DOCSLIB.ORG

Monograph on Dimorphic Fungi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Monograph on Dimorphic Fungi Monograph on Dimorphic Fungi A guide for classification, isolation and identification of dimorphic fungi, diseases caused by them, diagnosis and treatment By Mohamed Refai and Heidy Abo El-Yazid Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University 2014 1 Preface When I see the analytics made by academia.edu for the visitors to my publication has reached 244 in 46 countries in one month only, this encouraged me to continue writing documents for the benefit of scientists and students in the 5 continents. In the last year I uploaded 3 monographs, namely 1. Monograph on yeasts, Refai, M, Abou-Elyazeed, H. and El-Hariri, M. 2. Monograph on dermatophytes, Refai, M, Abou-Elyazeed, H. and El-Hariri, M. 3. Monograph on mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins, Refai, M. and Hassan, A. Today I am uploading the the 4th documents in the series of monographs Monograph on dimorphic fungi, Refai, M. and Abou-Elyazeed, H. Prof. Dr. Mohamed Refai, 2.3.2014 Country 30 day views Egypt 51 2 Country 30 day views Ethiopia 22 the United States 21 Saudi Arabia 19 Iraq 19 Sudan 14 Uganda 12 India 11 Nigeria 9 Kuwait 8 the Islamic Republic of Iran 7 Brazil 7 Germany 6 Uruguay 4 the United Republic of Tanzania 4 ? 4 Libya 4 Jordan 4 Pakistan 3 the United Kingdom 3 Algeria 3 the United Arab Emirates 3 South Africa 2 Turkey 2 3 Country 30 day views the Philippines 2 the Netherlands 2 Sri Lanka 2 Lebanon 2 Trinidad and Tobago 1 Thailand 1 Sweden 1 Poland 1 Peru 1 Malaysia 1 Myanmar 1 Morocco 1 Lithuania 1 Jamaica 1 Italy 1 Hong Kong 1 Finland 1 China 1 Canada 1 Botswana 1 Belgium 1 Australia 1 Argentina 4 1. Introduction 1.1. Definition of dimorphic fungi Dimorphic fungi are those fungi that exist either in yeast form or as mould (mycelial form) depending on environmental conditions, physiological conditions of the fungus or the genetic characteristics. As yeasts. dimorphic fungi exist as single cells and multiply by old cells producing daughter cells. As moulds, dimorphic fungi consist of highly polarized fibrillar cells, which elongate by apical growth, placing cross walls called septa at regular intervals, or remain non-septated, exhibit incomplete cell separation, have the capacity to generate new foci by branching and are generally multinucleate. The ability to alternate between the yeast and filamentous growth forms is a tightly regulated process known as dimorphic switching. Interestingly, for most pathogenic dimorphic fungi only one growth form predominates during infection. Penicillium marnefei Blastomyces dermatitidis 5 1. 2. Classification of dimorphic fungi 1. 2.1. Scientific classification of dimorphic fungi: Dimorphism is common with some members of the major divisions of the fungal kingdom, i.e., Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and mitosporic fungi. The following are the known dimorphic fungi: i. Ascomycetes 1. Blastomyces dermatitidis 2. Coccidioides immitis 3. Coccidioides posadasii 4. Histoplasma capsulatum 5. Histoplasma capsulatum var.duboisii 6. Histoplasma capsulatum var.farcimonsum 7. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 8. Lacazia loboi 9. Penicillium marneffei 10. Sporothrix schenckii 11. Candida albicans 12. Yarrowia lipolytica 13. Aureobasidium pullulans 14. Hortaea werneckii 15. Wangiella dermatitidis 16. Emmonsia parva 17. Emmonsia crescens 18. Beauvera bassiena 19. Metarhizium species ii. Zygomycetes 20. Mucor bacilliformis 21. Mucor circinelloides 22. Mucor genevensis 23. Mucor racemosus 24. Mucor rouxii iii. Basidiomycetes 25. Malassezia furfur 26. Ustilago mayadis 6 1. 2. 2. Classification of dimorphic fungi according to the saprophytic phase morphology i. Dimorphic moulds 1. Blastomyces dermatitidis 2. Coccidioides immitis 3. Coccidioides posadasii 4. Histoplasma capsulatum 5. Histoplasma capsulatum var.duboisii 6. Histoplasma capsulatum var.farcimonsum 7. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 8. Lacazia loboi 9. Penicillium marneffei 10. Sporothrix schenckii 11. Emmonsia parva 12. Emmonsia crescens 13. Beauvera bassiena 14. Metarhizium species 15. Mucor bacilliformis 16. Mucor circinelloides 17. Mucor genevensis 18. Mucor racemosus 19. Mucor rouxii ii. Dimorphic yeasts 1. Candida albicans 2. Yarrowia lipolytica 3. Malassezia furfur 4. Aureobasidium pullulans 5. Hortaea werneckii 6. Wangiella dermatitidis 1. 2. 3. Classification of dimorphic fungi according to the route of infection 1. 2. 3. 1. Pulmonary infection 1. Blastomyces dermatitidis 2. Coccidioides immitis 3. Coccidioides posadasii 7 4. Histoplasma capsulatum 5. Histoplasma capsulatum var.duboisii 6. Histoplasma capsulatum var.farcimonsum 7. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 8. Penicillium marneffei 9. Emmonsia parva 10. Emmonsia crescens 11. Lacazia loboi 12. Mucor bacilliformis 13. Mucor circinelloides 14. Mucor genevensis 15. Mucor racemosus 16. Mucor rouxii 1. 2. 3. 2. Skin infection 1. Sporothrix schenckii 2. Lacazia loboi 3. Aureobasidium pullulans 4. Hortaea werneckii 5. Wangiella dermatitidis 6. Malassezia furfur 1.2.3.3. Multiple routes of infection 1. Candida albicans 1. 2. 4. Classificaation of dimorphic fungi according to pathogenicity 1. 2. 4. 1. Pathogenic dimorphic fungi 1. Blastomyces dermatitidis 2. Coccidioides immitis 3. Coccidioides posadasii 4. Histoplasma capsulatum 5. Histoplasma capsulatum var.duboisii 6. Histoplasma capsulatum var.farcimonsum 7. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 8. Penicillium marneffei 1. 2. 4. 2. Opportunistic pathogenic dimorphic fungi 1. Sporothrix schenckii 2. Candida albicans 8 3. Malassezia furfur 4. Aureobasidium pullulans 5. Hortaea werneckii 6. Wangiella dermatitidis 7. Lacazia loboi 8. Emmonsia parva 9. Emmonsia crescens 1. 2. 4. 3. Insect pathogenic dimorphic fungi 1. Beauvera bassiena 2. Metarhizium 1. 2. 4. 4. Plant pathogenic dimorphic fungi 1. Ustilago mayadis 1. 2. 4. 5. Non-pathogenic dimorphic fungi 1. Yarrowia lipolytica 1. 3. Factors inducing dimorphism 1. 3. 1. Thermally dimorphic fungi: Some dimorphic fungi switch to yeast or mould form depending on the prevailing temperature. These are: 3. Blastomyces dermatitidis 4. Coccidioides immitis 5. Coccidioides posadasii 6. Histoplasma capsulatum 7. Histoplasma capsulatum var.duboisii 8. Histoplasma capsulatum var.farcimonsum 9. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 10. Penicillium marneffei 11. Sporothrix schenckii 12. Emmonsia parva 13. Emmonsia crescens 9 The physiological changes that occur during the mycelial- to yeast-phase transitions induced by a temperature shift from 25 to 37°C can be divided into three stages: I. The triggering event is a heat-related insult induced by the temperature shift which results in partial uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and declines in cellular ATP levels, respiration rates, a. and concentrations of electron transport components. II. The cells then enter a stage in which spontaneous respiration ceases. Cysteine is required for the operation of shunt pathways which permit electron transport to bypass blocked portions of the cytochrome system. III. Finally, there is a shift into a recovery phase during Which transformation to yeast morphology occurs. 1.3.2. Common critical factors that induce yeast growth of Mucor species include: Oxygen concentration (anaerobic conditions), CO2 concentration (high CO2 environments) Carbon source Inhibition of mitochondrial function by potassium cyanide and antimycin A Inhibition of the synthesis of cytochrome b by chloramphenicol Inhibition of lipid metabolism by cerulenin Adding cyclic AMP (cAMP) to the culture medium induces yeast growth of Mucor spp. The following are the dimorphic Mucor species: 1. Mucor bacilliformis 2. Mucor circinelloides 3. Mucor genevensis 4. Mucor racemosus 5. Mucor rouxii 1. 3. 3. Dimorphism and virulence In some pathogenic fungi, dimorphism has been correlated with virulence because along the infection process, dimorphic transitions are often 11 required. Two well-known organisms for which dimorphism have been studied are the pathogenic fungi 1. Candida albicans and 2. Ustilago maydis C. albicans is able to grow in two different ways; reproduction by budding, forming an ellipsoid bud, and in hyphal form, which can periodically fragment and give rise to new mycelia, or yeast-like forms. Transitions between the two phenotypes can be induced in vitro in response to several environmental cues such as pH or temperature, or different compounds such as Nacetylglucosamine or proline. However, perhaps the most critical criterion for pathogenicity is the induction of the mycelial form by serum or macrophages. In addition to the intrinsic biological interest of this dimorphism, its ability to switch between the yeast and the hyphal mode of growth has been implicated in its pathogenicity In Ustilago maydis, the causal agent of corn smut, the morphological transition from yeast to filamentous growth is inextricably linked to pathogenicity; budding haploid cells are saprobic and, upon mating of compatible strains, the fungus converts to dikaryotic filamentous growth and obligate parasitism. The filamentous dikaryon proliferates in the host plant, inducing tumor formation and undergoing additional morphological changes that eventually result in the production of melanized diploid teliospores. 1.3.4. Dimorphism in Lacazia loboi Although the invasive cells of L. loboi in the tissues of infected humans and other animals are abundant and readily detectable histologically, they have been intractable to isolation and culture. The phylogenetic analysis of the 18S DNA the close relation to P. brasiliensis and also close to the other systemic dimorphic fungal pathogens
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Calcium Affects Polyphosphate and Lipid Accumulation in Mucoromycota Fungi
    Journal of Fungi Article Calcium Affects Polyphosphate and Lipid Accumulation in Mucoromycota Fungi Simona Dzurendova 1,*, Boris Zimmermann 1 , Achim Kohler 1, Kasper Reitzel 2 , Ulla Gro Nielsen 3 , Benjamin Xavier Dupuy--Galet 1 , Shaun Leivers 4 , Svein Jarle Horn 4 and Volha Shapaval 1 1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Drøbakveien 31, 1433 Ås, Norway; [email protected] (B.Z.); [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (B.X.D.–G.); [email protected] (V.S.) 2 Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; [email protected] 3 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Christian Magnus Falsens vei 1, 1433 Ås, Norway; [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (S.J.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract: Calcium controls important processes in fungal metabolism, such as hyphae growth, cell wall synthesis, and stress tolerance. Recently, it was reported that calcium affects polyphosphate and lipid accumulation in fungi. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of calcium on the accumulation of lipids and polyphosphate for six oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi grown under different phosphorus/pH conditions. A Duetz microtiter plate system (Duetz MTPS) was used for the cultivation. The compositional profile of the microbial biomass was recorded using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the high throughput screening extension (FTIR-HTS).
    [Show full text]
  • Congo DRC, Kamwiziku. Mycoses 2021
    Received: 8 April 2021 | Revised: 1 June 2021 | Accepted: 10 June 2021 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13339 REVIEW ARTICLE Serious fungal diseases in Democratic Republic of Congo – Incidence and prevalence estimates Guyguy K. Kamwiziku1 | Jean- Claude C. Makangara1 | Emma Orefuwa2 | David W. Denning2,3 1Department of Microbiology, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Abstract Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic A literature review was conducted to assess the burden of serious fungal infections of Congo 2Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (population 95,326,000). English and Geneva, Switzerland French publications were listed and analysed using PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar 3 Manchester Fungal Infection Group, The and the African Journals database. Publication dates spanning 1943– 2020 were in- University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, cluded in the scope of the review. From the analysis of published articles, we estimate Manchester, UK a total of about 5,177,000 people (5.4%) suffer from serious fungal infections in the Correspondence DRC annually. The incidence of cryptococcal meningitis, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneu- Guyguy K. Kamwiziku, Department monia in adults and invasive aspergillosis in AIDS patients was estimated at 6168, of Microbiology, Kinshasa University Hospital, University of Kinshasa, Congo. 2800 and 380 cases per year. Oral and oesophageal candidiasis represent 50,470 Email: [email protected] and 28,800 HIV- infected patients respectively. Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis post- tuberculosis incidence and prevalence was estimated to be 54,700. Fungal asthma (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma with fungal sensitiza- tion) probably has a prevalence of 88,800 and 117,200.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecology of Histoplasma Casulatum Var. Capsulatum
    Vaccines & Vaccination Open Access Ecology of Histoplasma Casulatum var. Capsulatum Pal M* Editorial Founder of Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, India Volume 2 Issue 1 Received Date: July 22, 2017 *Corresponding author: Mahendra Pal, Founder of Narayan Consultancy on Published Date: July 29, 2017 Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, 4 Aangan, Jagnath Ganesh Dairy Road, Anand-388001, India, Tel: 091-9426085328; Email: [email protected] Editorial Ecology is defined as the study of an organism in Since the first recognition of Histoplasma capsulatum relation to its environment. Most of the fungi such as in 1905 by Darling, three varieties of this dimorphic Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, fungus are described. These are H. capsulatum var. Cryptococcus neoformans, Fusrium solani, Geotrichum capsulatum (American histoplasmosis), H. capsulatum var. candidum, Histoplasma capsulatum, Sprothrix schenckii duboisii (African histolasmosis, affects man and baboon) etc., have ecological association with environmental and H. capsulatum var. farciminosum. The later variety substrates. These mycotic agents are frequently causes epizootic lymphangitis in animals mainly in recovered from the soil, avian droppings, bat guano, equines. It is a major fungal disease of equines in Ethiopia. woods, litter, sewage, straw, vegetables, fruits and other Among these varieties, H.casulatum var. capsulatum, plant materials. Among these saprophytic fungi, commonly known as H. capsulatum, is global in Histoplasma capsulatum is an important dimorphic distribution, and causes infections in humans as well as in fungus, which can cause life threatening disease in many species of animals such as bat, bear, cat, cattle, dog, humans and in a wide variety of animals. The recorded ferret, fox, horse, monkey, sheep etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Infections from Human and Animal Contact
    Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews Volume 4 Issue 2 Article 4 4-25-2017 Fungal Infections From Human and Animal Contact Dennis J. Baumgardner Follow this and additional works at: https://aurora.org/jpcrr Part of the Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Commons, Infectious Disease Commons, and the Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases Commons Recommended Citation Baumgardner DJ. Fungal infections from human and animal contact. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2017;4:78-89. doi: 10.17294/2330-0698.1418 Published quarterly by Midwest-based health system Advocate Aurora Health and indexed in PubMed Central, the Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews (JPCRR) is an open access, peer-reviewed medical journal focused on disseminating scholarly works devoted to improving patient-centered care practices, health outcomes, and the patient experience. REVIEW Fungal Infections From Human and Animal Contact Dennis J. Baumgardner, MD Aurora University of Wisconsin Medical Group, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Center for Urban Population Health, Milwaukee, WI Abstract Fungal infections in humans resulting from human or animal contact are relatively uncommon, but they include a significant proportion of dermatophyte infections. Some of the most commonly encountered diseases of the integument are dermatomycoses. Human or animal contact may be the source of all types of tinea infections, occasional candidal infections, and some other types of superficial or deep fungal infections. This narrative review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of anthropophilic dermatophyte infections primarily found in North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Fungal Evolution: Major Ecological Adaptations and Evolutionary Transitions
    Biol. Rev. (2019), pp. 000–000. 1 doi: 10.1111/brv.12510 Fungal evolution: major ecological adaptations and evolutionary transitions Miguel A. Naranjo-Ortiz1 and Toni Gabaldon´ 1,2,3∗ 1Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain ABSTRACT Fungi are a highly diverse group of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the absence of phagotrophy and the presence of a chitinous cell wall. While unicellular fungi are far from rare, part of the evolutionary success of the group resides in their ability to grow indefinitely as a cylindrical multinucleated cell (hypha). Armed with these morphological traits and with an extremely high metabolical diversity, fungi have conquered numerous ecological niches and have shaped a whole world of interactions with other living organisms. Herein we survey the main evolutionary and ecological processes that have guided fungal diversity. We will first review the ecology and evolution of the zoosporic lineages and the process of terrestrialization, as one of the major evolutionary transitions in this kingdom. Several plausible scenarios have been proposed for fungal terrestralization and we here propose a new scenario, which considers icy environments as a transitory niche between water and emerged land. We then focus on exploring the main ecological relationships of Fungi with other organisms (other fungi, protozoans, animals and plants), as well as the origin of adaptations to certain specialized ecological niches within the group (lichens, black fungi and yeasts).
    [Show full text]
  • Fungi Infections
    FUNGAL INFECTIONS mycology mycoses fungemia exo-antigen fungal antigenemia biomarker pre-emptive therapy Fungi FUNGI BACTERIA nucleus eukaryotes prokaryotes cell membrane sterols (ergosterol)* - cell wall chitin, mannan, glucan, murein, teichoic acid, chitosan proteins oxygen almost all strict aerobes facultative and obligate aerobes and anaerobes, - Heterotrophs requiring organic carbon source for growth ( biotrophic, saprophyte) - Extracellular enzymes - host defense: cell-mediated immunity (role of antibodies is minor) -> neutrophil phagocytosis and killing Antifungal agents- mode of action - Polyenes (amphotericinB, nystatines, pimarcin) - Azoles (ketokonazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, vericonazole, posaconazole) - Echinocandins (caspofungin, mikafungin, anidulafungin ) - Nucleoside analogs(antimetabolites): (5 fluorocytosine) - Allylamines: (tebinafine) Fungal morphotypes Unicellular form (Yeast) Yeasts spherical or ellipsoid fungal cells reproduce by budding Mycelial form : moulds, dermathophytes Molds hyphal or mycelial form of growth branching filaments (filamentous) . Fungal morphotypes Unicellular form (Yeast) FUNGUS FAMILY YEAST MOLDs & dermatophytes Candida, Cryptococcus, Dymorphic fungi Malessezia, Geotrichum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Trichosporon, Rodotorula Mucor, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides etc. Cladosporium, or Scopulariopsis Dimorphic fungi – have two growth forms: molds & yeast, which develope under different growth conitions phaeohyphomycetes Most authorities use the
    [Show full text]
  • FUNGI Why Care?
    FUNGI Fungal Classification, Structure, and Replication -Commonly present in nature as saprophytes, -transiently colonising or etiological agenses. -Frequently present in biological samples. -They role in pathogenesis can be difficult to determine. Why Care? • Fungi are a cause of nosocomial infections. • Fungal infections are a major problem in immune suppressed people. • Fungal infections are often mistaken for bacterial infections, with fatal consequences. Most fungi live harmlessly in the environment, but some species can cause disease in the human host. Patients with weakened immune function admitted to hospital are at high risk of developing serious, invasive fungal infections. Systemic fungal infections are a major problem among critically ill patients in acute care settings and are responsible for an increasing proportion of healthcare- associated infections THE IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI • saprobes • symbionts • commensals • parasites The fungi represent a ubiquitous and diverse group of organisms, the main purpose of which is to degrade organic matter. All fungi lead a heterotrophic existence as saprobes (organisms that live on dead or decaying matter), symbionts (organisms that live together and in which the association is of mutual advantage), commensals (organisms living in a close relationship in which one benefits from the relationship and the other neither benefits nor is harmed), or as parasites (organisms that live on or within a host from which they derive benefits without making any useful contribution in return; in the case of pathogens, the relationship is harmful to the host). Fungi have emerged in the past two decades as major causes of human disease, especially among those individuals who are immunocompromised or hospitalized with serious underlying diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Infections Due to the Dimorphic Fungi
    6 Infections Due to the Dimorphic Fungi T.S. HARRISON l and S.M. LEVITZ l CONTENTS VII. Infections Caused by Penicillium marneffei .. 142 A. Mycology ............................. 142 I. Introduction ........................... 125 B. Epidemiology and Ecology .............. 142 II. Coccidioidomycosis ..................... 125 C. Clinical Manifestations .................. 142 A. Mycology ............................. 126 D. Diagnosis ............................. 143 B. Epidemiology and Ecology .............. 126 E. Treatment ............................. 143 C. Clinical Manifestations .................. 127 VIII. Conclusions ........................... 143 1. Primary Coccidioidomycosis ........... 127 References ............................ 144 2. Disseminated Disease ................ 128 3. Coccidioidomycosis in HIV Infection ... 128 D. Diagnosis ............................. 128 E. Therapy and Prevention ................. 129 III. Histoplasmosis ......................... 130 I. Introduction A. Mycology ............................. 130 B. Epidemiology and Ecology .............. 131 C. Clinical Manifestations .................. 131 1. Primary and Thoracic Disease ......... 131 The thermally dimorphic fungi grow as molds in 2. Disseminated Disease ................ 132 the natural environment or in the laboratory at 3. Histoplasmosis in HIV Infection ....... 133 25-30 DC, and as yeasts or spherules in tissue or D. Diagnosis ............................. 133 when incubated on enriched media at 37 DC. E. Treatment ............................
    [Show full text]
  • Boards' Fodder
    boards’ fodder Medical Mycology By Adriana Schmidt, MD, and Natalie M. Curcio, MD, MPH. (Updated July 2015*) SUPERFICIAL ORGANISM CLINICAL HISTO/KOH TREATMENT MYCOSES* Pityriasis Malessezia furfur Hypo- or hyper-pigmented Spaghetti & meatballs: Antifungal shampoos and/or versicolor macules short hyphae + yeast PO therapy Tinea nigra Hortaea werneckii (formerly Brown-black non-scaly Branching septate hyphae Topical imidazoles or palmaris Phaeoannellomyces werneckii) macules + budding yeast allylamines Black piedra Piedraia hortae Hard firm black Dark hyphae around concretions acrospores Cut hair off, PO terbinafine, White piedra Trichosporon ovoides or inkin Soft loose white Blastoconidia, imidazoles, or triazoles (formely beigelii) concretions arthroconidia Fluorescent small Microsporum Canis KOH: spores on outside spore ectothrix: M. audouinii of the hair shaft; “Cats And Dogs M. distortum Wood’s lamp --> yellow Sometimes Fight T. schoenleinii fluorescence & Growl” M. ferrugineum+/- gypseum Large spore Trichophyton spp. (T. tonsurans in North America; T. violaceum in KOH: spores within hair Topical antifungals; PO endothrix Europe, Asia, parts of Africa). shaft antifungals for T. manuum, Tinea corporis T. rubrum > T. mentag. Majocchi’s granuloma: T. rubrum capitis, unguium T. pedis Moccasin: T. rubrum, E. floccosum. Interdigital/vesicular: T. mentag T. unguium Distal lateral, proximal and proximal white subungual: T. rubrum. White superficial: T. mentag. HIV: T. rubrum SUBQ MYCOSES** ORGANISM TRANSMISSION CLINICAL HISTO/KOH TREATMENT
    [Show full text]
  • Blastomycoses Dermatitis Is a Dimorphic Fungus That Is Capable Of
    BLASTOMYCOSES DERMATITIDIS IN KANSAS. Linh T. Nguyen, MD, and Maha Assi, MD, MPH. KU School of Medicine-Wichita. Blastomycoses dermatitidis is a dimorphic fungus that is capable of causing disseminated infection even in immunocompetent hosts. It exists in nature as a mold and converts to a yeast at a temperature of 37°C. Blastomycoses dermatitidis is typically contracted by inhalation of the conida in the environment. Infection primarily involves the lung, but may also disseminate to other organs, most commonly skin and bone. Although not endemic in Kansas, Blastomycoses dermatitidis is known to be endemic in the central United States, specifically around the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys. Several cases have also occurred in parts of Canada. A 10-year retrospective chart review performed at Infectious Disease Consultants office in Wichita revealed six cases of Blastomycoses dermatitidis identified in Kansas. The patients demonstrated a variation in clinical presentation and a delay in diagnosis. Pulmonary involvement was seen in five of the six cases and was mistaken for either pneumonia or malignancy on presentation. Two patients were asymptomatic and found incidentally to have nodules on chest radiograph. Of the three patients with cutaneous involvement, only one had primary cutaneous blastomycosis. Two patients had dissemination to bone. Exposure to soil was unknown in five of the cases. Only one patient was immunocompromised, demonstrating that this is not an opportunistic infection. Blastomycoses dermatitidis was identified by direct visualization from a culture in three cases and was diagnosed via polymerase chain reaction in the remaining three cases. Five patients responded to treatment with anti-fungals.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Fungal Extremes
    Studies in Mycology 61 (2008) Black fungal extremes Edited by G.S. de Hoog and M. Grube CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands An institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Black fungal extremes STUDIE S IN MYCOLOGY 61, 2008 Studies in Mycology The Studies in Mycology is an international journal which publishes systematic monographs of filamentous fungi and yeasts, and in rare occasions the proceedings of special meetings related to all fields of mycology, biotechnology, ecology, molecular biology, pathology and systematics. For instructions for authors see www.cbs.knaw.nl. EXECUTIVE EDITOR Prof. dr Robert A. Samson, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] LAYOUT EDITOR S Manon van den Hoeven-Verweij, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] Kasper Luijsterburg, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] SCIENTIFIC EDITOR S Prof. dr Uwe Braun, Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Prof. dr Pedro W. Crous, CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected] Prof. dr David M. Geiser, Department of Plant Pathology, 121 Buckhout Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, U.S.A. 16802. E-mail: [email protected] Dr Lorelei L. Norvell, Pacific Northwest Mycology Service, 6720 NW Skyline Blvd, Portland, OR, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti Fungal Activity of Thyme Oil Against Citrus Sour
    Journal of Applied Microbiology ISSN 1364-5072 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Antifungal activity of thyme oil against Geotrichum citri-aurantii in vitro and in vivo X. Liu1, L.P. Wang2, Y.C. Li1, H.Y. Li3,T.Yu1 and X.D. Zheng1 1 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 2 Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 3 Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Keywords Abstract citrus fruit, Galactomyces citri-aurantii, Geotrichum citri-aurantii, sour rot, thyme oil. Aims: To investigate antifungal effect of thyme oil on Geotrichum citri-aurantii arthroconidia germination and germ tube elongation, to reveal effects of thyme Correspondence oil on morphological structures on fungal hyphae and arthroconidia and to Xiadong Zheng, Department of Food Science assess potential bio-control capacities of thyme oil against disease suppression and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, in vivo conditions. Zhejiang, China. E-mail: [email protected] Methods and Results: Thyme oil controlled the growth of G. citri-aurantii 2009 ⁄ 0246: received 7 February 2009, effectively. Arthroconidia germination and germ tube elongation in potato )1 revised 11 March 2009 and accepted dextrose broth was greatly inhibited by thyme oil. At 600 lll , it inhibited 12 March 2009 the germination of about 94% of the arthroconidia and the germ tube length was only 4Æ32 ± 0Æ28 lm. Observations using light microscope, scanning elec- doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04328.x tron microscope and transmission electron microscope revealed ultrastructural modifications caused by thyme oil that included markedly shrivelled and crinkled hyphae and arthroconidia, plasma membrane disruption and mito- chondrial disorganization.
    [Show full text]