visit other manufacturers to see what's new. In 1957, all of the "Zhang Xiao- That, it might be said. is the quan" scissors enterprises in Hang- spirit of the old original Zhang zhou, including the real one, were Xiaoquan D Asse mbly. amalgamated into the Hangzhou Zhang Xiaoquan Scissors Factory. It grew rapidly and has become Inspection" Photos by Wang ltrongtun China's largest scissors.manufac- turer, producing one-seventh of the country's total output. In 1979, at a national scissors trade conference, the factory took first place in eight out of twelve categories. It was also awarded a silver medal by the State Council and a certificate of merit from the Ministry of Light Industry, and it has been named one of the na- tional advanced units. Its annual output is now 11 million pairs of scissors and shears, six times more than the 1.6 million produced by its constituent enterprises in 1929, and 21 times more than in the early post-Iiberation period. Besides s,elling its products throughout China, the factory ex- ports two million pairs of scissors

MAY 1981 43 I rnan University $erue$ 0Yerseas ehinese NONG AN

TINAN UNMRSITY lies in the During the war against JaPanese Chairman of the National People's J picturesque Shipai district in'rasion in 1937-45, it moved to Congress and Director of the outside Guangzhou (Canton) in Fujian province, and, when the government's Overseas Chinese south China. It mainly admits war ended, back to Shanghai. Affairs Office. became chairman. overseas Chinese students; our After the founding of new China Jinan ftniversity, over the Iast compatriots from Hongkong, Ma- in 1949, it was merged with other 70 years, has produced a large cao and Taiwan and children of universities and colleges. In 1958 number of talented graduates, Chinese returned from long re- it was re-established in Guang- some working in China, some sidence abroad. It was reopened zhou, again as a school for Chinese abroad. Many have contributed to in October 1978. j students from abroad as well as the Chinese revolution in its from Hongkong and Macao. The various stages, to the building of 3,000. new China and to friendly ties and Twists and Turns number of students reached During the ten years of China's cultural and economic exchanges Jinan University has had a long "cultural revolution" it was with other countries. and chequered history. Its forerun- dissolved. In the spring of 1978 ner, Jinan School, was founded in when the policy toward overseas Development 1907 at Nanjing (Nankihg), mainly Chinese was once again correctly now more children of Chinese from implemented the State Council Jinan University is for extensive in scope than ever abroad. It closed after the 1911 decided to restore Jinan Univer- before. has two colleges Revolution broke out, reopened in sity and it was formally opened in It (medical and economics) and 1918 and then moved to Shanghai October. eight departments (mathematics, where it became Jinan University. A board' of trustees of 74 nationally and internationally physics, chemistry, biology, Chi- known personages directs the nese and foreign languages, history NONG AN is a special correspondent journalism). last for China Reconstructs. university. Liao Chengzhi, Vice- and Beginning year, a part of the students have been enrolled on a self-paid, live- at-home basis. There are also Zou Han, associate professor and vice-head of the chemistry tlepartment (second right) directing students in an experiment. fult-time secondary vocational classes in physics and chemistry and nursing. The length of schooling differs: six years in the medical school, two or three in the special classes, and four in other departments and specialities. At present there are 2,295 students, including those from the mainland and from elsewhere. The latter come from L7 countries, such as JaPan, Korea, Thailand, Burma, Mauri- tius, Australia and Peru. The faculty includes many celebrated experts and scholars. Among them are pharmacologist Luo Qian, dean of the medical school; associate professor Liu Xuegao, member of the Steering Committee of the Task Force on Immunological Methods for Ferti- lity Regulation, Special Program of Research in Human Reproduc-

44 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS tion, of the Worid Health Or- ganization: Prof. Jin Yingxi, an expert in the history of southeast Asia and overseas Chinese; and Prof. Chen Lesu, an expert in Song dynasty history. Heading the Chinese language department is the writer Qin Mu. Prof. Wang Yue, vice-president of the uni- versity, is writing a book on the history of Chinese education. Prof. Li Chen, another vice-president, is an ophthalmologist. Recently he succeeded in making an apparatus (dynamometer for extrapalpebral bulbar pressure tests) which has proved effective in detecting early-stage glaucoma. Jinan has not yet completely recovered frnm the loss of its equipment and books during the Chinese languag€ students at the home ol associate professor Rao Bingcai (second disasters of the "cultural revolu- Ieft). tion". However, it now has nearly 100 laboratories. There are 800,000 Students from overseas live and reserve our differehces. We books and 3,300 periodicals in its admire the mainland students for library. together with their schoolmates from the mainland to promote their hard-working spirit." understanding. Features and Cond'itions better mutual Those willing to do so can get Research and Exchange The campus includes a placid special food to suit their customs. Jinan has 14 reseafch units u'ith lake surrounded by trees and may restaurant Or they eat at a a staff of.264. They cover subjects flowers, an excellent environment inside the school grouncls. Gen- study. as varied as southeast Asia, the for erally they soon become accustom- Much attention is paid to problems of overseas Chinese, ed to campus life. recreation and sports. Orchestras, economics, orthopedic surgery, the These university students, like choruses and dance troupes give application of electronic comput- mainland, are regular performances. Frequent all others on the ers to medicine, and immunology. are movies, plays or concerts. exempt from tuition and board. Among 85 scientific and medical Gymnasiics, swimming, track and Those who have financial dif- research projects, the most imPor- field, and ball-game teams com- ficulties can apply for a stipend. tant are concerned with reproduc- pete with others in the city. In Ma Xuebin, chairman of the tive immunology and gene and Guangzhou's 9th college swim- students association, points out, biomedical engineering, which are ming meet held last year Jinan's that "Tuition and other fees in designated by the state as keY women's team won first place universities in capitalist countries items. Research projects in the with eight records and seven are going higher and higher. liberal arts number 83, with manY first prizes. The men's team won Many young people have to dis- publications resulting. Jinan Uni- third place and broke three rec- continue their studies. The situa- uersitg Journal, appears in differ- ords. Jinan sportsmen also did tion is different in China where ent editions for philosophy, social well in Guangdong province's first these fees are not charged. In science and natural science. AIso published Litera- university students' track and fact, they receive allowances for here are World Research on field meet. food, books and other necessities." ture and Material for Jinan has a democratic tradition. Lin Zhanpeng, a student from Southeast Asia. organizes number faculty members The students asdociation trIongkong, says, get alorig A of discussions on various "We have made outstanding contribu- broad very well with our mainland topics. A recent popular discus- tions in their own fields. Prof. classmates, because we all love our sion dealt with the students' ideals, Kuang Gongdao, director of personal futures and current life. country. We live and study teaching and research in surgery Also discussed are the reform of together and can help each other. has created a set of orthopedic the educational system, the cur- Sometimes there are minor fric- procedures to cure the after-effects ricula, the selection of teaching tions. But this is normal because of infantile paralysis. Since 1975 material and the improvement of we come from different places he has performed operations in a examinations. Many suggestions and look at things in different location between the epiphyseal are made to the school authorities. ways. We seek common ground line and the joint, previously

MAY 1981 45 thought impossible to correct bow writer), Historg of Asian Coun- qiang; mathematician Hua Luo- legs. Among over 600 patients tribs, Hi,story of Anci,ent Chinese geng; Fred suffering Baseolo, member of the from deformities after Histori.ography and Translated American Academy Sciences paralysis, g0 of infantile percent of Materials o,tl, Cultural Exchange and professor Northwestern operations of have been successful Betuseen China and the West. He University; famous U.S. (100 percent the in the case of those is now preparing a major work on scientists of Chinese origin Tsung- to correct bow legs). China's external reiations. dao Lee, Chen-ning Yang, both Prof. Zhu Jieqin, a historian who, Jinan's profesdors and research- winners of the Nobel prize for directs the university's southeast ers often attend symposia or physics, and Hsing-shen Chen; and Asian history research, has spent give lectures elsewhere in China Prof. Te-kun Cheng, vice-pre- years 50- in research, writing and and abroad. Scholars from China sident of the Chinese Language translating. Among his many and abroad are invited to lecture. University in Hoirgkong. works are Studies on Gong Ding,an Among them have been physiclsts (a Qing dynasty thinker and Zhou Peiyuan and Qian San- Problems and Prospects

Revived only two yeans Bgo, Jinan still has some problems and difficulties. The present stock of books and reference materials is inadequate for teaching and re- search. More equipment is needed. The curriculum and teaching material must be improved. The school plans in the next two years to erect a library, teaching buildings in the medical school, apartment buildings for students and teachers, and a hospital for overseas Chinese and an outpatient department in the city. Jinan University, as time goes on, will make greater contribu- tions to the training of the chil- dren of overseas Chinese and the modernization of the motherland. A lestaurant inside the school grounds. Photos bg Wang Hongrun n

(Continued from p. 41)' Another contribution was poetess The evening ended with Liu Zheng Min's Memory of Shufang, one of China's most A ruiJe uthose hair is turning "In Burns", part of which runs: famous sopranos, singing ".Auld 9rea, This red, red rose will, neuer Lang Syne", which is well-known A wife nsho has stayed with in China. The audience at first these years. toither, :: .ril While loue erists in youthful only hummed, but then their hearts. voices swelled to a chorus. Peo- People ask Their tender qs water ple stood close to each other link- Jeeling, hands, linking their hearts Why I didn't ueep ushen I WllL water Aou, the red, red, ing uas injured; TOSe. together. I anstuer When I finally stepped outside As long as deer roam in the the theater, I was greeted bY a Because my wife was at mA Highland,s, side. full moon. Burns's words kept People ui.ll hear the heart of ringing in my ears: I am proud of my mother- Burns. l.and; ln cold north China, there Should auld acquaintance be With so manA fine, steady are girls. forgot, taiues, Who giue their hearts to the And neuer brought to mind.? Some young, deer forests. Should auld acquaintance be Some mid.dle-aged, "Petronella", a Scottish dance, forgot Some uhose hair is turning was performed by John Moffat, .A,nd days o' auld lang syne? white, Alison Hardie, from Edinburgh, Robert Burns, auld acquaintance Wi,ues who haue fought side and four of their Chinese student of the Chinese people, we will bg side usith their husbands. friends. never forget you! tr

46 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS 1.:. 1'

.1

i

t

ta

1ir fhe r;lrn;trrrs Prof. Kuang Gongdao, director ot I{ongkong studer.}t" surgery teaching and research in the medical college of Jinan University.

Medical students learning in a hospital. I

E

Working on an electronic computer.

Dance rehearsal.

Foreign languages students practice in a sound latr

Carnpus swimming pool.

Discussing how to run the next students association. Photas ltl Wtmg Ho.ngvrn *.b'M tbtu l & 'k fr Polypropylene

Yanshan Petrochemical Company pro- duces Yanshan Brand Polypropylene: 1600, 26110, 2402, 2401, 1300, 1330. Address: Yqnshon District, Beiiing. Cobles: 2OI9 Telephone: 933-2481 What's This "Taiwan Question"?.

ZENG SHUZIII

T N RECENT months, in some I quarters abroad, there has been a whipping up of trends on the so-called "Taiwan question" which, to say the least, are not helpful to friendly ties with China. Here we would like to put before our readers who we believe share the desire- of the Chinese people for a strengthening of those ties the facts and the issues involved.- So far as principle is concerned there should be no "Taiwan question" at all historically. - legally and internationally. 7 ' .,- In the 31 years since its found- :.2-X--*al-1't ing, the People's Repubiic of China The Dutch occupation troops on Taiwan, defeated by Zheng Chenggong in 1662, has established diplomatic relations passing the pavilion from which he accepteil their surrender. with more than 150 countries, including Japan in 1972 and the United States of America in 1979. obstruction, reunification would Jilong in the north. Later, the The precondition for such relations have taken place long ago. Dutch drove the Spaniards out and has always been the same: Why should a new upsurge of took possession of ihe entire island. Acknowledgment that there is obstruction come now at a time The Chinese -people of Taiwan. only one China; that Taiwan is a when the Chinese people are led by the national hero Zheng province of China; and that the working hard to achieve reunifiea- Chenggong, fought the invaders, government of the People's Re- tion and winning the support and drove off the Dutch and iecovered public of China is the sole legi- sympathy of the people of the the island in 1661-62, restoring the timate government of Chin4. world? In fact. it is in no way effective exercise of Chinese Taiwan has been Chinese terri- justified. Nor is it accidental. sovereignty. Some two centuries tory since ancient times. However, passed before it was again it has several times been subjected The Historical Record encroached on. to foreign aggression and colonial For several decades. after the Taiwan, 36,000 occupation. Even after World War with an area of Opium War inr 1840, the people of II, when the island was returned square kilometers, is China's Taiwan successfully resisted Bri- largest As as to China following the defeat of island. early the Qin tish, American, French, and Ja- Japan, imperi.alists continued to and Han dynasties in the third panese naval landings designed to covet it. Intervening in China's century 8.C., the Chinese discover- encroach on or seize the island. internal affairs, they attempted to ed it and began to settle there. Then in 1895, at the conclusion of create "two Chinas" (two govern- Since then, settlers from Fujian, the Sino-Japanese War, Taiwan Guangdong- and Zhej iang provinces ments of China) or one was seized by Japan, and the "one China, have worked together with the Taiwan',' (treating a inhabitants suffered and struggled Taiwan as Gaoshans, the native people, to separate country). As a hangover under its colonial rule for half a develop the region. In 1360, the century. from this recent history, Taiwan Yuan dynasty court set up ad- remains separate from the main- ministrative machinery for Taiwan land. But the Chinese people on and its neighboring Penghu both sides of the Taiwan Strait are Islands, and in 1887, the Qing Note seeking to end this abnormal, dynasty made Taiwan a province. illegal and deplorable situation as The first foreign incurSions in We have had many requests to soon as possible. Were it not for place write'about this or that phase of Taiwan took in the 17th China's outlook on worlal affairs. century. Dutch colonialists oc- The magazine will henceforth run ZENG SHUZH[ is a staff reporter tor cupied Taiwan in the south in occasional articles on the subject. China Reconstructs 1624, and in 1626 the Spanish took

MAY I98T 51 During World War II, the Cairo munist regime on the mainland". Second, they imp).y that China Declaration of 1943 clearly stressed In other words, they resorted tb needs the U.S. more than the U.S. that one of the purposes of the simple insults and political in- needs China, and therefore China Allies was the return to China of tervention in another country's has to accept whatever the U.S. all Chinese territories JaPan had affairs. may choose to do. stolen since 1895, sPecificallY AII these formulations amount to China trades with many coun- inctuding the return of Taiwan to an arbitrary attempt to split up tries, including the U.S.A., with China. The Potsdam Declaration China into "two Chinas". It flies benefit to both sides. But China of 1945, settling terms for JaPan's in the face of the historical facts, begs no one for help. Her people surrender. confirmed that she must of the norms governing interna- have a tradition not only of surender ail occupied territories. tional relations, and of the wili of def eating strong enemies with China, a victor over JaPan, re- the entire Chinese people those backward weapons, but also of gained Taiwan in 1945 in Taiwan included. It- also building their country relying on The status of Taiwan is clear constitutes a gross interference in their own efforts. These are facts and beyond disPute. This is China's internal affairs, and attested by experience. Today history. Recognition that it is an makes a mock of the undertakings China is modernizing mainly by inseparable part of China, and and statements of the U.S. govern- her own efforts. Though poor, she that China has only one legal ment itself, which has only recentiy has demonstrated ability to subsist government, the government of reaffirmed its readiness to adhere on her own. Even in the Yan'an the People's RePublic, is the sind to the principles of the 1979 Joint period when the Chinese peopJ.e qua non in China's relations with Communique. were encircled and pursued by the other countries. This is todaY's Japanese invaders and had little to reality. eat or wear, they not only survived The Facts vs. the Fallacies but went on to victory. After liberation in 1949, the U.S. The revivers of the Chinas',' New Counter-Current "two refused to recognize the People's fond making one, or theme are of Republic and subjected China to three the following The new "two Chinas" current two or aII of 20 years of blockade and embargo. poinls: that has emerged in certain coun- Didn't China take her own road has First, they suggest that China is tries in the Past six months all the same? In the early 1960s, poor. equipped its roots in the so-calied "China weak, and badly China was confronted with serious in and therefore is of little Lobby" (or "Taiwan LobbY") militarily, economic the West's global difficulties and the U.S. composed of forces that importance in the Soviet Union, breaking faith with for many years have made efforts strategy. her, tore up contracts and with- or "one True, China is poor and its to create "two Chinas" drew its experts. The Chinese mi).itary hardware is not the most China. one Taiwan'r' and thus people were not cowed by this In advanced. We make no attempt to obstruct China's reunification. either: on the contrary, they infiuence began to conceal. that. But China, with its the 1960s, their worked with a will to overcome vast territory and huge population. wane because of the changing difficulties and march forward. the has a record of adherence to international situation and So this idea, that China begs for principle handling of her elevation of China's status in the in the help from others, can also result never international affairs and has world. but' they have only in wrong policy decisions by her own completely given up their disruP- always acted upon those who harbor it. understanding of issues and tive attempts. Third. some think that so Iong year, theY events. Even times of utmost In the U.S. late last at as the United States government f Some difficulty, the Chinese people have were heard rom again pursues a tough polic;z toward the quarters there urged that the U.S. shown that they dare to look Soviet Union, China will haie to establish "official relations" with reality in the face and to meet swallow as an whatever force might be arrayed everything else, even Taiwan, or described Taiwan manipulation ally of the U.S., or as a country against them. They have won of the status of Taiwan. neighboring on China. Some widespread sympathy and respect persons went so far as to caII for for their struggles in this spirit, According to this vi.ew, Taiwan Chinese renunciation of force which have contributed to the can be a bargaining chip in a with respect to Taiwan. China has cause of world peace. political deal. This is illusion. never insisted on a military solu- Today, China has become an China has made it clear that U.S. tion, but the ways and means of indispensable force f or world policy toward the Soviet Union is maintaining the sovereignty are peace and against hegemonism. the U.S. government's own affair. up to her alone to decide. Some Whoever is far-sighted is bound to We will not comment here on this. even insisted that China "return weigh correctiy China's influence But the "Taiwan question" in- to the norms of civilized behavior" in the world and its position in the volves China's sovereignty; that or that Taiwan should not be global strategy. Wrong estimates issue is China's internal affair, and forced to give up its "sovereignty" on this score can only lead to not up for bargaining. The prin- and accept the rule of "a Com- faulty strategy. ciple that Taiwan is Chinese

52 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Taiwan fishermen, saved by mainland compatriots from peril at sea, visit Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum in Naniing. Zhang Pittg

Pan Chonggui from Taiwan (right) and Zhou Ruchang trom the mainland (cen- ter) exchange views on the famorrs Chinese classieal novel "A Dream of Red Mansions" on which they are both experts, at a symposium hetd last year in thc U.S. Gu Wenfu

territory is part of the 1979 Joint concern. Obviously. to arm a posing the threat of hegemonism. Communique on the estabLishment province of a country against its It contravenes the norms guiding of Sino-American relations. U.S. central government is eontrary to international behavior and does officials have been told very all principles of international ha'rm to friendship with the clearly how seriously the Chinese relations" This act of the Dutch Chinese people. government and people take this government has angered the Linked with such tendencies too, matter. If anyone in the U.S. tries Chinese people, as well as many perhaps is misunderstanding of to re-enact the "two Chinas',' people and parliamentarians in China's current policy of economic farce, China can do nothing but Holland, and China's government readjustment. Some quarters may iace that reality and act has reacted accordingly by de- be over-pessimistic about the accordingly. manding the downgrading of the prospects for economic cooperation It is important for everyone to status of diplomatic representa- and trade with China. What they know that the stand of the Chinese tion between the iwo countries. f ail to see is that the economic government and people with regard The Dutch action came precisely readjustment lays a sounder and to Taiwan is corxistent and firm. at a time when the pro-KMT more reliable f oundation f or We trust that American leaders forces in the U.S. were seeking to China's further economic develop- with insight will not favor policies turn back the clock in Sino- ment. Even during the readjust- Ieading to retrogression in Sino- American relations. Ii seem.s that ment, trade between China and American relations. Also, we short-sighted people in the West other countries, while in some believe that the American people who wish to sound out the rrac- respects limited, will continue to do not want. and will not tion of the Chinese government grow, because the readiustment allow a policy leading to such and people by cottoning rlp to the inciudes advance in some cconomic retrogression. KMT authority. are making some f ields, as well as cutbacks in kind of test. others, and the whole process will Economic Short-sightedness Apparently, the new "two speed advance in the future. Chinas", thrust does have some- One more rationale being floated thing to do with the stagnation The Chinese People Can't is that economic difficulties in the and depression in the western Be Bullied West can be remedied by courting economy. But the mercantile idea, the Kuomintang authority on "do everything for immediate The Chinese people are firm in Taiwan. For example, late last prefit", is clearly a self-defeating their adherence to self-reliance, year the Dutch government ap- one in international affairs, and defense of the country's territorial proved the sale of two subrnarines particularly on this issue. It integrity, and a polic;' of friend- to the KMT authority on Taiwan overlooks the larger interest in ship with the people of other by the Riin-Schelde-Verolme maintaining world peace and op- countries in common struggle for

MAY I98T 53 world peace and against hege- monism. The contributions they Distributing lncome have made in this connection in the past 31 years are well known. They are against any nation bully- rn a Prod uction Team ing another and certainly will not allow themselves to be bullied. LIU CHENLIE Americans and Chinese have been pleased to see the more frequent interchanges between LIOW do commune members get 1979, its collective income increas- them since the establishment of ll paid for their collective work? ed because of incentives provided diplomatic relations. We sincerely Figures from a production team through a new contract system. hope that these relations will visited by this reporter in a moun- Let us see how. continue to develop on the basis tainous area in northwestern Hebei The team has 31 households, 117 of the principles laid down in the province may help answer the inhabitants, of whom 35 are able- 1972 Shanghai Communlque and question. bodied people and about 50 hec- the 1979 Joint Communique. This Production Team No. 2 of the tares of farmland. Its products are would be in the interests not only Bagua Brigade is a part of the mainly sorghum, corn, millet and of China but, more important, of Liguanying Commune. In 1980 sunflower seeds for oil. To cope the overall world situation with each member received an average with the drought last year. the regard to opposition to hegemonism of 228 yuan in cash from the team improved its labor manage- and the maintenance of worid team's collective work. This rvas ment. divided into two groups and peace. And it would also be in 90 yuan more than 1979 in spite adopted a new system of responsi- the interests of the American of the fact that the most serious bility. This stipulates that a group people, as many Americans, both drought of the century had cut overfulfilling its contract targets public figures and private citizens, grain harvests there by 42 percent. will be rewarded and tl-re have repeatedly emphasized. Eight f amilies had cash incomes group whose output failed to com- from the collective totaling over plete its ptan will be penalized. 1,000 yuan. The members get more pay if theY Reunification In addition to cash, each person contribute more to the collective just effort. It is certain that China will be (not each worker) in the team reunified. This is the common received an average of some 200 The new clearly defined respon- desire of the Chinese people, kilograms of food grain - well sibility made the membei's more including those in Taiwan. Far- over the figure for other produc- active. When the drought hit. theY sighted people on both mainland tion teams in Huailai county. tightened f ield management, and isLand are working to achieve The collective distribution was maintained full stands of seedling.s this goal. But some KMT officials only 60 percent of the totai cash and took such emergency meas- members; the in Taiwan a1e still plagued by an income of all the ures as repianting entire {ields that percent from their a obstinate affliction: Dependent on other 40 came could not be saved, using plots occupa- the foreign pleasure, they tighten private and sideline drought-resisting, high-yield va- tions. riety of sunflower. A bumper hheir control and oppression of the per-capita in- local people. Now they have taken With an average harvest in oiiseeds totaling 25 tons work of advantage of the new come from the collective and rvorth 250,000 yuan heiped to "two Chinas'i yuan, live current abroad to step up their 228 a family can fairly boost earnings. village. own hubbub. Their performance, well in such a mountain Because of the drought. the Peasants own their own houses. too, will prove short-sighted, as it state cut the team's agricultural FueI and electricity costs are low. goes against the trend of the times tax by 30 percent. For all these They do not pay f or water or and the will of the people. reasons, its net income ren-rained transportation. Clothes and equip- 1.372 The reunification of China is a above the average for the ment are the major items needed historic inevitability. Those who production teams in Huailai recognize to improve their. life. A simple county this, and help or at price list will show the purchasing least do not hinder its smooth power of 228 yuan: cloth for cloth- Principles Distribution accomplishment, will be doing a tor ing costs 1 yuan per meter; a good thing for the Chinese peopie, bicycle, 140 yuan; a transistor in" production team is the improvement situa- of the world radio, 30 yuan; an electronic watch basic accounting unit in most com- tion, and history. Those who made in China, 70 yuan. munes. Its di.stribution of income stick to the wrong course will directly affects each member. New Contract System place themselves counter to aII Every major problem is discussed three, and damage their own and Though the team's grain harvest by the members themselves before the international interest. in 1980 fell far short of that in being decided. The leader's job is This is what we want to explain LIU CHENLIE is a China Reeonstructs to organize the carrying-out of the to our friends. D staff reporter. decision. Before the distribution at

54 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS the end of the year, the accountant Sixty percent of the food grain food grain supply was 580 kg., and makes a preliminary reckoning of in the team is distributed according their work point grain 522 kg., the amount due each famiJ.y, based to the total number of the people averaging 220 kg. per person. on the totai output, income and in the production team (including Like most other production expenditure of the team and the children and the elderly) and forty teams work performed by each member in China, this one has a dis- percent according work (reckoned in work points). He to the tribution twice a year. In the sum- points caiculates the money value of each earned by working mem- mer the members get some grain work point (based on the team's bers. This method embodies the in advance and after the autumn total distributable income) and principle "to each according to his harvest the final accounts and dis- the average amount of food grain work" and "more work. more tribution are made. They can also to be distributed in kind. The pay". At the same time the basic get some money or grain in advance estimate is discussed by the man- food grain needs of both adults at any time if they need it. agement committee and by all team and children are guaranteed members, then posted in a public - with the members who do more Special place. Anyone can check the Aid fig- work getting more grain, as an in- ures with the accountant's books. centive to taking more active The production team takes good When everything is settled, the a accountant part in collective production. care of orphans and old people completes the distribu- with tion report and sends copies to the Distributing food grain this way no relatives to look after brigade and commune. The team is fairly complicated. The total them. It gives subsidary work holds its annual distribution meet- amount of grain produced by the points to armymen's families and ing at the beginning of the follow- team in 1980 was 40,410 kilograms. those of revoLutionary martyrs ac- rng year After the agricultural tax, paid in cording to the established policy grain. was taken out and the seed of the state. Since member Tian Who Got What and animal feed set aside. 23,438 Fenglu's son was away in the army Of the team's total 1980 income. kg. remained f or sharing, out last year, the family was credited 69.5 percent was distributed to among the members. Sixty per- for the year with 500 work points the members, 2 percent went to cent of this was divided among 117 worth 72.50 yuan and 20 kg. of the state. 17 percent was deducted people (the total population), giv- grain. This kept their income to cover the year's expenditure ing each a basic equal to that of other famiLies. and 11.5 percent went into the amount of 116 kg. accumulation fund. This is a pro- Forty percent was divided among An eighty-year-old woman, Li portion advantageous to the members at the rate of 0.04 kg. Lushi, who has no family, got 225 strengthening of the collective per work point. Thus. Li Guang- kg. of grain, 50 yuan, vegetables economy and to arousing the sheng's family of five, for exam- and fruit. Also the state gave her socialist enthusiasm of the masses. ple, with two full-time work- a grant and the brigade provided while also making a contribution ers and one half-time, earned her with free medical care,. hous- to the state. 13,050 work points. Their basic ing and clothing

Li Guangsheng's poses famil)' for the photographer in a cele- Year-end clistribution in Bagua Brigade's Team No, z. brative nrood. ye Wanf ano Liu Chentic

MAY 19ET ffi # &

[Iaking \\'riting hrushes in Zho,iiang's lUrrxing county. lnksticks lro.r Anhui pro'in<'e's Shexi.n,'o.,n,u"r, Wt Yuatt[irt Zhert.t.Ln Anhui's Four Treasures of the Studio

ST]N WEIXILI

Giant inkslab $,eighing 20ll kg. recentll made in Shexian lllaking Xuan paper in Jingxiirn countl . Anhui province. coun(y. Ftt Zhentitt Ftt Zhett-ttrt

rfi HE brush. inkstick. inkslab and Though these things are produced acter calligraphy is practised and l- paper the implements fr.;r' in many parts of China, Anhui's some from other countries traditional-style- writing Chinese - are stiLl among the most famous have long been known as the "foul An exhibition of the best exam- The Writing Brush treasures of the studio". At least pies, ancient and modern, was re- Chinesg char- has been so since the North- Early writirrg of this cently held in Beijing, Shanghai whittled. ern Song dynasty (960-1127) when acters was done with a and Guangzhou where it attracted sharpened willow stick on strips there was a shop of that name the attention of calligraphers and of bamboo. dynasty (221-246 seliing them in today's Shexian Qin artists (since in China the instru- B.C.) Generai Meng Tian is credit- county at the foot of the Huang- ments of the writer are simul- invention of the shan Nlountains in Anhui province. ed with the taneously those of the painter). brush of hai.r. According to a AIso attracted to the exhibition story, while supervising construc- SUN WEIXIU, a specialist in Chinese inkslabs, works for the Anhui Art were visitors from abroad, many tion on the Great WalI, he saw a Handicraf ts Corporation. from Japan where Chinese-char- tuft of goat's hair stuck to one of

56 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS the stones. Pulling it off , he Xiangxuexuan factory in Dang- Sometimes a picture is formed oI noticed its resemblance to the shan county. Their products are several sticks placed together. One willow sticks and finally made an used by calligraphers and artists of the most famous of these implement for writing from it. both in China and abroad. The Yi described in an ancient book con- The Anhui version of this story has Pin Zhrai and Ming Dao Tang sisted of 16 sticks, which when it that he got this idea when he shops make imitations of the Tang put togeLher showed the whole and his men arrived in the prov- dynasty chicken-feather brush. process of making cloth, the cotton ince's Xuancheng and Jingxian Most brushes get their names f ieids, the weavers and looms. and saw their big, fat rabbits with from the way they are made and Another famous set of 64 had Iong hair. Actualiy, we know the animal hair used, but some- scenes of Yuan Ming Yuan, the old from archaeological studies that times they bear more abstract Summer Palace outside Beijing. brushes were used for writing at names like the Jingxian factory's Often a craftsman takes months least as early as the Warring States Lotus Stem and its Chasing the or even years to complete one period (475-221 B.C.). Moon, which can be used for both picture Subjects on sets of ink- At any rate, up untii about the writing and painting. sticks made today include scenic 10th century Xuanzhou in Jing- spots. designs inspired by contem- xian county was famous for its Ink and lnksticks porary life such as a set featuring rabbit-hair brushes. is recorded acrobats. and scenes from famous It Chinese ink is made of soot with that fourth century one of novels like PilgrimaEe to the West in the glue to hoid it together. It comes its mastel craftsmen even received and folk tales like Chang'e Fl"ies tr: i.n the form of a stick which is a letter from Wang Xizhi, general- the Moon. rubbed onto the inkslab with a Iy considered to be the greatest Iittle water. Most famous are the The tnkslab Chinese calligrapher of all times, Hui inksticks from Anhui's Hui- praise in of his work. In the Tang zhou in the pine-covered moun- The stone on which the inkstick dynasty (618-90?) sophisticated tains along the Xin'an River. They is rubbed must be extremely hard brushes made by a Xuanzhou were developed there more than and smooth. The She inkslabs craftsman named Zhuge from a thousand years ago when an from Anhui's Shexian county are chicken-leg feathers. rabbit hair inkmaker driven from northern one oi China's four most famous and the hairs from around a China by war settled down in types made since the Tang dynas- weasel's mouth known as palpi Huizhou after finding that its pine. ty. Most of the She inkslabs are were taken by the monk Jian Zhen after burning, made good ink- fashioned from black stone, but to Japan, where they were greatly sticks. His son Xi Tinggui became there are also other varieties, with treasured. famous for inksticks which were red markings, green veins and a The technique of making Xuan- described as "black as lacquer and third all green. Designs formed zhou brushes continued to im- hard as jade". Li Yu, last so- by markings in the stone include prove. Two famous men of letters vereign of the state of Southern "eyebrows", "pair of eyebrows" of the Song dynasty (960-1280) are Tang of the Five Dynasties praised and "immortals' eyebrows". Some on record for their special Xi's inksticks, along with Xuan ol the varieties had disappeared appreciation of those made by a paper and the She inkslab (see but are being revived. Designs are craftsman named Zhuge Gao. below), as the finest in the country. also carved around the edges of Brushes from Huizhou in Anhui He granted Xi Tinggui the right to the inkslab. came in for praise from the famous imperial henceforth assume the Xuan Paper Tang dynasty poet Bai Juyi, who surname, Li (hence the present wrote a poem entitled "The Brown name of the product Li Tinggui Finally, with all the tools assem- Rabbit-hair Brush" in honor of ink) and offered to- put him in bled, we get to the paper. Anhui one type. charge of making inksticks for the After the Song dynasty, because court. Tripod inkslabs from the Han dynasty of frequent wars, many of Anhui's The ink from the Huizhou ink- (20G B.C.-A.D. 220) unearthed in Taihe brushmakers fled southward and sticks does not gum up the brush county, Anhui province, are the oldesl another center for the trade grew so far discovered in china' and fade. Though the paper of Ftt Zhen:ti, up in Huzhou. now known as some ancient works of calligraphy Wuxing. in coastal Zhejiang has nearly fallen apart, the char- provrnce. acters written on it with this ink Ilowever, some of Anhui's most are still sharp and clear. An ink- famous brush shops from the past stick is a work of art in itself, be- are still there. like Yi Pin Zhai cause of the designs carved ot (First-Quality Studio) and Ming painted on it. These include hu- Dao Tang (Hall of the Brilliant man figures. landscapes, birds. Way). New factories have also flowers, insects, pavilions and been set up since liberation in temples, flying clouds, dragons. 1949, including the Jingxian phoenixes and border designs as Writing Brush Plant. and the well as poems in fine calligraphy.

MAY I98I 51 is the home of China's most fa- mous paper used for calligraphy Matchbox Lobels and painting, tine Xuan, named for the place it has been produced since ancient times, Xuanzhou (today's Xuancheng in Anhui in Chino province). Made from the bark of the Tatar Wingceltis, growing only JI YAN in southern Anhui, Xuan paper is very absorbent, a quality that produces excellent gradations when painting in the ink-wash It IATCHBOX labels in China, picture style. For this it has long been IYI rit" stamps. often a- cherished. historical subjects. economic Legend has it that around the chievement and cultural traditions Collecting matchbox beginning of the third century the of the country. labels is a popular hobbY in China, people of Xuanzhou were already as elsewhere. making paper from the fibres of The world's first matchbox'label plant, ret- the bark of this after was made in Vienna in 1837, four ting in streams. They developed years after the world's first match their own traditional methods factory was built. China's first which are still used today in mak- match factory, the Qiaoming, was ing Xuan paper. Many people built in Guangzhou (Canton) in know and love this paper. but not 18?9. Its first label in color, a half- many know that it takes a year to Iength picture of the EmPress go through the hundred-some Dowager Ci Xi, appeared in 1894 processes in its production. The earliest matrh- to mark her 60th birthdaY. Xuan paper is thin, dense, box label in China. Most current designs on Chinese smooth, fine-grained, Iight. soft. 1E94. matchbox labels are reproductions strong and very white. Its tough- of traditional art f orms such as ness makes it particularly suitable paintings. woodcuts, PaPercuts. for Chinese brush painting and New Year pictures and cartoons. facilitates mounting. Its qualities The unique combination of art and of lightness and softness make it trademarks makes for rich content. possible to keep it rolled for many Human figures include characters years without being spoiled. from Chinese classical novels such There are two main varieties, as "A Dream of Red Mansions". that in natural white and another "Pilgrimage to the West". "Out- known as jianzhi dyed in various laws of the Marshes" and from colors... The latter was particular- Beijing operas such as "The White Heaven''. ly popular among calligraphers of Snake" and "Havoc in f manY famous the Tang and Song dynasties (by Also eatured are printed memory scenes Beiiing, Shanghai, the latter dynasty there were over Label in 1895 in from of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894- Hangzhou, Guilin and Suzhou. 60 varieties). Ming dynasty (1368- 1895. The variety is endless Palace 1644) wash painting with vivid Ianterns, kites and fans;- rare expression and bold outlines birds and animals, exotic flowers broadened the use of natural- and trees: sports. cultural relics. white Xuan paper. children's activities. communica- Xuan paper resists worms and tions and hygiene. does not yellow with age. Artists Chinese matchbox labels. Iike say the longer it has aged the bet- stamps, may come singly or in ter it is to write or paint on. Its sets. In 1958, teachers and students durability has enabled many an- at the Central Institute of Arts and cient books and paintings and Crafts designed for the Beijing examples of calligraphy by fa- Match Factory a set of 36 pictures: mous artists to 6e preserved down 12 of scenic spots, 12 of flowers to today. This is also why Xuon Label in commemoration of the and 12 of birds. Matchbox labels paper has own the name "the pa- death of Sun Yat-sen, are also printed in the main per with a life of a thousand Photos bE Ji Zhiguang minority languages such as Mongo- years". tr Iian. Tibetan and Uygur. tr

5B CHINA RECONSTRUCTS f q$B['* in 20 seconds to give the answer t4,551,9t5,228, 366,85 1,806,604, 625- 26 digits altogether.

How Does He Do It?

How does the boy do this so quickly? "Mental arithmeticians" from the Chinese and Shanxi abacus associations, Prof . Wu Yingdong of the Jilin UniversitY math department, Prof . Li Baoguang, of the Central College of Finance and Economics, and Shi Fengshou, another f amous 25-year-o1d mental arithmetician (see C.R.. March 1980), tested and talked with Shen Kegong. TheY believed he has strong analytical ability in a.ddition to his excep- tionally good intelligence an'd memory. The methods he uses are the same factoring and ratio reduction f amiliar to middle school students. But he can choose a correct and best way Shen Kegong shorvs his talenls at the Iirst nafional very quickly and change methods abacus calculaling contest in Hangzhou. Rttan ;lun whenever needed in calculating. He has also stored many com- plete calculations in his head, and can use them at will. Twelve-Year-Old Math l{hiz His skill is due in great part to his industriousness. He squares the numbers of vehicle licence plates while walking on the streets, and calculates the volume of crates in shops. He practices A 12-year-old trcy in Shanxi he immediately reported the wherever he goes. Shopping with ,[ r province does complicated answer,3.75, 11 seconds faster his mother one day, he pointed math problems in his head faster than the calulators. The third out the mistakes made by a sales- than people can use a pocket- man in his accounting. problem was 639 x 33 . r calculator. The boy, Shen Kegong, f Ss+zlo -- : It was not until the spring of is from a peasant family in Xia- The resuLt, 21,183, was out 1979 that people began to pay at- xian county. of Shen Kegong's head in 3.4 tention to the boy's taients. In a Last autumn he gave ten seconds, again faster than the math contest heid among sixth- demonstrations in Taiyuan, the calculators. The audience sat year primary school pupils in provincial capital, and in Beijing. stunned at this last feat, then Dalu People's Commune, Shen One of them was watched by burst into thunderous applause. Kegong, as a candidate from the 1,200 accountants. Shen Kegong Zhang Yuzhong, Chairman of Shicun Primary School, had appeared to his audience to be an finished his entire paper with the Shanxi Provincial Abacus ordinary boy in a suit of home- every problem solved correctly Association, who accompanied the made clothes, except that his eyes aimost on the instant as the boy at each of his performances, occasionally gave hints of deep teacher had given'aII the prob- said 600 problems Shen thought. Three competitors used that of lems. As he hadn't bothered to pocket-calculators, and beside them Kegong did, all were solved cor- do the calculations on paper, this was a timekeeper. rectly, and 400 were done more created a stir in the whole county. The first problem was 1.4552:?. quickly than the pocket-calcula- In 1980 Shen Kegong finished After only 0.6 seconds, the boy tors. More than 60, whose re- all the junior middle school started writing the answer on the sults contain eight to twelve courses in 10 months with excel- blackboard 2.117025. Then digits, were beyond the capacity lent grades, and last September he - of the calculators. In Beijing, entered the senior middle schooi. came I x202 + 10000-0.25= ? and J Shen solved the problem 625e: 7 skipping over two junior years.E

MAY I98I 61 ln $earch 0f the lost City of l(roraina

{ ^-r" MU SHUNYTNG

rf.\HE MANY small kingdoms ren. ti *", described as an eerle r which once flourished in what wasteland where "no birds fler,r' are now the deserts of central in the sk;r, no beasts roamed the Asia have long been a fascinating earth, and the bones of dead rnen subject for study and speculation provided the only landmarks". both in China and abroad. One What was Kroraina like? And of the most interesting of these was what had happened to it? EarlY the tiny state of Kroraina (known in this century the Swedish ex- as Loulan in Chinese, popu).ation plorer Sven Hedin found the 10,000), which existed up to the ruiris of Kroraina on the western 4th century, near the dead lake Lop Nur in what is today Xinjiang. It was an important point on the Examining remains of houses in the ancient city. Old Silk Road. Here the route split into a northern and a southern branch. A stopping-off place for merchants and emissaries in the east-west exchange, it was fre- quently referred to in writings as having a flourishing culture. Then for reasons unknown, after the year 376 Kroraina was mentioned no more in history. Its territory had originally been marginal desert and alkaline land where, we surmise, the people made a living raising cattle, hunt- ing and fishing. It seems that, for some unexplained reason the area suddenly turned completely bar- MU SHUNYING is vice-tlirector of the Bureau of Archeological Research of the Academy of Social Sciences in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

62 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS bank of Lop Nur. His reports. providing the first glimpse of the culture of ancient kroraina. ireated an international stir. Other explorers followed, among them the Englishman Sir Aurel Stein, the American Ellsworth Huntington and the Japanese Tachibana Zuicho. They collected a number of im- portant obiects, some of which were returned to China after her liberation in 1949. In the 1940s the noted Chinese archeologist Huang Wenbi.reached the norlhern bank of the Konque River northwest of- Lop Nur. A flood prevented him from getting to Kroraina, but his surveys provided:valuable data for study of the history of the Lop Nur region. In June 1979 a helicopter survey team fi'om the Xinjiang Archeo- logical !.esearch Bureau sighted ruins,on the north bank of Lop Nur at 89"50' east Iongitude and 40"31' north latitude which from the delcriptions of Hedin and Stein they immediately recognized to be Kroraina, with its Buddhist p'agoda and a three-room govern- ment'building at its center. In November the survey team set out again. Proceeding on foot from the north bank of the river. they reached Krorainq. These two preliminary surveys ppovided helpf uI .data for rhe official ex- peditidn which began in April 1980. I took part in both the June and Apri.I trips. Setting out by jeep from Dun- hua!g,. on the Old Silk Road, by Above right: Silk Road beacon tower at Tugen stopover surrounded br' yardang mid-April we had reached the terrain. Tiebdn River, a tiny dried-up river in the delta where the Konque the ruins of an earthen beacon cavated on a previous survey (see River o-nce ran into Lop Nur. It tower, and around the walls of the box p. 65). bed flanked is nothing but a dry stronghold houses had once Leaving the Tieban River, we by clusters of wind-eroded hum- stood, but now- only some barely- went along the north bank of the mocks. Here had been the site of discernible foundations remain. Konque River to the site of Tugen, an intgrmediate stopping We spent three days there during Kroraina. The banks of the dried- point on the Silk Road during the which we found some Han dynasty up portion of this river were Han dynasty (?06 B.C,-A.D. 200). coins, several types of arrowheads typical of the configuration known Lying south of the Turpan oasis and fragments of bronze mirrors. as yardang uneven ridges of and north'illest of Kroraina, Tugen On the outskirts one of our party Sand or clay- with gullies some- had been dlscovered in the 30s'by found a jade ax. Two kilometers times two meters deep eroded by Prof. Huang W,enbi with an ex- southwest of Tugen were two centuries of northeasterly winds. pedition that set out from Turpan. graveyards where the body of a When Stein surveyed the region In the centQr of, Tugen.still. stand much earlier date had been ex- he adopted this term, Turkic for

MAY 1981 63 steep bank or precipice, used for of Kroraina related to an Indian such land by the local PoPulation. vernacular. Most of it was on and it has since entered the wooden slips. This time we found geomorphologists' lexicon. more Han writing on sliPs and also As our jeeps could not coPe with on paper, and one sliP inscribed in the terrain. we continued our Kharosthi, all from the 3rd cen- journey on camel.s. The distance, tury B.C. or later. These docu- as the crow flies, between the ments furnished further proof that north bank of the Konque and these ruins were the site of Kroraina is 28 kilometers, but we Kroraina and had also been the covered twice that distance be- seat of the Eastern Han dynasty's cause oI detours forced on us bY permanent envoy to the Western the yardang. After an arduo-us Regions, as this of China was sighted the Part trek, at dusk we then called. pagoda. had reached Kroraina ! We The pagoda east of the citY con- up onto the base of We clambered sisted of mud bricks and rushes pagoda there our the and Pitched and sticks plastered with mud- tents. Though much deteriorated, it 10.4 m. tall. The base Surveying the City still stood measured 19.5 meters wide. South The next day we began our of it had been a temple where Sven survey. The ancient city covered Hedin had unearthed a Buddha meters in an area about 300 statue. , Piles of thick wooden Graves surrounded by rows of stakes in both directions, or approximately beams lay about, some carved in 100,000 square meters. The city a whorl design whieh bore witness wall was gone, but its foundations to the skill of the artisans of lishment with a second gate could still be seen. In the center ancient Kroraina. North of the inside. The main building had of the city stood the ruins of the pagoda, five kilometers from the wings on either side and an had been the large building whi.ch we found a Buddhist monas- orchard in the back. government. was the city, center of It a large pagoda. On the North of the city there had aP- walis tery with only one within the former seen murals parently been a building of some built of mud bricks. Only the Iatter could stili be of Buddhist kind. of which only a huge earthen walls of the off ice remained; the and fragrnents platf orm and a heap of beams interior was empty. Other build- statuary painted in coiors. now remained. Scattered through- ings around it had collapsed and The southern and southwestern were fragments of the ground was littered with ruins parts of the city had been residen- out the city jars, wooden of stout beams, ta1l doorposts and tial districts. Inside the ruins of pots and broken vermilion pi.llars, attesting to the mud-plastered walls one could still spoons and bowls, Iacquered cuPs. forrner splendor of the premises. see the bases of large pillars. pottery dishes and many ancient Earlier explorers had discovered Roofs'had consisted of reeds and coins, small bronze implements. Iarge amounts of documentation in mud. We walked through a wide colored beads and pieces of glass. both Han Chinese characters and gate and into the courlyard of one Among the coins we found were Kharosthi, the now-lost language of the homes. It was large estab- some from the Western and

A clue that th€ Silk Road continued to pass the site 0f Kroraina in later years are Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-90?) coins found in its ruins. Jade ax from the ruins of the central city.

64 CHINA EECONSTEUCTS The Brown-llaired Girl lrom [op ilur

HE body of a young woman with Iong light-brown hair ex- cavated near Lop Nur in Xinjiang indicates one of the ethnic types who peopted the area long ago. It has been dated tentatively at 6,412 years ago! or around 4,500 8.C., by radio-carbon tests at Nanjing University. The body, dried naturally by the desert air. was in good state of preservation. She had long lashes, a high-bridged nose, deep- set eyes and delicate features. On her head was a felt hood-like lht' eemetery. bonnet adorned with two wild goose quills. The upper part of her body was wrapped in a woolen blanket pinned in place with a sharpened twig. The lower limbs were wrapped in coarse leather. Eastern Han dynasties and one ot leather shoes covered her feet. the central Asian Kushan state. and grave which the bo'dy was excavated was a rectan- Our team's meteorologists and The from with pebbles' geographers found an ancient gular pit lined with planks with the bottom spread waterway which had once flowed The body was laid on these, covered with rushes, branches and a in a northeast-southwesterly direc- Iayer of sand in a fashion similar to ancient tombs previously ex- tion through the city. This, in cavated on the north bank of the nearby Konque River' The conjunction with the riverbed graveyard was one of two on a terrace between seven and eight outside the city, gave us further meters above the present surface of the ground. inf ormation on the city's water With the body were a small hamper and flat basket probably supply. used for winnowing, whi.eh covered her face. Both were woven of rushes. Bags of wheat were found in other similar graves ex- Relics of the Silk Road cavated at the same time. view anthropology' Five kiiometers east of the city Now being stu'died from the point of of pathology, physiology and biochemistry by we f ound more ancient burial anatomy, histology, grounds, one of which had been scientists from the Xinjiang Archeological Research Bureau, Shang- excavated by Stein. trIere we were hai No. 1 Medical college, the shanghai Museum of Natural History rewarded with a quantity of silk and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the body may supply im- f abrics f rom the Eastern Han portant information about the ethnic composition and development dynasty. One, a brocade, had de- of this region. signs in brorn n, yellow and green against a blue background, with auspicious words intersPersed among floral and animal designs in the style of the brocades of groves of Euphrates PoPlar trees, arid: rivers dried uP, trees died, the Eastern Han Period. Also some as much as two meters the earth became Parched and unearthed were woolen fabrics in around, all withered and dead, cracked, all vegetation and animal bright and original color combina- but still standing in the desert. life vanished and the city's in- material surmised tions. They will Provide Meteorologists among us habitants fled en masse. Centuries for studying the weaving techni- that they had died all at once of wind and sand had then buried ques of old Kroraina and trade probably because their suPPIY of Kroraina's civilization, Ieaving it along the SiIk Road. water was abruptly cut off. At to On the northwestern and south- that time the Kroraina area must a mystery for later generations western outskirts of the citY were have suddenly become much more uncover. tr

MAY I98T 65 ',i I

Elder monk Zheng Guo reads to students the ten abstentions for an acolyl,e. Zheng Zhensurt Buddhist Academy Reopened LONG SHAN

(-f N December 22. 1980. a cere- \-, mony reopening the Chinese Buddhist .{cademy in Beijing after its closure during the "cultural rev- olution" was attended by many noted persons and government of- ficials. In the ritual atmosphere of incense and votive candles, flow- ers and fruit, 40 young Buddhist monks prayed before a statue ot Sakyamuni. The opening was led by Bainqen Erdini, honorary chair- man of the Chinese Buddhist As- sociation, and Zhao Puchu, lay Buddhist and chairman of the as- sociation. Present were 200 Bud- dhist elders, masters and lamas of different nationalities from many parts of China.

The Aeademy Initiation to monkhood. Zheng Zhensun The academy, the highest Bud- dhist institution in the country, is located thousand-year-old in the The academy was ciosed in 1966 Forty-one students were enrolled Fayuan Monastery in Beijing. It plus 30 in the branch school. Their was established in 1956 the when the "cultural revolutiqn" by ages from 18 They Chinese Buddhist Association to began. Its reopening was made run to 30. passed train religious personnel and re- possible by the stabilization of an entrance examination searchers into Buddhism. During China's political situation since after being recommended by the monasteries from which they came. the following ten years, it turned 1976 and the reaffirmation of the The five-year term includes a out 380 graduates, including those policy of freedom of religion. A in special courses and research preparatory course of two years school classes. Most returned to the mon- branch was started at the and an additional three years of asteries which had originally sent same time in the Lingyanshan study. A research class gives them, or to branches of the Bud- Monastery at Suzhou in Jiangsu advanced students f urther training. dhist Association. provrnce. Another branch school teaching in

66 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS the Tibetan language will be established soon. The academy has a faculty of a dozen, including three monks and several Buddhist scholars. It is financed by the Chinese Buddhist Association and donations by Buddhists at home and abroad.

Academy lJife li:r' The academy provides the ':! #t th. ). ':'' #i .o; ' i:ls facilities needed for self-cultivation V" according to Buddhist doctrine. 9n- The students get up at daybreak. wash and go to prayers and to recite scriptures at 6:00. Medita- r tion is in the evening at 7:00 or I 8:00. Sitting cross-legged in the Bainqen Erdini (right second, and Zhao Puchu (third right) at the reopenins hall, the students attempt to con- of the Chinese Butldhist Acailemy. Liu Chen centrate on un,derstanding the essence of the scripture. Regular classes come in the morning and afternoon. They students are diligent in their study People's minds are complex, cover Buddhist history, scripture and meditation. Some. of them Insiructor Ming Zhe answers, and and cultural knowledge, classical get up at three or four in the they may hold dif f erent beliefs Chinese as an aid to understand- rnorning, some meditate late into under the same social system. ing the ancient scriptures, cal- the night, many save money to Before liberation, poverty often ligraphy, current affairs, state buy offerings to Buddha. Since drove people to become monks. poiicies general science. and most of them are from famous Some did so because of feeling of English and Japanese are elective monasteries, they have a being deserted by life or to escape courses. Famed monks and scholars strong desire to learn and are criminal. charges Their belief in give lectures every Saturday. conscientious in study. Buddhism grew largely after Students do their own cleaning entering the monasteries. Young regularly. They are housed in Why Does Youth Believe? spacious wings of the monastery. people today, Ming Zhe thinks. a dozen to a room, A canteen Few young people in China. beli.eve in Buddhism because of serves vegetarian meals. Room, today believe in leligion. Why, the f ollowing: (1) the influence board and expenses are free. It then, have some of them, born exerted on them by their Buddhist is plain but not uncomfortable life. under socialism and either families, (2) their desire to devote Ming Zhe, 54. an elder monk students or workers before. become themselves to research in Bud- and instructor, reports that the monks? dhism for its rich cultural heritage

('leaning the campus. Xie ,Ilnl A class under t'lder monk Ming Zhe. Xie .lun

MAY 1987 67 and philosophy of life, (3) their and repaired and rebuilt many Archoeologicol admiration f or the benevolence times afterward. In l\27 the News and peaceful spirit of Buddhism emperor Qin Zong of the Song after being repelled by the dynasty was held here after he inhuman things that happened was captured in Kaifeng by troops during the "cultural revoiution", of the State of Jin. In 1173 it was Bronze Chariots from Qin and (4) family problems. used as the site of imperial Today's students know some- examinations. During China's last Emperor's Tomb thing about Buddhism before they dynasty, the Qing, the Fayuan come to the academy. They come Monastery became well-known for HE EXCAVATION near Xi'an neither to escape criminal charges its beautiful flowers, ancient trees which became world-famous nor f or a living. Moreover, and serene atmosphere. In 1918, for its army lif pottery according to the state's policy on the famous painter Qi Baishi of e-size religion, anyone can be admitted lived here. The monastery warriors and horses has yielded into monastic life if the person is was frequented by many famous another astounding find two - willing, in good health, the family scholars. full-scale bronze chariots each agrees and he or she has not been Just inside the big red gates, drawn by four bronze horses. and. guilty of a crime. bell and drum towers (one with a driver of bronze. They were Long Xing, one of the students. reporting the time during the day, comes from a family which has the other at night) stand on either unearthed in December 1980 from been Buddhist for three genera- side' of the first courtyard. In a site 17 meters west of the grave tions. Three of his aunts are nuns. front of the drum tower is a of Emperor Qin Shi Huang (259- and his father only gave up his shiny-leaf yellowhorn tree (Xan- 210 B.C.) in Lintong county 30 kllo- desire to become a monk because thoceras sorbifolia) 300 years o1d. meters east of Xi'an. These are the his grandparents depended on him. In Chinese it is calle'd Wenguan earliest bronze chariots ever found Buddhism was instilled in Long Guo (official's fruit) tree. Luo Pin. Xing's mind from childhood. He famous painter and poet of the in the country They might have is reticent and likes the quiet Qing dynasty, wrote a poem here, been part of a chariot fleet housed atmosphere of the monastery. It uslng the name of the tree to in an underground chariot shed was impossible for him to become satirize officials greedy for fame. near the underground palace, or a monk during the revo- grow "cultural It read, "Monks the tree for tomb.' The 6,000 pottery lution " Now he has realized his its fruit. but the flowers are happy 'uvarriors hope. rvith the name 'official'." found in 1974 were in an auxiliary Yuan An, another student, used The HalI of the King of Heaven, chamber east of the tomb itself*. to study in the Beijing Institute in the center courtyard, contains Possibly the chariots are replicas of of Economics. He did not get along many bronze statues of Buddha those used by the empresses, royal with his parents. could not re- done by artisan_s of the Ming concubines or the crown prince. member their iove as a child, and dynasty. Next is Daxiong HalI, Each chariot was always sad and wanting to magnificently decorated with has a single shaft remain aloof from worldly affairs. carved beams and painted pillars. 2.5 meters long. with a ?7-centi- He read something about Bud- It is the main building of the mon- meter crossbar fixed at a right dhism and then, by chance, he met astery, where religious services are angtre near the end. The box meas- an e1'der monk from the Wutaishan held. The Dabei (Great Sadness) ures 1 m. wide, 1.2 m. from front Monastery in Shanxi province Hall contains status of Buddha to back and 42 cm. deep and has through whom he began to f rom diff erent periods made of understand Buddhist theories. He stone. bronze, wood, pottery and an awning, an arlmrest bar in traveled around some of China's porcelain. Among them is China's front and a dooi at the back. The famous monasteries and f inally oldest pottery statue of Buddha, box, awning and door are made of decided to become a Buddhist. dating from Eastern Han dynasty thin bronze sheets painted with (4.D. 25-220). The Scriptures Stor- cloud and geometric designs in ing Hall is behind the others. Here An Ancient Monastery color. Pattra Sutra and Avadamsaka Fayuan Monastery, site of the Sutra copied or carved during the Each chariot's axle measures 1.5 Buddhist Academy, lies quietly in Ming and Qing dynasties are meters, and the wheels are 58 cm. a residential side street. Inside the preserved. in diameter. The horses stand red-walled temples, courtyards, Recently the Chinese Buddhist 72 crn. tall. Their original coat of pavilions and terraces among Museum was estabiished in the paint has faded to a greyish white. ancient trees add solemnity to this Fayuan Monastery along with quiet and stateiy campus. It is the Buddhist Academy- making They have muzzle-halters and head the oldest monastery existing in this ancient shrine not only- a seat Bei jing. It was first built in of learning but a center of *Described in China Reconstructs A.D. 645 during the Tang dynasty, Buddhist relics and art. tr February 1976.

6B CHINA BECONSTRUCTS ;.i:rd

'$

The tvl'o full-size bronze chariots with horses as they were excavated near the Charioteer. grave of Emperor Qin Shi Huang. ornaments made of gb),d, silver and back. It is the first such object bronze, all in good condition. found in China. One of the charioteers of Painted is depicted kneeling, the bronze Huge Bronze lling Uessel other standing. Their garments show them tobe daJu, or 9th grade rFHE HEAVIEST bronze ding rit- officials under the Qin dynasty. I ual cauldron so far known in The location of the site and the China was excavated from a West- form of the chariots suggest that ern Zhou dynasty (llth centurY- they were made between 221 and 771 B.C.) tomb at ShijiaYuan Potlery megaphone. 211 8.C., or within the decade after village in Chunhua countY in cen- Qin Shi Huang unified the countrY. tral Shaanxi province in December 19?9. The vessel, which is thought to date from quite earlY in the Pottery Megaphone Zhou perio,C, weighs 226 kilo- ,TtO what use would a two-meter- grams. It stands 122 centimeters I long megaphone be put in a high and is 54 cm. deep. society still in its primitive stage, The ding and other ritual vessels even before the development of found with it have simple, vigorous slavery? Was it for religious rit- lines typical of this early period. ual, announcements to the clan. The upright handles on either side what? At any rate, a potterY meg- are decorated with a pair of kui aphone similar in shape to meg- dragons tacing each other and aphones used today was found in three more pairs of them aPPear on a cemetery of a people still in prim- the belly. On each raised divider itive society in Minhe countY, between the dragons is an ox-head Qinghai province. With a rope design. The major motifs are set cloud-pattern background through two loops on the upper against Ileaviest bronze ding cauldron, Western part it could be carried on the which adds depth to the design. ! Zhou dynasty.

MAY TgET 69 HUA.NG WENYAN Lesson 5 Mahing an Appointment

14*,lz ,J. A, lfr c'l 4lt,tU *t ttr, 6-Lad, *_ Ifl MAIi : Xilo Wdng, ni diro nir qu? f6 ydu yi rni wi gEo, shi ydng Mary: Xiao Wang, You to where go? Buddha have one meter five high, is use ,I..T.: htth 4i ]* a J,.E Al fr" A4J, + + " - E Xi[o W6rng: Qn v6ujn ii -*tYi f6ng xin. yi zh6ng kudri Miyirshi kdchdng de, Xiao Wang: Go (to) post office mail a letter. a whole piece (of) white jade carved, thfi,lz *\ nK 1,?. -*, fl E A h*A, 4#{xhlrE,e Mi li: W6 gEn ni -€yiqi qn, wd zhdng qudn sh6n ji6Mi, xEngqiirn de bdoshi Mary: I with you together go, I just entire body pure white, inlaid precious stones *F+" EI ttr-ft a x x,{+ + , rF,ff " xEng rnar y0lprao. guiinghui du6 ffii, fEicMng zhEngui. thinking (of) buy stamps. shine dazzle eyes, very rare (and) precious. ,l'E: lk 4. l, ReFr t*i'|, "fi'ftl -Lt *ov-t * A* Xiio W{ng: Ni Mi ziri iiyou? Mili: Zinmen shingwf qn M . Zu,it gonggdng Xiao Wang: You still collect stamPs? Mary: We moming go. Ride (in) public 1**,). B, R 4+ T ?" ii+ +, 4.k++ A4i4*z Miti: Ng, ii de bn du6. qich6 qir, ]di shi qi zixingchE qn? Mary: Yes. collect not many. bus go, or ride bicycle go? ,J. -a: t- ,gt ,l'-a: fr-x x-i. il*-6", ++ a41 + XiAo Wdng: Z6u M! XiAo Wdng: Chiintiin tiinqi nu[nhuo, qi zixingchE Xiao Wang: (Let's) go! Xiao Wang: Spring weather warrn, ride bicycle t4*'1,. ff Blli 6 + '4r le- ciIE-. Miti: Ni mingtiin ydu shi ma? Xilng shiifu. Mary: You tomorrow have business (to do) ? Think comfortable. T A *,+ tL)L? *fr'| hd,- Er,r\ d.Et {. Tv)( bu xilng chiiqu w6nr? Mili: Kdrngud Tudnch6ng yihoir, hii kdvi not think go out play? Mary; Visit Tuancheng afterward, still can q?F aU,4 9i. ,1, tfi, )L ,l'E: ffi €. 4,l ru -[t * fr A E " Xi6o Wdng: Ni xiing ddro nir qu? qir E6ihti huir Jingshin Gdngyuin wdnr. Xiao Wang: You think to where go? go (to) Beihai or Jingshan Park play. 54i'1, EIlj\" ltrZ^f-it ER 4 ,l'-L: lL E }}\, * *, ,6'fll + )V'& MTIi: Tu6nch6ng. Ni bri shi shud Tudnch6ng ydu XEo Wing: C6ng Tudrnch6ng chElai, z4nmen qir BEiMi Mary: Tuancheng. You not say Tuancheng have Xiao Wang: From Tuancheng come out, we go Beihai *.4&. 6 flt +fi-rL eLlfr-, * * ge di yu fb lrw? W6 tui mdi Fingshirn Finzhulng chi firn, chAngchang a^n-Lrtr,,4t big jade Buddha? I still not Fangshan Restaurant eat meal, taste fr4J h f-fi- 'Fvo ii+ fr E ,?-rH N,t-" kirnjiirnguo ne. guirq[ qing gdng de p€ngtido f6ngw]i. have seen (it). past Qing court cooking flavor. ,J'-a: + 61t BlIi ,\" .& +, tT T. *lz Xiio Wdng: ZhEn de! MingtiEn w6 vE qi' H6o bu h{o? Xiao Wang: Really! Tomorrow I also go, Good not good? tfr Brfr. flSs E *. -L ,4*'1. iifT. ?Lt +fr- E + ni -t.yiding xihuan. Nn zud dit yit Mlli: Tari hio le. Chiwin firn ziti qit you certainly like (it). That big jade Mary: Very good. Eat finish meal then go

70 CHINA RECONSTR,UCTS fr'h" The answer is either "Wd ydu shi" J[A+ Jingshin. or "Wd m6i shi" ,\tq.+. Jingshan. 2. Questions: The 'either-or' two-alternatiye form. ,1. -a: lt. EIJ ,x- L+ )L,1., 1B Another type of question uses hiishi ;e.'*. to XiAo Wing: Hio. Mingtidn shirngwir jii diin, ni offer two possible alternatives in an 'either-or' Xiao Wang: Good. Tomorrow moming nine o'clock, you relationship. The question is generally answered + J\,\. with one of the alternatives. Note that the first l6i zMo w6. 4€ may be omitted. Examples: come look (for) me. Wdmen (h6ishi) qi BEihii haishi qi Jingshdn t\l,l, ,E Bt Gdngyudn .di..frt ( ,\ + " 4*. ) +)y,i+'6.L+fifia\Et Mili: W6 zhrinshi l6i. (Shall we go to Beihai or to Jingshan Park) ? Mary: I on time come. W6men (hdishi) zud gdnggbnE qichE hiishi qi Translation zixingchE qn *\.1r1 ( 4€ ) &a\*ri 1{..*_h h tt (Shall we go by bus or by bicycle)? you $.} Mary: Xiao Wang, where are going? 6we'. Xiao Wang: I'm going to the post office to mail a letter. 3. Two ways to say Mary: I'll go with you. I was just thinking of buying There are two words for'we', wdmen *\,flj and some stamps. zdnmen ,6,ftl. When the meaning includes the Xiao Wang: Are you still collecting stamps? person spoken to as well as the speaker and his Mary: Yes, but I haven't very many. ,6,fn Xiao Wang: Let's go. party, either Ci.,fll or may be used, but zenmen Mary: Will you be free tomorrow? Do you want to go p6'fll is more often used. Mingtidn zdnmen (wdmen) out somewhere? yiqi dio Tudnching qri winr ba n41,6,ftl ( d(,[1 ) you Xiao Wang: Where do want to go? (Let's go to Tuancheng to- Mary: The Round City. Didn't you say there is a big -fu41@+{};(.re jade Buddha there? I have never seen it. morrow). Xiao Wang: Really! I'll go too. I'm sure you'll like it. When the person spoken to is not included, . It is 1.5 meters high and carved from a single wdmen J\,{.lll must be used, as in Ni hiohao xi[xi, jade. piece of The whole thing is pure white and wdmen zdu le .f,t if ii,f+.,g-, *\,ft14 (Have a good inlaid with precious stones that dazzle your eyes. T Mary: Let's go in the moming. Shall we go by bus or rest, we're leaving). by bike? 4. Tuinch6ng E #( (The Round City). Xiao Wang: The spring weather is warm. It will be better A round terrace surrounded by a 5-meter-high riding a bike. wall, it is one of Beijing's oldest sites. It was Mary: After visiting the Round City we can go to Beihai . or Jingshan Park. created as an island from earth-dug out for an Xiao wang: When we come out from the Round City, let's go to artificial lake in the Jin dynasty (1115-1234), and the Fangshan Restaurant in Beihai Park for din- held a temple. Later, this temple stood near the ner and taste the cooking served the old Qing court. center of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368) palace. How about it? present the jade Mary: Great. We'll go to Jingshan Park after dinner. The structure dates from 1747 and Xiao Wang: All right. Come and call for me at nine o'clock Buddha from the reign of Emperor Guang Xu tomorrow momtng. (187s-1e08). Mary: I'll be there on time. 5. Two meanings for the yerb yia 6. Notes The verb ydu A usually means "to have" (see Point 2 under Everyday Expressions), but 1. Questions: The 'is-is not' form. it can also mean "to be" (see Point 3, Everyday ,q A question can be made by adding ma Expressions). at the end of a statement. [n this lesson are 6. The word whnr tu;L (play). them offers the two other ways. One of both This has a much wider application than "play" the person negative and affirmative and answer- in English. It may cover almost anything people question which is ing the mlrst indicate his answer. do for amusement, including going on a short Examples: trip or excursion, or even a visit to someone's home. nulnhuo nuinhuo Jintiin de tidnqi bu +f ft A common expression is Ni y6u shijidn guirlai w6nr (Is the weather warm today)? *-'."W-t"f.W-t" tfr4ti lb-litrK.rn (Come over when you have time). The answer is either "Nulnhuo" W-1" or Bir nu[nhuo" TEE-fi". Everyday Expressions Ni ydu m6i y6u shi ,f,i A &A F (Do you have l. + ji mail, post, send something to do)? +.8 ji xin mail a letter

MAY 1987 7L + A, E ji bdogud mail a parcel Exercises ff€yfrir. ji yinshuipin mail printed matrer 4 ,6 e ji d6ngxi mail somerhing I. What do you say when you want to go u,ith 2. fi ydu have someone ? d+ ydu shi have something (to do) 2. Insert the phrases in the brackets into the 6 t4l y6u gdngzud have work sentences: d.e ydu ki have class ( t ) 4i;-*P6. ( rR1u.-*c ) fr y6u hui have a rneeting ( ZS aSlilf ,.l.-r+Eir\," ( xf.r4+,1-*s ) 3. fi ^ydu be ( 3 ) 4e,fil il,+tt"rL.( ( i6t ) L+4.f-T+ ) f-+-LA yduyi mi w[ gdo ( a) 1+-*)t etf'. ( ( 4E ) !b1.tr4&rA+i" ) is L5 meters high 3. Change the following sentences into questions 6 = a\R& y6u sdn gdngchi ch6ng ustng the 'two alternatives' form: is 3 meters long 1)+e,6i+)Li#8. fr nft € ydu wri jin zhdng 2) l?,Ltxnn+tue-A. is 5 jin (in) weight 3) lLfr?.+c(4" t-:ta\-gr€ y6u irshi g6ngli yuln 4) {fr+4;" is 20 kilometers distanl .1. Read the following paragraphs: 1. * zuir sit, take, go by ,1. _r-*4F,6 6i Et,f,t, h fl_ 1 J\*i " r4t,l.,t;tg- * zud qich6 go bus sF *, Fl1 v\ttb.i(<,1, L- *.ii+ by R.*1 " E(+ zud hudch€ go by train lqfl ;\4 €' [,it E ]rc. 6t *.-L,tfr , {r, ie-+ h fr -( - " 4 *n zud fEiji go by plane lFE t-r. lt,d - +-i- -a, *. Fl -- f x h t z r^l h,al, y+t$E zud hinchufn go ship 1Ffr trfr by " 5. 4f qi ride 'l AE r:L ( ddying agree) aA X-L+ tE (pdi tt+ A 4i + qi zixingchE ride a bicycte accompany) tq+,|+, {r,.ln tg_r. E )r( f Xil E, * #t*lz+ qi m6tudchE ride a motorcycle )yiSoi6, ++it+)+E64rl.iFlIL+. ,LiftT+ h $ qi mi ride a horse #J{.

comprehensive service Is wh at Joint hrblishing Co. Offers

Life Reader Sinzh Joint Publishing Co. Joint Publishing Co. Readers' Service Centre .F is a famous publisher in China having 50 years of is a subsidiary organzalion of the Joint Publishing t! lG history by now. Its head-office is in Beijing. Co. (Hong Kong Branch) which operates a 3-storeyed spacious (600 sq.m.) retailing bookstore in the Joint Publishing Co. (Hong Kong Branch) x downtown area of Hong Kong. The Mail Order ffi- is one of the major publisher-distributor corporations Department and Subscription Department offer ft Hong publisher E of Kong, being a of Chinese and all-around services to readers of Hong Kong and the : English books and supplier of publications from world. a I China and Hong Kong to the world. It carries a stock L of 10,000 titles annually, 3,000 of which being new Joint Publishing Co. (Hong Kong Branch) L publications. Wholesale orders are hereby invited 9 Queen Victoria Street, Central District, Hong Kong : from booksellers of the world. Copublication Tel: General office and sales departments: 5-230105 (6 lines) tu Readers' Service Centre: 5-264388 (3 lines) I proposals are also welcome. Cable: JOINTPCO Tt ul PEM TYTOTORS

A great variety of A. G. or D. C. large, medium, small size and fractional horse power motors. High-quality material with advanced workmanship Ample power Low temperature rise Long service life Economical energy consumption Versatile application Upon buyer's request, motors can be supplied in compliance with I. E. C. standard and voltage and frequency of various countries and regions. Motors are all strictly tested before delivery. Welding Elec trodes

PEBMANENT Brand Welding Electrodes have been handled by China National Metals & Minerals lmport & Export Corporation, Tianjin Branch since 1958. Sales are increasing year by year and they have a good name all over the world lor their excellent quality. The Welding Electrode MT-l2 manufactured byTianlin Electrodes Factory has been rated a "Trustworthy product" bythe First Ministry ol Machinery lndustry. Electrode "Super MT-1 2 and T-50 haue been rated Ouality Products" by the First Bureau ol Machinery lndustry in Tianlin. ln I g7g, MT- 12 won first place and T-50 second place in the National Competition lor Chinese Welding Electrodes. ln 0ctober 1979, four of our Electrodes were approved and certilied by Lloyd's Begister of Shipping. They were: MT-l2 Mild Sreel Grade 2; MT-20 Mild Steel Grade 3; T-50 Mild Steel Grade 3; MT-48 Higher Tensile Sreel Grade 3Hy; At present, we can supply the lollowing main types: MT-06 MT-08 MT-l0 MT-l2 MT-l4 MT-l6 MT-l8 (T-50) MT-20 MT-24 MT-28 MT-30 MT-40 MT-42 MT-43 MT-44 MT-48 Our Welding Electrodes are selling fast internationally and are admired by end-users abroad for their stable quality, good mechanical properties and easy operation. Address: Chinq Notionol Metols & Minerols lmport & Export Corp., Tionlin Bronch Cobles: MINMETALS TIANJIN Telex: 225OI TJMET CN.