Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park
PNOC-Energy Development Corporation
4 October 2007 Document No.: R07-052 Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park R07-052
Prepared for PNOC-Energy Development Corporation
Prepared by Maunsell Philippines Inc 11/F Ayala Life - FGU Center, 6811 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines T +632 843 6336 F +632 843 6125 www.maunsell.com
4 October 2007
51052707
© Maunsell Philippines Inc 2007
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Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Quality Information Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Document Park Ref 51052707
Date 4 October 2007
Prepared by Pastor Malabrigo Jr., Phillip Alviola, Abba Grace Sanchez
Reviewed by Jess Bayrante, Leah Bufi, Butch Aragones
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island, Philippines 2 1.1.1 Flora 2 1.1.2 Fauna 2 1.2 The Biodiversity Study 4 1.2.1 Objective of the Study 4 1.2.2 Project Location 4 2.0 Methodology 7 2.1 Flora 7 2.1.1 Survey Method and Location 7 2.1.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens 9 2.1.3 Data Analysis 9 2.2 Fauna 10 2.2.1 Survey Location 10 2.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens 11 2.2.3 Data Analysis 13 3.0 Results and Discussions 14 3.1 Flora 14 3.1.1 Floral Diversity 14 3.1.2 Noteworthy Species 20 3.1.3 Conservation Status 22 3.1.4 Resource Use 23 3.2 Fauna 23 3.2.1 Avian community 23 3.2.2 Mammalian community 27 3.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 30 3.2.4 Noteworthy Species 31 3.2.5 Conservation Status 32 4.0 Impacts and Mitigating Measures 33 5.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan 39 6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 42 6.1 Flora 42 6.2 Fauna 43 7.0 References 44
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 1.0 Introduction In pursuit of reducing the energy dependence on the foreign market and meeting the increasing energy demand in the country, the Philippine National Oil Company – Energy Development Corporation (PNOC EDC) is continuing its effort to explore and develop alternative energy sources. In 2003, DOE drafted the Renewable Energy Policy Framework, which envisioned the country to be the world’s leader in geothermal energy.
The Philippines is the second largest producer of geothermal energy in the world. In 2006, geothermal energy contributed about 18% to the country’s energy production. In addition to the five steam fields operated by the PNOC EDC, exploratory activities are still being conducted to locate untapped geothermal sources in the country.
In Northern Negros, the exploratory drillings carried out in 1994 verified potential geothermal sources, which is projected to provide 40 to 80 MWe of power. An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was prepared and submitted on 25 January 1995 for the development of the Northern Negros Geothermal Project (NNGP). The Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) was granted on 5 December 1995.
The government entered into a Geothermal Service Contract (GSC) with PNOC EDC. Based on the contract, the geothermal block will cover a total land area of 4,650 hectares. Of this total area, 2,800 hectares were classified as alienable and disposable lands (A & D), while the remaining 1,850 hectares were part of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (MKNP).
The initial geothermal development was established in the A & D lands, which generates 40 MW and targets to sustain power for 25 years. In order to achieve this projection, additional back-up maintenance and replacement wells will be needed, which can be provided by the areas inside the MKNP but covered by the GSC. As earlier cited, the GSC included 1,850 hectares inside the park but due to environmental concerns, the Congress, stakeholders, together with the World Bank park consultants of the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Program (CPPAP), and PNOC EDC agreed to limit the development area to 169 hectares (out of 1,850 hectares), which is the minimum area needed to reach the geothermal resource.
Consistent with NIPAS Act, Republic Act (RA) 9154 or the MKNP Act allotted the 169 hectares of Mt. Kanlaon’s land area for the establishment of buffer zone for geothermal development and utilization. In 2001, then DOE Secretary conducted a meeting with the environmental NGOs relative to the intent of using the buffer zone. While the use of the buffer zone is legal, during the meeting, it was agreed that PNOC EDC will conduct a comprehensive biodiversity study (both flora and fauna), which will precede the geothermal developmental activities. This will ensure that environmental and conservation measures will be identified to mitigate the impacts of the activity at the buffer zone.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 1 1.1 Brief Review of Literature on Biodiversity in the Negros Island, Philippines 1.1.1 Flora
The moist forests of the Philippines, which include the montane and sub-montane forests of the Northern Negros Forest Reserve (NNFR), are now classified as the eighth most vulnerable forest ecoregion in the world (WWF 2001). This area contains the most endemic species that are ‘functionally extinct’or critically endangered within the whole of the Philippines. Less than 4% of the original forest cover remains intact in Negros, putting a huge amount of pressure on the remaining endemic species (Heaney & Regalado 1998). Considering most of the botanists’ claim that the Philippines is the most diverse country in the world on an acre per acre basis, it would be justified to assume that there could have been a high rate of species extinction in the island. Thus, the comparison of the previous documentations on the Negros biodiversity to the primary data generated in the current study is important.
The few recent studies on the Negros forest are confined to the North Negros Forest Reserve including Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park (Turner et al., 2002 and Hamann et al.1999).
Based on Merrill”s (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana, 614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families are expected to be present in Negros, excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Of which 364 species (59.3% endemism) are reportedly endemic species (Lagunzad et. al. 2004).
As cited by Lagunzad (2004), the previous plant collection from the Island of Negros and Siquijor include Cuming (1837), Steere (1875, 1888), Schandenberg (1881), Ch. S. Banks (1902), H. Long (1903), Usteri (1903), E. B. Copeland (1903-04), Muñoz (1904), Whitford (1906), Elmer (1908), H. D. Everett (1908), E. D. Merrill (1910), H. M. Curran (1933), Fairchild (1940) and Edaño (1947). The most extensive collection was done by Elmer in 1909 in Cuernos Mountains from March to June near the Bonyao River (Lagunzad et. al. 2004).
Detailed botanical and floristic and ecological inventories are very disproportionately low, although copious collections have been previously done. Hamann et al. (1999) is the only published floristic study, which involved a one-hectare permanent plot and reported 645 individuals sampled belonging to 92 species, 54 genera and 39 families. The structure of the transitional forest type was determined by the dominance of species belonging to the following families: Lauraceae, Burseraceae, Sapotaceae and Icacinaceae. The family Dipterocarpaceae registered a low importance values.
Other recent studies include that of the EIS of NNGP (PNOC EDC) in 1995 and a Biodiversity Inventory of Mt. Kanla-on led by Dr. Robert S. Kennedy from Cincinnati Museum of Natural History (CMNH), Cincinnati, Ohio. The reports contain information on vegetation types as well as a listing of plant species, conservation status and uses. There is however no single available published material on these studies.
1.1.2 Fauna As early as the 1750s, biological explorations have been done in the Philippines marking its beginnings with Pierre Poivre who visited Manila and probably Zamboanga between 1751-1755 and from it came the descriptions of 31 new species from the Philippines (Brisson, 1760 as cited by Dickinson et al., 1992). Through the succeeding years, several expeditions were made on several islands in the Philippines, focusing on several parts of Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Mindoro and Cebu. Most notable among these early expeditions were the Cuming (from 1836-39) with the British Museum (BM) and Challenger Expeditions (1874-1875 in Tweeddale, 1877). Over a hundred years have passed before any explorations were done in Negros, starting with A.H. Everett in 1877-1878 which he also visited during that period the islands of Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao and Palawan (Sharpe, 1877).
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 2 The first exploration of Mt. Kanlaon dates back from the period between March and April, 1896 when John Whitehead (as published by Ogilvie-Grant (1896), the famous English naturalist, collected extensively in the north-central section of the mountain. Mr. Whitehead brought with him to BM several skins (some of which reported for the first time on Negros Island), including the Visayan Tarictic (Penelopides panini), Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni), and White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike (Coracina ostenta). Dioscoro S. Rabor, then with Siliman University, followed suit in 1953 where he collected practically the same places Whitehead worked. Result of the expedition was reported by Dillon S. Ripley of the Yale Peabody Museum and Rabor (Ripley and Rabor 1956) which included the description of the Negros Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus).
Virtually all early explorations (pre-war) on Mt. Kanlaon were focused on birds as early work on mammals, amphibians and reptiles were done on the southern portion of the Negros Island. Even A.H. Everett’s 1877-1878 mammals and herpetofaunal collections were from southern Negros as well. Walter Brown and Angel Alcala, of the California Academy of Sciences and Siliman University, respectively, collected amphibians and reptiles in Mt. Cuernos de Negros (1961 and 1964) while the type locality of Negros endemic mammals such as the Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina), Negros naked-backed fruit bat (Dobsonia chapmani) were from southern Negros as well, both mammals described by Rabor (1952). Recent mammalian survey on the island were made on Mt. Guinsayawan by the team from University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and Siliman University in 1982 to 1984 (Heidemann et al., 1987; Heideman and Heaney, 1989).
Recent explorations in Mt. Kanlaon were made in 1991 by a team of ornithologists from Cambridge University (Brooks et al., 1992 and Evans et al., 1993) the results of which include sightings of several Negros-Panay endemic birds such as the Visayan Tarictic (P. panini), Flame-templed Babbler (S. speciosa) and the White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis). In 1995, field work by the PNOC EDC EIA survey team revealed presence of at least 68 species of birds, 12 mammals, four amphibians and 10 reptiles within the portion of Murcia and Bago City. At least 63 species of resident birds were observed of which 38 species are forest dwellers (PNOC EDC, 1995). Moreover, a total of 18 endemic birds were recorded including two Negros-Panay endemics, both of which are listed as threatened species. In 1998, a group led by DENR and CMNH conducted an inventory of the mountain resulting to documentation of 53 species of birds and 10 species of mammals, of which 48 species of the birds recorded are resident breeders (DENR-CMNH, 1999). A substantial proportion (38 species) of these resident birds are forest-dwellers and the 22 endemic species were also found on forest. In addition, three species of birds were restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region, two of which are threatened (Stachyris speciosa and Coracina ostenta).
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 3 1.2 The Biodiversity Study 1.2.1 Objective of the Study PNOC EDC commissioned Maunsell Philippines Inc. (Maunsell) to prepare the Biodiversity Study for the 169-hectare buffer zone. Site visits and surveys were conducted from 1 to 31 May 2007.
The specific objectives of the study are the following:
1. To characterize floral and faunal composition within the 169-hectare buffer zone of Mt. Kanla- on Natural Park by conducting: a. 100% inventory within the proposed development area of PNOC-EDC b. 5% sampling on the remaining area within the buffer zone;
2. To determine the biodiversity status of the study area;
3. To identify the potential impacts of the proposed geothermal expansion to the flora and fauna within the 169-hectare buffer zone; and
4. To design and propose environmental and conservation measures to prevent, minimize or mitigate development impacts at all phases of the project for the protection, conservation, and enhancement of flora and fauna inside the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP.
1.2.2 Project Location Mt. Kanla-on is the highest peak in the Visayas region at 2,435 meters above sea level (masl). It is located in the island of Negros, approximately 36 kilometers southeast of Bacolod City (Figure 1). On August 11, 2001, RA 9154, known as the MKNP Act of 2001, declared Mt. Kanla-on as a Protected Area under the category of a “natural park”. It covers about 24,557 hectares, of which 24,388 hectares were classified as the nature park and 169 hectares were set aside as buffer zone. MKNP falls under the jurisdiction of La Castellana, Murcia, Bago City, La Carlota City and San Carlos City in Negros Occidental; and Vallehermoso and Canlaon City in Negros Oriental. Subsequently, it is included as a priority area under the Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Project (CPPAP) (funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF)).
PNOC EDC’s NNGP operates within the boundaries of Barangay Mailum, Bago City and Barangay Minoyan, Murcia of Negros Occidental. The existing facilities of the project such as power plant, well pads, pipelines, and support facilities are confined within the 70-hectare alienable and disposable (A & D) land acquired by PNOC EDC. Adjacent to this area is the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP designated for geothermal development under the MKNP Act. The survey was exclusively conducted within the 169-hectare buffer zone (Figure 2). Occupying an elevation of 900 to 1,200 masl, the buffer zone is covered with forest represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixed second-growth at the lower elevations (900 to 1,000 masl) and lower montane forest at the 1,100 to 1,200 masl elevation. Agricultural plantations (corn), mixed second-growth and agroforest and NNGP infrastructures are found below the boundaries of the 169-hectare buffer zone (north-west of the buffer zone). A small portion of the buffer zone (ca. 1 hectare), adjacent to Well Pad B, had already been covered with grassland-parang vegetation and with occasional rows of banana and ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala). Boundary delineation of the proposed access road has already been conducted from the grassland-parang area (0 meters) and continuing to a length of approximately 2.9 kilometers until it reaches the vicinity of the proposed Pad M1 and Pad M2 (Figure 2).
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 4 Figure 1. Location map of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 5 Figure 2. The proposed road system and well pads inside the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 6 2.0 Methodology
2.1 Flora 2.1.1 Survey Method and Location Proposed Development Area Inside the MKNP Buffer Zone
The established 2.9 kilometer P-line (center-width of the proposed road system) and the boundary clearings of the proposed well pads were used as reference points for the 100% inventory.
For the inventory along the road system, the P-line was segmented into 200 meter length for each plot and the width varied from 30 to 50 meters depending on the slope of the area; 30 meters for relatively flat area, 40 meters for mild sloping area and 50 meters for the rugged terrain (Figure 2). Individual plants (Ferns and Allies, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm) inside the proposed development area were identified to its corresponding taxon (family, genus, species). Woody plants that have diameter at breast-height equal (DBH) or greater than 10 centimeters were properly numbered. The DBH, merchantable height (MH), and total height (TH) were also measured. Frequency of shrubs, poles and saplings were counted, while Braun-Blanquet survey method was used for grasses and other ground cover. For unidentified plant species, specimens were collected and brought to the UPLB College of Forestry and Natural Resources Herbarium for drying and identification.
Area Outside the Proposed Development Area but still within the MKNP Buffer Zone
Quadrat sampling technique was used for obtaining the quantitative information about the structure and composition of the plant communities of the buffer zone outside the proposed development area. This method is applicable for forests where almost all of the major plant communities are present. The quadrat design used by Kennedy et. al. in their 1998 Biodiversity Inventory of Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park was adopted (Figure 3). A total of 178 quadrats (20m x 20m) equivalent to 7.12 hectares were laid out and surveyed (Figure 4).
20 m
4 m
1 m
4 m 1 m 20 m
Figure 3. Design of sampling quadrats for trees, saplings and understories.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 7 Note: Quadrats in red color are the most diverse quadrats Figure 4. Map showing the approximate location of the vegetation sampling plots.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 8 2.1.2 Collection of Voucher Specimens The Sweinfurth’s method, commonly known as wet collection method, was employed for specimens that were difficult to identify in the field. This involves the soaking of properly labelled specimens in ethyl alcohol. Copious information as to the habitat, physiognomy, slope and aspect, characteristics of the plants that will be lost after drying, DBH and TH were noted down. The specimens were then packed in polyethylene bags and sealed for further analysis at the laboratory.
2.1.3 Data Analysis Information gathered in the field were tabulated and analyzed to characterize floral composition within the 169-hectare buffer zone of the MKNP.
The relative density, relative dominance and relative frequency values for each species were determined to obtain their Importance Value (IV), which is the standard measurement in forest ecology to determine the rank relationships of species. Also, the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance indicate different aspect of the species importance in a community. Importance values were determined using the following formula:
Density = number of individuals area sampled
Relative Density = density for a species x 100 total density for all species
Frequency = number of plots in which species occur total number of plots sampled
Relative Frequency = frequency value for a species x 100 total frequency for all species
Dominance = basal area or volume for a species area sampled
Relative Dominance = dominance for a species x 100 total dominance for all species
Importance Value = Relative Density + Relative Frequency + Relative Dominance
Using the Multi-Variate Statistical Package (MVSP 3.0) software, the diversity indices of the different sampling areas, which include the Shannon index (H), Simpson’s index (D), and Evenness index (E), were characterized. Shannon index assumes that individuals are randomly sampled from a large population and that all species are represented in the sample. It gives an estimate of species richness and distribution. Simpson’s index, on the other hand, gives the probability of getting different species when two individuals (with replacement) were drawn inside a plot. The Evenness index is the ratio of the observed diversity to maximum diversity.
The Biodiversity Professional (BdPro32) software provided other statistical analysis such as similarity matrix and ordination analysis based on species composition of the quadrats.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 9 2.2 Fauna 2.2.1 Survey Location For the study of fauna, the whole 169-hectare buffer zone was compartmentalized into four sites in order to cover as much area sampled as possible (Figure 6).
Site 1 (N 10º28’45.5”, E 123º06’42.1”)
Site 1 starts at grassland-parang portion of the buffer zone and follows the access road survey line until it reaches the 1,200-meter survey mark. The elevation at this site is between 900 to 950 masl. Most of the route of survey line (up to the 880-meter mark) skirts along the edge of the buffer zone. Consequently, the vegetation at this point is represented by grassland-parang (at the beginning of the survey line) and edges of lowland dipterocarp forest. Mosaics of mixed second-growth and agroforest lands (mostly banana and corn) are also found within the 880-meter mark, particularly at the edge of the buffer zone. At the 900-meter mark (about 1,100 masl), the access road survey line enters the interior of the buffer zone, marking the beginning of a lower montane forest. Transect lines for birds and herpetofauna, mist-nets and live traps were placed along and within the vicinity of the survey line, terminating at the 1,200-meter mark.
Site 2 (N 10 º28”51.9”, E 123 º 07”10.2)
This site begins at the 1,250-meter mark and ends at the 2,000-meter mark. The start of the survey line bisects the northern portion of the buffer zone and increases in elevation, ca. 1000-1100 masl, as the survey line extends further and passes through the contours of mountain ridges. Vegetation at this area can be characterized as transition of lowland dipterocarp forest and lower montane forest (especially at ridgetops). There is a hiker’s trail within the site that is used to reach the peak of Mt. Kanla-on. The mist nets and live traps were concentrated along the edges of the survey line.
Site 3 (N 10 º 28’52.2”, E 123 º 07’31.5”)
The sampling area starts at the 2,050-meter mark of the access-road survey line. The survey line at this point enters the contours of the several ridges, and consequently gains in elevation (ca. 1200 masl), until it reaches a flat ridge at the 2,550-meter mark. The end of the survey line (at 2,700-meter mark) is situated within a mixture of lowland dipterocarp forest (at ravines) and assemblages of lower montane forest (e.g. Lithocarpus and Almaciga). A relatively wide river bisects between Pad M1 and M2 and runs parallel with the survey line. The bird and herpetofaunal transect extended beyond the end of the access-road survey line, while the mist nets and live traps were placed along the vicinity of the flat ridge.
Site 4 (N 10 º 28’43.4”, E 123 º 06’31”)
This site is situated at the southern portion of the buffer zone adjacent to well pad A. A trail bisects this portion of the buffer zone and runs along the edge of the MKNP boundary. A mixed vegetation of second-growth forest and agroforest plantation of banana (Musa), abacca (Musa textilis) and coffee (Coffea sp.) dominates the first 750 meters of the trail until the vegetation shifts to a transition zone of lowland forest and lower montane forest. This portion of the buffer zone is designated as free from any of the power plant’s activities.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 10 Figure 5. Map showing location of transects for wildlife sampling.
2.2.2 Survey Method and Collection of Voucher Specimens Birds
In each of the sampling sites, bird census was carried out in pre-determined sampling intervals (0600 to 0900 h and 1500-1730h) by walking through 1 to 1.2 kilometer transect line that was established on the access-road survey line (Site 1 to 3) and established trail (Site 4). During each sampling period, all bird species seen or heard were noted using the following information: species name, number of individuals, habitat, elevation, if seen singly or in a group, feeding singly, as a group or in mixed flocks (if possible, species of feeding tree) and others (flying, perched, heard, seen, foraging behavior). General observations were used from dusk until 2100 h to record crepuscular and nocturnal birds. Special attention was allocated for mixed-flock congregations, which required observation for at least five minutes. Sampling was terminated after three consecutive days of transects.
Mist nets (6 and 12-m long, 4 shelves, 35-mm mesh) were used to capture cryptic and shy species that were difficult to observe during transect counts. Fifteen to 21 mist nets were used for each study site and were placed either singly or in series at strategic areas where birds are known to fly (e.g. ridgetops, flat areas within understorey, across rivers and creeks and along trails).
Nets were usually operated from 0600 to 1800 h, but on several occasion nets were left opened until the following day for nocturnal birds. Captured species were processed by taking standard biometric measurements that include total length (TL), tail-vent length (TV), wing cord (WC), tarsus (t), bill (b), gape (g) and weight (wt). The species were also photographed and identified using Kennedy et al (2000) and photographs.
Two voucher specimens were collected for each species per site, while the rest were released after proper identification. All captured specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and stored in 70% ethanol. Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 11 Nomenclature and classification of birds were based on Kennedy et al.(2000). Population and threatened status follows the IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002) and Mallari et al (2000).
Amphibians and Reptiles
No standardized method was employed in the survey of herpetofauna. Instead, a wide array of possible microhabitats (sensu Alcala and Brown, 1998) for frogs and reptiles were examined intensively for the duration of the fieldwork. These microhabitats include tree holes, forest floor, buttresses, decaying logs, leaf axils, epiphytes, tree ferns and bodies of water. Sampling periods were usually conducted in the afternoon and the rest of the evening, although sampling in the morning was occasionally done after servicing the nets and traps. In addition, frogs were also located and identified by call. Interviews with the local guides were conducted.
Aside from species identification (if ascertained), other important information were recorded during sampling such as microhabitat captured, altitude, date, weather, time observed and habit/behavior prior to capture. Upon capture, descriptive and quantitative measurements, which were necessary for species identification (e.g. snout to vent length (SVL)), were noted. As much as possible, all measurements were taken from adult specimens, otherwise juvenile or sub-adults are properly noted in the standardized field catalogue. Age determination includes examination of gonadal condition, and presence of secondary sex characteristics such as vocal sacs, nuptial pads, fins (for Agamids). All captured specimens were photographed, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stored in 70% ethanol. Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. All collected specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.
Nomenclature and classification were based on Crombie (1986), Alcala and Brown (1998), W. Brown et al.(1999), R. Brown et al. (2000) for frogs and Alcala (1986), R. Brown et al. (1999) for reptiles. Population and threatened status follows IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002) and Alcala and Brown (1998).
Mammals
Cage traps were used to capture rodents and shrews. For the ground surface trapping, the traps were placed in various suitable locations (i.e. under root tangles, in front of burrow entrances, along runways, and on top of fallen logs). Traps were baited with either live earthworms or fried coconut coated with peanut butter. All traplines were maintained for three nights.
Mistnets were used for capturing bats and were set on ridgetops, across trails and streams, and at edges of clearing adjacent to forest. Nets were tended continuously during the peak of the activity, which is from early dusk (about 17:30) until about 21:00. Nets were left open thereafter, and bats were removed at dawn. Any given net was left in place for three or four days at a time in all but a few instances. Nets were either set near the ground or were hoisted four to five meters aboveground and in some cases almost reaching the canopy.
Information on the presence and perceived abundance of large mammals, including civets, wild pigs, and deer, were obtained from knowledgeable local guides and hunters encountered during field work.
When possible, trapped animals with certain identification were released at the site of capture. Voucher specimens were measured, examined for reproductive condition, and either preserved as complete bodies in formalin (transferred to ethanol) or prepared as complete skeletons. Body measurements taken include total length (TL), tail-vent (TV), hindfoof (HF), ear (EAR), forearm for bats (FA) and weight (wt). Tissue samples from each specimen were also taken to aid in the identification of the species. All voucher specimens were deposited at the UPLB Museum of Natural History.
Nomenclature follows Heaney et al., (1998) whereas population and threatened status follows IUCN 2000 Red List for Threatened Animals (Hilton-Taylor, 2002).
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 12 2.2.3 Data Analysis Birds
Community diversity indices were calculated from a mathematical formula that takes into account both species richness and the relative abundance of each species in the community. Relative abundance refers to the number of individuals of a given species divided by the total number of individuals of all species found. The community diversity was mathematically calculated using the Shannon-Weiner Index. The value of the Shannon-Weiner index (represented by the symbol H’) was calculated using the following formula:
H = -S[ni/N ln ni/N]
The following diversity indices (parameters) were also used to determine the degree of species diversity in all sampling sites:
1) Species Richness index simply refers to the number of species in each sampling site 2) Dominance (D) index was mathematically calculated using the following formula:
D = (Hmax –H), where H = Diversity Hmax = Maximum diversity = ln (n)
3) Evenness (e) index = H’/Hmax
4) Sorensen Similarity Index which measures the degree of similarity of bird assemblage between two sampling sites. It is computed by the equation:
2c ------a + b
where a= number of species in first area b= number of species in second area c= number of species common to a and b
Amphibians and Reptiles
As the method used in determining herpetofaunal diversity was gathered solely on opportunistic sampling, effort allocated was not quantified. As such, standardization of data sets was not possible, rendering any quantitative analysis not possible. To offset this limitation, the main point of discussion will rely on presence/absence of species and its habitat associations. The study sites were found to represent different vegetation types, ranging from lowland dipterocarps, lower montane forest, grassland-parang vegetation, second-growth and forest edge vegetation and agroforest plantation. Information on the range of vegetation occupied for each herpetofaunal species was noted.
Mammals
Relative abundance in the form of trapping or netting success was used to analyze mammalian patterns. Total relative abundance was calculated as the number of captures at a given study site divided by the number of trap-nights x 100 (i.e., the number of captures per 100 net/trap-nights). Relative abundance was also calculated to determine which study site or vegetation/habitat types each species is most abundant. At least two levels of distribution patterns will be generated for the analysis of mammals: (1) elevational distribution (which the four study sites represent different elevations from 900 masl to 1200 masl), (2) habitat and disturbance types (e.g. all the study sites represent various categories from lowland forest, lower montane forest, secondary forest, agroforest and grassland).
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 13 3.0 Results and Discussions
3.1 Flora 3.1.1 Floral Diversity A total of 394 morpho-species belonging to the seed plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms), ferns and their allies were recorded from the 36 hectares (sampling area). Sixty nine species have not been identified to the species level or have been tentatively assigned to the most probable taxon (family or genus). Most of these are sterile specimens (without flowers or spores). The determination of the correct rank and position (identification) of the species is very much dependent on the variation exhibited by the reproductive structures. Two of the taxa were not identified even up to the family level due to inaccessibility of useful specimen for identification. The number of recorded families is 81, 2, and 14 for angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes, respectively. The resource assessment conducted focused mainly on the vascular plants. However, it was observed that among the non- vascular plants, Sphagnum sp. is the dominant in the project site. Table 1 shows the number of families, genera and species that was identified.
The most speciose (having several species) of all genera is Ficus with 26 species followed by Syzygium (11), Piper (8), Litsea (8), Palaquium (7), Calamus (6) and Elatostema (6). The most speciose families are: Moraceae (30), Lauraceae (20), Rubiaceae (20), Urticaceae (16), Euphorbiaceae (15), and Orchidaceae (15).
Table 1. Number of families, genera and species that were recorded.
Taxon Family Genera Species Angiosperm 81 (2) 207 (7) 350 (58) Gymnosperm 2 5 5 Fern 14 22 39 (11) Total 97 (2) 234 (7) 394 (69)
*Numbers inside parentheses are taxa that have not been identified to the corresponding rank.
The number of species identified for this study was compared with the total tally for the whole country, island, and that of the previous studies (Table 2). There is a wide discrepancy on the total number of species recorded understandably because of the different area coverage for each tally (Table 3). Nevertheless, it is important to note that the 36-hectare area sampled, out of the 169-hectare area of the buffer zone is more than enough to obtain reliable sampling results.
Table 2. Floral Diversity on Philippines, Negros, PNOC EIA (1995), CMNH (1998), and the results of this Biodiversity Study.
CMNH Biodiversity PNOC EIA Philippines Negros Inventory Study (1995) (1998) (2007) All species § 8,000 614 253 197 394 Philippine §4800 (60%) 364(59.3%) 50 (19.76%) 50-55% 160 (49%) Endemics Threatened 695 - 10 9 22 Species
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 14 Table 3. Comparison of the floral studies of the PNOC EIA (1995), CMNH (1998) and this Biodiversity Study (2007).
PNOC EIA (1995) CMNH Inventory Biodiversity Study (1998) (2007) Sampling Site Sitios Hagdan, Brgy. Ilijan, and Mailum Brgy. Mailum, and Katugasan, and Pataan (800-2250masl) Minoyan (900- (open/disturbed areas) 1200masl) Area surveyed NA (not area based), 0.84 ha 36 ha 13 sampling stations Methods used Line Intercept and Quadrat Sampling (21 100% survey and Point Center Quarter quadrats) Quadrat Sampling All Species 253 (14 pteridophytes) 197 394 Endemic Species 50 (19.76%) 50-55% 160 (49%) Dominant/ Important White Lauan, Bagtikan Baguilomboi, Almaciga, Bakan, Sotsa, White Species Kaldemon, Tangile, Tanguile, White Lauan, lauan, Nato, Baugit, Benguet Pine, Igem, Pagatpat Almaciga, Philippine Mahogany, Bakan Maple
The results of this Biodiversity Study were also compared to the two previous surveys conducted within Mt. Kanlaon and are presented in Table 3. Similarly, the three studies showed variable results because of the difference in methodology, as well as sampling locations.
Proposed Development Area
Based on Whitmore’s forest formation, the proposed development area, with elevation varying from 900 to 1,200 masl, belongs to the lower limit of a tropical upper montane rainforest. At the lower elevation (900 to 1,000 masl), the buffer zone is represented by lowland dipterocarp and mixed second-growth forest, with some patches of disturbed ecosystem particularly on the lower part of the proposed road system. At the interior of the buffer zone, which is about 1,100 to 1,200 masl, the area manifested a lower montane forest cover.
· Proposed road system (P-Line Data)
The entire length of the proposed road system recorded a total of 3,192 large woody trees belonging to 153 morpho-species, 88 genera and 48 families. The most speciose genera are: Ficus (16), Syzygium (8), Litsea (8), Palaquium (5), Astronia (4), Neonauclea (4), and Macaranga (4). The most speciose family is Moraceae with 20 species followed by Lauraceae (17), Euphorbiaceae (11), Myrtaceae (9), and Rubiaceae (7). The most abundant species is Litsea philippinensis with 377 individuals, followed by Symplocos ophirensis ssp. cumingiana (173), Neonauclea lanceolata ssp. gracilis (120), Shorea contorta (114), Syzygium oleinum (114) and Palaquium luzoniense (107). Table 4 presents the ten most important species based on the computed Importance Value, while Appendix 1 shows the taxonomic list of the inventoried woody trees with their corresponding Importance Value.
The DBH of trees ranges from 10 to 210 centimeters and MH is from 1 to 35 meters. The total volume computed for the whole area is 1,402.58 cubic meters with an average of 0.439 cubic meter per tree, while density is at 266 individuals per hectare.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 15 Table 4. Ten most important species based on computed Importance Value from the area covered by the proposed road system.
Family Species Common Name IV LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 37.838 Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. SYMPLOCACEAE Sotsa 18.235 cumingiana var. cumingiana DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 12.815 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 11.322 MYRTACEAE Syzygium oleinum (Wall.) Baugit 10.463 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 10.391 Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. RUBIACEAE Tiroron 8.892 ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 8.674 LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 6.691 LAURACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 6.519
For the poles and saplings, a total of 165 species were observed (Appendix 2). The most abundant species is Laportea densiflora with 243 individuals followed by Angiopteris palmiformis (233), Turpinia ovalifolia (229), Shorea contorta (218), Canarium asperum (216), Cyathea philippinensis (205), Syzygium subcaudatum (183) and Litsea philippinensis (182). The average density is 529 individuals per hectare.
Since the canopy is relatively closed (§70% cover), it is expected to have low diversity at the understories. More than 50% of the area is covered by forest litter. Only 61 species belonging to 51 genera and 30 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses (Appendix 3). The most frequently occurring is the Selaginella wildenowii which was observed in 12 subplots (out of the 14 subplots) followed by Pandanus exaltatus (11), Zingiber negrosense (11), Sarchandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var. brachystachys (10), Curculigo capitulata (9) and Christella dentata (9).
Epiphytes or canopy plants are one of the indicators of forest status. The older and more intact forest has higher diversity of canopy plants. A total of 69 species, 47 genera and 34 families were recorded for epiphytes. The most speciose families include Orchidaceae with 9 species followed by Araceae (8), Piperaceae (4), and Davaliaceae (3), Moraceae (3), Polypodiaceae (3) and Pteridaceae (3). The most abundant species is Dendrobium sp. with 12 subplots occurrence, followed by Asplenium nidus (11), Freycinetia sp. 1 (11), Freycinetia sp. 2 (10), Piper sp. 1 (10), and Nephrolepis biserrata (9). Appendix 4 shows the complete taxonomic list of epiphytes observed in the proposed road system.
· Proposed Well Pads
A total of 4,734 woody trees belonging to 108 morpho-species, 68 genera, and 41 families were recorded in the proposed well pad area. The high elevation of the area (1,200 masl) is a limiting factor for some species to survive that has resulted to a lower diversity level. However, the elevation provides a suitable environment for some important species of Gymnosperms. The most speciose family is family Moraceae with 13 species followed by Lauraceae (9), Rubiaceae (7), Euphorbiaceae (6), Meliaceae (6), Myrtaceae (5) and Clusiaceae (5). The most speciose genera include Ficus (12), Syzygium (4), Neonauclea (4), Litsea (4), Canthium (3), Palaquium (3), Dysoxylum (3), Astronia (3) and Terminalia (3). Table 5 shows the ten most important species based on the computed Importance Value, while Appendix 5 presents the complete taxonomic list of all the species including their frequency, diameter DBH, MH and Importance Value.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 16 Table 5. Ten most important species from the proposed well pads area.
Family Species Common Name IV LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 34.437 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 15.365 LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 12.216 MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassissimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 12.161 PODOCARPACEAE Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 11.834 PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 11.466 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 11.363 LAURACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 10.221 MYRTACEAE Syzygium oleinum (Wall.) Baugit 10.175 EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 10.152
It is important to note that three species of Gymnosperm (i.e. Agathis philippinensis, Dacrydium beccarii and Dacrycarpus imbricatus) are included in the ten most important species. Elevation is the greatest contributing factor for such dominance.
The trees at the proposed well pad area have a higher DBH but slightly shorter than those at the P- line. The DBH ranges from 10 to 190 centimeters, while MH is from and 1.5 to 25 meters. The approximately 17 hectares proposed well pad area has a total tree volume of 2571.31 cubic meters, having an average of 0.54 cubic meter per tree. Despite the larger diameter trees, the stocking is relatively denser (278 individuals per hectare) than that of P-line (266 individuals per hectare).
Poles and saplings recorded higher species diversity with a total of 186 morpho-species. However, the average stocking (367 individuals per hectare) is far below the computed density at the P-line (529 individuals per hectare). This is because of the higher accumulated forest litter leaving minimal area for the seedlings and saplings to grow. Table 6 shows the ten most abundant species in terms of number of individuals observed. A complete taxonomic list of poles and saplings in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequency (number of individuals) is shown in Appendix 6.
Table 6. Ten most abundant pole and sapling species in the proposed well pads.
Family Species Common Name Freq URTICACEAE Laportea densiflora C.B. Rob. Lipang kalabaw 356 MARATTIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 346 CYATHEACEAE Cyathea integra Tree fern 242 LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 226 BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. Pagsahingin/Salong 224 CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Tree fern 213 CYATHEACEAE Cyathea contaminans (Wall.) Copel. Tree fern 186 LAURACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 182 ARECACEAE Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140 ARECACEAE Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 126
A total of 65 species belonging to 29 families were recorded for herbaceous plants and grasses. Urticaceae and Rubiaceae are the most speciose families with 10 and 5 species, respectively. Epiphytes, on the other hand, are more diverse with 75 species belonging to 34 families. The most speciose families are Orchidaceae and Araceae with 10 species each followed by Piperaceae with 5 species. Appendix 7 and 8 give a complete list of herbaceous plants and grasses, and epiphytes, respectively.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 17 Quadrat Sampling
From the 178 randomly selected sampling quadrats 254 morpho-species were recorded. No significant change on the species diversity among the sampling quadrats was observed. Likewise, the most important and most dominant species are the same for all plant forms as compared to the proposed development area. Appendix 9 to 12 provide a complete list of species observed from the 20m x 20m plots (large woody trees), 4m x 4m plots (herbs, shrubs, saplings), 1m x 1m plots (ground cover), and epiphytes, respectively.
The quadrat that obtained the highest Shannon index is Q 178 at 3.102, however, the Simpson’s and Evenness indices are relatively low due to dominance of some species. Q 81 recorded the highest Simpson’s index at 0.942 due to the absence of dominant species in the area. The highest frequency recorded at Q 81 is five individuals making the distribution among the 23 species more balance. The most even quadrat is Q 04, where the 14 individuals recorded belong to 11 different species. It is interesting to note that the most diverse quadrats are those near the proposed well pads. Table 7 shows the quadrats that obtained the highest computed value for each diversity index, as well as the elevation of each quadrat (Figure 4). The diversity indices of all the quadrats are presented in Appendix 13.
Table 7. The most diverse quadrats based on computed diversity indices and their elevations.
Shannon index Simpson's index Evenness Quadrat Elev H' Quadrat Elev D Quadrat Elev E Q 178 1080 3.102 Q 81 1080 0.942 Q 04 1020 0.977 Q 160 1140 3.052 Q 09 1060 0.935 Q 09 1060 0.973 Q 63 1150 3.011 Q 160 1140 0.930 Q 05 1020 0.969 Q 81 1080 2.997 Q 54 1030 0.930 Q 54 1030 0.960 Q 173 1130 2.959 Q 178 1080 0.929 Q 81 1080 0.956 Q 172 1100 2.890 Q 63 1150 0.929 Q 50 1050 0.935 Q 166 1040 2.867 Q 65 1130 0.923 Q 69 1100 0.933 Q 65 1130 2.860 Q 172 1100 0.920 Q 10 1060 0.930 Q 09 1060 2.811 Q 05 1020 0.920 Q 19 1045 0.929 Q 161 1140 2.786 Q 68 1110 0.916 Q 11 1030 0.913
Based on the species composition and species density for each sampling strip, Biodiversity Professional (BdPro) software provided the similarity matrix, a matrix showing the percentage similarity among sampling quadrats. The data can be used on deciding what particular area or quadrat can be sacrificed for some development activities. For instance, clearing of Q 13 will not significantly affect the floral diversity of the area since most of its species can also be found in Q 37. In the same that similar management strategies can be applied to related quadrats/habitats. Table 8 below shows the most similar sampling quadrats while Figure 6 shows the location of the most similar quadrats.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 18 Table 8. List of the most similar sampling quadrats in Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone.
Quadrats % Similarity Q 13/Q 37 90.5405 Q 133/Q 134 86.5979 Q 130/Q 131 80.6452 Q 92/Q 103 79.4224 Q 155/Q 48 76.2887 Q 75/Q 103 75.4448 Q 14/Q 77 73.7327 Q 02/Q 97 72.9282 Q 18/Q 23 72.2689 Q 155/Q 156 72.1893 Q 130/Q 168 71.6049 Q 130/Q 48 71.3693 Q 07/Q 39 70.8861 Q 136/Q 44 70.5882 Q 91/Q 97 70.5882 Q 01/Q 39 70.1987 Q 57/Q 64 70.1754
Figure 6. Location of the most similar quadrats (quadrats with the same color)
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 19 3.1.2 Noteworthy Species New Island Records
The most interesting species and probably the highlight of the resource inventory is the discovery of a very rare parasitic flowering plant, Rafflesia speciosa, which is a previously recorded endemic species in Panay (Plate 4). The species is the first record of this unique genus in the island. The genus Rafflesia is very rare and can only be seen in the forests of Panay, Palawan, Makiling and Banahaw. Members of the genus are so peculiar since they do not have stem and leaves. Among the seven recorded Rafflesia species in the Philippines, Rafflesia speciosa has the largest flower that can attain a maximum diameter of two feet. The specimen was found outside the proposed development area nor included in the quadrat sampling (Figure 6).
Eight other species, which are probably new island records, are listed in Table 9. However, there is still a need to verify the validity of the geographical distribution of these records. Unless otherwise shown to occur in other areas or to have been misidentified, the presence of the new recorded species based on a limited number of collections should be appreciated with much optimism.
Table 9. List of species that are reported to be new island records for Negros.
Collection Previous Known Family Species Number Distribution BOP 137, BOP ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia oligantha Merr. Sorsogon 138, RMM 75 Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. ELAEOCARPACEAE var. gitingensis (Elmer) BOP 187 Sibuyan Weibel BOP 156, BOP EUPHORBIACEAE Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Panay 170, RMM 128 Panay, Samar, Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. PLM 385 Zamboanga LAURACEAE Camarines, Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. BOP 220 Sorsogon, Chisocheton mendozae BOP 010, BOP MELIACEAE Samar Hildebr. 093 BOP 165, BOP Abra, Benguet, MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. 196, PLM 406, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, PLM 454 Sibuyan Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona RAFFLESIACEAE Photo taken Panay and Fernando NQ 011, BOP SAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk. Quezon, Samar 101
Endemism
The geographical distribution of plant species has been very useful for assessing biodiversity values of regions, countries, and islands. Species confined to a particular site should be given conservation management strategies so as to ensure their survival.
Categorizing species as endemic is very much dependent on availability of recent revisions, nomenclatural changes and new evidences from various disciplines used in systematics, among others. In this study, a number of specimens have not been identified to the species level; several of these belong to family Orchidaceae, which has the highest recorded endemism (90 percent). This will definitely influence the percent endemism estimates. Thus, estimates of endemism should be interpreted within the context of the methodologies and limitations imposed by contributing factors aforementioned.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 20 · Island or Near Endemics
Nine species have been recognized as island or near endemics. Island endemics are plant species that are found only in Negros Island and these include Litsea plateaefolia, Syzygium euphlebium, and Praravinia lucbanensis. Table 10 lists the island endemic taxa and the corresponding collection numbers (for future reference and verification). The list is based on the most recent available revision or monographic work on the taxon.
Table 10. List of island endemic species and their corresponding collection numbers.
Family Species Collection Number LAURACEAE Litsea plateaefolia Elmer RMM 80, RMM 93 MYRTACEAE Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. BOP 072, PLM 438 RUBIACEAE Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. PLM 410
Near endemics are those found only in a few islands such as Saurauia negrosensis, Rhaphidophora rigida, Heterospathe negrosensis, Begonia negrosensis, Litsea quercoides, Medenilla aurantifolia, and Matthaea philippinensis. Distribution and collection numbers of near endemics are presented in Table 11.
Table 11. List of near endemic species with their distribution and collection numbers.
Collection Family Species Distribution Number BOP 159, ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia negrosensis Elm. Negros, Panay RMM 107 Heterospathe negrosensis Negros, Sibuyan, ARECACEAE Photo taken Becc. Masbate BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis Elmer PLM 445 Negros, Panay RMM 137, Negros, Panay, MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer PLM 393, PLM Sibuyan 431 MONIMIACEAE Matthaea philippinensis Perk. BOP 223 Negros, Leyte BOP 085, BOP OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. 088, BOP 209, Negros, Luzon PLM 440
It should be understood that these information should be interpreted with caution. Endemism depends on how much study has been done on the taxa in question. If through revisions, some taxa are synonymized or are subjected to nomenclatural changes, then the geographical distribution may correspondingly be redefined and that endemism status reassessed.
· Philippine Endemics
The country endemism reported for Philippine flowering plants is 60% (Merrill’s Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants). More recent estimates place the country’s plant endemism at around 25 to 30%. The reduction in percentage values can be attributed to the changes in nomenclature, as well as delineation of the geographical distribution of plants, which in turn reflect new appreciation of evidences coming from various sources. But a more pressing reason for this low percentage could probably be attributed to a low collection index.
Based on Merrill”s (1923-26) account and more recent revisions of Families in the Flora Malesiana, there are 614 species of seed plants belonging to 352 genera and 103 families expected to be present in Negros, excluding those that have been recently cultivated and introduced. Three hundred sixty-four
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 21 of these are reportedly endemic species for a percentage endemism of 59.3%. Philippine pteridophytes (ferns and allies), however, has lower reported endemism at 32% (Zamora & Co, 1986).
Out of the 325 species identified, there are at least 160 Philippine endemics that are found in the buffer zone of Mt. Kanla-on based on the collection alone. Fifty-three percent endemism is reported for the angiosperm (155/293), while 18% endemism is reported for the Pteridophytes (5/28) based on the number of identified species (Table 12).
The list of Philippine endemics found in Negros is shown in Appendix 14. Notable among these species are the members of Family Moraceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Sapotaceae, Meliaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. The endemic Pteridophytes are Cyathea integra, Cyathea negrosiana, Cyathea philippinensis, Diplazium magnificum, and Adiantum scabripes.
Table 12. Number of endemic species and percentage endemism for the different taxonomic groups Angiosperm, Gymnosperms and Pteridophytes.
Number of Number of Identified Percent Endemism Taxonomic Group Endemics species (%) Angiosperms 155 293 53 Gymnosperms 0 5 0 Pteridophytes 5 28 18
3.1.3 Conservation Status The conservation status of species is based on DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-01 (The National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories), the recommendations of the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee (PPCC) of the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB), DENR. It is basically the RedList for Philippine flora containing all the threatened species categorized as follows: 1) critically endangered (CR) - species or subspecies that is facing extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future; 2) endangered (EN) - species or subspecies that is not critically endangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating; 3) vulnerable species (VU) - species or subspecies that is not critically endangered or endangered, but is under threat from adverse factors throughout its range and is likely to move to the endangered category in the future; 4) other threatened species - species or subspecies that is not critically endangered, endangered nor vulnerable but is under threat from adverse factors, such as over collection, throughout its range and is likely to move to the vulnerable category in the near future; and 5) other Wildlife Species - non-threatened species that have the tendency to become threatened due to predation and destruction of habitat or other similar causes as may be listed by the Secretary upon the recommendation of the National Wildlife Management Committee.
From the identified species in the buffer zone of Mt. Kanla-on, 16 species of Angiosperms, one species of Gymnosperm and five species of ferns, which have various conservation status categories in the Threatened Plant List of PPCC, were reported (Table 13). Noteworthy among the list are the three critically endangered species, Pinanga sibuyanensis, Tristaniopsis decorticata and Rafflesia speciosa, which is considered as a new island record. Also in the list are the lower to montane species, which are observed to dominate the area. These include three species of Tree ferns (Cyathea spp.), Agathis philippinensis, Shorea contorta, Cinnamomum mercadoi, Palaquium luzoniense, Palaquium philippense, and Litsea leytensis.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 22 Table 13. Threatened plant species observed in Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone.
Conservation Family Species Status ARECACEAE Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. CR MYRTACEAE Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. CR RAFFLESIACEAE Rafflesia speciosa Barcelona & Fernando CR CYATHEACEAE Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook EN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ. EN LAURACEAE Litsea leytensis Merr. EN SAPINDACEAE Guioa acuminata Radlk. EN SAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk. EN ARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch VU ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. VU ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium nidus L. VU CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Bak. VU DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. VU DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal VU DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. VU LAURACEAE Cryptocarya ampla Merr. VU LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal VU MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz VU POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. VU SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal VU SAPOTACEAE Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. VU MYRTACEAE Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. OTS
3.1.4 Resource Use Mt. Kanla-on as a whole is one of the sites in the country which houses not only ecologically important species but also economically important species. Appendix 15 enumerates some of the useful plant species observed in the 169-hectare buffer zone. The resource use is based primarily on the general knowledge from available literatures since there was not enough time to really look on the local indigenous knowledge and practices for the species. However, most of the team members came from the local community and they have been consulted regarding the local use of some species.
3.2 Fauna 3.2.1 Avian community To determine if the effort invested in bird transects was sufficient to document as many species as possible, a Species Accumulation Curve (Figure 6) was plotted. An average of 15 transect hours was used for each study site, resulting to a total of 79 species documented for the whole 169-hectare buffer zone; the total constitutes 63 species in Site 1, 56 species in Site 2, 52 species in Site 3 and 61 species in Site 4 (Appendix 16). Accumulation curves for each site showed increasing trends in species numbers at the termination of each transects; asymptotes or leveling of curve was not experienced. These curves signify that 15 transect hours may still not be exhaustive enough to document all bird species found within each study site and that additional transect hours could yield additional species as well. Species accumulation during the last hours of transects yielded an average cumulative increase of 7.3 species for each site. It is predicted, based from the trending of the curve that an additional five hours of observation could result to asymptote of each accumulation curve.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 23 Figure 2. Species accumulation curves for birds in the four sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone 70 60 50 40 30 20 species (perspecies day) 10 Cummulative number of number Cummulative 0 4 hours 8 hours 12 hours Sampling efforts (in hours)
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4
Figure 6. Species accumulation curves for birds in the four sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectares buffer zone
In comparing this study with the total tally for the whole Negros Island (Table 14), a wide discrepancy is evident and that several species were not documented. Species total for the whole Negros Island include birds from all habitat types (from sea-level lowlands to mossy forest and wetlands) and non- breeding birds, while this study sampled mainly on a narrow band of upper lowland forest and lower montane forest. It may be concluded that although the species tally may not be exhaustive, it is sufficient to show moderately complete bird diversity within the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Compared to previous studies conducted in the area, the species tally were noteworthy. The study recorded the following counts:
· Almost 60% of Philippine endemic birds known on Negros were recorded within the buffer zone · 40% of Negros-Panay endemic birds (3/8) were also recorded · At least 64% of the total forest-dwelling birds of Negros · One-fifth of the country’s endemic and forest-dwelling birds were recorded at the buffer zone.
These numbers emphasize the vertebrate fauna diversity importance of the 169-hectare buffer zone both within the national context and within Negros Island.
Table 14. Number of bird species on Philippines (Kennedy et al., 2000; Collar et al, 1999) Negros (Kennedy et al., 2000), PNOC EIA (1995), MKNP and CMNH (1999) and the result of this biodiversity study in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.
Philippines Negros PNOC-EDC DENR and Biodiversity EIA, 1995 CMNH, 1999 Study All species 572 255 68 53 79 Breeding 395 190 63 48 79 Philippine 172 59 18 22 35 Endemics Negros-Panay na 8 2 3 3 Endemics Forest Species 300+ 100+ 38 38 64 Threatened 74 20 2 3 3 Species
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 24 Each study site showed varied values for some of the computed biodiversity parameters (Table 15). Similarity indices (Table 16) reveal Sites 1 and 2 and Sites 3 and 4 have almost similar species composition as shown by the relatively higher percentages. Sites 1 and 4 have almost the same elevation, vegetation types and habitat characterization, with each site comprising of lowland dipterocarp forest, forest edge and mixed second growth and agroforest plantations. Both sites are also situated within 900 to 1,000 masl elevation band. Consequently, both bird assemblages reflect communities that represent a mixture of forest and agroforest species. As for Sites 2 and 3, both sites are located within the 1,050 to 1,200 masl elevation band and represent habitats of transition zone lowland forest and lower montane forest. In addition, the same pattern of endemicity is evident across the four study sites. The relatively lower endemicity in Sites 1 and 4 reflects influx of almost all non- endemic species from grassland and agroforest communities.
Table 15. Computed values of different biodiversity parameters/indices for birds per sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland (lowland (transition (grassland parang, dipterocarp lower montane parang, Parameters agroforest, forest- forest) agroforest, lowland transition lower lowland dipterocarp montane forest dipterocarp forest) forest) Species 63 56 52 61 Richness Endemic species 30 33 29 29 Species Diversity 3.44 3.41 3.42 3.42 Index (‘H) Endemicity (E) 47.6 58.9% 55.8% 47.5% Species 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.06 Dominance Index (C) Evenness Index 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.88 (e)
To illustrate further the heterogeneity across all study sites, species composition within each site represent distinct bird communities depending on the type of habitat present. Site 1 has 47 species (out of 63 species) which are considered as inhabitants of lowland dipterocarp forest with only one high elevation specialist, the Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra). Owing to the presence of grassland-parang vegetation, at least 16 species are associated with agricultural areas. Furthermore, overlaps between forest and non-forest birds occur on forest edges and transition between grassland-parang and second growth forest. Similar to Site 1, in terms of habitats/vegetation, Site 4 has a mixed bird assemblage, where out of the 61 species recorded, at least 12 birds are associated with grassland-parang vegetation. Sites 2 and 3, on the other hand, have contrasting bird composition. Virtually all birds recorded on these sites are strict forest inhabitants. Elements of high elevation-obligate bird communities are also evident within these two sites, becoming more pronounced at Site 3. A total of six high elevation species, which were all recorded in Site 3, were documented during the study.
On other biodiversity parameters, all sites showed remarkable similarity (Table 14). All sites have diversity indices (H’) that fall between 3.41 to 3.44, Dominance values (C) of 0.04 to 0.07 and Evenness of 0.87 to 0.91. The similarity in these parameters indicates a relatively similar diversity, which judging from the levels of the indices, is also relatively high. The low and generally the same Dominance values across all sites validate the high diversity index indicating that not a single species highly dominates in each study site. The high Evenness values for all sites further supports the high
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 25 diversity level in which each species are relatively evenly distributed, with no species having an abnormally high number.
Table 16. Computed Sorensen Similarity Index between all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland (lowland (transition (grassland parang, dipterocarp lower montane parang, Sites agroforest, forest- forest) agroforest, lowland transition lower lowland dipterocarp montane forest dipterocarp forest) forest) Site 1 - 77% 71% 94% Site 2 - 90% 80% Site 3 - 73% Site 4 -
From the over-all species total of 79 species, at least 35 species are listed as endemic to the Philippines (44% endemicity), of which three species, S. speciosa, R. albigularis and C. ostenta are solely restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region. Since the study was conducted during the closing days of summer season, almost all birds documented are resident breeders. The high endemism observed within the buffer zone represents near true values of endemism on forested parts of Negros (59%). Additional transect hours could increase the number of endemic species and thereby lifting the total species tally (and endemism) up to the level as seen for the whole Negros Island.
At least 64 species are forest dwellers or a remarkably high 81% of the total species tally. Obligate forest inhabitant families were dominated by the families Accipitridae (Eagle and Hawks), Strigidae (owls), Campephagidae (cuckoo-shrikes), Rhabdornithidae (tree-creepers), Turdidae (thrush), Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers), Dicaedae (flowerpeckers). In addition, some members of Columbidae (doves and pigeons), Picidae (woodpeckers), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Sylviidae (Old World warblers), and Nectarinidae (sunbirds) have distributions that are strictly associated with forest habitats as well. On the other hand, members of Rallidae (rails) and Estrildidae (munias) and Ploceidae (sparrows) were solely restricted to grassland-parang habitats.
At least three species are included in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) globally-threatened list: S. speciosa, R. albigularis and C. ostenta; all are range-restricted species. During the study, all three species were consistently observed in transects or sometimes captured in mist nets. C. ostenta was observed on all study sites, although only on forest areas far from forest edge and adjacent agroforest and agricultural areas. S. speciosa was observed in three study sites (except Site 1). Most records of this species were from lowland forest of good quality although one individual was captured in mistnet that was placed less than 50 meters from the forest edge in Site 4. R. albigularis was solely recorded or netted in mature lowland forest in Sites 1, 2 and 3. One general observation among these three range-restricted and IUCN-recognized threatened species is that all were found only on lowland forest (but probably rare in forest edge), below 1,100 masl.
During the course of the study, five Negros-Panay restricted birds were not observed namely, Negros Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus arcanus), Negros Bleeding-Heart (Gallicolumba keayi), Visayan Tarictic (Penelopides panini), Walden’s Hornbill (Aceros waldeni) and Negros Striped-Babbler (Stachyris nigrorum).
The Negros Fruit-Dove is known only from a single specimen (a female) that was captured on Mt. Kanla-on at Pula (Pulopantao) on May 1, 1953. Subsequent explorations on Mt. Kanla-on (DENR- CMNH- 1998 and Cambridge University- 1992) failed to obtain a specimen or recorded visually this species. Brooks et al. (1992) and Evans et al. (1993) reported that despite spending nine days at the
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 26 type locality and a further 11 days at other sites in the same mountain, this enigmatic fruit dove was not encountered. The original description (Ripley and Rabor, 1955) of the habitat of the type was “one of a pair shot out of a large fruiting tree on the edge of a camp clearing, at an altitude of 3,600 feet”, i.e. 1,090 masl. It seems that this species is chiefly a lowland bird, in which case it might well be extinct or in perilously low numbers as no forest survives below 750 masl in Mt. Kanla-on. However, an alternative explanation for the lack of records of this species would be the possible invalidity of the species: its small size and atypical plumage could suggest that it might be a runt or an abberant specimen of Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus occipitalis) or possibly of a green pigeon (Treron). Lest a male specimen is described, final verdict on the validity of the species must be deferred (Collar et al., 1999).
The Negros Bleeding-Heart was first recorded on Mt. Kanla-on during the late 1870s (Sharpe, 1877) and were observed to be “fairly common”(Eagle Clarke 1900 as cited by Collar et al., 1999). During the 1930s, Hachisuka (1936) reported it to be “an extremely rare bird”and quite possibly have become rarer still during the subsequent years as Brooks et al. (1992) and Evans (1993) recorded only one bird on Mt. Kanla-on. Surveys in 1995 by PNOC EIA (1995) and DENR-CMNH (1999) failed to record this bird. Virtually all habitat records were from lowland dipterocarp forest between 300 and 1,200 masl; forest line within the 169-hectare buffer zone starts at 850 to 900 masl. It is perhaps highly likely that this bird is extremely rare and in low numbers within the buffer zone so that an observation might be a fortuitous event. Nonetheless, an alarm should be raised on the rarity of this species of which the cause of its decline is a direct result of massive loss of lowland rainforest on Mt. Kanlaon.
Recent records of both species of hornbills (P. panini and A. waldeni) have become exceedingly rare on all of its known distribution (especially from 1990 to recent). All records from Mt. Kanla-on were from higher elevations (1,200 to 1,500 masl). This is probably a reaction to lowland deforestation, which is highly evident within the mountain which is the case as well at the 169-hectare buffer zone. Only one record of Negros Striped-Babbler is known from Mt. Kanla-on in Mambucal (May 1987- Hornskov 1995) despite considerable subsequent fieldwork that followed (Brooks et al. 1992, Evans et al. 1993 and DENR-CMNH 1999). Survey by PNOC failed to record this bird as well.
Of the three globally-threatened species (S. speciosa, Coracina ostenta and S. philippensis) which need to be validated by this study, the Philippine Hawk-Eagle (S. philippensis) was not observed. This is possibly due to the intermittent rains that occur during mid morning and early afternoon which might have prevented the formation of thermals and consequently the emergence of the raptor.
3.2.2 Mammalian community
Small non-volant mammals
A total of 444 trap-nights were spent in documenting small non-volant mammal diversity, resulting to only three species captured (Table 17): the Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus), Oriental house rat (Rattus tanezumi) and the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans). A total of 48 individuals were captured for the whole 169-hectare buffer zone, translating to 10.8% trapping success. The most numerous of which is R. tanezumi with 27 individuals (6.1 individuals/100 trap-nights) and with R. exulans almost equally numerous with 19 individuals (4.3 ind/100 trap-nights). Two individuals of the Asian house shrew were captured. Virtually all species captured are commensals and introduced species (non- native). These small mammals are predominantly found on agricultural lands and highly degraded forest edge and second growth and cause considerable damage to crops.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 27 Table 17. Relative abundance/trapping success of small non-volant mammals in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland (lowland (transition (grassland parang, dipterocar lower parang, Species agroforest, p forest- montane agroforest, lowland transition forest) lowland dipterocarp lower dipterocarp forest) montane forest) forest Suncus murinus 2 - - - Rattus exulans 5 5 4 5 Rattus tanezumi 8 6 5 8 Total species 3 2 2 2 Total rodents 15 11 9 13 Total trap-nights 111 111 111 111 Trapping success/100 trapnights 13.5 9.9 8.1 11.7
Only two species of native small non-volant mammals are recorded for the whole island of Negros, the Negros shrew (Crocidura negrina) and an undescribed forest mouse (Apomys sp. A). All specimens were taken only from Mt. Guinsayawan, Southern Negros, and recorded in low numbers in lowland forest, becoming slightly numerous up until 1,400 masl; non-native species are significantly more dominant all throughout the altitudinal range of Mt. Guinsayawan. Sampling effort in the 169-hectare buffer zone was done on a variety of habitats ranging from grassland-parang and forest edge (especially in Site 1 and Site 4) to deep, interior lowland forest (Site 3) and transition lower montane forest (Site 4). Nevertheless, 12 nights of trapping effort failed to yield a single native species, a pattern almost similar to Mt. Guinsayawan. The data for this study supports hypothesis by Heaney et al. (1998) that the colonization success of non-native small non-flying mammals on natural habitats (i.e. forest) is dependent on the presence of native (and endemic) small non-flying mammals. Where native fauna is few to begin with, colonization of non-natives might be successful and lead to numerical dominance. This phenomenon is further apparent on relatively young and small oceanic islands. Whereas Luzon and Mindanao are larger and older islands thus have more native (and endemic) non-volant mammals and consequently lower frequency of invasion of non-natives, smaller and younger islands such as Negros and Camiguin have fewer natives thus facilitating a successful colonization and domination of non-natives on forested mountain ranges.
Bats
A total of 252 net-nights of sampling effort were invested in capturing bats for the whole 169-hectare buffer zone. A total of 408 individuals were netted comprising 12 species, which include 6 species apiece of fruit bats (Megachiroptera) and micro bats (Microchiroptera). About half are endemic to the Philippines including the threatened Negros-Panay and Sibuyan-restricted Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene rabori).
An overwhelming majority of the bats captured are fruit bats (395 of the 408 bats) and difference in abundance in four different study sites reflects distinct habitat associations for most of the species (Table 18). The most number of bats captured were from Sites 1 and 4 having a netting success of 1.9 and 1.6 bats per net-night, respectively. Species composition within these two sites are dominated by widely distributed species (both geographically and ecologically), indicative of the variety of habitats present for both sites i.e. forests and non-forests (Heaney et al., 1998). C. brachyotis and M. minimus are distributed throughout Southeast Asia and can be found in a wide variety of habitats ranging from forests to agroforest and agricultural lands. P. jagori is a Philippine endemic but is distributed widely in
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 28 the Philippines (except Palawan) and occupies both forest and non-forest habitats (but mostly where forest is nearby). The endemics H. fischeri, H. whiteheadi and N. rabori are relatively fewer, the former mostly netted on deep, interior lowland forest. H. whitehadi and N. rabori were netted at grassland- parang and at forest edge, respectively. Though seldom netted, H. whiteheadi was present throughout the study sites as ascertained by its distinct loud and high-pitched whistle that can be heard along the canopy level. Paucity of captures for this species is most likely a result of its canopy-foraging habits. The lone capture of N. rabori might also be reflective of its high canopy foraging. It is worthwhile to note that the two bats are able to persist in disturbed habitats of grassland and forest edge although their habitat requirements necessitate the presence of very near mature, slightly disturbed forests (Heideman and Heaney, 1987, Heaney et al. 1998).
Sites 2 and 3 have a netting success of 1.4 and 1.3 bats/net-night, respectively. A pronounced increase in the number of the endemic H. fischeri is apparent while non-endemics have lessened in frequency. Although widely distributed in the Philippines (except Palawan and Batanes), its habitat distribution is narrow and confined mostly to forests of pristine and mature condition (becoming common at middle elevations) and absent entirely in agricultural areas. The relative abundance of the endemic P. jagori is relatively the same for all sites indicating its wide variety of habitat requirements. C. brachyotis and M. minimus have become fewer at mature forests, especially at higher elevation, a pattern that is seen for the rest of the Philippines.
Table 18. Relative abundance/netting of fruit bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland (lowland (transition (grassland parang, dipterocarp lower parang, Species agroforest, forest- montane agroforest, lowland transition forest) lowland dipterocarp lower dipterocarp forest) montane forest) forest FRUITBATS Cynopterus brachyotis 54 22 15 25 Haplonycteris fischeri 7 29 30 8 Harpyionycteris whiteheadi 2 P 1 P Macroglossus minimus 25 8 5 25 Nyctimene rabori - - - 1 Ptenochirus jagori 29 30 28 22 Total species 5 5 5 6 Total fruit bats 117 89 79 100 Total net-nights 63 63 63 63 Bats per net-night 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.6
A total of 23 individuals of microbats were captured (Table 19), comprising six species and representing three families from Megadermatidae (one species), Rhinolophidae (three) and Vespertilionidae (two); two species are endemic to the Philippines namely Hipposideros obscurus and Rhinolophus virgo. The total species tally for microbats is under represented as these bats utilize ultrasonic frequencies for navigation, enabling them to evade mist nets easily. As such, describing the distribution patterns may not be possible due to low capture turn-out. Nevertheless, all microbats were captured inside forests. Furthermore H. obscurus, R. virgo, Pipistrellus javanicus and Kerivoula hardwicki were captured in forest that were far from grasslands and forest edge. Elsewhere in the Philippines, records for these species show similar habitat distribution as well (Heaney et al., 1998).
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 29 Table 19. Relative abundance/netting of micro bats in all sampling sites in NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone, Negros Occidental.
Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland (lowland (transition (grassland parang, dipterocarp lower parang, Species agroforest, forest- montane agroforest, lowland transition forest) lowland dipterocarp lower dipterocarp forest) montane forest) forest Megaderma spasma - - - 4 Hipposideros obscurus 1 - - Rhinolophus arcuatus - - 4 3 Rhinolophus virgo - - 3 - Kerifvoula hardwicki 1 - - - Pipistrellus javanicus 1 2 2 2 Total species 3 1 3 3 Total fruit bats 3 2 9 9 Total net-nights 63 63 63 63 Bats per net-night 0.05 0.03 0.14 0.14
Large mammals
From direct observations (through scats and visual encounters) and interviews with local guides, at least five species of large mammals were recorded (Appendix 17 for the complete list of mammals): Common palm civet Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis), Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), Malay Civet (Viverra tagalunga), and the Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons). The Long-tailed macaque was consistently observed on all four study sites and thought to be quite common by local guides. Both species of civets were also common in the study sites as their scats were consistently encountered during the course of the survey. The Leopard cat and the threatened Visayan warty pig is deemed to be relatively rare, with the former only encountered by chance on farmlands near forest whereas the latter was identified through chance sightings (though rarely) of scats along transects. Local guides perceived that the Visayan warty pig has become uncommon within the buffer zone and are mostly found on upper elevation although depredation on crops near the forest line were observed.
3.2.3 Amphibians and Reptiles
Gathering from opportunistic catching and interviews with local guides, a total of 25 species of amphibians and reptiles were documented for the 169-hectare buffer zone, comprising of 11 frogs and toads and 14 reptiles (Appendix 18). At least 12 species are endemic to the Philippines (eight frogs and four reptiles), of which at least three are restricted to Negros-Panay (Limnonected visayana, Cyrtodactylus annulatus and Lepidodactylus christiani). The 11 frogs are further subdivided into one toad (Bufonidae), nine true frogs (Ranidae) and two tree frogs (Rhacophoridae) whereas the 14 species of reptiles consist of three agamid, two gekkonids, two scincids, one varanid and six snakes (from families Colubridae, Pythonidae and the highly venomous Viperidae and Elaphidae).
All, except one frog Polypedates leucomystax, were found inside the forested region of the buffer zone. These include all species under the genus Platymantis (dorsalis group and corrugatus), Limnonectes visayana, Rana everetti and Philautus. All of these species are forest obligates and were found throughout all study sites. Two species found inside the forest have distributions that extend on
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 30 non-forest habitats, the introduced Bufo marinus and Occidozyga laevis. The former is interesting as it is predominantly an agriculture-associated species, implying a possible successful colonization of forested habitats. This toad was found in Site 2 near the hiker’s trail that leads to the peak of Mt. Kanla-on. The site is also near an old logging road, abandoned for at least 15 years. Colonization of this introduced species may have been facilitated by the presence of an open-access hikers trail or possibly from the previous logging operations. Unlike the case of the non-flying small mammals, colonization of B. marinus in forest might be anthropogenic. Several toads were found within the vicinity of the plant site. O. laevis was found in puddles in Sites 1 and 4 in forest edge and grasslands. On the other hand, P. leucomystax was exclusively found within grasslands.
The 14 species of reptiles have a markedly mixed habitat associations. Although 12 species were found inside forest, at least half were also known to inhabit agricultural areas as well. On the other hand, only two species of reptiles (lizards Mabuya multifasciata and multicarinata) were found in grassland habitats.
3.2.4 Noteworthy Species
At least 12 species were chosen as noteworthy (Table 20) by virtue of several characteristics: (1) restricted to Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region, (2) listed as globally threatened by IUCN, and (3) heavily exploited for food or pets. At least eight species are restricted to Negros-Panay, of which three are birds, two mammals, one frog and two reptiles. In addition, at least seven species are listed as threatened by IUCN. It should be noted that at least six Negros-Panay endemics are currently recognized as threatened species as well. Furthermore, virtually all of these Negros-Panay endemics are strictly forest dwellers.
These species are range-restricted and are dependent on their habitats, so that the interplay between inherent rarity and restrictedness and direct tangible threats to population (from deforestation, hunting and in-breeding) greatly justifies their importance.
At least two species, both gekkonid reptiles, are also range-restricted (C. annulatus and L. christiani). So little information is known about these two species that population assessment have not yet been possible. On the other hand, at least three species, the Leopard cat, Sailfin Lizard and the Monitor Lizard, are not restricted (tentatively) to Negros-Panay although heavy exploitation for food has been documented for these species. Furthermore, initial results from morphological and molecular studies might suggest that these species might represent separate populations that are distinct from the rest of the Philippine forms. As such, their apparent restricted-range (pending a publication) and threatened status (though not yet formalized) could include them under the IUCN Redlist.
Table 20. List of noteworthy wildlife species observed in NNGP
Species Residency and Conservation Status* Birds Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle Negros-Panay endemic and Endangered Flycatcher Mammals Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat Philippine endemic and Vulnerable Nyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat Negros-Panay and Sibuyan endemic and Critically Endangered Prionailurus bengalensis Non-endemic but In the Philippines, restricted to Negros and Palawan; not listed as threatened but heavily hunted
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 31 Species Residency and Conservation Status* Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig Negros-Panay endemic and Critically Endangered Amphibians Limnonectes visayana Visayan Giant Woodland Frog Negros-Panay endemic and Vulnerable Reptiles Cyrtodactylus annulatus Negros-Panay endemic Lepidodactylus christiani Negros-Panay endemic Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfin Lizard Negros population possibly restricted to the island but heavily hunted Varanus salvatori Monitor Lizard Non-endemic but heavily hunted *- based from IUCN (Hilton-Taylor, 2002)
3.2.5 Conservation Status
From a 15-day sampling effort covering four study sites, a total of 124 wildlife vertebrates were encountered during the study. Of the total, at least 54 species are endemic to the Philippines and eight are restricted to the Negros-Panay Biogeographic Region (Appendix 16 to 18). Furthermore, the study also documented nine species which are currently listed as globally threatened by IUCN (Hilton- Taylor, 2002) (Table 18).
The Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park is one of the last forested areas in Negros Island and remains as shelter for endemic and threatened species. As the majority of the landscape within the buffer zone is forests, coverage of the study sites was mainly on forested habitats as well. Only small portions of the buffer zone are grasslands and agroforest. Expectedly, at least 101 species documented are associated with forest (81% of the total species tally), the majority of which are obligate forest dwellers. Furthermore, practically all 54 Philippine endemics, eight Negros-Panay endemics and seven IUCN threatened species are forest dwellers also.
It is important to note that most of the 101 endemic species are considered as strict or partially lowland dipterocarp forest dwellers. Results of the study have shown that species richness, especially for birds declined, albeit in low increment, with increasing altitude. This is especially apparent at Site 3 where some of the lowland species have not been encountered, particularly at ridgetop montane forest and were replaced by at least six high-elevation specialists. As such, the lowland forest of the buffer zone, covering an elevation band of 900 to 1,100 masl, serves as the most important area for wildlife vertebrate diversity. Nevertheless, the high-elevation forest within the buffer zone might potentially harbor other highly threatened Negros-Panay endemics such as the Visayan Tarictic Hornbill (P. panini), Visayan Wrinkled Hornbill (Aceros waldeni), Negros Bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba keayi) and the Philippine spotted deer (Cervus alfredi). All of these species were not observed during the study.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 32 4.0 Impacts and Mitigating Measures Table 21. Potential impacts of the different project activities and their corresponding mitigating measures.
Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Mitigating Measure Permanent or Long-term or Temporary Short-term
I. Civil works and construction phase - Mobilization of construction equipment and - Temporary - Long-term - Identification and marking of This phase will encompass workers which will require vegetation ecologically/economically important the establishment of 2.7 km clearing to facilitate movement. species access road, well pads and - If feasible, minimize cutting reinjection wells. potential mother trees, which will serve as genetic source for the important species - Avoidance of unnecessary clearing
- Trampling of understorey vegetation - Temporary - Short-term - Localized movement of equipment and personnel - Clearing of vegetation growing in the - Permanent - Vegetation to be cleared should be proposed access road conversion to delineated to avoid unnecessary access road clearing.
- Additional clearing of vegetation for the - Permanent - Access road specifications should construction of pipelines, separator stations also include accommodation of and utilities pipeline dimensions to avoid new clearing of vegetation.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 33 Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Mitigating Measure Permanent or Long-term or Temporary Short-term - Separator stations and utilities should be constructed as near as possible to the well pad so that additional clearing of vegetation will be minimized.
- For the construction of well pads and - Permanent - Short term - Vegetation clearing and its effect is reinjection wells, the clearing of vegetation conversion to inevitable, however, poaching of that is concentric in shape creating large well pads wildlife will be strictly prohibited to forest gaps, which will lead to mitigate its population reduction displacement and reduction in wildlife population numbers - Captured wildlife shall be released back to the wild. - The clearing of vegetation to provide for - Permanent - Long Term the road network and well pad will have a - Intensive IECs and Reforestation subtle effect of habitat loss due to a linear program barrier, which may affect the movement and dispersal of animals, facilitate intrusion of non-native and agriculture- associated-species into forests, as well as formation of forest edges (edge effect).
- Enhanced soil erosion from earth moving - Temporary - Short-term - Excavated topsoil be used as back- activities of heavy equipment will affect filling materials or spread evenly in forest dwelling species within the vicinity of surrounding areas access road and will contribute to soil nutrient loss
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 34 Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Mitigating Measure Permanent or Long-term or Temporary Short-term - Siltation from accumulated soil that can - Temporary - Short-term - Provision of erosion-control make its way to rivers and creeks affecting techniques such as drainage, catch riparian wildlife basin and sediment ponds
- Possible increase of anthropogenic - Temporary - Long-term - Frequent patrolling/ surveillance activities inside the buffer zone or even recurring threat shall be conducted park area but can be - Community involvement in the controlled protection activities - Signage on restrictions
Temporary housing of - Staff temporarily housed within the 169- - Temporary (can - Short-term - Hunting should be banned at all construction staff and hectare buffer zone might resort to be prevented) cost. Strict penalties should be contractors hunting of wildlife during off-hours imposed.
- Temporary housing shall be constructed outside the buffer zone.
- Accumulation of solid wastes from - Temporary (can - Short-term - Practice good housekeeping among everyday activities of staff will not only be controlled) construction staff and contractors. affect the aesthetics of the area but will attract animals that feed on decaying organic matter
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 35 Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Mitigating Measure Permanent or Long-term or Temporary Short-term
II. Well drilling
Drilling of well pads and - Noise associated with drilling could drive - Temporary, - Short-term - Regular replacement of equipment reinjection wells away wildlife (can be mufflers minimized)
- Drilling fluids might come in contact with - Temporary - Short-term - Drilling fluids should be collected potable water table or make its way to and transported immediately to rivers and small creeks designated areas outside the 169- hectare buffer zone.
Construction of additional - Establishment of these facilities within the - Permanent - Make use of existing thermal thermal ponds, quarry, spoil 169-hectare buffer zone will lead to further ponds, quarry, spoil disposal areas disposal areas and sludge reduction of forest and sludge pits within the plant pits premises. New construction of these infrastructures should be avoided.
III. Well testing
Well testing - Discharge of initial steam to the - Temporary - Long-term - Design of steam discharge atmosphere can affect vegetation within apparatus should incorporate gas the well pad vicinity leading to possible abatement measures. defoliation of trees. - The length of time devoted to initial steam discharge should be minimized within practical limits.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 36 Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Mitigating Measure Permanent or Long-term or Temporary Short-term
IV. Power plant operations (Production phase)
Steam Gathering from Fluid - Gaseous emissions can affect vegetation - Temporary - Long-term - Design of FCRS should incorporate Collection and Recycling within the well pad vicinity. gas abatement measures. System (FCRS)
Noise emissions from FCRS - Noise associated with blow-off could drive - Temporary - Long-term - Design of FCRS should incorporate away wildlife noise muffling apparatus
Liquid discharges from - Waste water could make its way to the - Temporary - Long-term - Liquid discharges should be FCRS river in between the two well pads collected and transported affecting riparian fauna immediately to designated areas outside the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Solid wastes from FCRS - Accumulation of amorphous silica/scales - Temporary - Long-term - Collection of amorphous silica formed in the reinjection pipelines might scales should be done regularly to make its way to rivers and creeks avoid accumulation affecting riparian fauna
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 37 Degree of Impact Project activities Impact Description Mitigating Measure Permanent or Long-term or Temporary Short-term - Increase anthropogenic activity, which - Temporary - Long-term - Provide livelihood assistance to the Power Plant operations can be probably caused by livelihood communities residing adjacent to opportunities the buffer zone and power plant vicinity - Temporary - Long-term - Information, education and - Intrusion to the natural park communication campaign on the importance of the natural park and geothermal power plant - Frequent patrolling/ surveillance shall be conducted
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 38 5.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan Table 22. Proposed Environmental Monitoring Plan for the 169-hectares buffer zone.
Project Parameters and location Frequency Responsibility Activity/Impacts
1. Clearing of 1. Sampling stations for vegetation Semi-annual Vegetation vegetation for Five sampling stations will be constructed. One each near specialist access road and well the two well pads, two probably along the road system, pads, creating a and one outside the development area, which will serve as linear barrier and the control station. The exact location of the monitoring habitat fragmentation plots shall be determined and agreed upon by all the parties prior to the start of development. A 10m x 10m quadrat shall be used as monitoring plot for trees (DBH > 3cm), 5m x 5m for saplings (DBH < 3cm) and 1m x 1m for understories (grasses, vines, ferns, etc.). In each sampling station, parameters to be monitored include but not limited to: a) Species composition; b) frequency; c) growth rate; d) basal area; e) density; f) dominant class plant height of saplings; and g) litter accumulation. Similarly, diversity indices and other vegetation analysis will be computed for each sampling station using some of the available Biodiversity soft wares (e.g., BioPro, MVSP, KREBS, Estimate-S).
2. Transect line for birds Semi-annual Trained wildlife biologist A 1.5 kilometer transect line will be used to determine existing avifauna in forest habitats on both sides of the access road. As the length of the access road totals to 2.7 kilometers, at least four transects will be established. The route will be subdivided into 10 major points using 150 meters between each point. The observer will walk for 15 minutes between each point, managing the whole distance of each transect for 150 minutes or 2.5 hours. The following information will be noted on all birds recorded during the transect count: species name, number of individuals, habitat, elevation, exact distance of the bird observed to forest edge and others (i.e. flying, perched, heard, seen, foraging behavior, etc.). Since data distance to edge will be generated, this will determine type of species that benefits from the linear barrier as well as species that shy away or avoid such disturbance.
A shorter transect line will be established at the well pad using a cardinal compass direction (i.e. north, south, west, east). These four transects will start at the boundary of the well pad and extend to at least 500 meters in length. Each transect route will be subdivided into 5 points using a 100- meter distance between each point. Similar to the line transect, the observer will walk at least 15 minutes per
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 39 Project Parameters and location Frequency Responsibility Activity/Impacts point for a total of 75 minutes or 1.25 hours. Information to be collected from access road transect will also be collected for the well pad transect.
3. Mist-netting for birds and bats Semi-annual Trained wildlife biologist Standard mistnets (12 x 2.6mm 6 x 2.6 m) will be used to capture bats and birds daily. At least five netting stations (three mistnets per stations) will be placed within the 1 kilometer transect lines. The nets will be in operation for at least four nights and checked every hour during night time from 1800h to 2100h. During daytime, nets will be checked every two hours starting 0600h until 1700h.
At the well pad transects, three mist net station (with three nets per station) will be placed on each of the four transects.
4. Capture-mark-recapture for small non-flying mammals Semi-annual Trained wildlife biologist A trapping grid using cage traps will be established on both sides of the line transect used for birds. The trapping grid should have the following dimensions: 45 x15m, with each trap placed at every five meters within the grid for a total of 40 traps. At least two trapping grids will be placed on both sides of the transect with at 100 meters interval, starting from the edge of the access road. Traps will be baited with coconuts strips roasted in peanut butter or live earthworms. Traps will be operated for at least three nights.
Capture-mark recapture method will be employed to determine movements and habitat preference of each individual non-flying mammal caught. This will also give a picture on the proportion of endemics that non-native species are now occupying forest edges. Ultimately, using the Lincoln-Peterson Index, an estimate of population density can be computed for each species viz-a-vis endemics vs. non-native species.
A smaller trapping grid will be established at each transect sites at the well pad. Grid dimension is as follows: 20m x 20m for a total of 25 cage traps.
2. All identified 1. The Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) impacts The BMS has been institutionalized in several protected Quarterly PNOC forest areas in the Philippines. It has also generated meaningful guards. management actions (acted upon by various stakeholders) based from the results generated by such system. As the design for monitoring program for the whole 169-hectare already involves bird transect lines to be done by trained biologists, it is envisioned that only two of the four methods prescribed in the BMS will be used, namely field
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 40 Project Parameters and location Frequency Responsibility Activity/Impacts diary and fixed photography or photodocumentation. These two methods will be performed by PNOC forest guards, especially Forest guards using the field diary should monitor all the impacts to wildlife listed in this report at each of the project activities listed and at each operation phase. Any deviation or observed negative impacts to wildlife should be noted and reported to EMD for proper action.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 41 6.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
6.1 Flora Results of the study revealed that Mt. Kanla-on buffer zone including the PNOC EDC proposed development area has a high biodiversity value. The number of new island records, island or near endemics, Philippine endemics and threatened species in the area are found to be significant. The project development, however, will not have a considerable effect on the overall biodiversity of the area considering the modest size of the development area, which is about 17% of the 169-hectare buffer zone and only about 0.1% of the MKNP. Moreover, mitigating measures can be adopted to minimize its effects and by some means maintain, or even enhance the ecological status of Mt. Kanla- on buffer zone.
The baseline information gathered for this study will aid in the formulation of the management plan. To further mitigate impacts of the projects and for the protection, conservation and enhancement of biodiversity in the area, the following observations and recommendations should be considered in the management plan.
· The markings of ecologically important tree species found within the study area could help in the identification of a Genetic Resource Area (GRA) for PNOC’s forest rehabilitation initiatives in the future.
· For road construction, the survey of relatively wider P-line area (50meters on the average), as well as the result of the similarity index, provides more spaces and flexibility for the delineation of the actual road system. Potential mother trees of those species listed in Table 9, 10, 11, and 13 should be protected for future genetic sourcing. One important observation is that, most of the species listed as ecologically important are dominating the study site, which makes these species less arduous to conserve and protect. Protection and conservation of these species should be prioritized as Mt Kanlaon could be one of the few if not the only remaining native habitat of these species.
· Mt. Kanlaon buffer zone has a number of ecologically and economically important species which are abundantly growing in the area. The growth and continues survival of these species is directly dependent on the continuing good quality of the physico-chemical environment. Thus, remaining forest fragments should be maintained and, if feasible, forest expansion through reforestation, regeneration and rehabilitation programs may be implemented.
· A number of premium quality Gymnosperms species (Almaciga, Igem, Lokinai, Dalung and Lubang-lubang) though abundantly growing in the area has very minimal regeneration. This minimal regeneration can be attributed to the presence of thick forest litter, which prevents the recalcitrant seeds (viability last only for few days) to immediately reach the soil before losing its viability. These species should be given much priority for Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR).
· To determine the possible impacts of the project and other human related development activities, long-term and regular monitoring activities should be conducted. If ecosystem functions are to be monitored, then appropriate permanent forest plots may be delineated. By international standards, a minimum of one hectare is needed to study forest dynamics.
· The presence of new island records is an indication that Mt. Kanlaon is one of the under studied areas. It is highly possible that many species in the area are still undiscovered and so their potentials will never be realized.
· Information contained in this report should find its way into the mainstream of the science of Biodiversity Conservation. Information that was initially gathered, as well as how such information were utilized for management purposes, needs to be documented and eventually published. This will also further validate/refute the endemism reported for this study. Lessons learned by PNOC EDC will be very useful to other corporations involved in similar development projects.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 42 6.2 Fauna
Loss of habitat has been identified as the primary reason for the high number of threatened species found in the Philippines, so high that the country ranks as having one of the highest number of threatened species in the world (Ong et al., 2002). Negros Island, in particular, has experienced massive deforestation over the last 100 years so that forest areas have been fragmented and reduced to smaller areas that are confined solely on mountain ranges, as mentioned earlier. In turn, this loss has resulted to a high proportion of wildlife species under the IUCN threatened categories (Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable). Furthermore, given the highly reduced size of remaining forest, the presence of threatened species might be an indication of impending effects of time-lag, which is described as the time between habitat loss and subsequent (and possibly sudden) extinctions of associated fauna due to loss and fragmentation of their habitat (Magsalay et al., 1999).
On a micro scale, clearing of vegetation within the 169-hectare buffer zone could mimic the habitat fragmentation that has already happened for the rest of the Philippines. Perhaps the project component that would cause major impact within the 169-hectare buffer zone is the clearing of vegetation associated with the access road and pad construction.
Considering all possible mitigating measures, there would still be the inevitable effect of the vegetation clearing to wildlife, thus PNOC EDC in addition to the above recommended environmental measures, may also opt to promote wildlife conservation through (1) supporting conservation programs (e.g. reforestation in other parts of the park), and (2) spearheading information, education and communication (IEC) campaign for MKNP.
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Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Page 48 PLATES Plate 1. Orientation with PNOC-EDC and DENR officials prior to fieldwork.
Plate 2. Briefing orientation on PNOC-EDC operation.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 3. One of the largest (190 cm diameter) Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis).
Plate 4. Rafflesia speciosa’s first ever record in Negros island.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 5. The most abundant/dominant epiphyte –Freycinetia sp. (Pandan baging)
Plate 6. Elatostema sp. – one of the most dominant ground cover species.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 7. Sarchandra glabra – the most dominant species of shrub in the area.
Plate 8. Cyathea negrosiana – one of the threatened species of Tree fern.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 9. Streblosa sp. – one of the few herbaceous species that survive the thick forest litter.
Plate 10. The floral diversity survey team.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 11. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Plate 12. View of the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 13. Spotted Wood Kingfisher (Actenoides lindsayi), a bird associated with riverine habitats.
Plate 14. Snowy-browed Flycatcher (Ficedula hyperythra), a high elevation specialist.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 15. White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Rhinomyias albigularis), a Negros- Panay endemic and classified as Endangered by IUCN.
Plate 16. Flame-templed Babbler (Stachyris speciosa), a Negros-Panay endemic and classified as Vulnerable by IUCN.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 17. Common Emerald Dove (Chalcopaps indica), can be found on both forest and non-forest habitats.
Plate 18. Striated Grassbird (Megalurus palustris), a common fixture of grassland vegetation.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 19. Philippine Tailorbird (Orthotomus castaneiceps), a Philippine endemic and one of the most common understorey birds.
Plate 20. Velvet-fronted Nuthatch (Sitta frontalis), a one of the most common understorey birds.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 21. Sunda Ground-Thrush (Zoothera andromedae), a poorly known and cryptic understorey bird.
Plate 22. Mountain Verditer Flycatcher (Eumyias panayensis), a high elevation specialist.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 23. Harpy fruit bat (Har[yionycteris whiteheadi), a poorly-known Philippine endemic but fairly common in all study sites.
Plate 24. Philippine pygmy fruit bat (Haplonycteris fischeri), a Philippine endemic restricted to forested habitats.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 25. Philippine forest roundleaf bat (Hipposideros obscurus), a Philippine endemic restricted to forested habitats.
Plate 26. Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus), one of the most common insectivorous bats captured in all study sites.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 27. Common Forest frog (Platymantis spp.), one of the several endemic dimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Plate 28. Rough-backed Forest Frog (Platymantis corrugatus.), also one of the several endemic dimunitive frogs common in the forest of the 169- hectare buffer zone.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Plate 28. Marine Toad (Bufo marinus), an introduced species from South America that have made its way to the forest of the 169-hectare buffer zone.
Plate 30. Philippine Flying Lizard (Draco spilopterus), observed in almost all sites except Site 3.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values.
DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m)
ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 6 127 63 0.534 ANACARDIACEAE Mangifera caesia Jack Baluno 2 82 21 0.323 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. APOCYNACEAE scholaris Dita 5 93 44 0.399 ARALIACEAE Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 3 34 40 0.217 Schefflera obovata Merr. 1 10 5 0.064 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 50 2542 501.5 10.391 BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 77 1404 550 5.849 Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 32 1344 384 5.798 CELASTRACEAE Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 1 14 4 0.067 CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 4 155 50 0.671 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 20 339 191 1.560 Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) CLETHRACEAE Sleum. Malaklak 37 513 186.5 2.519 CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 2 26 10 0.135 Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaogon 1 16 7 0.073 Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Salinggogon 4 60 30 0.288 Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum Paguringon 2 34 20 0.158 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 54 982 399.5 4.123 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 1 12 4 0.066 COMBRETACEAE Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Flem. Binggas 5 134 47 0.502 Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 27 611 255 2.423 CUNONIACEAE Hutchinson Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Kalilan 2 34 6 0.135 Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 37 980 304.5 3.514 DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon-kalabau 10 207 52 0.751 DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 114 2927 1536.5 12.815 Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Tanguile 2 28 22 0.149 EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 9 140 65 0.652 ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Saritan 2 52 19.5 0.199 Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian sikat 5 134 41 0.478 EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 4 64 37 0.304 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer Matang-hipon 4 59 21.5 0.277 Cleisthantus everettii C.B. Robinson Everett Anupag 22 330 128 1.540 Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 25 374 176.5 1.788 Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 59 1047 416.3 4.431 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 8 139 59.5 0.602 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 16 309 127.5 1.269 Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.-Arg. Lagapak 2 31 22 0.155
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m)
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 25 469 182 1.925 Hinlaumong Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw laparan 6 87 55 0.441 Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen FABACEAE var. clypearia Tiagkot 3 42 13 0.202 FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 23 705 242 2.714 ICACINACEAE Citronella latifolia (Merr.) Howard Malaam 1 16 8 0.074 JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 4 60 32 0.291 VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum sp. 2 26 18 0.142 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina 1 14 3 0.066 Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 5 203 52 0.793 Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Magatopoi 1 16 5 0.070 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 52 1385 460 5.085 Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 44 617 238 3.019 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 82 1704 642.5 6.691 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 10 172 102 0.796 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 13 288 135 1.186 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 377 9942 3650.5 37.838 Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 1 11 9 0.069 Litsea sp. 1 12 243 128 1.046 Litsea sp. 2 1 23 11 0.095 Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 13 255 116 1.064 Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 3 125 26 0.441 Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 24 483 217.5 1.997 Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 13 302 116.5 1.167 Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 35 702 260 2.779 Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 1 24 4 0.076 LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. Toog 3 142 53 0.853 LOGANIACEAE Buddleja asiatica Lour. Taliknono 1 36 12 0.150 Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. MAGNOLIACEAE candollii Patangis 2 46 13 0.164 MALVACEAE Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Bayok 2 48 17 0.180 Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 15 196 136 1.070 MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 19 272 84 1.287 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 23 366 124 1.617 Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 15 224 92.5 1.055 Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 5 77 38.5 0.364 MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 17 360 158 1.462 Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 19 500 166.5 1.836 Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi 21 603 208 2.276 Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Katong-matsing 1 18 10 0.081 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 61 1463 537.5 5.553 Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 1 45 13 0.210 MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 3 65 14 0.225 Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 1 12 8 0.069 Ficus bataanensis Merr. Bataan-fig 33 658 300 2.736
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m)
Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong 4 46 17 0.263 Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Lunug 1 18 3 0.068 Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 15 214 75 1.025 Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii Isis-ibon 4 64 20 0.070 Ficus cumingii Miq. var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner Laningning 1 13 8 0.279 Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas 1 11 11 0.070 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 14 232 85.5 1.009 Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata (Merr.) Corner Obdas 7 109 45 0.500 Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 5 78 37 0.364 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 6 92 27.5 0.412 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 5 73 15 0.331 Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 4 124 31 0.417 Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 7 154 55 0.588 Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 5 61 25.5 0.335 Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Dolalog 4 182 53 0.865 Tangisang- Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata bayawak 10 283 92 1.039 Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Agus-us 4 100 33 0.366 MYRISTICACEAE Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii (King) de Wilde Parugan 1 16 12 0.080 Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. Yabnob 2 27 6 0.131 MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 1 15 11 0.077 Ardisia sp. 1 11 2 0.064 MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 63 1593 539 5.877 Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 34 768 295 2.973 Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 5 96 38.5 0.393 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 114 2863 940 10.463 Syzygium sp. 2 4 83 36 0.337 Syzygium sp.1 3 79 25 0.285 Malaruhat Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. bundok 94 2264 857 8.674 Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 1 13 3 0.065 Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. Malabayabas 12 345 116.5 1.291 OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 5 72 24 0.341 PHYLLANTHACEAE Antidesma tomentosum Blume Bignai-kalau 4 64 37 0.304 Blumeodendron tokbrai (Blume) Kurz Lindog-ilanan 3 49 23 0.222 Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Nadong 11 252 80 0.924 Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna 2 38 15.5 0.157 PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 23 1264 250 5.669 Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 8 560 94 3.080 Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 7 172 85 0.726 Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. PUTRANJIVACEAE Hoffm. Butong manok 20 310 131 1.429 RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan-gubat 10 233 135 1.037
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m) ROSACEAE Lagong Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. banguhan 30 1148 357 4.807 RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 13 218 120 1.003 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 26 447 210 1.977 Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 1 12 4 0.066 Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. et Ridsd. Uisak sikat 3 46 20 0.214 Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 120 2137 773.5 8.892 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 5 72 42.5 0.363 Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 9 187 86 0.772 RUTACEAE Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. Galigiuan 6 139 51 0.529 Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 66 1268 586 5.347 SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 85 1531 657 6.519 Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 42 22 0.180 Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 1 13 3 0.065 Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Uas 5 113 51 0.459 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 10 307 123 1.276 Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 29 846 290 3.199 Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 11 219 106.5 0.926 Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 107 2888 1132 11.322 Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak-malak 6 196 70 0.794 Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 45 756 331.5 3.343 SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst. Malakamias 3 66 33 0.277 STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 30 912 278 3.318 Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 92 1317 577.5 6.427 Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. SYMPLOCACEAE cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 173 4754 1749 18.235 THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 2 36 14 0.151 Leyte Adinandra leytensis Merr. sangnauan 2 36 16 0.154 Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Batik 16 278 109 1.187 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 38 701 316 2.983 Ternstroemia gitingensis Elmer Apin 18 401 149 1.542 URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Lipang kalabaw, Chew Sagai 28 465 130 1.955 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 1 13 2 0.065 Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 9 129 44 0.615 Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume Alipasio 2 72 18 0.256 Villebrunea trinervis Wedd. Alilaua 1 12 3 0.065
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 2. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies.
Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
ACHARIACEAE Ahernia glandulosa Merr. Sanglai 11 ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 77 APOCYNACEAE Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Dita 9 Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayag-usa 3 ARALIACEAE Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson 24 Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 2 Schefflera obovata Merr. 29 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 58 ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 57 Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 100 Calamus microcarpus Becc. Tandulang gubat 32 Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Limuran 37 Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 29 Calamus vidalianus Becc. Tagiti 58 Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Takipan 13 Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan/Gatasan 67 Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 58 Daemonorops sp. Uay/Rattan 28 Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140 Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 16 Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 112 BORAGINACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. Halimomog 4 BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin/Salong 216 Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 6 CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Sauco 2 CELASTRACEAE Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Baras-baras 5 Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 2 CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 8 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 20 Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. CLETHRACEAE novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 74 CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 11 Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaugon 10 Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Salinggogon 3 Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum Paguringon 8 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 54 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 6 COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talang-gubat 19 Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 1 CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Hutchinson Kalilan 1 Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 49 CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 205 Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 126
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 110 DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 12 DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 218 Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. Tanguile 2 ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian-sikat 21 EUPHORBIACEAE Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm. Haginis 9 Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Limpahung 6 Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 1 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer Matang-hipon 18 Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 8 Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang 140 Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 80 Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 52 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 4 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 59 Macaranga hispida (Blume) Muell.-Arg. Lagapak 17 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 15 Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Hinlaumo 12 FABACEAE Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia Tiagkot 6 Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Lanos 3 FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 15 GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 10 JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan-liitan 2 VERBENACEAE Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Fireworks/Bagauak-morado 8 Clerodendrum sp. 17 LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 4 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 16 Cryptocarya trinervia Elm. Inikmo 5 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 79 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 53 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 5 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Klamagan/Bakan 182 Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 101 Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 35 Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 2 Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Puso-puso 52 LEEACEAE Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Himamali 10 Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 6 MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. candollii Patangis 4 MALVACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto 2 Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 37 MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 233 MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 130 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 38
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 14 Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 138 MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 27 Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi/Balukanag 49 Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Katong-matsing 27 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 57 Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Himamau 5 Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 48 MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 10 Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 5 Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 13 Ficus balete Merr. Balete 6 Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong-kalauang 10 Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 86 Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Kamahiuan 8 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 50 Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 2 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 16 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 11 Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 10 Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 86 Ficus sp. 14 Ficus sp.2 27 Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Tangisang-bayawak 20 Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. MYRISTICACEAE simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tanghas 4 MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 9 Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Tagpong-libagin 2 Ardisia squamulosa Presl Tagpo 16 MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi/Baguilomboi 89 Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 14 Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 30 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 118 Syzygium sp. 2 9 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 183 Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 27 OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 6 PHYLLANTHACEAE Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. Bignai-pugo 4 Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. malesiana Schot. Bigloi-dilau 33 Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Malabagang 2 Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna 6 PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 3 Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 31 ROSACEAE Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 51 Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Lagong banguhan 13
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 9 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 8 Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr. Tumpis 2 Coffea arabica L. Kape 44 Ixora alba Santan-puti 10 Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 1 Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Kahoy dalaga 12 Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 5 Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 63 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 44 Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 13 Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 4 Psychotria alvarezii Kirimbibit 5 Tarenna acuminata Merr. Tumarau tilos 2 RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 48 SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 19 SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 157 Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Ambalag 6 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 13 Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 42 Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 21 Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 64 Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 7 Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak malak 5 Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 30 STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 16 Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 229 Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. SYMPLOCACEAE cumingiana Sotsa 47 THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 5 Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Batik 100 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 17 THYMELEACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong-sibat 1 URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Lipang kalabaw/Sagai 243 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 23 Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 16
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 3. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies.
Family Species Common Name Freq
ACANTHACEAE Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer 1 ARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 8 Amorphophallus sp. Pongapong 1 Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause Alopayi 6 Xanthosoma violaceum Schott Yautia 1 ASTERACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Dilang baka 1 BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. (very fine) Fern 1 Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var. CHLORANTHACEAE brachystachys 10 COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa Alikbangon 5 Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 2 COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Tubang-usa 2 CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 4 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp. Fern 2 EUPHORBIACEAE Manihot utilissima Kamoteng kahoi 2 FABACEAE Desmodium sp. 2 GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 4 HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 9 LOMARIOPSIDA Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching Fern 1 MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla cumingii Naud. 1 MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Ambal 1 MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 4 ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 5 Spathoglottis elmeri Ames Ground orchid 3 PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 11 PIPERACEAE Piper sp. (erect) 3 Piper umbellatum L. Kubamba 1 POACEAE Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Kawayan bolo 2 Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. Cogon 2 Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 1 Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. Ayas-as 3 Thysonolaena latifolia (Roxb.ex Hornem.) Honda Tambo 1 POLYPODIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Fern 1 PTERIDACEAE Pteridium aquilinum Fern 4 ROSACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 1 RUBIACEAE Mycetia javanica 1 Ophiorrhiza biflora 2 Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Burobutig 4 Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 8 Streblosa sp. 8 SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 12 Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 2 THELYPTERIDACEAE Amphineuron emersum Fern 2
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common Name Freq
Christella dentata Fern 9 THYMELEACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong sibat 2 URTICACEAE Cypholophus moluccanus 1 Elatostema hastatum 4 Elatostema sp. 1 2 Elatostema sp. 2 5 Elatostema sp. 3 3 Elatostema spinulosum 5 Elatostema sublaxum 7 Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia (Gaudich.) Wedd. Hilagasi 2 Pilea sp. 2 Procris frutescens 1 VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. Coronitas 1 ZINGIBERACEAE Adelmeria sp. 3 Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 7 Alpinia haenkei Tagbak 1 Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Shell ginger 2 Etlingera sp. 2 Zingiber negrosense Elm. Torch ginger 11
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 4. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed road system with their corresponding frequencies.
Family name Species Common Name Freq
ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis Susong damulag 5 APOCYNACEAE Allamanda sp. 1 ARACEAE Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Lusegut 6 Philodendron sp. 1 1 Philodendron sp. 2 Madulunang 3 Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai 1 Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Amlong 1 Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause 8 Scindapsus curranii 2 Scindapus sp. 1 ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica 3 ASCLEPIADACEAE Dischidia sp. 4 ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin 4 Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake 11 ASTERACEAE Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B.L. Rob. Uoko 4 BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis 4 BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. 2 Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Diliman 1 CUCURBITACEAE Trichosanthes sp. 1 DAVALIACEAE Davalia repens 4 Davalia sp. 1 Davallia sp. (mabuhok) 1 DILLENIACEAE Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 4 DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 1 Dioscorea sp. 6 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp. Fern 5 FABACEAE Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Agpoi 1 Indet. 1 LEEACEAE Leea sp. vine 1 LOGANIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei Dolis 1 LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium sp. 2 (thick) 1 Lycopodium sp.1 (fine) 1 MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon 3 MENISPERMACEAE Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 8 MORACEAE Ficus balete Balete 6 Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 3 Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 1 MYRTACEAE Syzygium sp. (vine) 1 OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 9 ORCHIDACEAE Appendicula sp. 3 Bulbophyllum sp. 6 Calanthe sp. 2
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family name Species Common Name Freq
Coelogyne chloroptera 2 Dendrobium sp. 12 Eria sp. 4 Grammatophyllum sp. 1 Indet. 1 Indet. 2 1 PANDANACEAE Freycinetia sp. 1 11 Freycinetia sp. 2 10 PIPERACEAE Piper eupodum 5 Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit 2 Piper sp. (cordata malapad) 4 Piper sp.1 10 POACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 6 Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 2 POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria digitata 4 Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 2 Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 3 PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. 1 Adiantum sp. 2 1 Adiantum sp.1 6 SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 3 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 2 THELYPTERIDACEAE Pronephrium asperum Fern 4 URTICACEAE Procris frutescens 2 VITACEAE Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi 3 Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo 5 MUSCI Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss 4
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 5. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values.
DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m) ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 2 35 18 0.101 ANACARDIACEAE Buchanania nitida Engl. Balitantan 25 577 267 1.491 Mangifera caesia Jack Baluno 6 187 82 0.497 APOCYNACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr. Batino-liitan 21 450 197 1.164 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 85 5225 1020 15.365 BORAGINACEAE Ehretia resinosa Hance Talibunog 2 25 9 0.089 BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 109 2573 923 6.177 Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 61 2178 671 5.191 CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 2 42 25 0.118 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 9 231 111 0.604 Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. & CLETHRACEAE Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 101 1442 518 4.590 CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 156 3213 1224 8.177 Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Salinggogon 2 32 9 0.092 Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum Paguringon 2 55 26 0.145 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 20 364 144 0.991 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 2 48 24 0.127 COMBRETACEAE Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. ex Flem. Binggas 9 217 106 0.569 Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai gubat 25 766 261 1.805 Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 8 179 75 0.453 CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 98 2636 725 5.743 DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 1 42 8 0.085 EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 133 2658 1018 6.862 EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.- Arg. Dilak 1 18 8 0.050 Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 1 28 9 0.064 Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 48 728 284 2.228 Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 4 73 26 0.195 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 2 31 23 0.101 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 177 4301 1482 10.152 Archidendron clypearia (Jack) FABACEAE Nielsen var. clypearia Tiagkot 3 104 26 0.222 Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) FAGACEAE Rehd. Katabang 6 145 57 0.355 JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 1 16 7 0.048 LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 13 325 124 0.786 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 108 3048 1076 7.182 Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 79 1259 461.5 3.696 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 211 5083 1862 12.216 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 48 776 358 2.314 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 537 14593 5207 34.437
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m) Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 7 119 54 0.343 Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 2 34 21 0.103 Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 6 84 39 0.277 Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) LECYTHIDACEAE Merr. Toog 3 163 40 0.487 MALVACEAE Grewia inflexa Merr. Banglad 3 36 16 0.134 Pterospermum diversifolium Blume Bayok 1 25 12 0.065 Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 8 142 52 0.388 MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 11 223 55.5 0.534 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 99 1557 575.5 4.618 Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 89 1553 541.5 4.264 MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz Alauihaw 2 33 14 0.096 Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 56 1674 486.5 3.694 Agogoi, Chisocheton patens Blume Balukanag 9 220 83 0.532 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 66 1660 622 3.991 Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Himamau 9 264 80 0.591 Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 8 199 55 0.442 MONIMIACEAE Matthea philippinensis Perk. Saha 1 18 2 0.044 MORACEAE Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 10 134 58 0.454 Ficus bataanensis Merr. Bataan-fig 67 1434 572 3.632 Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 32 434 132.5 1.427 Ficus heteropoda Miq. Alangas 2 29 20 0.097 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 23 415 149 1.120 Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 2 93 16 0.190 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 2 37 12.5 0.098 Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 3 47 28 0.148 MORACEAE Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 1 12 8 0.046 Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 12 163 52.5 0.537 Ficus sp. 92 1962 714 4.880 Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Dolalog 6 136 56 0.341 Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner Agus-us 7 94 50 0.323 Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & MYRISTICACEAE Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tanghas 6 160 59 0.382 MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 224 4931 1821 12.161 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 191 4049 1533 10.175 Malaruhat Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. bundok 150 3470 1301 8.465 Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 9 129 58 0.417 Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. Malabayabas 17 549 175 1.276 STAPHYLEACEAE Antidesma montanum Blume Bignai-kintab 5 75 31 0.233 PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 76 4202 884 11.466 Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 77 4540 808 11.834 Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Dalung 16 697 82 1.151 Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 8 211 78 0.504
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m) Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. PUTRANJIVACEAE Hoffm. Butong manok 58 992 421.5 2.828 RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan-gubat 25 528 268 1.422 Lagong ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. banguhan 11 340 119 0.812 RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 1 13 5 0.045 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 2 60 25 0.153 Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. Aparungan 70 1378 495.5 3.544 Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 14 348 132 0.841 Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 97 1986 720.5 5.021 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 3 85 38 0.220 Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 32 608 196 1.568 RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 176 3964 1587 9.896 SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 169 4229 1610 10.221 Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Uas 13 308 101 0.723 Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. Sarakag 2 54 19 0.127 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 56 1472 533 3.491 Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 134 4648 1551 11.363 Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak-malak 36 1156 402 2.787 Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 36 613 293 1.781 SIMAROUBACEAE Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Bogo-bogo 2 53 30 0.149 STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 13 467 150 1.141 Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 16 238 113 0.752 SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore var. philippinensis (Brand) Noot Balokbok 4 102 36 0.241 Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 108 3558 1182 8.483 THEACEAE Adinandra leytensis Merr. Leyte sangnauan 1 32 11 0.077 Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Batik 86 1660 605 4.323 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 13 198 97 0.618 URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Lipang kalabaw, Chew Sagai 16 237 77 0.728 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 1 13 4 0.044 Indet 2 1 10 4 0.043 Indet. 1 45 12 0.116
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 6. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried poles and saplings in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequencies.
Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia avellana Elm. Kalimug 8 Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 32 Saurauia oligantha Merr. Sanot ilanan 12 ANNONACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Titis 4 APOCYNACEAE Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris Dita 6 Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. Bayag-usa 2 AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. Luzon Kalasan 5 ARALIACEAE Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson 18 Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 3 Schefflera obovata Merr. 32 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 68 ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 57 Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 100 Calamus microcarpus Becc. Tandulang gubat 32 Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis Limuran 37 Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 29 Calamus vidalianus Becc. Tagiti 58 Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. Takipan 13 Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan/Gatasan 67 Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 58 Daemonorops sp. Uay/Rattan 28 Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 140 Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 126 Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 114 BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. Tui-tui 4 BORAGINACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. Halimomog 4 BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin/Salong 224 Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 12 CAPRIFOLIACEAE Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume Sauco 4 CELASTRACEAE Euonymous conchinchinensis Pierre Baras-baras 10 Euonymous javanicus Blume Malasangki 4 CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis Malaikmo 11 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 14 Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. CLETHRACEAE novoguineensis (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 125 CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 68 Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. Pamintaugon 16 Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum Salinggogon 5 Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum Paguringon 4 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 86 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 13 COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 16 Terminalia nitens Presl. Sakat 8
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. Hutchinson Kalilan 15 Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 58 CYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 186 Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 242 Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 213 DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 10 ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel Saritan 8 Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. Tabian-sikat 6 EUPHORBIACEAE Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm. Haginis 7 Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Limpahung 10 Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. Dilak 19 Cleidion spiciflorum (Burm. f.) Merr. Santiki 6 Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San Francisco/Kalangkang 124 Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 38 Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 46 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 8 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 81 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 6 Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Hinlaumong laparan 4 FABACEAE Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia Tiagkot 8 Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. Lanos 6 FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. Katabang 24 Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Manaring 15 Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd Vidal oak 18 GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 17 ICACINACEAE Citronella latifolia (Merr.) Howard Malaam 6 JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan-liitan 14 VERBENACEAE Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Buyakan 6 Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merr. Fireworks/Bagauak-morado 8 Clerodendrum sp. 5 LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 6 Cryptocarya ferrea Blume Magatopoi 8 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 32 Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 24 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 68 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 59 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 7 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 226 Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 5 Litsea quercoides Elmer Klamagan 13 Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 52 Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 26 Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. Bohian Ilanan 29 Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 21
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
Neolitsea vidalii Merr. Puso-puso 18 Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 23 LEEACEAE Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Himamali 11 Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 9 LOGANIACEAE Buddleja asiatica Lour Taliknono 3 MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia candollii (Blume) Keng var. candollii Patangis 5 MALVACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. Taluto 2 Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 37 MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 346 MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 126 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 122 Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 86 Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 45 Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. var. setosus Merr. Tungau dako 14 Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco Digeg 4 MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 64 Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi/Balukanag 32 Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Katong-matsing 10 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 43 Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum Himamau 9 Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 36 MONIMIACEAE Matthea philippinensis Perk. Saha 6 MORACEAE Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus Kubi 5 Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 22 Ficus botryocarpa Miq. Basikong-kalauang 18 Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner Lunug 6 Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 32 Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner Laningning 18 Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Kamahiuan 15 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 26 Ficus magnoliifolia Blume Kanapai 4 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 25 Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. Pakiling 12 Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 8 Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 11 Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 18 Ficus sp. 4 Ficus sp. 2 12 Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata Tangisang-bayawak 9 MYRISTICACEAE Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii (King) de Wilde Parugan 3 Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl Tanghas 8 MYRSINACEAE Ardisia angustifolia A. DC. Tagpong kitid 7 Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 11 Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. Tagpong-libagin 18
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
Ardisia squamulosa Presl Tagpo 10 Discocalyx euphlebia Merr. Dikai-dikaian 2 MYRTACEAE Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Sagimsim 12 Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi/Baguilomboi 64 Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 17 Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Lamutong linis 6 Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 11 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 42 Syzygium sp. 2 2 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 38 Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 9 OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. Barikai 6 STAPHYLEACEAE Antidesma tomentosum Blume Bignai-kalau 3 Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. malesiana Schot. Bigloi-dilau 10 Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 11 Blumeodendron tokbrai Blume Lindog-ilanan 14 Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. Malabagang 3 Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. Bagna 9 PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 21 Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. Dalung 17 Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 27 ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. Lagong banguhan 26 RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 10 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 8 Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. Aparungan 4 Morinda bracteata Roxb. Nino 4 Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. Kahoy dalaga 8 Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 9 Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 52 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 16 Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. Malauisak 14 Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 26 Psychotria alvarezii Merr. Kirimbibit 4 Tarenna acuminata Merr. Tumarau tilos 6 RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 36 SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 6 SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 182 Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 7 Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 11 Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. Ambalag 6 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 12 Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. Alakaak tilos 7 Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 17 Palaquium glabrum Merr. Alakaak puti 9 Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 21
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common/Local Name Freq
Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 10 Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak malak 14 Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 28 STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 62 Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. cumingiana var. SYMPLOCACEAE cumingiana Sotsa 38 THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 10 Adinandra leytensis Merr. Leyte sangnauan 8 Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Batik 42 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 25 URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew Lipang kalabaw/Sagai 356
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 7. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understorey species in the proposed well pads with their corresponding frequencies.
Family Species Common Name Freq
ACANTHACEAE Hemigraphis primulaefolia 6 Hemigraphis subolabata Elmer 6 Strobilanthes sp. 6 ARACEAE Alocasia zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 6 Amorphophallus sp. Pongapong 6 Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause Alopayi 6 ASTERACEAE Pseudoelepantopus spicatus Dilang baka 6 BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. (very fine) Fern 6 Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var. CHLORANTHACEAE brachystachys Tungaw-tungaw 5 COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa Alikbangon 6 Commelina sp. 6 Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 6 COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith Tubang-usa 6 CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 6 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium magnificum Fern 6 Diplazium sp. Fern 6 FABACEAE Desmodium sp. 6 GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 6 Gesneria sp. 6 HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 6 LOMARIOPSIDACEAE Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching Fern 6 Bolbitis rhizophylla Fern 6 MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla cumingii Naud. 6 Medinilla sp. 1 6 Medinilla sp. 2 6 MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. Ambal 6 MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 6 OLEANDRACEAE Oleandra neriiformis 6 ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 6 Grammatophylum sp. Ground orchid 6 Spathoglottis elmeri Ames Ground orchid 6 Spathoglottis sp. Ground orchid 6 PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 6 PIPERACEAE Piper sp. (erect) 6 Piper umbellatum L. Kubamba 6 POLYPODIACEAE Aglaomorpa heraclea Fern 6 PTERIDACEAE Pteridium aquilinum Fern 6 ROSACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 6 RUBIACEAE Mycetia javanica 6 Ophiorrhiza biflora 6 Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. Burobutig 6 Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 6
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common Name Freq
Streblosa sp. 6 SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 4 Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 5 THELYPTERIDACEAE Amphineuron emersum Fern 6 Christella dentata Fern 6 THYMELEACEAE Wikstroemia lanceolata Merr. Salagong sibat 6 URTICACEAE Cypholophus moluccanus 6 Elatostema hastatum 5 Elatostema sp. 1 5 Elatostema sp. 2 5 Elatostema sp. 3 5 Elatostema spinulosum 5 Elatostema sublaxum 5 Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia (Gaudich.) Wedd. Hilagasi 6 Pilea sp. 6 Procris frutescens 6 VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. Coronitas 6 ZINGIBERACEAE Adelmeria sp. 6 Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 6 Alpinia haenkei Tagbak 6 Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith Shell ginger 6 Etlingera sp. 6 Zingiber negrosense Elm. Torch ginger 6
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 8. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes in the proposed wellpads with their corresponding frequencies.
Family Species Common Name Freq
ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis Susong damulag 18 APOCYNACEAE Allamanda sp. 7 ARACEAE Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Lusegut 8 Philodendron sp. 1 9 Philodendron sp. 2 Madulunang 16 Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai 5 Rhaphidophora inequilaterus 4 Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Amlong 11 Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause 16 Scindapsus curranii 7 Scindapus sp. 2 ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica 16 ASCLEPIADACEAE Dischidia sp. 8 Hoya sp. 3 ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin 23 Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake 27 BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis Negros Begonia 2 BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. 5 Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Diliman 8 CUCURBITACEAE Trichosanthes sp. 4 DAVALIACEAE Davalia repens 8 Davalia sp. 4 Davallia sp. (mabuhok) 5 DILLENIACEAE Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 3 DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 2 Dioscorea sp. 4 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium sp.1 Fern 4 Diplazium sp.2 Fern 5 FABACEAE Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Agpoi 3 Indet. 4 LEEACEAE Leea sp. vine 3 LOGANIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei Dolis 12 LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium cernuum L. Buntot pusa 10 Lycopodium sp. (fine) Buntot pusa 14 MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon 5 Medinilla sp. 1 6 Medinilla sp. 2 4 MENISPERMACEAE Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 14 MORACEAE Ficus balete Balete 16 Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 5 Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 4 MYRTACEAE Syzygium sp. (vine) 3
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common Name Freq
NEPENTHACEAE Nepenthes sp. Pitcher plant 1 OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 12 ORCHIDACEAE Appendicula sp. Orchid 9 Bulbophyllum sp. 1 Orchid 21 Bulbophyllum sp. 2 Orchid 7 Coelogyne chloroptera Orchid 7 Coelogyne sp. Orchid 6 Dendrobium sp. Orchid 24 Eria sp. Orchid 3 Vanda sp. Orchid 2 Indet. 1 Orchid 1 PANDANACEAE Freycinetia sp. 1 Pandan baging 123 Freycinetia sp. 2 Pandan baging 164 PIPERACEAE Piper eupodum 32 Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit 16 Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve 8 Piper sp. (cordata malapad) 11 Piper sp. (microphylla) 9 POACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 9 Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 6 POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria digitata Kabkab haba 15 Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 8 Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 8 PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. Fern 11 Adiantum sp. 2 Fern 7 Adiantum sp.1 Fern 8 SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 5 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 6 SMILACACEAE Smilax sp. 2 THELYPTERIDACEAE Pronephrium asperum Fern 8 URTICACEAE Procris frutescens 32 VITACEAE Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi 12 Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo 9 MUSCI Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss 13
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 9. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried woody trees from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies, diameter at breast height, merchantable heights and importance values.
DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m) ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 1 10 3 0.099 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. APOCYNACEAE scholaris Dita 4 201 28 0.894 ARALIACEAE Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. Malapapaya 2 38 20 0.245 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 79 4568 805 25.355 BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 56 1110 330 5.765 Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 13 517 145 2.617 CANNABACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 70 1566 640 6.949 Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. CLETHRACEAE & Hatus.) Sleum. Malaklak 13 185 59.5 1.170 CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. Bitanghol 16 325 121 1.845 Garcinia ituman Merr. Ituman 13 194 81 1.270 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 1 19 6 0.112 COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai-gubat 15 329 116 1.791 CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 39 1181 337 5.413 DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 22 408 116.5 2.297 DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 18 448 185 2.389 EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 12 247 108 1.429 EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.- Arg. Dilak 1 14 1.5 0.099 Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer Matang-hipon 2 31 9 0.208 Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 43 684 214.5 4.027 Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 12 182 65 1.265 Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. Hamindang 16 228 67.5 1.585 Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. Balumti 36 996 333 4.905 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 18 256 86.5 1.692 Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw Hinlaumo 18 261 80 1.744 Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) FAGACEAE Rehd. Katabang 5 83 46 0.573 JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 1 20 3.5 0.107 VERBENACEAE Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gmelina 1 10 2 0.098 LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal Kalingag 2 33 12 0.216 Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 13 353 108.5 1.772 Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 32 482 153 2.825 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 50 1150 417 5.953 LAURACEAE Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 60 1440 496.5 7.103 Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. Marang 12 240 74 1.257 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 338 8674 2798 34.350 Litsea quercoides Elmer Klamagan 1 10 7 0.102 Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 17 288 103 1.568 Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 2 29 10.5 0.209
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m) Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 1 10 1.5 0.098 MALVACEAE Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 20 299 117.5 1.948 MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 19 278 74.5 1.663 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 19 295 98 1.889 Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 16 271 96 1.628 Astronia williamsii Merr. Dungaw 2 59 17 0.299 MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 26 566 170 2.518 Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 18 386 132.5 2.060 Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi 11 332 80 1.471 Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus Katong-matsing 2 30 17 0.220 Dysoxylum excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 66 1497 557.5 7.176 Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. Amau 10 284 109 1.596 MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 8 113 20 0.630 Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 45 789 301 4.437 Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 38 543 141.5 3.305 Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner Laningning 1 10 3 0.099 Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa Kamahiuan 2 36 6.5 0.208 Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 24 401 101.5 2.235 Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. Tibig 1 24 3 0.109 Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis Dungo 1 32 10 0.170 Ficus ruficaulis Merr. Tabgun 3 42 19 0.316 Ficus septica Burm. f. Hauili 13 174 41 1.080 Ficus sp. 6 143 58 0.815 Ficus ulmifolia Lam. Is-is 1 12 4 0.101 Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner Dolalog 3 111 38 0.663 Ficus variegata Blume var. Tangisang- variegata bayawak 9 272 80 1.393 MYRISTICACEAE Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. Yabnob 2 28 15 0.214 MYRSYNACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. Barasingag 1 10 2 0.098 MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 43 1002 341 5.080 Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 34 730 191.5 3.346 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 74 1761 562.5 7.721 Syzygium sp. 1 1 14 3 0.101 Syzygium sp. 2 2 42 10 0.168 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Malaruhat Merr. bundok 20 504 190 2.569 Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 2 47 12 0.184 Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. Malabayabas 9 297 98 1.635 PHYLLANTHACEAE Glochidion lutescens Blume Salanisin 2 37 18 0.180 PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 21 1394 240 9.449 Dacrydium beccarii Parl. Lokinai 14 704 173 4.264
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 DBH MH Family Species Common Name Freq IV (cm) (m) Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 6 76 49 0.578 RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Bakauan-gubat 2 53 13 0.259 Lagong ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. banguhan 43 1129 332 4.996 RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. Bogas-bogas 2 76 11 0.307 Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 10 175 45 0.950 Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 1 14 5 0.104 Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. et Ridsd. Uisak sikat 1 18 10 0.120 Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd. Tiroron 76 1386 457.5 7.345 Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 20 368 140.5 2.158 RUTACEAE Citrus sp. Abugao 1 10 1.5 0.098 Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 46 779 283.5 4.510 SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 145 2821 1024 13.871 Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 30 13 0.214 Guioa discolor Radlk. Alahan puti 1 14 2 0.099 Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Uas 4 67 32 0.450 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre Natong ganda 7 105 41 0.571 Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. Tagotoi 15 400 144 2.126 Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 127 3373 1107 15.355 Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 1 12 7 0.104 Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina Uakatan 33 566 235 3.396 STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume Tuai 14 370 130.5 1.948 Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 116 1884 646 9.970 Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. SYMPLOCACEAE cumingiana var. cumingiana Sotsa 141 4720 1097 19.241 THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. Puyaka 1 14 6 0.105 Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) T. Yamazaki Batik 15 330 125 1.768 Gordonia luzonica Vidal Kalambug 15 261 91.5 1.646 URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora Lipang kalabaw, (C.Robinson) Chew Sagai 14 188 60.5 1.372 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 10 156 32.5 0.908 Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 12 212 56 0.999
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 10. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried saplings and poles from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies and importance values.
Family Species Common Name Count Freq IV ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia avellana Elm. Kalimug 5 1 0.265 Saurauia latibractea Choicy Kolalabang 3 3 0.360 Saurauia negrosensis Elm. Negros Kalimug 7 4 0.588 Saurauia oligantha Merr. Sanot ilanan 7 3 0.505 ANNONACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. Titis 3 2 0.276 AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Luzon Kalasan 10 2 0.530 ARACEAE AlocasiaLoes. zebrina C. Koch & Vietch Gabing tigre 6 6 0.719 ARALIACEAE Schefflera obovata Merr. 1 1 0.120 ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. Almaciga 67 40 5.774 ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc. Botongan 9 2 0.494 Calamus merrillii Becc. Palasan 16 6 1.082 Calamus sp. Uay/Rattan 1 1 0.120 Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. Ditaan 3 2 0.276 Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. Sumulid 10 5 0.781 Daemonorops sp. 1 1 0.120 Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. Saluai 37 22 3.181 Pinanga philippinensis Becc. Bungang-dakigan 26 16 2.280 Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. Tibangan 16 11 1.500 BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. Tui-tui 2 1 0.156 BROMELIACEAE Ananas comosus Pinya 1 1 0.120 BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 54 33 4.717 Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda Bogo 2 2 0.240 CANNABACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Anabiong 5 4 0.516 CHLORANTHACEAE Sarcandra glabra ssp. brachystachys var. Tungaw-tungaw 50 11 2.734 CLETHRACEAE Clethrabrachystachys canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. Malaklak 13 8 1.140 CLUSIACEAE Garcinianovoguineensis ituman (Kaneh.Merr. & Hatus.) Sleum. Ituman 14 5 0.926 Garcinia macgregorii Merr. Tagkon 4 2 0.312 COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. Talisai gubat 13 9 1.224 CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 12 8 1.104 CYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ. Tree fern 56 21 3.787 Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook Tree fern 35 10 2.106 Cyathea philippinensis Bak. Tree fern 77 31 5.385 CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 5 3 0.432 DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. Katmon kalabaw 23 15 2.088 DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal White lauan 21 9 1.514 EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume Tamil 1 1 0.120 ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. Saritan 22 1 0.882 EUPHORBIACEAE Agrostistachysgitingensis (Elmer) indica WeibelDalz. var. Haginis 1 1 0.120 Baccaureamaesoana (Vidal)tetrandra Pax(Baill.) & K. Hoffm.Muell.-Arg. Dilak 1 1 0.120 Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. Wild San 48 21 3.497 Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) ButaFrancisco/Kalangkang 30 18 2.593 OmalanthusFernandez Villar pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. Malabalanti 1 1 0.120 Macarangalevis (Blanco) dipterocarpifolia Merr. Merr. Balumti 1 1 0.120 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 51 14 3.021 FAGACEAE Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. Manaring 1 1 0.120 GESNERIACEAE Cyrtandra sp. 1 1 0.120 HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Kuntze Abang-abang 102 17 5.123 JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume Lupisan liitan 3 1 0.192
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common Name Count Freq IV VERBENACEAE Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. Buyakan 11 3 0.650 Clerodendrum sp. 3 2 0.276 LAURACEAE Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. Kamali 2 1 0.156 Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer Inikmo 54 26 4.132 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 14 6 1.009 Litsea leytensis Merr. Batikuling 16 9 1.333 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 155 68 11.307 Litsea plateaefolia Elmer Bakan Ihalas 3 2 0.276 Litsea tomentosa Blume Bakan-mabolo 14 7 1.093 Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. Curran Kulilisiau 3 2 0.276 Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. Bohian 4 4 0.479 Neolitsea zeylanica (Nees) Merr. Ceylon Bohian 10 4 0.697 Persia gratissima Gaertn. Avocado 3 2 0.276 LEEACEAE Leea guineensis G. Don. Mali-mali 1 1 0.120 MALVACEAE Sterculia oblongata R. Br. Malabuho 31 16 2.462 MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 267 75 15.957 MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal Badling 20 12 1.728 Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 13 10 1.307 Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. Salasik-laparan 15 9 1.296 Melastoma moluccanum 3 2 0.276 Memecylon lanceolatum Blanco Digeg 5 2 0.349 MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. Bubua 3 2 0.276 Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. Sapanauak 3 3 0.360 Chisocheton patens Blume Agogoi 1 1 0.120 Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. Katong-matsing 1 1 0.120 Dysoxylumssp. pentandrus excelsum Blume Kuling-babui 6 5 0.635 MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Nangka 2 2 0.240 Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas Upling-gubat 42 24 3.530 Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Lunug 2 2 0.240 FicusCorner congesta Roxb. var. congesta Malatibig 27 11 1.899 Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima Laningning 1 1 0.120 Ficus(Merr.) irisana Corner Elmer var. irisana Aplas 11 7 0.984 Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata Obdas 7 2 0.421 Ficus(Merr .)septica CornerBurm. f. Hauili 16 12 1.583 Ficus sp. 2 6 2 0.385 MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees Abaca 25 7 1.492 MYRTACEAE Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. Sagimsim 5 3 0.432 Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. Magolumboi 33 21 2.952 Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. Salakadan 3 3 0.360 Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. Lamutong linis 7 1 0.338 Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. Karutad 1 1 0.120 Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight Baugit 49 31 4.368 Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 28 16 2.353 Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. Malatampui 2 1 0.156 PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco Pandan layugan 20 15 1.979 PHYLLANTHACEAE Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer Nadong 2 1 0.156 POACEAE Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 3 1 0.192 PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. Igem 4 4 0.479 Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. Lubang-lubang 2 2 0.240 RUBIACEAE Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. Mapugahan 2 1 0.156 Coffea arabica L. Kape 116 37 7.302 Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. Kalamansanai 1 1 0.120 Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. Tiroron 26 17 2.364 gracilis (Vidal) Ridsd.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common Name Count Freq IV Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. Uisak 13 8 1.140 Ophiorrhiza biflora 2 1 0.156 Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. Lungtian 9 4 0.661 Psychotria alvarezii Merr. Kirimbibit 7 3 0.505 Streblosa sp. 7 4 0.588 RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. Matang-araw 20 14 1.896 SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel Governor's plum 3 3 0.360 SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. Philippine maple 153 62 10.733 Guioa acuminata Radlk. Pasi 2 1 0.156 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 127 49 8.703 Palaquium obtusifolium Burck Negros Nato 3 2 0.276 Palaquium phillipense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Malak-malak 2 2 0.240 Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. Uakatan 12 7 1.020 SOLANACEAE Solanumvelutina turvum Talong-talongan 1 1 0.120 STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 114 37 7.229 SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos ophirensis Clarke ssp. Sotsa 21 10 1.598 THEACEAE Adinandracumingiana elliptica var. cumingiana C.B. Rob. Puyaka 5 2 0.349 Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) Batik 20 11 1.645 GordoniaT. Yamazaki luzonica Vidal Kalambug 47 28 4.045 THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella dentata Fern 132 36 7.799 URTICACEAE Indet. Urticaceae 3 1 0.192 Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. Alagasi 8 3 0.541 Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. Dalunot 8 5 0.708 VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L. Coronitas 9 3 0.577 ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. Tagbak 37 16 2.680 Etlingera sp. 3 1 0.192 Zingiber sp. 5 2 0.349
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 11. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried understory species from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies.
Family Species Common Name Freq ACANTHACEAE Indet. 1 BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Pagsahingin 1 COMMELINACEAE Commelina diffusa 38 Commelina sp. 4 Polia secundiflora (Blume) Bakh. F. Salibangon 1 CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer Negros Itangan 1 CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Tree fern 1 CYPERACEAE Scleria scrobiculata Nees. Sarat 5 EUPHORBIACEAE Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar Buta 2 Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. Malabalanti 1 Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. Binunga 3 LAURACEAE Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Sablot 1 Litsea philippinensis Merr. Bakan 1 MARATIACEAE Angiopteris palmiformis (Cav.) C. Chr. Salaguisog 8 MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm. Salasik 1 MORACEAE Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana Aplas 1 Ficus sp. 1 MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. Malaruhat bundok 1 OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 9 ORCHIDACEAE Grammatophyllum sp. Ground orchid 2 Habenaria sp. Ground orchid 3 POACEAE Saccharum spontaneum L. Talahib 4 Setaria palmifolia (Koenig) Stapf. Ayas-as 1 ROSACEAE Rubus fraxinifolius Wild strawberry 1 RUBIACEAE Coffea arabica L. Kape 2 Ophiorrhiza biflora 1 SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal Nato 7 SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 1 SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella engleri 7 Selaginella plana Hieron Kamariang gubat 95 Selaginella wildenowii Baker Peacock fern 31 STAPHYLEACEAE Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer Anongo 1 THEACEAE Eurya japonica Thunb. var. nitida (Korth.) Dyer Batik 2 THELYPTERIDACEAE Christella dentata Fern 19 URTICACEAE Elatostema hastatum 22 Elatostema sp. 1 8 Elatostema spinulosum 2 Elatostema sublaxum 25 ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber sp. 1
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 12. Taxonomic list of all the inventoried epiphytes from the 178 quadrats with their corresponding frequencies.
Family Species Common Name Freq ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis Susong damulag 6 APOCYNACEAE Allamanda sp. 9 ARACEAE Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson Lusegut 1 Philodendron sp. 1 13 Philodendron sp. 2 Madulunang 4 Photoidium lobbianum Schott Bolong kahinai 36 Rhaphidophora inequilaterus 10 Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. Amlong 4 Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause 8 Scindapsus curranii 4 Scindapus sp. 1 ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica 2 ASCLEPIADACEAE Dischidia sp. 2 Hoya sp. 1 ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. Pakpak lawin 13 Asplenium nidus L. Pakpak lawin lalake 16 ASTERACEAE Mikania cordata (Burm. F.) B.L. Rob. Uoko 17 BLECHNACEAE Blechnum sp. 1 Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. Diliman 1 CUCURBITACEAE Coccinea grandis Tamling 6 Indet. Cucurbitaceae 1 Tricosanthes sp. 2 DAVALIACEAE Davalia repens 8 Davalia sp. 3 DILLENIACEAE Tetracera scandens (L.) Merr. Katmon-baging 4 DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Lima-lima 5 DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium magnificum Fern 1 FABACEAE Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen Agpoi 1 Indet. Fabaceae 4 GESNERIACEAE Cyrthandra sp. 1 LOGANIACEAE Fagraea auriculata Blumei Dolis 3 LOMARIOPSIDA Bolbitis heteroclita (Presl.) Ching 2 LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium cernuum L. Buntot pusa 5 Lycopodium sp. (fine) Buntot pusa 2 MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer Hognopilipogon 2 Medinilla sp. 1 5 Medinilla sp. 2 1 MENISPERMACEAE Archangelisia sp. 3 Pericamphyllus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. Silong pugo 2 Tinomiscum petiolare Bayating 2 MORACEAE Ficus balete Balete 2 Ficus punctata Thunb. Kataupi 3
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Common Name Freq Ficus sp. Balete 1 Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planch. Mala-is-is 4 MUSCI Sphagnum sp. Sphagnum moss 2 OLEANDRACEAE Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott Pakong kalabaw 1 ORCHIDACEAE Appendicula sp. Orchid 1 Bulbophyllum sp. 1 Orchid 4 Bulbophyllum sp. 2 Orchid 1 Calanthe sp. Orchid 1 Coelogyne chloroptera Orchid 1 Dendrobium sp. Orchid 6 Eria sp. Orchid 1 Indet. Orchid 8 Vanda sp. Orchid 1 PANDANACEAE Freycinetia sp. 1 Pandan baging 51 Freycinetia sp. 2 Pandan baging 33 PIPERACEAE Piper eupodum 19 Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. Litlit 24 Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve 12 Piper sp. (cordata malapad) 5 Piper sp. (microphylla) 4 POACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. Bikal 9 Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. Bikal babui 6 POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria digitata Kabkab haba 19 Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. Kabkab 12 Microsorum longissimum J. Sm. ex Fee Pakong bato 3 PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. Fern 3 Adiantum sp. 1 Fern 1 Adiantum sp. 2 Fern 1 SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. Nitong puti 1 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. Nito 1 SMILACACEAE Smilax sp. 1 URTICACEAE Procris frutescens 3 VITACEAE Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. Alangingi 2 Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. Ayo 8 Tetrastigma sp. 1
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 13. Computed diversity indices of the 178 quadrats with their corresponding elevations and species number.
Quadrat Elev H' D E No. of Species Q 01 1005 1.05 0.402 0.438 11 Q 02 1010 0.976 0.346 0.37 14 Q 03 1015 2.471 0.874 0.855 18 Q 04 1020 2.342 0.898 0.977 11 Q 05 1020 2.623 0.92 0.969 15 Q 06 1040 2.338 0.846 0.863 15 Q 07 1060 1.275 0.503 0.497 13 Q 08 1055 2.641 0.904 0.882 20 Q 09 1060 2.811 0.935 0.973 18 Q 10 1005 2.229 0.87 0.93 11 Q 100 1060 2.478 0.885 0.894 16 Q 101 1080 2.191 0.736 0.699 23 Q 102 1040 2.469 0.831 0.787 23 Q 103 1020 1.537 0.529 0.484 24 Q 104 970 2.137 0.783 0.682 23 Q 105 1010 2.605 0.893 0.82 24 Q 106 1000 2.776 0.915 0.898 22 Q 107 1035 2.648 0.886 0.803 27 Q 108 1020 1.974 0.772 0.712 16 Q 109 1030 2.601 0.897 0.868 20 Q 11 1000 2.341 0.881 0.913 13 Q 110 1035 2.588 0.899 0.864 20 Q 111 1015 1.735 0.667 0.626 16 Q 112 1020 1.706 0.725 0.647 14 Q 113 1060 2.765 0.885 0.839 27 Q 114 1090 1.943 0.748 0.628 22 Q 115 1100 2.257 0.843 0.781 18 Q 116 1110 2.183 0.863 0.878 12 Q 117 1080 2.59 0.859 0.795 26 Q 118 1080 2.062 0.812 0.713 18 Q 119 1070 2.182 0.824 0.706 22 Q 12 1030 2.087 0.842 0.906 10 Q 120 1050 2.674 0.895 0.831 25 Q 121 1030 2.268 0.83 0.785 18 Q 122 1020 1.798 0.653 0.611 19 Q 123 1030 2.157 0.826 0.733 19 Q 124 1040 1.987 0.801 0.701 17 Q 125 1050 2.113 0.826 0.731 18 Q 126 1080 1.908 0.754 0.673 17 Q 127 955 1.149 0.571 0.553 8 Q 128 955 1.813 0.755 0.756 11 Q 129 955 1.787 0.724 0.631 17 Q 13 1010 1.186 0.45 0.462 13 Q 130 975 1.511 0.644 0.572 14 Q 131 970 1.727 0.715 0.586 19 Q 132 970 1.622 0.766 0.705 10 Q 133 965 1.26 0.617 0.648 7 Q 134 965 1.146 0.605 0.639 6
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Quadrat Elev H' D E No. of Species Q 135 945 0.887 0.412 0.427 8 Q 136 975 1.067 0.424 0.416 13 Q 137 1005 1.545 0.592 0.57 15 Q 138 1000 2.02 0.766 0.686 19 Q 139 1030 2.153 0.814 0.719 20 Q 14 980 0.943 0.497 0.526 6 Q 140 1050 1.734 0.721 0.64 15 Q 141 1100 2.285 0.858 0.844 15 Q 142 1070 1.991 0.765 0.718 16 Q 143 1045 1.573 0.694 0.656 11 Q 144 1100 2.174 0.827 0.803 15 Q 145 1100 2.293 0.837 0.847 15 Q 146 1095 1.918 0.78 0.708 15 Q 147 1080 2.107 0.807 0.682 22 Q 148 1040 2.094 0.75 0.711 19 Q 149 1015 2.479 0.859 0.761 26 Q 15 970 1.664 0.781 0.855 7 Q 150 1010 1.871 0.744 0.66 17 Q 151 1050 2.524 0.864 0.784 25 Q 152 1035 2.52 0.88 0.872 18 Q 153 1000 2.324 0.845 0.763 21 Q 154 1020 2.064 0.771 0.678 21 Q 155 1020 1.563 0.638 0.564 16 Q 156 1120 1.849 0.662 0.607 21 Q 157 1130 2.709 0.9 0.864 23 Q 158 1110 2.612 0.895 0.872 20 Q 159 1085 2.599 0.898 0.841 22 Q 16 1005 1.903 0.744 0.766 12 Q 160 1140 3.052 0.93 0.906 29 Q 161 1140 2.786 0.86 0.79 34 Q 162 1155 2.576 0.847 0.773 28 Q 163 1125 2.092 0.79 0.667 23 Q 164 1100 2.138 0.781 0.664 25 Q 165 1040 2.2 0.806 0.692 24 Q 166 1040 2.867 0.9 0.82 33 Q 167 1000 1.896 0.698 0.605 23 Q 168 1040 2.067 0.743 0.608 30 Q 169 1080 1.851 0.735 0.575 25 Q 17 1005 2.165 0.852 0.871 12 Q 170 1185 2.726 0.908 0.858 24 Q 171 1165 2.574 0.848 0.736 33 Q 172 1100 2.89 0.92 0.887 26 Q 173 1130 2.959 0.883 0.832 35 Q 174 1130 2.562 0.854 0.753 30 Q 175 1080 2.484 0.848 0.745 28 Q 176 1100 2.649 0.821 0.764 32 Q 177 1070 2.376 0.828 0.721 27 Q 178 1080 3.102 0.929 0.912 30 Q 18 1020 1.782 0.693 0.675 14 Q 19 1030 2.576 0.908 0.929 16 Q 20 1045 1.79 0.687 0.698 13
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Quadrat Elev H' D E No. of Species Q 21 1055 1.975 0.811 0.729 15 Q 22 1055 2.275 0.872 0.887 13 Q 23 1070 1.994 0.736 0.69 18 Q 24 1050 2.352 0.875 0.868 15 Q 25 1030 2.19 0.779 0.731 20 Q 26 1100 1.828 0.776 0.762 11 Q 27 1065 2.069 0.825 0.833 12 Q 28 1080 2.149 0.856 0.865 12 Q 29 1085 2.443 0.862 0.802 21 Q 30 1005 1.803 0.741 0.752 11 Q 31 1110 2.417 0.881 0.872 16 Q 32 1120 2.321 0.87 0.837 16 Q 33 1115 2.409 0.852 0.804 20 Q 34 1130 2.515 0.883 0.854 19 Q 35 1000 2.31 0.869 0.853 15 Q 36 1000 1.987 0.709 0.701 17 Q 37 980 1.359 0.505 0.502 15 Q 38 970 2.37 0.847 0.791 20 Q 39 1015 1.749 0.642 0.594 19 Q 40 1040 2.221 0.864 0.866 13 Q 41 1060 1.89 0.754 0.682 16 Q 42 1040 2.502 0.856 0.798 23 Q 43 1070 2.779 0.911 0.886 23 Q 44 1040 1.17 0.415 0.413 17 Q 45 1065 2.375 0.86 0.838 17 Q 46 1035 2.153 0.807 0.745 18 Q 47 1080 2.374 0.87 0.821 18 Q 48 1080 1.661 0.695 0.586 17 Q 49 1050 1.738 0.654 0.627 16 Q 50 1030 2.592 0.905 0.935 16 Q 51 1050 1.857 0.706 0.686 15 Q 52 1080 2.478 0.886 0.875 17 Q 53 1010 2.153 0.85 0.898 11 Q 54 1030 2.776 0.93 0.96 18 Q 55 1035 2.562 0.897 0.886 18 Q 56 1050 2.504 0.881 0.866 18 Q 57 1060 1.603 0.569 0.555 18 Q 58 1090 2.012 0.753 0.683 19 Q 59 1075 2.411 0.888 0.869 16 Q 60 1200 2.582 0.893 0.862 20 Q 61 1180 2.384 0.841 0.81 19 Q 62 1170 2.547 0.885 0.824 22 Q 63 1150 3.011 0.929 0.904 28 Q 64 1145 2.127 0.71 0.653 26 Q 65 1130 2.86 0.923 0.888 25 Q 66 1140 2.598 0.851 0.807 25 Q 67 1110 2.513 0.86 0.813 22 Q 68 1110 2.773 0.916 0.911 21 Q 69 1090 2.528 0.905 0.933 15 Q 70 1110 2.486 0.861 0.817 21 Q 71 1110 2.395 0.835 0.799 20
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Quadrat Elev H' D E No. of Species Q 72 1090 1.675 0.621 0.591 17 Q 73 1070 2.264 0.833 0.783 18 Q 74 1070 2.484 0.856 0.816 21 Q 75 1045 1.199 0.437 0.443 15 Q 76 1065 1.505 0.649 0.57 14 Q 77 1060 1.685 0.592 0.562 20 Q 78 1070 2.462 0.859 0.796 22 Q 79 1070 2.175 0.851 0.875 12 Q 80 1070 2.211 0.828 0.797 16 Q 81 1080 2.997 0.942 0.956 23 Q 82 1080 2.117 0.774 0.732 18 Q 83 1060 1.856 0.723 0.61 21 Q 84 995 2.3 0.8 0.768 20 Q 85 1000 2.115 0.784 0.732 18 Q 86 1040 2.381 0.806 0.782 21 Q 87 1070 2.332 0.832 0.792 19 Q 88 1090 2.505 0.865 0.823 21 Q 89 1105 2.558 0.892 0.885 18 Q 90 1090 2.265 0.813 0.744 21 Q 91 1080 1.619 0.535 0.503 25 Q 92 1065 1.185 0.404 0.389 21 Q 93 1045 2.244 0.786 0.706 24 Q 94 1030 2.111 0.799 0.745 17 Q 95 1030 1.486 0.507 0.474 23 Q 96 1050 1.778 0.622 0.594 20 Q 97 1020 1.549 0.538 0.517 20 Q 98 1050 1.201 0.429 0.424 17 Q 99 1070 2.112 0.793 0.705 20
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 14. Taxonomic list of endemic species in Negros.
Taxa Family Species ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia avellana Elm. ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia latibractea Choicy ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia negrosensis Elm. ANGIOSPERM ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia oligantha Merr. ANGIOSPERM ANNONACEAE Phaeanthus nigriscens Elm. ANGIOSPERM ANNONACEAE Uvaria luzonensis ANGIOSPERM APOCYNACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr. ANGIOSPERM APOCYNACEAE Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. ANGIOSPERM AQUIFOLIACEAE Ilex crenata Thunb. forma luzonica (Rolfe) Loes. ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Photoidium lobbianum Schott ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Rhaphidophora inequilaterus ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Rhaphidophora philippinensis Engl. & K. Krause ANGIOSPERM ARACEAE Scindapsus curranii ANGIOSPERM ARALIACEAE Mackinlaya celebica (Harms) Philipson ANGIOSPERM ARALIACEAE Schefflera obovata Merr. ANGIOSPERM ARALIACEAE Schefflera elleptica ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc. ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus merrillii Becc. ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus microcarpus Becc. ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Calamus vidalianus Becc. ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Heterospathe negrosensis Becc. ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Pinanga philippinensis Becc. ANGIOSPERM ARECACEAE Pinanga sibuyanensis Becc. ANGIOSPERM BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis Elmer ANGIOSPERM BORAGINACEAE Ehretia philippinensis A. DC. ANGIOSPERM BORAGINACEAE Ehretia resinosa Hance ANGIOSPERM BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum Clethra canescens Reinw. ex Blume var. novoguineensis (Kaneh. & ANGIOSPERM CLETHRACEAE Hatus.) Sleum. ANGIOSPERM CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. ANGIOSPERM CLUSIACEAE Garcinia ituman Merr. ANGIOSPERM CLUSIACEAE Garcinia macgregorii Merr ANGIOSPERM COMBRETACEAE Terminalia foetidissima Griff. ANGIOSPERM COMBRETACEAE Terminalia nitens Presl. ANGIOSPERM CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia hutchinsonnii Merr. ANGIOSPERM CUNONIACEAE Weinmannia negrosensis Elmer FERN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea integra J. Sm. ex Hook FERN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea negrosiana Christ. FERN CYATHEACEAE Cyathea philippinensis Bak. ANGIOSPERM DILLENIACEAE Dillenia reifferscheidia F.-Vill. ANGIOSPERM DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal ANGIOSPERM DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Taxa Family Species FERN DRYOPTERIDACEAE Diplazium magnificum (Copel.) Price. ANGIOSPERM EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume ANGIOSPERM ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus argenteus Merr. var. gitingensis (Elmer) Weibel ANGIOSPERM ELAEOCARPACEAE Elaeocarpus pedanculatus Wall. ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Agrostistachys indica Dalz. var. maesoana (Vidal) Pax & K. Hoffm. ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Cleisthantus everettii C.B. Robinson ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Codiaeum ciliatum Merr. ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) Merr. ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga bicolor Muell.-Arg. ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. ANGIOSPERM EUPHORBIACEAE Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw ANGIOSPERM FABACEAE Bauhinia integrifolia Roxb. subsp. cumingiana (Benth.) K. & S.S. Larsen ANGIOSPERM FABACEAE Cynometra simplicifolia Harms. ANGIOSPERM FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. ANGIOSPERM FAGACEAE Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. ANGIOSPERM FAGACEAE Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd ANGIOSPERM JUGLANDACEAE Engelhardia serrata Blume ANGIOSPERM VERBENACEAE Callicarpa surigaensis Merr. ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Cryptocarya samarensis Merr. ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Cryptocarya laevigata Elmer ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea leytensis Merr. ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea philippinensis Merr. ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea plateaefolia Elmer ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea quercoides Elmer ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Litsea tomentosa Blume ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Persia currannii (Merr.) Kosterm. ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. ANGIOSPERM LAURACEAE Neolitsea vidalii Merr. ANGIOSPERM LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM MAGNOLIACEAE Magnolia candollei (Blume) Keng var. candollei ANGIOSPERM MALVACEAE Grewia inflexa Merr. ANGIOSPERM MALVACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. ANGIOSPERM MALVACEAE Pterospermum diversifolium Blume ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm. ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia williamsii Merr. ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Beccarianthus ickisii Merr. var. setosus Merr. ANGIOSPERM MELASTOMATACEAE Medinilla aurantifolia Elmer ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Aglaia negrosensis Merr. ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Chisocheton patens Blume ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus ANGIOSPERM MELIACEAE Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. ANGIOSPERM MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. ANGIOSPERM MONIMIACEAE Matthaea philippinensis Perk. ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Taxa Family Species ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus balete Merr. ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus bataanensis Merr. ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus botryocarpa Miq. ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus puncticualata Thunb. ANGIOSPERM MORACEAE Ficus ulmifolia Lam. ANGIOSPERM MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees ANGIOSPERM MYRISTICACEAE Endocomia macrocoma (Miq.) de Wilde ssp. prainii (King) de Wilde ANGIOSPERM MYRISTICACEAE Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum (A. DC.) Sincl ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia angustifolia A. DC. ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia darlingii Merr. ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia nigro-maculata Merr. ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Ardisia squamulosa Presl ANGIOSPERM MYRSINACEAE Discocalyx euphlebia Merr. ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM MYRTACEAE Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. ANGIOSPERM ORCHIDACEAE Coelogyne chloroptera ANGIOSPERM ORCHIDACEAE Spathoglottis elmeri ANGIOSPERM PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco ANGIOSPERM PHYLLANTHACEAE Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. FERN PTERIDACEAE Adiantum scabripes Copel. ANGIOSPERM PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. ANGIOSPERM ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium elmeri Merr. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium fenicis (Merr.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium glandulosum (Blanco) Merr. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Canthium obovatifolium (Merr.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Neonauclea media (Havil.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Praravinia lucbanensis (Elmer) Brem. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Praravinia viridescens (Elmer) Brem. ANGIOSPERM RUBIACEAE Tarenna acuminata Merr. ANGIOSPERM RUTACEAE Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. ANGIOSPERM RUTACEAE Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. ANGIOSPERM SAPINDACEAE Guioa acuminata Radlk. ANGIOSPERM SAPINDACEAE Guioa discolor Radlk. ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium glabrum Merr. ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Taxa Family Species ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. ANGIOSPERM SAPOTACEAE Planchonella velutina (Elmer) Lam. var. velutina ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Adinandra elliptica C.B. Rob. ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Adinandra leytensis Merr. ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Gordonia luzonica Vidal ANGIOSPERM THEACEAE Ternstroemia gitingensis Elmer ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Dendrocnide densiflora (C.Robinson) Chew ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Leukosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. var. celtidifolia (Gaudich.) Wedd. ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Pipturus arborescence (Link.) C.B. Rob. ANGIOSPERM URTICACEAE Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume ANGIOSPERM ZINGIBERACEAE Zingiber negrosense Elm.
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 15. List of plant species and their corresponding uses.
Family Species Used ACTINIDIACEAE Saurauia avellana Elm. construction Saurauia latibractea Choicy construction Saurauia negrosensis Elm. construction Saurauia oligantha Merr. construction ANACARDIACEAE Buchanania nitida Engl. construction Mangifera caesia Jack food, construction APOCYNACEAE Alstonia parvifolia Merr. construction Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. var. scholaris medicinal, construction Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. medicinal ARACEAE Amydrium medium (Zoll. & Mor.) Nicolson fiber Homalomena philippinensis Engl. ex Engl. & Krause medicinal, fiber Rhaphidophora inequilaterus fiber Rhaphidophora merrillii Engl. fiber Rhaphidophora rigida fiber Scindapsus curranii fiber ARALIACEAE Polyscias nodosa (Blume) Seem. construction ARAUCARIACEAE Agathis philippinensis Warb. premium wood, resin ARECACEAE Calamus filispadix Becc. food, furniture Calamus merrillii Becc. food, furniture Calamus microcarpus Becc. food, furniture Calamus ornatus Becc. var. philippinensis food, furniture Calamus vidalianus Becc. food, furniture Caryota rhumpiana Mart. var. philippinensis Becc. food, furniture Daemonorops mollis (Blanco) Merr. food, furniture Daemonorops ochrolepis Becc. food, furniture ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium mussaefolium Mett. ornamental Asplenium nidus L. ornamental BEGONIACEAE Begonia negrosensis ornamental BIGNONIACEAE Radermachera acuminata Merr. construction BLECHNACEAE Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd. fiber BROMELIACEAE Ananas comosus food BURSERACEAE Canarium asperum Benth. var. asperum construction Garuga floribunda Decne var. floribunda construction CANNABACEAE Celtis philippensis Blanco var. philippensis construction Trema orientalis (L.) Blume construction CLUSIACEAE Calophyllum blancoi Pl. & Tr. construction Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f. construction Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Dyer ssp. formosum construction Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume ssp. sumatranum construction Garcinia ituman Merr. food, medicine COMBRETACEAE Terminalia citrina (Gaertn.) Roxb. Ex Flem. construction Terminalia foetidissima Griff. construction Terminalia nitens Presl. construction COSTACEAE Costus speciosus (Koenig) Smith ornamental DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea pentaphylla L. food, medicine DIPTEROCARPACEAE Shorea contorta Vidal premium wood Shorea polysperma (Blanco) Merr. premium wood EBENACEAE Diospyros cauliflora Blume construction EUPHORBIACEAE Baccaurea lanceolata (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. birds' food Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Muell.-Arg. birds' food Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. f.) C.E.C. Fischer birds' food
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Used Omalanthus fastuosus (Linden) Fernandez Villar construction Omalanthus pupulneus (Geisel.) Pax var. levis (Blanco) construction MacarangaMerr. bicolor Muell.-Arg. medicinal Macaranga dipterocarpifolia Merr. construction Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell.-Arg. construction Mallotus molissimus (Geisel.) Airy Shaw construction Manihot utilissima food FABACEAE Archidendron clypearia (Jack) Nielsen var. clypearia construction FAGACEAE Lithocarpus caudatifolius (Merr.) Rehd. construction Lithocarpus solerianus (Vidal) Rehd. construction Lithocarpus vidalii (F.-Vill.) Rehd construction VERBENACEAE Gmelina arborea Roxb. furniture, construction LAURACEAE Cinnamomum mercadoi Vidal food, medicine Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. construction Litsea leytensis Merr. construction Litsea cordata (Jack) Hook. f. construction Litsea philippinensis Merr. construction Litsea plateaefolia Elmer construction Litsea quercoides Elmer construction Neolitsea paucinervia Merr. construction Neolitsea vidalii Merr. construction Neolitsea villosa (Blume) Merr. construction Persia gratissima Gaertn. food LECYTHIDACEAE Petersianthus quadrialatus (Merr.) Merr. premium wood MALVACEAE Pterocymbium tinctorium (Blanco) Merr. construction Pterospermum diversifolium Blume construction Sterculia oblongata R. Br. construction MELASTOMATACEAE Astronia cumingiana Vidal construction Astronia ferruginea Elm. construction Astronia ferruginea Elm. var. ampla Merr. construction Astronia williamsii Merr. construction Medenilla aurantifolia Elmer ornamental Medinilla cumingii Naud ornamental MELIACEAE Aglaia cumingiana Turcz construction Aglaia negrosensis Merr. construction Chisocheton mendozae Hildebr. construction Chisocheton patens Blume construction Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. ssp. pentandrus construction Dysoxylum excelsum Blume construction Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume ssp. mollissimum construction Dysoxylum pauciflorum Merr. construction MENISPERMACEAE Pycnarrhena manillensis Vid. medicine MORACEAE Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. food, furniture Artocarpus nitidus Trec. ssp. nitidus construction Ficus ampelas Burm. f. var. ampelas birds' food Ficus balete Merr. birds' food Ficus bataanensis Merr. birds' food Ficus botryocarpa Miq. birds' food Ficus callophylla Blume var. leytensis Corner birds' food Ficus congesta Roxb. var. congesta birds' food Ficus cumingii (Miq.) var. angustissima (Merr.) Corner birds' food Ficus cumingii Miq. var. cumingii birds' food Ficus fistulosa Reinw. ex Blume var. fistulosa birds' food
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Used Ficus heteropoda Miq. birds' food Ficus irisana Elmer var. irisana birds' food Ficus irisana Elmer var. validicaudata (Merr.) Corner birds' food Ficus magnoliifolia Blume birds' food Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr. birds' food Ficus odorata (Blanco) Merr. birds' food Ficus pubinervis Blume var. pubinervis birds' food Ficus puncticualata Thunb. birds' food Ficus ruficaulis Merr. birds' food Ficus septica Burm. f. birds' food Ficus subulata birds' food Ficus ulmifolia Lam. birds' food Ficus variegata Blume var. sycomoroides (Miq.) Corner birds' food Ficus variegata Blume var. variegata birds' food Trophis philippinensis (Bur.) Corner construction MUSACEAE Musa textilis Nees fiber MYRISTICACEAE Horsfieldia costulata (Miq.) Warb. construction Myristica elliptica Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thoms. var. simiarum medicine MYRTACEAE Syzygium(A. DC.) Sincl brevistylum (C.B. Rob.) Merr. construction, bird's food Syzygium crassisimum (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's food Syzygium densinervium (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's food Syzygium ecostulatum (Elmer) Merr. construction, bird's food Syzygium euphlebium (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's food Syzygium oleinum Wall. ex Wight construction, bird's food Syzygium subcaudatum (Merr.) Merr. construction, bird's food Syzygium xanthophyllum (C.B. Rob) Merr. construction, bird's food Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Wils. & Waterh. construction OLEACEAE Linociera racemosa Merr. construction ORCHIDACEAE Coelogyne chloroptera ornamental Spathoglottis elmeri ornamental PANDANACEAE Pandanus exaltatus Blanco fiber PHYLLANTHACEAE Antidesma montanum Blume birds' food Antidesma pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. birds' food Antidesma tomentosum Blume birds' food Aporosa octandra (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Vickery var. birds' food Blumeodendronmalesiana Schot. tokbrai (Blume) Kurz birds' food Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl. birds' food Glochidion lutescens Blume birds' food Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer birds' food Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B. Rob. birds' food PIPERACEAE Piper eupodum fiber Piper interruptum Opiz var. loheri (C.DC.) Quis. fiber Piper interruptum Opiz var. multinerve fiber Piper umbellatum L. fiber POACEAE Dinochloa acutiflora (Munro) S. Dransf. medicine Dinochloa luconiae (Munro) Merr. medicine Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. furniture, construction PODOCARPACEAE Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. premium wood Dacrydium beccarii Parl. premium wood Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. f. premium wood Podocarpus pilgeri Foxw. premium wood POLYPODIACEAE Drynaria digitata medicine Drynaria quercifolia (L.) J. Sm. medicine
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Family Species Used PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes microphylla (Merr.) Pax & K. Hoffm. birds' food RHIZOPHORACEAE Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. construction ROSACEAE Prunus fragrans (Elmer) Kalkm. construction Rubus fraxinifolius food, bird's food RUBIACEAE Coffea arabica L. food Morinda bracteata Roxb. medicine Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. ornamental Neonauclea calycina (Bartl. ex DC.) Merr. construction Neonauclea glabra (Roxb.) Bakh. f. et Ridsd. construction Neonauclea lanceolata (Blume) Merr. ssp. gracilis (Vidal) construction NeonaucleaRidsd. media (Havil.) Merr. construction Neonauclea reticulata (Havil.) Merr. construction RUTACEAE Evodia meliaefolia (Hance) Benth. construction Melicope triphylla (Lam.) Merr. construction SALICACEAE Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel food SAPINDACEAE Acer laurinum Hassk. construction Guioa acuminata Radlk. construction Guioa discolor Radlk. construction Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. construction Lepisanthes tetraphylla (Vahl) Radlk. construction Mischocarpus pentapetalus (Roxb.) Radlk. construction SAPOTACEAE Palaquium calophyllum (Teijsm. & Binn.) Pierre medicine Palaquium elliptilimbum Merr. medicine Palaquium foxworthyi Merr. medicine Palaquium glabrum Merr. medicine Palaquium luzoniense (F.-Vill.) Vidal medicine Palaquium obtusifolium Burck medicine Palaquium philippense (Perr.) C.B. Rob. medicine SCHIZAEACEAE Lygodium circinnatum (Burm) Sw. fiber Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw. fiber SIMAROUBACEAE Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) Alst. construction SOLANACEAE Solanum turvum food, medicine STAPHYLEACEAE Bischofia javanica Blume construction Turpinia ovalifolia Elmer construction SYMPLOCACEAE Symplocos conchinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore var. construction Symplocosphilippinensis ophirensis (Brand) NootClarke ssp. cumingiana var. construction THYMELIACEAE Wikstroemiacumingiana lanceolata Merr. fiber VITACEAE Cayratia trifolia (L.) Quis. birds' food Tetrastigma harmandii Planch. birds' food ZINGIBERACEAE Alpinia elegans (Presl.) K. Schum. medicine Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt & Smith medicine Zingiber negrosense Elm. medicine
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 16. List of bird species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.
Sites Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland (lowland (transition (grassland parang, dipterocarp lower parang, Species agroforest, forest- montane agroforest, lowland transition forest) lowland dipterocarp lower dipterocarp forest) montane forest) forest 1. Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent Eagle X X X X 2. Hieraaetus kienerii Rufous-bellied Eagle X 3. Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl X X X X 4. Gallirallus torquatus Barred Rail X X 5. Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen X X 6. Phapitreron leucotis White-eared Brown-Dove X X X X 7. Ptilinopus occipitalis Yellow-breasted Fruit-Dove X X X X 8. Ducula poliocephala Pink-bellied Imperial-Pigeon X X X X 9. Macropygia phasianella Reddish Cuckoo-Dove X X X X 10. Streptopelia bitorquata Island Collared-Dove X X 11. Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove X X 12. Geopelia striata Zebra Dove X 13. Chalcopaps indica Common Emerald-Dove X X 14. Tanygnathus sumatranus Blue-backed Parrot X X X X 15. Prioniturus discurus Blue-crowned Racquet-tail X X 16. Cuculus fugax Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo X X X X 17. Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo X X X X 18. Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo X X X X 19. Centropus viridis Philippine Coucal X X X X 20. Otus megalotis Philippine Scops-Owl X X X X 21. Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk-Owl X X X X 22. Batrachostomus septimus Philippine Frogmouth X X X X 23. Caprimulgus manillensis Philippine Nightjar X 24. Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet X X 25. Actenoides lindsayi Spotted Wood-Kingfisher X X X X 26. Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet X X X X 27. Dendrocopus maculates Philippine Pygmy Woodpecker X X X X 28. Dryocopus javensis White-bellied Woodpecker X X X X 29. Chrysocolaptes lucidus Greater Flameback X X X X 30. Pitta erythrogaster Red-bellied Pitta X X 31. Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow X X 32. Coracina striata Bar-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike X X X 33. Coracina ostenta White-winged Cuckoo-Shrike* X X X X 34. Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet X X X X 35. Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul X X 36. Pycnonotus urostictus Yellow-wattled Bulbul X X X X 37. Hypsipetes philippinus Philippine Bulbul X X X X 38. Dicrurus balicassius Balicassiao X X X X 39. Oriolus steeri Philippine Oriole X X X 40. Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow X X 41. Parus elegans Elegant Tit X X X X 42. Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted Nuthatch X X X X 43. Rhabdornis mystacalis Striped-headed Rhabdornis X X X 44. Rhabdornis inornatus Striped-breasted Rhabdornis X 45. Stachyris speciosa Flame-templed Babbler* X X X 46. Brachypteryx Montana White-browed Shortwing X X X 47. Copsychus luzoniensis White-browed Shama X X X X 48. Zoothera andromedae Sunda Ground-Thrush X 49. Phylloscopus olivaceus Philippine Leaf-Warbler X X X X 50. Phylloscopus cebuensis Lemon-throated Leaf-Warbler X X X X 51. Phylloscopus trivirgatus Mountain Leaf-Warbler X X 52. Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird X X 53. Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird X
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Sites Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland (lowland (transition (grassland parang, dipterocarp lower parang, Species agroforest, forest- montane agroforest, lowland transition forest) lowland dipterocarp lower dipterocarp forest) montane forest) forest 54. Orthothomus castaneiceps Philippine Tailorbird X X X X 55. Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola X 56. Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle X X X Flycatcher* 57. Eumyias panayensis Mountain Verditer Flycatcher X 58. Ficedula hyperythra Snowy-browed Flycatcher X X X 59. Culicicapa helianthea Citrine Canary-Flycatcher X 60. Rhipidura cyaniceps Blue-headed Fantail X X X X 61. Terpsiphone cinnamomea Rufous Paradise-Flycatcher X X 62. Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch X X X X 63. Pachycephala homeyeri White-vented Whistler X X X X 64. Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling X X 65. Sarcops calvus Coleto X X X X 66. Aethopyga flagrans Flaming Sunbird X X 67. Aethopyga shelleyi Flaming Sunbird X X X 68. Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird X 69. Dicaeum aeruginosum Striped Flowerpecker X X X 70. Dicaeum bicolor Bicolored Flowerpecker X X X 71. Dicaeum australe Red-keeled Flowerpecker X X X X 72. Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker X X X X 73. Dicaeum ignipectus Fire-breasted Flowerpecker X X 74. Dicaeum pygmaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker X X X 75. Zosterops nigrogum Yellowish White-eye X X X X 76. Zosterops montanus Mountain White-eye X X X X 77. Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow X 78. Lonchura leucogastra White-bellied Munia X X 79. Lonchura Malacca Chestnut Munia X X TOTAL 63 57 52 61 - Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*)
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 17. List of mammal species found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.
Sites Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland (lowland (transition (grassland parang, dipterocarp lower parang, Species agroforest forest- montane agroforest, , lowland transition forest) lowland dipterocar lower dipterocarp p forest) montane forest) forest Family Soricidae 1. Suncus murinus Asian house shrew^ X - - - Family Pteropodidae 2. Cynopterus brachyotis Common short-nosed fruit bat X X X X 3. Haplonycteris fischeri Philippine pygmy fruit bat X X X X 4. Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Harpy fruit bat X P P P 5. Macroglossus minimus Dagger-toothed flower bat X X X X 6. Nyctimene rabori Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat* X - - - 7. Ptenochirus jagori Musky fruit bat X X X X Family Megadermatidae 8. Megaderma spasma Common Asian ghost bat - - - X Family Rhinolophidae 9. Hipposideros obscurus Philippine forest roundleaf bat X - - - 10. Rhinolophus arcuatus Arcuate horseshoe bat - - X X 11. Rhinolophus virgo Yellow-faced horseshoe bat - - X - Family Vespertilionidae 12. Kerivoula hardwicki Common wooly bat X - - - 13. Pipistrellus javanicus Javan pipistrelle X X X X Family Cercopithecidae 14. Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque P P P P Family Muridae 15. Rattus exulans Polynesian rat^ X X X X 16. Rattus tanezumi Oriental house rat^ X X X X Family Felidae 17. Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat P P - P Family Viverridae 18. Paradoxurus hermaphroditus P P P P 19. Viverra tagalunga Malay civet P P P P Family Suidae 20. Sus cebifrons Visayan warty pig* P P P P TOTAL 17 13 14 15 - Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*); - non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007 Appendix 18. List of amphibians and reptiles found within NNGP 169-hectare buffer zone.
Sites Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 (grassland (lowland (transition (grassland parang, dipterocarp lower parang, Species agroforest forest- montane agroforest, , lowland transition forest) lowland dipterocar lower dipterocarp p forest) montane forest) forest AMPHIBIANS Family Bufonidae 1. Bufo marinus Marine Toad^ X X - X Family Ranidae 2. Limnonectes visayanus Visayan Fanged Frog* X X X X 3. Occidozyga laevis Small-headed Frog X X - X 4.Platymantis sp. 1 Forest frog 1 X X X X 5.Platymantis sp. 2 Forest frog 2 X X X X 6.Platymantis sp. 3 Forest frog 3 X X X X 7.Platymantis sp. 4 Forest frog 4 X X X X 8. Platymantis corrugatus Rough-backed forest frog X X X X 9. Rana everetti Everett’s Frog X X X X Family Rhacophoridae 10. Philautus surdus Common Forest Tree Frog X X X X 11. Polypedates leucomystax Common Tree Frog X - - X REPTILES Family Agamidae 12. Draco spilopterus Common Flying Lizard X X X X 13. Calotes cristatellus Indonesian Calotes X - - X 14. Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfun Lizard X - - X Family Gekkonidae 15. Cyrtodactylus annulatus Small Bent-toed Gecko* - - X - 16. Lepidodactylus christiani Negros Broad-tailed Smooth- - - X - scaled Gecko* Family Scincidae 17. Mabuya multicarinata Two-striped Mabouya X - - X 18. Mabuya multifasciata Common Mabouya X - - X 19. Sphenomorphus jagori Jagor’s Sphenomorphus* X X X X Family Varanidae 20. Varanus salvator Malay Monitor Lizard X X - X Family Pythonidae 21. Python reticulatus Reticulated Python X X - X Family Colubridae 22. Ahaetulla prassina Elongate-headed Tree Snake X - - X 23.Lycodon aulicus Common Wolf Snake X - - X Family Viperidae 24. Trimeresurus sp. Pit Viper X X X X TOTAL 22 15 13 22 - Endemics are in boldface, Negros-Panay endemics are followed by an asterisk (*); - non-natives or commensal species are indicated by ^
Biodiversity Study for the 169-ha Buffer Zone of the Mt. Kanla-on Natural Park 4 October 2007