DOCSLIB.ORG

Global Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of the Endemic Mycoses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Global Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of the Endemic Mycoses 1 Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of the Endemic Mycoses 2 George R. Thompson III1, Thuy Le2, Ariya Chindamporn3, Carol A. Kauffman4, Ilan 3 Schwartz5, Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo6, Neil M. Ampel7, David R. Andes8, Darius Armstrong- 4 James9, Olusola Ayanlowo10, John W. Baddley11, Bridget M. Barker12, Leila Lopes Bezerra13, 5 Maria J. Buitrago6, Leili Chamani-Tabriz14, Jasper F.W. Chan15, Methee Chayakulkeeree16, 6 Oliver A. Cornely17, Cao Cunwei18, Jean-Pierre Gangneux19, Nelesh P. Govender20, Ferry Ha- 7 gen21, Mohammad T. Hedayati22, Tobias M. Hohl23, Grégory Jouvion24, Chris Kenyon25, Chris- 8 topher C. Kibbler26, Nikolaj Klimko27, David CM Kong28, Robert Krause29, Low Lee Lee30, 9 Graeme Meintjes31, Marisa H. Miceli32, Peter-Michael Rath33, Andrej Spec34, Flavio Queiroz- 10 Telles35, Ebrahim Variava36, Paul E. Verweij37, Alessandro C. Pasqualotto38 11 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and the Department of 12 Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis Medical Center; 13 Sacramento CA, USA 95817 14 2 Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University School of Med- 15 icine, Durham, North Carolina, USA and Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho 16 Chi Minh City, Vietnam 17 3 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 18 Thailand 19 4 VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 20 5 Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 21 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 22 6 Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Car- 23 los III, Madrid, Spain 24 7 Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA and the Uni- 25 versity of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA 26 8 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and the Department of 27 Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin; Madison, WI, USA 28 9 Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom 29 10 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nige- 30 ria. 31 11 University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States 32 12 Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United 33 States 1 34 13 Lab. Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de 35 Janeiro, Brazil 36 14 Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal medicine, Saudi German Hospital Dubai, 37 Dubai, UAE 38 15 State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, De- 39 partment of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong 40 Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China 41 16 Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty 42 of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. 43 17 University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for 44 Medical Mycology (ECMM), Cologne, Germany; and University of Cologne, Cologne Ex- 45 cellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Co- 46 logne, Germany 47 18 The Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi 48 Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China 49 19 Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé environnement 50 et travail)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France. 51 20 National Institute for Communicable Diseases, a Division of the National Health Laboratory 52 Service and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 53 21 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Medical 54 Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Labora- 55 tory of Medical Mycology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, People's Re- 56 public of China. 57 22 Invasive Fungi Research Center/ Department of Medical mycology, School of medicine, 58 Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. 59 23 Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine; and Immunology Program, Sloan 60 Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 61 24 Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pathophysiology of pediatric genetic diseases, Assistance 62 Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, UF Génétique moléculaire, Paris, 63 France, and Institut Pasteur, Experimental neuropathology unit, Paris, France 64 25 Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium 65 26 Centre for Medical Microbiology, University College London, UK. 66 27 Department of Clinical Mycology, Allergy and Immunology, I. Mechnikov North Western 67 State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 68 28 Pharmacy Department, Ballarat Health Services, Victoria, Australia. 69 National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute, Victoria, Australia 70 29 Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 71 Medical University of Graz, Austria 72 30 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Bayiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia 2 73 31 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, 74 Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Univer- 75 sity of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape 76 Town, Cape Town, South Africa 77 32 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 78 33 Institute for Medical Microbiology University Hospital Essen, Germany 79 34 Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. 80 Louis Missouri 81 35 Department of Public Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 82 Brazil 83 36 Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South 84 Africa 85 37 Department of Medical Microbiology, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), 86 Center of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Radboud University Medical Center, 87 Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 88 38 Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA); and Molecular Biology 89 Laboratory at Santa Casa de Misericordia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil 90 3 91 INTRODUCTION 92 The endemic mycoses are caused by a diverse group of fungi that share several charac- 93 teristics: they each occupy a specific ecologic niche in the environment, are located within 94 specific geographic regions, and exhibit temperature dimorphism – existing as yeast-like fungi 95 in the human host and moulds in the environment.1 There are numerous species of dimorphic 96 fungi, however Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides, and Sporothrix 97 spp., and Talaromyces marneffei (formerly Penicillium marneffei) represent the most com- 98 monly encountered causes of infections in clinical care. Biosafety is an important considera- 99 tion when handling these organisms, and laboratories should incorporate national guidance and 100 regulations into their processes and practices to ensure the safety of laboratory staff. There are 101 substantial differences in the geographical distribution, clinical presentation, radiographic 102 manifestations, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic interventions between these mycoses. 103 Management requires recognition of risk factors (e.g. environmental exposure in an endemic 104 region) and appropriate use of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Readily available guid- 105 ance is important to ensure efficient diagnosis and treatment and to optimize patient outcomes. 106 We issue this comprehensive guidance document to facilitate clinical decision-making 107 and to provide an overview of the areas of uncertainty in the field. We aim to address limita- 108 tions of previous recommendations, by engaging physicians and scientists involved in various 109 aspects of the endemic mycoses, representing the fields of dermatology, haematology, infec- 110 tious diseases, intensive care, microbiology, paediatrics, pathology, pharmacology, radiology 111 and surgery. In addition, the guideline group updates current knowledge in the field, and com- 112 prises experts from all parts of the world. 113 Each of the recommendations tabulated can easily be traced back to the source refer- 114 ences for maximum transparency. Any new relevant information, published after this docu- 115 ment, can be placed in context, and this approach facilitates the writing of future updates. For 4 116 consistency, a strict methodology was used, consistent with previous guideline documents.2 117 As with any other guidance document, this guideline intends to assist in management decisions. 118 Whether specific recommendations are appropriate when managing individual patients needs 119 to be carefully assessed by treating clinicians. Recommendations aim to assist, not to replace, 120 clinical judgment, and management of a patient with an endemic mycosis will always need to 121 be individualized. Moreover, recommendations do not guarantee the availability of specific 122 diagnostics or treatments, or reimbursement by healthcare systems. However, recommenda- 123 tions do reflect the current best available diagnostic and therapeutic management for each of 124 the endemic mycoses. 125 Guideline development 126 The general
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fungal Infections from Human and Animal Contact
    Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews Volume 4 Issue 2 Article 4 4-25-2017 Fungal Infections From Human and Animal Contact Dennis J. Baumgardner Follow this and additional works at: https://aurora.org/jpcrr Part of the Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Commons, Infectious Disease Commons, and the Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases Commons Recommended Citation Baumgardner DJ. Fungal infections from human and animal contact. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2017;4:78-89. doi: 10.17294/2330-0698.1418 Published quarterly by Midwest-based health system Advocate Aurora Health and indexed in PubMed Central, the Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews (JPCRR) is an open access, peer-reviewed medical journal focused on disseminating scholarly works devoted to improving patient-centered care practices, health outcomes, and the patient experience. REVIEW Fungal Infections From Human and Animal Contact Dennis J. Baumgardner, MD Aurora University of Wisconsin Medical Group, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Center for Urban Population Health, Milwaukee, WI Abstract Fungal infections in humans resulting from human or animal contact are relatively uncommon, but they include a significant proportion of dermatophyte infections. Some of the most commonly encountered diseases of the integument are dermatomycoses. Human or animal contact may be the source of all types of tinea infections, occasional candidal infections, and some other types of superficial or deep fungal infections. This narrative review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of anthropophilic dermatophyte infections primarily found in North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Fungal Dimorphism and Virulence: Molecular Mechanisms for Temperature Adaptation, Immune Evasion, and in Vivo Survival
    Hindawi Mediators of Inflammation Volume 2017, Article ID 8491383, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8491383 Review Article Fungal Dimorphism and Virulence: Molecular Mechanisms for Temperature Adaptation, Immune Evasion, and In Vivo Survival Gregory M. Gauthier Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine & Public Health, Madison, WI, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Gregory M. Gauthier; [email protected] Received 18 November 2016; Accepted 12 April 2017; Published 23 May 2017 Academic Editor: Anamélia L. Bocca Copyright © 2017 Gregory M. Gauthier. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The thermally dimorphic fungi are a unique group of fungi within the Ascomycota phylum that respond to shifts in temperature by ° ° converting between hyphae (22–25 C) and yeast (37 C). This morphologic switch, known as the phase transition, defines the biology and lifestyle of these fungi. The conversion to yeast within healthy and immunocompromised mammalian hosts is essential for virulence. In the yeast phase, the thermally dimorphic fungi upregulate genes involved with subverting host immune defenses. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms governing the phase transition and recent advances in how the phase transition promotes infection. 1. Introduction are more typically phytopathogenic or entomopathogenic. For example, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, the etiologic agent The ability for fungi to switch between different morphologic of Dutch elm disease, has destroyed millions of elm trees forms is widespread throughout the fungal kingdom and is a in Europe and United States [13].
    [Show full text]
  • Series Fungal Infections 8 Improvement of Fungal Disease
    Series Fungal infections 8 Improvement of fungal disease identification and management: combined health systems and public health approaches Donald C Cole, Nelesh P Govender, Arunaloke Chakrabarti, Jahit Sacarlal, David W Denning More than 1·6 million people are estimated to die of fungal diseases each year, and about a billion people have Lancet Infect Dis 2017 cutaneous fungal infections. Fungal disease diagnosis requires a high level of clinical suspicion and specialised Published Online laboratory testing, in addition to culture, histopathology, and imaging expertise. Physicians with varied specialist July 31, 2017 training might see patients with fungal disease, yet it might remain unrecognised. Antifungal treatment is more http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 S1473-3099(17)30308-0 complex than treatment for bacterial or most viral infections, and drug interactions are particularly problematic. See Online/Series Health systems linking diagnostic facilities with therapeutic expertise are typically fragmented, with major elements http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ missing in thousands of secondary care and hospital settings globally. In this paper, the last in a Series of eight papers, S1473-3099(17)30303-1, we describe these limitations and share responses involving a combined health systems and public health framework http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ illustrated through country examples from Mozambique, Kenya, India, and South Africa. We suggest a mainstreaming S1473-3099(17)30304-3, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ approach including greater integration of fungal diseases into existing HIV infection, tuberculosis infection, diabetes, S1473-3099(17)30309-2, chronic respiratory disease, and blindness health programmes; provision of enhanced laboratory capacity to detect http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ fungal diseases with associated surveillance systems; procurement and distribution of low-cost, high-quality antifungal S1473-3099(17)30306-7, medicines; and concomitant integration of fungal disease into training of the health workforce.
    [Show full text]
  • Severe Chromoblastomycosis-Like Cutaneous Infection Caused by Chrysosporium Keratinophilum
    fmicb-08-00083 January 25, 2017 Time: 11:0 # 1 CASE REPORT published: 25 January 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00083 Severe Chromoblastomycosis-Like Cutaneous Infection Caused by Chrysosporium keratinophilum Juhaer Mijiti1†, Bo Pan2,3†, Sybren de Hoog4, Yoshikazu Horie5, Tetsuhiro Matsuzawa6, Yilixiati Yilifan1, Yong Liu1, Parida Abliz7, Weihua Pan2,3, Danqi Deng8, Yun Guo8, Peiliang Zhang8, Wanqing Liao2,3* and Shuwen Deng2,3,7* 1 Department of Dermatology, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, China, 2 Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 3 Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China, 4 CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, Netherlands, 5 Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan, 6 Department of Nutrition Science, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan, 7 Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China, 8 Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China Chrysosporium species are saprophytic filamentous fungi commonly found in the Edited by: soil, dung, and animal fur. Subcutaneous infection caused by this organism is Leonard Peruski, rare in humans. We report a case of subcutaneous fungal infection caused by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA Chrysosporium keratinophilum in a 38-year-old woman. The patient presented with Reviewed by: severe chromoblastomycosis-like lesions on the left side of the jaw and neck for 6 years. Nasib Singh, She also got tinea corporis on her trunk since she was 10 years old.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti Fungal Activity of Thyme Oil Against Citrus Sour
    Journal of Applied Microbiology ISSN 1364-5072 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Antifungal activity of thyme oil against Geotrichum citri-aurantii in vitro and in vivo X. Liu1, L.P. Wang2, Y.C. Li1, H.Y. Li3,T.Yu1 and X.D. Zheng1 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 2 Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 3 Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Keywords Abstract citrus fruit, Galactomyces citri-aurantii, Geotrichum citri-aurantii, sour rot, thyme oil. Aims: To investigate antifungal effect of thyme oil on Geotrichum citri-aurantii arthroconidia germination and germ tube elongation, to reveal effects of thyme Correspondence oil on morphological structures on fungal hyphae and arthroconidia and to Xiadong Zheng, Department of Food Science assess potential bio-control capacities of thyme oil against disease suppression and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, in vivo conditions. Zhejiang, China. E-mail: [email protected] Methods and Results: Thyme oil controlled the growth of G. citri-aurantii 2009 ⁄ 0246: received 7 February 2009, effectively. Arthroconidia germination and germ tube elongation in potato )1 revised 11 March 2009 and accepted dextrose broth was greatly inhibited by thyme oil. At 600 lll , it inhibited 12 March 2009 the germination of about 94% of the arthroconidia and the germ tube length was only 4Æ32 ± 0Æ28 lm. Observations using light microscope, scanning elec- doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04328.x tron microscope and transmission electron microscope revealed ultrastructural modifications caused by thyme oil that included markedly shrivelled and crinkled hyphae and arthroconidia, plasma membrane disruption and mito- chondrial disorganization.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: Fungal Skin Infections
    Atlas of Paediatric HIV Infection CHAPTER 3: FUNGAL SKIN INFECTIONS Superficial Fungal Infection Dermatophytosis Description: Dermatophyte infections are common in HIV-infected children. They include: tinea capitis, tinea corporis, tinea unguium and tinea pedis. Tinea Aetiology: These infections are caused by fungi called dermatophytes, which produce an enzyme called keratinase to break down keratin. Clinical presentation: Depends on part of the body affected. In the skin, it presents as “rings” (ring worm), with raised edges and clearing at the centre of the lesions, alopecia in the scalp (tinea capitis), may present with scaly feet and/or macerated web spaces (tinea pedis) or may involve the nails leading to the destruction and discoloration of the nails (tinea unguium). Epidemiology: Common around the world. Specific fungal aetiology varies from one geographical region to another. Diagnosis: Is mainly clinical but a simple potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation may be helpful. A KOH mount can be easily prepared by gently scraping the infected skin or blister roof with a sterile scalpel blade onto a glass slide with 1 to 2 drops of 10% KOH. The sample is then examined under the microscope for the presence of hyphae. Alternatively, specimen can be sent for fungal culture for identification of the causative organism and Under Wood’s lamp (UV) colonies will fluoresce. Prevention: Changing footwear frequently, drying feet well after bathing (especially between toes), refraining from sharing articles of clothing, and appropriately treating friends and family members of affected patients, can be very helpful in minimizing risks of exposure and reinfection. Treatment: The treatment of dermatophyte infections usually involves the use of oral terbinafine, fluconazole, itraconazole, griseofulvin or one of several well-tried topical preparations.
    [Show full text]
  • HIV-Associated Disseminated Emmonsiosis, Johannesburg, South Africa
    LETTERS and vesical veins, as well as in the 2. Berry A, Moné H, Iriart X, Mouahid order mammals (1). Although emmon- liver and the portal system. G, Abbo O, Boissier J, et al. Schistoso- sia rarely infect humans, the fungi can miasis haematobium, Corsica, France In a more comprehensive study [letter]. Emerg Infect Dis. 2014;20:1595–7. cause localized granulomatous pul- (9), Bulinus snails were found in all http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2009.140928. monary disease (adiaspiromycosis) in of Corsica’s coastal rivers, except for 3. Brumpt E. Cycle évolutif du Schistosoma immunocompetent persons (1–4). Be- those in the northwestern-most part of bovis (Bilharzia crassa); infection spon- fore 2013, no association was known tanée de Bulinus contortus en Corse C.-R. the island. However, of the 55 bod- Acad. Sci. 1929;CLXXXXI:879. between emmonsia and HIV, and there ies of water where Bulinus snails were 4. Brumpt E. Cycle évolutif complet de was no indication that emmonsia were found, only 1 contained gastropods Schistosoma bovis. Infection naturelle en endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. with Schistosoma cercariae, and re- Corse et infection expérimentale de Buli- In 2013 a novel Emmonsia sp. nus contortus. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. sults of a search for blood flukes in 220 1930;VIII:17–50. that is closely related to E. pasteuriana small rodents (known for being sus- 5. Pandey VS, Ziam H. Helminthoses cir- was described. The fungus caused dis- ceptible to S. bovis and captured near culatoires. In: Lefèvre P-C, Blancou J, seminated disease in 13 HIV-infected bodies of water where Bulinus snails Charmette R, editors.
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Histoplasma DNA from Tissue Blocks by a Specific
    Journal of Fungi Article Detection of Histoplasma DNA from Tissue Blocks by a Specific and a Broad-Range Real-Time PCR: Tools to Elucidate the Epidemiology of Histoplasmosis Dunja Wilmes 1,*, Ilka McCormick-Smith 1, Charlotte Lempp 2 , Ursula Mayer 2 , Arik Bernard Schulze 3 , Dirk Theegarten 4, Sylvia Hartmann 5 and Volker Rickerts 1 1 Reference Laboratory for Cryptococcosis and Uncommon Invasive Fungal Infections, Division for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] (I.M.-S.); [email protected] (V.R.) 2 Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, 71636 Ludwigsburg, Germany; [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (U.M.) 3 Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; [email protected] 4 Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; [email protected] 5 Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-30-187-542-862 Received: 10 November 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 27 November 2020 Abstract: Lack of sensitive diagnostic tests impairs the understanding of the epidemiology of histoplasmosis, a disease whose burden is estimated to be largely underrated. Broad-range PCRs have been applied to identify fungal agents from pathology blocks, but sensitivity is variable. In this study, we compared the results of a specific Histoplasma qPCR (H. qPCR) with the results of a broad-range qPCR (28S qPCR) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens from patients with proven fungal infections (n = 67), histologically suggestive of histoplasmosis (n = 36) and other mycoses (n = 31).
    [Show full text]
  • New Histoplasma Diagnostic Assays Designed Via Whole Genome Comparisons
    Journal of Fungi Article New Histoplasma Diagnostic Assays Designed via Whole Genome Comparisons Juan E. Gallo 1,2,3, Isaura Torres 1,3 , Oscar M. Gómez 1,3 , Lavanya Rishishwar 4,5,6, Fredrik Vannberg 4, I. King Jordan 4,5,6 , Juan G. McEwen 1,7 and Oliver K. Clay 1,8,* 1 Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín 05534, Colombia; [email protected] (J.E.G.); [email protected] (I.T.); [email protected] (O.M.G.); [email protected] (J.G.M.) 2 Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia 3 GenomaCES, Universidad CES, Medellin 050021, Colombia 4 School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (F.V.); [email protected] (I.K.J.) 5 Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 6 PanAmerican Bioinformatics Institute, Cali, Valle del Cauca 760043, Colombia 7 School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia 8 Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal disease caused by the pathogen Histoplasma spp. that results in significant morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV/AIDS and can also affect immuno- competent individuals. Although some PCR and antigen-detection assays have been developed, Citation: Gallo, J.E.; Torres, I.; conventional diagnosis has largely relied on culture, which can take weeks. Our aim was to provide Gómez, O.M.; Rishishwar, L.; a proof of principle for rationally designing and standardizing PCR assays based on Histoplasma- Vannberg, F.; Jordan, I.K.; McEwen, specific genomic sequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Monograph on Dimorphic Fungi
    Monograph on Dimorphic Fungi A guide for classification, isolation and identification of dimorphic fungi, diseases caused by them, diagnosis and treatment By Mohamed Refai and Heidy Abo El-Yazid Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 2014 1 Preface When I see the analytics made by academia.edu for the visitors to my publication has reached 244 in 46 countries in one month only, this encouraged me to continue writing documents for the benefit of scientists and students in the 5 continents. In the last year I uploaded 3 monographs, namely 1. Monograph on yeasts, Refai, M, Abou-Elyazeed, H. and El-Hariri, M. 2. Monograph on dermatophytes, Refai, M, Abou-Elyazeed, H. and El-Hariri, M. 3. Monograph on mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins, Refai, M. and Hassan, A. Today I am uploading the the 4th documents in the series of monographs Monograph on dimorphic fungi, Refai, M. and Abou-Elyazeed, H. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Refai, 2.3.2014 Country 30 day views Egypt 51 2 Country 30 day views Ethiopia 22 the United States 21 Saudi Arabia 19 Iraq 19 Sudan 14 Uganda 12 India 11 Nigeria 9 Kuwait 8 the Islamic Republic of Iran 7 Brazil 7 Germany 6 Uruguay 4 the United Republic of Tanzania 4 ? 4 Libya 4 Jordan 4 Pakistan 3 the United Kingdom 3 Algeria 3 the United Arab Emirates 3 South Africa 2 Turkey 2 3 Country 30 day views the Philippines 2 the Netherlands 2 Sri Lanka 2 Lebanon 2 Trinidad and Tobago 1 Thailand 1 Sweden 1 Poland 1 Peru 1 Malaysia 1 Myanmar 1 Morocco 1 Lithuania 1 Jamaica 1 Italy 1 Hong Kong 1 Finland 1 China 1 Canada 1 Botswana 1 Belgium 1 Australia 1 Argentina 4 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Appendix
    Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2012.140902 HIV-Associated Disseminated Emmonsiosis, Johannesburg, South Africa Technical Appendix Technical Appendix Table 1. Laboratory results at admission for 3 patients with HIV-associated disseminated emmonsiosis, Johannesburg, South Africa* Laboratory investigation Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Reference range CD4 count 5 cells/µL 3 cells/µL 0 cells/µL 50–2010 cells/µL Leukocyte count 16.91 × 109/L 1.52 ×1 09/L 1.84 × 109/L 4.00–10.00 × 109/L Hemoglobin 8.7 g/dL 11.7 g/dL 7.8 g/dL 14.3–18.3 g/dL Mean cell volume 91 fL 90 fL 87.6 fL 83–101 fL Platelets 523 × 109/L 74 × 109/L 122 × 109/L 150–400 × 109/L Sodium 121 mmol/L 111 mmol/L 128 mmol/L 136–145 mmol/L Potassium 3.7 mmol/L 4 mmol/L 4.8 mmol/L 3.5–5.1 mmol/L Chloride 77 mmol/L 79 mmol/L 101 mmol/L 98–107mmol/L Bicarbonate 30 mmol/L 16 mmol/L 16 mmol/L 23–29 mmol/L Urea 31.4 mmol/L 5.5 mmol/L 4.8 mmol/L 2.1–7.1 mmol/L Creatinine 590 µmol/L 55 µmol/L 64 µmol/L 64–104 µmol/L Total bilirubin 5 µmol/L 12 µmol/L 7 µmol/L 5–21 µmol/L Conjugated bilirubin 3 µmol/L 9 µmol/L 5 µmol/L 0–3 µmol/L Total protein 51 g/L 56 g/L 46 g/L 60–78 g/L Albumin 11 g/L 22 g/L 13 g/L 35–52 g/L Alkaline phosphatase 400 U/L 301 U/L 131 U/L 40–120 U/L γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 396 U/L 228 U/L 92 U/L 0–60 U/L Alanine transaminase 37 U/L 53 U/L 40 U/L 10–40 U/L Aspartate transaminase 266 U/L 94 U/L 145 U/L 15–40 U/L Hepatitis A IgM antibody Neg Neg ND – Hepatitis B surface antigen Neg Neg ND – Hepatitis B core IgM antibody Neg Neg ND – Hepatitis C antibody Neg Neg ND – Cryptococcal serum antigen Neg Neg Neg – CSF polymorphonuclear cells 0 0† 0 0 CSF lymphocytes 0 0† 0 0 CSF erythrocytes 0 18† 30 0 *CD4, CD4+ T-cell; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ND, not done; Neg, negative; NG, no growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Coccidioidomycosis: Flying Conidia and Severed Heads
    Mycologist, Volume 17, Part 1 February 2003. ©Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom. DOI: 10.1017/S0269915X03001174 I’VE GOT YOU UNDER MY SKIN – THE MOULDS OF MAN There are thought to be over 1.5 million species of fungi. Of these, most live on decaying vegetation, in partner- ship with algae (lichens) or tree roots (mycorrhizas) or are parasites of plants or insects. Only a few tens of species cause us any direct harm but Mycologist is featuring a series of articles about the main species that do cause irritating, and in some cases life-threatening human infections. In this issue Coccidioides immitis is discussed. Coccidioidomycosis: flying conidia and severed heads FRANK C. ODDS Aberdeen Fungal Group, Dept of Molecular & Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK Some of the participants at the 2001 world model In the lungs, inhaled C. immitis conidia have three airplane championship contest in Lost Hills, California, possible fates. In the first, they will be engulfed and took home more than suntans and souvenirs. One destroyed by the local white cells – pulmonary participant from the UK and one from Finland became macrophages – which act as policemen to remove very ill with a flu-like pulmonary disease. They had been unwanted microscopic visitors. Secondly, the conidia infected with Coccidioides immitis, a fungus endemic to can evade the macrophages and start to grow. When the Californian deserts and a few other similar sites in this happens the fungi develop a totally different the New World. Their illness, coccidioidomycosis (also growth form, known as the spherule (Fig 2).
    [Show full text]